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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">n3PyVRT53bh9zPFWd9z33HB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000600010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015000650025</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150025</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reverse Cardiac Remodeling: A Marker of Better Prognosis in Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Rosino de Ara&#250;jo Rocha</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano Novaes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Martins dos Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira-Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Marcelina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia do Hospital Santa Marcelina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Jos&#233; Rosino de Ara&#250;jo Rocha Reis Filho,</bold> Hospital Santa Marcelina. Rua Santa Marcelina, 177, Itaquera. Postal Code 08270-070, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>joserosinofilho@gmail.com</email>,<email>jrfilho86@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Reis Filho JRAR, Cardoso JN, Cardoso CMR, Pereira-Barretto, AC. Acquisition of data: Reis Filho JRAR, Cardoso JN, Cardoso CMR, Barretto AC. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Reis Filho JRAR, Cardoso JN, Cardoso CMR, Barretto AC. Writing of the manuscript: Reis Filho JRAR, Cardoso JN, Cardoso CMR, Barretto AC. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Reis Filho JRAR, Cardoso JN, Cardoso CMR, Barretto AC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>502</fpage>
      <lpage>506</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>In heart failure syndrome, myocardial dysfunction causes an increase in neurohormonal activity, which is an adaptive and compensatory mechanism in response to the reduction in cardiac output. Neurohormonal activity is initially stimulated in an attempt to maintain compensation; however, when it remains increased, it contributes to the intensification of clinical manifestations and myocardial damage. Cardiac remodeling comprises changes in ventricular volume as well as the thickness and shape of the myocardial wall. With optimized treatment, such remodeling can be reversed, causing gradual improvement in cardiac function and consequently improved prognosis.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure / therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Remodeling</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume / physiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="34"/>
        <page-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>When cardiac function reduces, neurohormonal activity increases. This important compensatory mechanism is a response to reduced cardiac output and also the main component in syndrome progression and in cardiac remodeling process. Neurohormonal activity is initially stimulated in an attempt to maintain compensation in patients; however, when it remains increased, it contributes to the worsening of clinical manifestations and myocardial damage. Similar to cardiac remodeling, the pathophysiological Frank-Starling mechanism is initially activated in an attempt to maintain compensation; nonetheless, when dilation is persistent, this mechanism results in the progression of myocardial damage and clinical manifestations of heart failure (HF) syndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Ventricular remodeling is the process by which ventricular size, shape, and function are regulated by mechanical, neurohormonal, and genetic factors. It can be defined by molecular, cellular, and interstitial changes in the myocardium, resulting in alterations in the size, mass, geometry, and function of the heart as a result of a myocardial injury<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.-</p>
      <p>Its pathophysiological importance was well-demonstrated in the experimental studies with rats, conducted by the Pfeffer and Pfeffer (initially, Marc and Janice). In the myocardial infarction model, they demonstrated that mortality in rats was strongly associated with the degree of cardiac dilation and reduced ejection fraction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Infarcted rats with greater cardiac dilation and lower ejection fraction had poorer outcomes than those with less involvement<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. The postinfarction period is conventionally divided into two phases: early (up to 72 h) and late (after 72 h)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Initial remodeling involves the expansion of the infarcted area, which can result in ventricular rupture or aneurysm formation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. In the early stage, after a moderate to large infarction, the ventricular cavity increases in size due to expansion or to stretching and thinning of the infarcted segment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Late remodeling comprises the ventricle as a whole and is associated with time-dependent dilation, ventricle shape distortion, and ventricular wall hypertrophy, which can continue for months to years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Pfeffer and Pfeffer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> observed