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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">pqzb9Df3BFTm64Pgg8LKjhn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000600009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015000650039</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150039</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Heart Rate Variability Correlates to Functional Aerobic Impairment in Hemodialysis Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carreira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Angela Magalh&#227;es de Queiroz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pena</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Montes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kiuchi</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Galindo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo da Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Paulo Strogoff de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lugon</surname>
            <given-names>Jocemir Ronaldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Department of Cardiology, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil Mailing</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Nephrology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Department of Nephrology, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil Mailing</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Maria Angela Magalh&#227;es de Queiroz Carreira</bold>, Rua Arroio Fundo, 230, Anil. Postal Code 22765-260, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>macarreira@globo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research:Carreira MAMQ, Nogueira AB, Pena FM, Kiuchi MG, Rodrigues RC, Rodrigues RR, Matos JPS, Lugon JR. Acquisition of data:Carreira MAMQ, Nogueira AB, Pena FM, Kiuchi MG, Rodrigues RC, Rodrigues RR, Matos JPS, Lugon JR. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Carreira MAMQ, Nogueira AB, Pena FM, Kiuchi MG, Rodrigues RC, Rodrigues RR, Matos JPS, Lugon JR. Statistical analysis: Carreira MAMQ, Nogueira AB, Pena FM, Kiuchi MG, Rodrigues RC, Rodrigues RR, Matos JPS, Lugon JR. Obtaining financing: Carreira MAMQ, Matos JPS, Lugon JR. Writing of the manuscript:Carreira MAMQ, Pena FM, Rodrigues RC, Matos JPS, Lugon JR. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Carreira MAMQ, Nogueira AB, Pena FM, Kiuchi MG, Rodrigues RC, Rodrigues RR, Matos JPS, Lugon JR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>493</fpage>
      <lpage>500</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Autonomic dysfunction (AD) is highly prevalent in hemodialysis (HD) patients and has been implicated in their increased risk of cardiovascular mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To correlate heart rate variability (HRV) during exercise treadmill test (ETT) with the values obtained when measuring functional aerobic impairment (FAI) in HD patients and controls.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional study involving HD patients and a control group. Clinical examination, blood sampling, transthoracic echocardiogram, 24-hour Holter, and ETT were performed. A symptom-limited ramp treadmill protocol with active recovery was employed. Heart rate variability was evaluated in time domain at exercise and recovery periods.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Forty-one HD patients and 41 controls concluded the study. HD patients had higher FAI and lower HRV than controls (p&lt;0.001 for both). A correlation was found between exercise HRV (SDNN) and FAI in both groups. This association was independent of age, sex, smoking, body mass index, diabetes, and clonidine or beta-blocker use, but not of hemoglobin levels.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>No association was found between FAI and HRV on 24-hour Holter or at the recovery period of ETT. Of note, exercise HRV was inversely correlated with FAI in HD patients and controls. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015; [online]. ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Sympathetic Nervous System / physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Test</kwd>
        <kwd>Renal Dialysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The treatment offered to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on hemodialysis (HD) has improved over the past decades resulting in increased survival and better quality of life<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. However, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality remain exceptionally high in this group of patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of autonomic dysfunction (AD) is high in patients undergoing current standard HD treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> and this has been associated with an increased risk of sudden death<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p> In the general population, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. In normal subjects, maximal functional aerobic capacity was inversely associated with the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular death. The risk was 2.50 times higher for all-cause death, and 2.04 times higher for cardiovascular death in men with a low exercise capacity than in men with a high exercise capacity, after adjustment for risk factors and ischemic ST changes during exercise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Cardiorespiratory fitness is also a predictor of sudden cardiac death in normal subjects. As a continuous variable, one metabolic equivalent (MET) increment in CRF was associated with a 22% decrease in the risk of sudden cardiac death in normal men<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Exercise treadmill test (ETT) has been used in the assessment of autonomic function by analyzing changes in heart rate (HR) under physical stress.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to assess the autonomic function of HD patients and controls by assessing HR variability (HRV) during an ETT and to correlate the results with functional aerobic impairment (FAI).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>We conducted a cross-sectional study with ESRD patients on HD three times a week (4-hour duration sessions) for at least three months and a control group matched by sex and age without overt kidney disease. Hemodialysis patients were recruited from a single dialysis center and the control group consisted of individuals referred for exercise testing at the University Hospital. Informed consent was obtained, and the study protocol was approved by the Medical School ethical committee. Chronic medications, including those for blood pressure control, were not discontinued during the study.</p>
        <p>Exclusion criteria were as follows: impaired gait that prevented walking on the treadmill, arrhythmias preventing proper HR assessment, and presence of symptomatic heart disease. Cardiac evaluation was always accomplished in a middle-of-week non-dialytic day and consisted of clinical examination, transthoracic echocardiogram, 24-h Holter, and ETT.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiography</title>