that rats with small infarctions (infarcted area &lt; 20%) did not develop cardiac dilation and rats with moderate infarction (between 20% and 40% of infarcted area) presented progressive dilatation occurring in the noninfarcted area. The pathophysiological importance of cardiac remodeling and its role in HF prognosis have been expanded with the results of studies on ACE inhibitors in the treatment of infarcted rats. These studies have demonstrated that these drugs prevent cardiac remodeling and, in some cases, promote its reversal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Rats treated with ACE inhibitors presenting dilation prevention or reverse remodeling had better prognosis than those that did not<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. It was observed that the benefit of treatment was more significant in rats with moderate infarction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>In a subsequent study, Pfeffer et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>coordinated the SAVE study; they demonstrated that the concept of remodeling also applied to humans and that treatment with ACE inhibitors modified the natural course of myocardial infarction and myocardial infarction-associated HF. Patients with myocardial infarction and ejection fraction of &lt;40% treated with captopril exhibited approximately 40% reduction in cardiovascular events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>Other studies have demonstrated that this knowledge regarding cardiac remodeling could also be applied to patients with cardiac dilatation without myocardial infarction. Data from the Framingham study clearly documented that cardiac dilation was associated with HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Patients with cardiac dilation had a 1.47-fold risk of developing heart failure compared with those without dilation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>The role of cardiac remodeling has been highlighted in studies on HF, confirming these findings. In this context, the Val-HeFT study demonstrated that patients with the highest ventricular volumes and lowest baseline left ventricular ejection fractions presented higher mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Reverse ventricular remodeling</title>
        <p>Cardiac dilation is identified as an important marker of poor prognosis. Conversely, its reversal is associated with improved prognosis. Several studies have demonstrated that drugs or procedures, which modify ventricular remodeling, preventing or delaying cardiac dilation, are associated with improved outcomes. Not all drugs used in the treatment of HF influence cardiac remodeling. Animal studies in the postinfarction period have shown that beta-blockers, aldosterone blockers, and renin&#8211;angiotensin system inhibitors prevented cardiac dilation, whereas hydralazine and digitalis did not. Thus, clinical and experimental evidence suggests that the renin&#8211;angiotensin&#8211;aldosterone system and sympathetic nervous system play an important role in the process.</p>
        <p>ACE inhibitors, as demonstrated in the SOLVD studies, reduced the rate of cardiac dilation and, in initial forms, promoted regression in cardiac dilation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>Studies on angiotensin II receptor blockers demonstrated that these drugs also have a beneficial effect on ventricular remodeling. In the ELITE study, both patients receiving ACE inhibitors and those receiving angiotensin II AT1 receptor-antagonists (ARB) presented the same trend regarding ventricular remodeling, with prevention of cardiac dilation. There were no differences in response between the ACE inhibitor and ARB treatments analyzed in that study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>Cardiac dilation is not reversed in all patients with HF and ventricular dysfunction. In patients with lesser involvement, reversal is not generally observed; it is more frequently identified in cases of moderate to intense involvement, with greater magnitude in the former<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Studies have shown reversal of cardiac dilation in approximately 30%&#8211;60% of the cases treated with neurohormonal blockers.</p>
        <p>In a study of outpatients over 70 years of age, Cioffi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> observed an improvement in the ejection fraction in 36% during a mean follow-up of 17 months. Predictors for this improvement were absence of diabetes, history of hypertension, and treatment with beta-blockers; treatment with beta-blockers increased the chance of reversal by 3.4 times<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. In the V-HeFT I and II studies, reverse remodeling was also observed both in the group treated with hydralazine and nitrate and that treated with enalapril<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. A 5-unit increase in ejection fraction was the best predictor of mortality among the studied variables<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Approximately 30% of the patients had an increase in ejection fraction greater than 5 units; 50% of these presented an increase of more than 10 units.</p>
        <p>The improvement in cardiac remodeling has also been observed. In the IMPROVE-HF registry, which examined 3,994 patients hospitalized for compensation, ejection fraction increased over 10% in 28.6% of patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        <p>Increased adrenergic activity appears to have a greater role in ventricular remodeling. Studies have demonstrated that beta-blockers promoted a more intense reversal of cardiac dilation than ACE inhibitors (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). ACE inhibitors prevent ventricular dilation and promote small increases in ejection fraction, but reduction in ventricular diameter and increase in ejection fraction are more significant with beta-blockers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ACE inhibitors prevent cardiac dilation and beta-blockers reverse it. Coh JN et al JACC 2000; 35: 569-82.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-06-0502-50025-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>The current literature documents that adrenergic activity actually plays an important role in ventricular remodeling, greater than that of the renin&#8211;angiotensin system, at least in the most symptomatic forms of the disease. Conversely, the adrenergic system may not be greatly stimulated in the initial phases of ventricular dysfunction because blockage of this system in asymptomatic forms of ventricular dysfunction does not result in a very significant reduction in mortality, as demonstrated in the CAPRICORN study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Prognosis and remodeling</title>
        <p>There is a growing body of evidence on the importance of reverse ventricular remodeling in HF prognosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Patients who present regression of ventricular dilation or increased ejection fraction after treatment have better quality of life.</p>
        <p>At follow-up, Cioffi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> demonstrated that patients with reverse cardiac remodeling had lower mortality (3%) compared with those who did not present reversal (22%). In the V-HeFT I study, mortality in the first year of follow-up for patients who had a reduction in ejection fraction greater than 6 units, an alteration in ejection fraction ranging between &#8722;5 and 5 units, and those who had an increase in ejection fraction greater than five units was 29%, 16%, and 6%, respectively<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>Hoshikawa et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> observed that prognosis is related to the reversal of cardiac dilation. They divided their patients into three groups: those with full reverse cardiac remodeling, with LV diameter &lt; 55 mm and Delta D fraction &gt; 25%; those with partial reversal; and those who did not present reversal. The authors observed that all patients with no reversal of cardiac dilation died during the follow-up, which lasted an average of 5 years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. All patients who presented some reversal survived. In that study population, all patients were treated with neurohormonal blockers; 78% showed a reversal of cardiac dilatation and, of these, 57% showed complete reversal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>This same group reassessed their patients. Furthermore, Matsumura et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> demonstrated the role of reverse remodeling in long-term prognosis. This study revealed that in 12 years of follow-up, all patients who had regression of cardiac dilation survived; however, those presenting increased dilation died or required transplantation. In this population of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, it was observed that 35.6% of patients had some reversal; 37% of these presented normal diameters and ejection fractions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. All patients with some reversal remained alive at the end of 12 years, demonstrating that even small reversals indicate a good response to treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
        <p>In addition to the analysis of clinical trials and small group studies, reverse cardiac remodeling was assessed in a meta&#8209;analysis involving 69,766 patients in 30 randomized trials<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, which showed a strong relationship between improved ejection fraction and reduced mortality. Overall, mortality significantly decreased by 49% in patients presenting improved ejection fraction compared with those who did not<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Based on the regression analysis, a 5% increase in mean ejection fraction corresponded to a relative reduction of 14% in mortality (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.77&#8211;0.96; p = 0.013). For each 5% absolute increase in ejection fraction, patients who presented reversals had a 4.9-fold higher chance of not dying compared with those showing no reversal. Similar results were described for the change in left ventricular volume<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Treatment and reverse remodeling</title>