        <p>A two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography was performed with GE VIVID 7 System (General Electric, USA) to assess left ventricle wall motion and systolic and diastolic ventricular function.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>24-h Holter</title>
        <p>Patients underwent a 24-h Holter (Galix Biomedical Instrumentation, Florida, USA). A 3-channel recorder was used to record the electrocardiographic tracings. A time domain analysis of HRV was performed, and the following parameters were obtained: a) SDNN, standard deviation (SD) of all normal RR intervals (NN); b) SDANN, SD of the averages of 5-min NN intervals over 24h; c) rMSSD, the square root of the mean of the square of successive NN intervals; and d) triangular index (TI), integral of the density distribution (that is, the number of all NN intervals) divided by the maximal density distribution.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exercise treadmill test</title>
        <p>Patients underwent ETT with a treadmill ramp protocol using the Ergo13 program (Heart Ware Co., Minas Gerais, Brazil). The test was symptom limited, with 2-minute active recovery under 40% of the speed and incline of peak effort. Automatic ECG recordings were obtained on 13 simultaneous leads before exercise in the supine and standing positions, at peak exercise, and at every recovery minute. The following HRV parameters were analyzed: SDNN and rMSSD during exercise and recovery. For the ramp protocol, the predicted maximal VO<sub>2</sub> was reduced by 20% in HD patients. The maximal VO<sub>2</sub> peak exercise was obtained by the Foster formula backed with hands. The FAI was calculated using the formula: FAI= [(maximal predicted VO<sub>2</sub>&#8211;VO<sub>2</sub> peak) /maximal predicted VO<sub>2</sub>] x 100. In ETT, HRV was obtained with a software specially designed for the study, conveying electrocardiographic data findings from Ergo13 to Cardio Smart (Cardios, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) during exercise and recovery separately.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistics</title>
        <p>Results were expressed as mean and SD, for normal distribution, and median and range, otherwise. Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and compared using the Chi-square test. Comparisons between two continuous variables were accomplished by the <italic>t</italic> test (for normal distribution) or its nonparametric equivalent (Mann&#8209;Whitney test). Correlation was assessed using the Pearson test. Logistic regression was used to analyze associations. Variables with p values &lt;0.10 were included in the multivariate model, and p&lt;0.05 was considered significant. Analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 125 patients from a single dialysis center were initially evaluated. Nine were promptly excluded due to gait impairment. Of the 116 remaining, 59 agreed to participate and signed the consent form. Eighteen patients were excluded: 10 did not show up for the exams, 4 had a past myocardial infarction, 2 had arrhythmia, 1 had artery-venous fistulas in both arms, and 1 had current pulmonary infection. At the end, 41 HD patients concluded the study. The most common renal disease etiologies were: hypertensive nephrosclerosis (56%), chronic glomerulonephritis (17%), adult polycystic kidney disease (10%), and diabetic nephropathy (7%). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> shows the general features of patients and controls. Use of antihypertensive drugs and physical inactivity were more frequent among patients on HD. Use of beta&#8209;blockers tended to be higher in HD patients, but statistical significance was not found. Diuretic use was more common in the control group.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>General features of HD patients and controls</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>HD patients</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Controls</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">50 &#177; 14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">a</xref></td>
              <td align="center">50 &#177; 13</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">0.975</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male, %</td>
              <td align="center">21 (51.2)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">b</xref></td>
              <td align="center">21 (51.2)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Race, non-white %</td>
              <td align="center">27 (65.9)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (51.2)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">0.391</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Body mass index, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">25.1 &#177; 5.1</td>
              <td align="center">27.3 &#177; 4.1</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">0.030</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HD vintage, months</td>
              <td align="center">67.2 &#177; 47.3</td>
              <td align="center">n.a.</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diabetes, %</td>
              <td align="center">4 (9.8)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (12.2)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">0.724</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Smoking, %</td>
              <td align="center">3 (9.1)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (20.5)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">0.180</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Familial CAD,%</td>
              <td align="center">15 (36.6)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (41.5)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">0.520</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Familial hypertension, %</td>
              <td align="center">26 (63.4)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (51.2)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">0.525</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sedentary lifestyle, %</td>
              <td align="center">33 (80.5)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (58.5)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">0.031</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Anti-hypertensive drugs, %</td>
              <td align="center">33 (80.5)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (48.8)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">0.003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Beta-blocker</td>
              <td align="center">14 (34.1)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (17.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.077</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diuretic</td>