        <p>Because prognosis is better in patients with reversed cardiac dysfunction, at least partially, reversal should be considered a primary treatment goal. Patients not presenting this reversal should have their treatment regimen reassessed. In the absence of reversal, they should be more carefully followed up because they are at risk for a poorer outcome. Effective treatment should reverse cardiac remodeling<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Notably, all effective drugs and procedures, such as cardiac resynchronization, promote the reversal of cardiac dilation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Nonreversal may be a sign that the doses of prescribed medications are inadequate or that the disease severity is high, resulting in a failure to obtain desired response to a proposed treatment.</p>
        <p>In the treatment of HF, dosage is extremely important. Reverse remodeling is often not observed because the treatment drugs are administered at low doses. The importance of dosage can be observed in the FAST&#8211;Carvedilol study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. In this study, half of patients were discharged after using this drug at a dose of 3.125 mg or 6.25 mg twice daily, whereas the dosage for the remaining was rapidly increased during hospitalization and was the highest tolerated dose during discharge. At the outpatient clinic, dosage of carvedilol was not increased by the physicians for various reasons; this was most frequently because of borderline blood pressure. Thus, the average carvedilol dose was 6.99 mg/day in the control group and 16.19 mg/day in the intervention group. At follow-up, the intervention group presented a reversal of cardiac dilation; this reduction was already evident at 3 months of treatment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. The group treated with low doses did not present reversal. At follow-up, in the first year, the survival rate was 43.5% in the control group versus 65.2% in the intervention group. The data draw attention to the importance of dosage both in reversing cardiac dilatation and reducing mortality and show that both are probably interconnected<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Beta-blockers used at the correct dosage reverses cardiac dilation; this reduction is already evident at 3 months of treatment. Melo D et al. JACC 2011; 57 (supl A): 17.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-06-0502-50025-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>The authors of the present study have used these guidelines in clinical practice, increasing the dosage (particularly for beta-blockers) in patients who did not present reverse cardiac remodeling, thereby achieving a reversal of the dilation not obtained with the usual dosage. In patients whose heart rate is consistently above 70 bpm during optimized treatment, ivabradine has been effective in reversing cardiac dilation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Cardiac dilation is a marker of poorer prognosis in patients with HF. The drugs used to treat HF, particularly beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs, promote reverse remodeling. Patients who present reverse remodeling during treatment have better outcomes and lower mortality than those who do not present it.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Revers&#227;o da Remodela&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca: um Marcador de Melhor Progn&#243;stico na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Rosino de Ara&#250;jo Rocha</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano Novaes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Martins dos Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira-Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Marcelina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia do Hospital Santa Marcelina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#233; Rosino de Ara&#250;jo Rocha Reis Filho,</bold> Hospital Santa Marcelina. Rua Santa Marcelina, 177, Itaquera. CEP 08270-070, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>joserosinofilho@gmail.com</email>,<email>jrfilho86@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Reis Filho JRAR, Cardoso JN, Cardoso CMR, Pereira-Barretto, AC. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Reis Filho JRAR, Cardoso JN, Cardoso CMR, Barretto AC. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Reis Filho JRAR, Cardoso JN, Cardoso CMR, Barretto AC. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Reis Filho JRAR, Cardoso JN, Cardoso CMR, Barretto AC. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Reis Filho JRAR, Cardoso JN, Cardoso CMR, Barretto AC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <p>Na s&#237;ndrome da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a disfun&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio gera um aumento da atividade neuro-hormonal, que &#233; um mecanismo adaptativo e compensat&#243;rio em resposta &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. A atividade neuro-hormonal &#233; estimulada inicialmente na tentativa de manter o paciente compensado, mas quando permanece aumentada, contribui para a intensifica&#231;&#227;o das manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e do dano mioc&#225;rdico. A remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca consiste nas altera&#231;&#245;es no volume do ventr&#237;culo bem como na espessura e forma da parede do mioc&#225;rdio. Com o tratamento otimizado, pode ocorrer a revers&#227;o da remodela&#231;&#227;o, com melhora gradual da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e consequente melhora do progn&#243;stico.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca / terapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Remodela&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico / fisiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Quando o cora&#231;&#227;o tem redu&#231;&#227;o de sua fun&#231;&#227;o, ocorre aumento da atividade neuro-hormonal, um importante mecanismo compensat&#243;rio em resposta a redu&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, mas que &#233; tamb&#233;m o maior componente de progress&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome e do processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. A atividade neuro-hormonal &#233; estimulada inicialmente na tentativa de manter compensados os pacientes, mas que permanecendo aumentada contribui para a intensifica&#231;&#227;o das manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e do dano mioc&#225;rdico. De maneira semelhante &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, o mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico de Frank Starling, &#233; ativado inicialmente na tentativa de manter compensados os pacientes, mas persistindo a dilatar os cora&#231;&#245;es leva a progress&#227;o do dano mioc&#225;rdico e das manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da s&#237;ndrome da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>A remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#233; o processo pelo qual o tamanho, forma e fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo s&#227;o regulados por fatores mec&#226;nicos, neuro-hormonais e gen&#233;ticos. Pode ser definida por altera&#231;&#245;es moleculares, celulares e intersticiais do mioc&#225;rdio, levando a modifica&#231;&#227;o no tamanho, na massa, na geometria e na fun&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o, como resultado de uma agress&#227;o ao mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.-</p>
        <p>A sua import&#226;ncia fisiopatol&#243;gica foi bem demonstrada nos trabalhos da fam&#237;lia Pfeffer, Marc e Janice inicialmente, em estudos experimentais com ratos. No modelo de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, demonstraram que a mortalidade dos animais guardava forte rela&#231;&#227;o com o grau de dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Os ratos infartados com maior dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o evolu&#237;am pior do que os com menor comprometimento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. No p&#243;s-infarto convencionou-se dividir a evolu&#231;&#227;o em duas fases: a precoce (at&#233; 72 horas) e a tardia (ap&#243;s 72 horas)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. O remodelamento inicial envolve expans&#227;o da &#225;rea infartada que pode resultar em ruptura ventricular ou forma&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Nesta fase inicial ap&#243;s um infarto de moderado a grande, a cavidade ventricular aumenta em decorr&#234;ncia da expans&#227;o ou alongamento e afinamento do segmento infartado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. O remodelamento tardio envolve o ventr&#237;culo como um todo e est&#225; associado &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o tempo - dependente, distor&#231;&#227;o da forma do ventr&#237;culo e hipertrofia das paredes ventriculares, que pode continuar por meses at&#233; anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Pfeffer e Pfeffer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> constataram que os ratos com infarto pequeno (com &#225;rea infartada menor que 20%) n&#227;o apresentavam dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca na evolu&#231;&#227;o, e os ratos com infarto moderado - entre 20% a 40% de &#225;rea infartada - apresentavam dilata&#231;&#227;o progressiva que ocorria em &#225;rea n&#227;o infartada. A demonstra&#231;&#227;o de sua import&#226;ncia fisiopatol&#243;gica e no progn&#243;stico da IC foram ampliadas com os resultados dos estudos com inibidores da ECA no tratamento destes ratos infartados. Estes estudos mostraram que os inibidores da ECA preveniam a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e em alguns casos promoviam a sua revers&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Os ratos tratados com inibidores da ECA que apresentavam preven&#231;&#227;o da dilata&#231;&#227;o ou revers&#227;o da remodela&#231;&#227;o evolu&#237;am melhor do que os que n&#227;o a apresentavam<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Quanto ao benef&#237;cio do tratamento observaram que ele era mais significativo nos ratos com infarto moderado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>Na sequ&#234;ncia de estudos, Pfeffer e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>coordenaram o estudo SAVE e demonstrou que este conceito de remodela&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m se aplicava aos humanos, e que o tratamento com inibidores da ECA modificava a hist&#243;ria natural do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca a ele relacionado. Os pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o inferior a 40% tratados com captopril tiveram uma redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares de aproximadamente 40%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>Outros estudos