              <td align="center">2 (4.9)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (19.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.043</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Calcium channel blocker</td>
              <td align="center">5 (12.2)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (4.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.236</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ACE inhibitor/ARB</td>
              <td align="center">12 (29.3)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (39.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.352</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Clonidine</td>
              <td align="center">8 (19.5)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Alfa-blocker</td>
              <td align="center">6 (14.6)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.011</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hemoglobin, g/dL</td>
              <td align="center">11.5&#177;1.4</td>
              <td align="center">13.8&#177;1.2</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>eGFR (MDRD study), ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">n.a.</td>
              <td align="center">87.5 &#177; 23.1</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>HD: hemodialysis; CAD: coronary artery disease; ACE: angiotensin-converting-enzyme; ARB: AT1-receptor blocker; n.a.: not applicable; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; MDRD: modification of diet in renal disease. <sup>a</sup> Mean &#177; SD; <sup>b</sup> n (%).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Left ventricular systolic function, analyzed by the ejection fraction on echocardiogram, was similar between groups (66.1&#177;10.1% <italic>vs.</italic> 68.6&#177;5.4% for HD patients and controls, respectively, P = 0.167), but diastolic dysfunction was more prevalent in HD patients (77% <italic>vs.</italic> 42%, P = 0.004).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> shows the cardiovascular parameters on ETT. There was no difference between groups in relation to pre&#8209;exercise test parameters. Functional aerobic impairment was found higher in HD patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). Reasons for stopping the exercise were as follows: general exhaustion, 80.5%; exhaustion of the muscles of lower limbs, 4.9%; left bundle branch block of high&#8209;grade, 2.4%; arrhythmia, 2.4%; and hypertension, 2.4%. No complications occurred during ETT in any group.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline and peak values of heart rate, blood pressure and functional capacity on ETT in HD patients and controls</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>
                <bold>HD patients</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>Controls</bold>
              </th>
              <th>
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>pre-exercise HR, bpm</td>
              <td align="center">77 &#177; 12<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">a</xref></td>
              <td align="center">76 &#177; 13</td>
              <td align="center">0.705</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>pre-exercise SBP, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">131 &#177; 39</td>
              <td align="center">130 &#177; 31</td>
              <td align="center">0.860</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>pre-exercise DBP, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">82 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">83 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">0.135</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>peak HR, bpm</td>
              <td align="center">130 &#177; 25</td>
              <td align="center">160 &#177; 19</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>peak SBP, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">193 &#177; 26</td>
              <td align="center">199 &#177; 21</td>
              <td align="center">0.273</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>peak DBP, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">99 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">93 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">0.040</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Exercise time, min</td>
              <td align="center">8.5 &#177; 1.9</td>
              <td align="center">10.1 &#177; 2.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>FAI, %</td>
              <td align="center">29.5 &#177; 12.0</td>
              <td align="center">2.8 &#177; 20.1</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <p>HD: hemodialysis; HR: heart rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure. FAI: functional aerobic impairment. a Mean &#177; SD</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Functional aerobic impairment in hemodialysis (HD) patients and controls.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-06-0493-50039-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>When analyzing the 24-h Holter, HD patients showed less HRV than controls. Differences were observed regarding the mean HRV values during exercise and recovery (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>). SDNN was significantly lower in HD patients than in controls on 24-h Holter, and during exercise and recovery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). Exercise SDNN correlated with FAI in HD patients and controls (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>). On 24-h Holter, there was no correlation between HRV and FAI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>). An exercise SDNN &lt; 40 ms (median) was used as the dependent variable to test associations with FAI. In every multivariate logistic regression model tested, exercise SDNN &lt; 40 ms was independently associated with FAI, regardless of age, sex, body mass index, smoking, diabetes, and beta-blocker or clonidine use. However, the association was found to be dependent on serum levels of hemoglobin (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Heart rate variability parameters during 24-h Holter and exercise treadmill test in HD patients and controls</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</th>
              <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>HD patients</bold>
              </th>
              <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Controls</bold>
              </th>
              <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>24-h Holter</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SDNN, msec</td>
              <td align="center">82.6 &#177; 27.6</td>
              <td align="center">119.1 &#177; 47.6</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SDANN, msec</td>
              <td align="center">74.3 &#177; 26.8</td>
              <td align="center">113.1 &#177; 43.2</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>rMSSD, msec</td>
              <td align="center">17.4 &#177; 7.7</td>
              <td align="center">27.6 &#177; 11.1</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Triangular index, msec</td>