mostraram que este conhecimento sobre remodelamento card&#237;aco tamb&#233;m se aplicava &#224; pacientes com dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca sem infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Dados do estudo de Framingham nitidamente documentaram que a dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca se associava com quadros de IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Os pacientes com dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca tiveram um risco de 1,47 vezes maior de desenvolver IC do que os n&#227;o dilatados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>O papel da remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foi e vem sendo destacada nos estudos de IC e nos Registros, confirmando esses achados. Neste contexto, no estudo Val-HeFT pode-se observar que os pacientes que tinham os maiores volumes ventriculares e menores fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE basais apresentaram maior mortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>A revers&#227;o da remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular</title>
          <p>A dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; identificada como um importante marcador de pior progn&#243;stico. A sua revers&#227;o, por outro lado, est&#225; associada &#224; melhora na evolu&#231;&#227;o. Diversos estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que medicamentos ou procedimentos que modificam a remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular, prevenindo ou retardando a dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, est&#227;o associadas &#224; melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes. N&#227;o s&#227;o todos os f&#225;rmacos utilizados no tratamento da IC que influem na remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Estudos em animais no p&#243;s-infarto mostraram que betabloqueadores, bloqueadores da aldosterona e inibidores do sistema renina angiotensina preveniam a dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, enquanto a hidralazina e o digital n&#227;o o faziam. Desta forma, evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas e experimentais sugerem que o sistema renina &#8211; angiotensina - aldosterona e o sistema simp&#225;tico t&#234;m papel importante no processo.</p>
          <p>Os inibidores da ECA, como demonstrado nos estudos SOLVD, reduziram a velocidade da dilata&#231;&#227;o dos cora&#231;&#245;es, e nas formas iniciais, promoveram regress&#227;o da dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
          <p>As pesquisas com os bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II mostraram que estes medicamentos tamb&#233;m interferiam beneficamente na remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular. No estudo ELITE, tanto os pacientes com inibidores da ECA, como os com antagonista dos receptores AT<sub>1</sub> da angiotensina II (BRA), apresentaram a mesma evolu&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular, com preven&#231;&#227;o da dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as de resposta entre o inibidor da ECA e o BRA analisados neste estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
          <p>A revers&#227;o da dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca n&#227;o ocorre em todos os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Nos pacientes com pequeno comprometimento n&#227;o se documenta usualmente revers&#227;o, sendo ela identificada nos casos de comprometimento moderado a intenso, e sendo de maior magnitude nos casos de moderado comprometimento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Estudos revelam revers&#227;o da dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em cerca de 30 a 60% dos casos tratados com bloqueadores neuro-hormonais.</p>
          <p>Cioffi e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> estudando pacientes com mais de 70 anos encontraram, durante o seguimento m&#233;dio de 17 meses, melhora da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o em 36% dos pacientes do ambulat&#243;rio. Foram preditores desta melhora: a aus&#234;ncia de diabetes, hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o e o tratamento com betabloqueadores, este &#250;ltimo aumentando a chance de revers&#227;o em 3,4 vezes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Nos estudos V-HeFT I e II tamb&#233;m se observou revers&#227;o do remodelamento tanto no grupo tratado com hidralazina e nitrato como no grupo tratado com enalapril<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. O aumento de cinco unidades na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi o melhor preditor de mortalidade entre as vari&#225;veis estudadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Cerca de 30% dos pacientes apresentaram aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o superior a 5 unidades e 50% deles superior a 10 unidades.</p>
          <p>A melhora no remodelamento card&#237;aco tamb&#233;m foi observada em Registros. No Registro IMPROVE-HF, que analisou 3.994 pacientes hospitalizados para compensa&#231;&#227;o, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o aumentou mais que 10% em 28,6% dos pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