              <td align="center">23.3 &#177; 8.4</td>
              <td align="center">34.4 &#177; 9.3</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin;bord">
                <bold>Exercise treadmill test</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>exercise SDNN, msec</td>
              <td align="center">33.7 &#177; 14.2</td>
              <td align="center">50.0 &#177; 21.8</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>exercise rMSSD, msec</td>
              <td align="center">11.0 &#177; 5.5</td>
              <td align="center">15.3 &#177; 14.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.092</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>recovery SDNN, msec</td>
              <td align="center">20.1 &#177; 9.8</td>
              <td align="center">27.3 &#177; 17.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.024</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>recovery rMSSD, msec</td>
              <td align="center">11.5 &#177; 7.8</td>
              <td align="center">15.4 &#177; 17.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.196</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>HD: hemodialysis; SDNN: standard deviation (SD) of all normal RR intervals (NN); SDANN: SD of the averages of 5-min NN intervals over 24h; rMSSD: the square root of the mean of the square of successive NN intervals. Values shown as mean &#177; SD.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Heart rate variability (SDNN) during 24-h Holter, exercise, and recovery in hemodialysis (HD) patients and controls.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-06-0493-50039-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f03">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlation between functional aerobic impairment and heart rate variability (SDNN) during exercise in hemodialysis patients (left) and controls (right).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-06-0493-50039-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlation coefficients between functional aerobic impairment and heart rate variability during 24-h Holter and exercise treadmill test in hemodialysis (HD) patients and controls</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>HD patients</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Controls</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>r</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>r</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="5" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>24-h Holter</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SDNN</td>
              <td align="center">-0.046</td>
              <td align="center">0.780</td>
              <td align="center">-0.183</td>
              <td align="center">0.260</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SDANN</td>
              <td align="center">-0.044</td>
              <td align="center">0.792</td>
              <td align="center">-0.274</td>
              <td align="center">0.087</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>rMSSD</td>
              <td align="center">-0.090</td>
              <td align="center">0.585</td>
              <td align="center">0.248</td>
              <td align="center">0.123</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Triangular index</td>
              <td align="center">-0.072</td>
              <td align="center">0.661</td>
              <td align="center">-0.123</td>
              <td align="center">0.451</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="5" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin;bord">
                <bold>Exercise treadmill test</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>exercise SDNN</td>
              <td align="center">-0.633</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">-0.752</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>exercise rMSSD</td>
              <td align="center">0.300</td>
              <td align="center">0.858</td>
              <td align="center">0.023</td>
              <td align="center">0.887</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>recovery SDNN</td>
              <td align="center">-0.017</td>
              <td align="center">0.917</td>
              <td align="center">0.038</td>
              <td align="center">0.813</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>recovery SDNN</td>
              <td align="center">0.080</td>
              <td align="center">0.622</td>
              <td align="center">-0.028</td>
              <td align="center">0.864</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>r: Correlation coefficient; SDNN: standard deviation (SD) of all normal RR intervals (NN); SDANN: SD of the averages of 5-min NN intervals over 24h; rMSSD: the square root of the mean of the square of successive NN intervals.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t05">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Crude and adjusted OR and 95% CI in different models of multivariate logistic regression to test for associations of exercise SDNN &lt;40 msec with functional aerobic impairment in hemodialysis patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>OR</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>95% CI</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p value</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Crude</td>
              <td align="center">1.145</td>
              <td align="center">1.033-1.270</td>
              <td align="center">0.010</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Model 1</td>
              <td align="center">1.213</td>
              <td align="center">1.059-1.390</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Model 2</td>
              <td align="center">1.160</td>
              <td align="center">1.022-1.318</td>
              <td align="center">0.022</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Model 3</td>
              <td align="center">1.141</td>
              <td align="center">1.010-1.288</td>
              <td align="center">0.034</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Model 4</td>
              <td align="center">1.149</td>
              <td align="center">1.007-1.312</td>
              <td align="center">0.039</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Model 5</td>
              <td align="center">1.153</td>
              <td align="center">0.979-1.357</td>
              <td align="center">0.088</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>The models consisted of the progressive inclusion of the following confounding factors: age and sex (model 1); smoking and body mass index (model 2); diabetes (model 3); clonidine and beta-blocker use (model 4); and hemoglobin (model 5).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In ESRD patients, AD is a frequent abnormality and a marker of cardiovascular events and death<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Exercise treadmill test, a valuable tool to assess AD, is hardly used in HD patients.</p>