          <p>A atividade adren&#233;rgica aumentada parece ter um papel maior na remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Estudos revelam que os betabloqueadores t&#234;m proporcionado uma revers&#227;o mais intensa da dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca quando comparado aos inibidores da ECA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>). Se com os inibidores da ECA h&#225; preven&#231;&#227;o da dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular e discretos aumentos da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, com os betabloqueadores a redu&#231;&#227;o dos di&#226;metros ventriculares &#233; mais expressiva, bem como o aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Os inibidores da ECA previnem a dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e os betabloqueadores revertem. Coh JN et al JACC 2000; 35: 569-82.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-06-0502-50025-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>O conjunto das pesquisas parece documentar que a atividade adren&#233;rgica tem realmente um papel importante na remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular, maior do que a do sistema renina angiotensina, pelo menos nas formas mais sintom&#225;ticas da doen&#231;a. Por outro lado, nas formas iniciais da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#233; poss&#237;vel que o sistema adren&#233;rgico n&#227;o seja muito estimulado, pois o seu bloqueio nas formas assintom&#225;ticas de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular n&#227;o promoveu uma redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade muito expressivo, como demonstrado no estudo CAPRICORN<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Progn&#243;stico e o remodelamento</title>
          <p>Na literatura &#233; crescente o n&#250;mero de estudos documentando a import&#226;ncia da revers&#227;o da remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular no progn&#243;stico da IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Os pacientes que apresentam regress&#227;o da dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o com o tratamento institu&#237;do, t&#234;m melhor qualidade de vida.</p>
          <p>No seguimento dos pacientes, Cioffi e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> demonstraram que os pacientes que apresentaram revers&#227;o do remodelamento card&#237;aco evolu&#237;ram com menor mortalidade (3%) comparados com os que n&#227;o apresentaram revers&#227;o (22%). No estudo V-HeFT I, a mortalidade no primeiro ano de seguimento foi de 29%, 16% e 6%, respectivamente para aqueles que tiveram redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o maior que 6 unidades, varia&#231;&#227;o dos valores entre menos cinco e mais 5, e aqueles que tiveram aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o superior a 5 unidades<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
          <p>Hoshikawa e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> verificaram que o progn&#243;stico guarda rela&#231;&#227;o com a revers&#227;o da dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Dividiu seus pacientes em tr&#234;s grupos: aqueles que apresentaram total revers&#227;o do remodelamento card&#237;aco, ficando com di&#226;metro de VE &lt; 55 mm e fra&#231;&#227;o de Delta D &gt; 25%, aqueles com revers&#227;o parcial, e aqueles que n&#227;o tiveram revers&#227;o. Constataram que todos os pacientes sem revers&#227;o da dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca morreram no seguimento m&#233;dio de cerca de cinco anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Todos que apresentaram alguma revers&#227;o, permaneceram vivos. Nesta popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, todos foram tratados com bloqueadores neuro-hormonais, com 78% apresentando revers&#227;o da dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, e destes, 57% apresentaram revers&#227;o completa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
          <p>Este mesmo grupo analisou novamente seus pacientes e Matsumura e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> demonstraram o papel da revers&#227;o do remodelamento na evolu&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo. Esse estudo revelou que em 12 anos de seguimento, todos os pacientes que tiveram regress&#227;o da dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca sobreviveram, entretanto, aqueles que apresentaram aumento da dilata&#231;&#227;o morreram ou necessitaram de transplante. Nesta popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada, observaram que 35,6% dos pacientes apresentaram alguma revers&#227;o, 37% destes apresentaram normaliza&#231;&#227;o dos di&#226;metros e da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. No conjunto, constataram que todos os pacientes que apresentaram alguma revers&#227;o permaneceram vivos ao final de 12 anos, mostrando que mesmo pequenas revers&#245;es s&#227;o indicativas de boa resposta ao tratamento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
          <p>Ao lado da an&#225;lise dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos e dos estudos em pequenos grupos, o tema revers&#227;o do remodelamento card&#237;aco foi motivo de uma meta-an&#225;lise envolvendo 69.766 pacientes em 30 &#8220;trials&#8221; randomizados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Esta meta-an&#225;lise constatou uma forte rela&#231;&#227;o entre a melhora da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e a redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade. No conjunto houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de 49% na mortalidade dos pacientes que tiveram melhora da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o aos que n&#227;o tiveram<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Baseado na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o, um aumento de 5% na m&#233;dia da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o correspondeu a uma redu&#231;&#227;o relativa de 14% na mortalidade (OR 0,86; IC 95% de 0,77 a 0,96; p=0,013). No conjunto, os pacientes com revers&#227;o apresentaram 4,9 vezes chance de n&#227;o morrer do que os n&#227;o apresentaram revers&#227;o, para cada incremento absoluto de 5% na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Resultados semelhantes s&#227;o descritos para a varia&#231;&#227;o do volume do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tratamento e a revers&#227;o da remodela&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o &#233; melhor nos pacientes que revertem &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, mesmo que parcialmente, por este motivo dever&#237;amos consider&#225;-la como um dos objetivos primordiais do tratamento. Os pacientes que n&#227;o apresentam esta revers&#227;o deveriam ter seu esquema terap&#234;utico reavaliado, e, na aus&#234;ncia da revers&#227;o, serem acompanhados com mais cuidado, pois s&#227;o pacientes que ter&#227;o uma evolu&#231;&#227;o pior. Um tratamento eficaz deveria reverter a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Vale ressaltar que todos os medicamentos eficazes, bem como os procedimentos como a ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, promovem revers&#227;o da dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. A n&#227;o revers&#227;o pode estar sinalizando que as doses dos medicamentos prescritas s&#227;o insuficientes ou que a gravidade da doen&#231;a &#233; t&#227;o acentuada que o paciente n&#227;o responder&#225; como desejado ao esquema proposto.</p>
          <p>No tratamento da IC, as doses em que s&#227;o prescritos os medicamentos s&#227;o muito importantes. Muitas vezes n&#227;o se observa a revers&#227;o do remodelamento por ter-se empregado baixas doses. A import&#226;ncia da dose pode ser observada no estudo FAST &#8211; Carvedilol<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Neste estudo, metade dos pacientes tiveram alta hospitalar com dose de 3,125 mg ou 6,25 mg duas vezes ao dia, e a outra metade teve a dose aumentada de maneira r&#225;pida durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e tiveram alta com a maior dose tolerada. No ambulat&#243;rio a dose do carvedilol n&#227;o foi aumentada pelos seus m&#233;dicos por motivos variados, mais frequentemente press&#227;o arterial lim&#237;trofe, de tal forma que no grupo controle a dose m&#233;dia de carvedilol foi de 6,99 mg/dia e no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o de 16,19 mg/dia. No seguimento, o grupo interven&#231;&#227;o apresentou revers&#227;o da dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, sendo ela observada j&#225; nos tr&#234;s primeiros meses de tratamento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. O grupo tratado com doses baixas n&#227;o apresentou revers&#227;o. No seguimento, a sobrevida foi de 43,5% no primeiro ano no grupo controle contra 65,2% no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o. Os dados chamam aten&#231;&#227;o para a import&#226;ncia da dose tanto na revers&#227;o da dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca como na redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade e que provavelmente est&#227;o interligadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Betabloqueadores empregados na dose correta revertem a dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, redu&#231;&#227;o esta j&#225; evidenciada com 3 meses de tratamento. Melo D et al. JACC 2011; 57 (supl A): 17.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-06-0502-50025-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Temos empregado esta conduta como guia para o tratamento, e nos pacientes que n&#227;o apresentaram revers&#227;o da remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca temos aumentado a dose dos medicamentos, em especial dos betabloqueadores, conseguindo desta forma uma revers&#227;o da dilata&#231;&#227;o, que com a dose usual n&#227;o havia sido obtido. Nos pacientes que persistem com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca acima de 70 bpm na vig&#234;ncia de tratamento otimizado, a prescri&#231;&#227;o de ivabradina tem sido eficaz na revers&#227;o da dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; um marcador de pior progn&#243;stico no paciente com IC. Os medicamentos que utilizamos para o tratamento da IC, principalmente os betabloqueadores, os inibidores da ECA e os BRA, promovem a revers&#227;o da remodela&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes que durante o tratamento cursam com revers&#227;o da remodela&#231;&#227;o, apresentam uma melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o e menor mortalidade, comparados aos que n&#227;o revertem a dilata&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