      <p>We studied autonomic parameters related to HRV during ETT in HD patients as compared to a control group, and the ETT results were correlated with FAI.</p>
      <p>In our sample, the body mass index was in the upper limit of normality (borderline overweight) in HD patients, and clearly above that limit in the control group. This is not unexpected considering that malnutrition was common in HD patients in the past<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, but not in the present, and that obesity is a recognized risk factor for cardiovascular disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. The proportion of diabetes mellitus in our sample was lower than that reported in international series<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, and even lower than that reported for the Brazilian dialysis population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, probably as a result of the inclusion and exclusion criteria adopted in the study. In support to the majority of reported series<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, a substantial number of HD patients used anti-hypertensive drugs. Consistent with the concept that sympathetic hyperactivity may play an important role in the hypertension of CKD patients, drugs mainly affecting this pathway were more frequently prescribed for HD patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. In agreement with previous reports<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, left diastolic dysfunction on echocardiogram was more frequent in HD patients. In contrast, left ventricular systolic function was similar in both groups, perhaps due to our enrollment criteria, which excluded patients with overt heart failure.</p>
      <p>When analyzing cardiovascular parameters in ETT, no difference was found between groups regarding systolic (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) either at rest or exercise peak. Similarly, the HR at rest did not differ between groups, but the HR at peak exercise was lower in HD patients. An attenuated HR response to exercise has been shown to predict adverse cardiac events in subjects without overt cardiovascular disease. Reduced HR response to exercise also predicts major adverse cardiac events among individuals with overt or suspected cardiovascular disease even after adjusting for left ventricular function and the severity of exercise-induced myocardial ischemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
      <p>Our population comprised individuals of different ages. For this reason, to analyze functional aerobic capacity we resort to the use of FAI, which compares the obtained VO<sub>2</sub> with that expected for age and sex. In our results, FAI was higher in HD patients, a well-documented finding in HD patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. In the general population, the functional aerobic capacity is a factor independently associated with cardiovascular and overall mortality. Our results found a mean FAI of 30% in the HD group and of 3% in the control group. In this population, the FAI may reach 65% of that predicted for sex and age as compared to controls<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Many factors may be involved with this reduction, some relating to the pathophysiology of the disease and others to age and environment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> During exercise, there is an increased oxygen demand to supply muscle activity. The provision of this increase depends on many factors: peripherally, increased blood flow and increment of the arteriovenous oxygen extraction; and centrally, increased cardiac output. The raise in cardiac output during exercise depends mainly on HR increase. However, in HD patients, the chronotropic reserve is often reduced and this has been attributed to AD, admittedly present in uremia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref></p>
      <p>Autonomic tests are frequently abnormal in HD patients. Heart rate variability during a 24-h Holter has been considered a good marker of dysautonomia in those patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Reduced HRV in the time or frequency domain has been associated with reduced survival in individuals on HD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. In consonance with previous studies, the HRV during 24-h Holter was lower in our HD patients demonstrating an altered autonomic function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>During ETT, HRV in the time domain decreases in the supine position and during exercise, and increases very slowly in the recovery period after exercise. Sympathetic hyperactivity persists for at least 45 minutes after exercise, being accompanied by a reduction in HRV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. In our results, SDNN during ETT was significantly lower in HD patients during exercise and recovery. These findings again may reflect the hyperadrenergic state characteristic of HD patients, because SDNN represents a general evaluation of the autonomic nervous system balance, which depends on modulation by sympathetic and parasympathetic branches<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. In contrast, the variable predominantly affected by the parasympathetic branch, rMSSD, was not different between groups.</p>
      <p>Our results showed a significant correlation between FAI and SDNN during exercise in both HD patients and controls. This finding reinforces the hypothesis that the reduction in functional aerobic capacity is strongly associated with the presence and severity of dysautonomia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> The stress resulting from exercise requires substantial changes of the autonomic nervous system, facilitating recognition of disturbances that otherwise could remain undetectable.</p>
      <p>Our HD patients had reduced serum levels of hemoglobin, a finding not uncommon in ESRD. To control for anemia and other confounding factors regarding the association of HRV during exercise with FAI, we resort to a variety of logistic regression models in which smoking and diabetes (associated with lower HRV), and anemia and use of beta-blocker or clonidine (associated with increased FAI) were included as explanatory variables. Exercise SDNN was independently associated with FAI in all models tested, except for the one in which serum levels of hemoglobin were included. Several authors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> have reported that the reduction of serum levels of hemoglobin causes a significant reduction in CRF and that the higher the reduction, the greater the FAI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Furthermore, red cell transfusion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> or administration of erythropoietin<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> was associated with a significant improvement in functional aerobic capacity, with a 6%-18% increase in VO<sub>2</sub> peak in different series and protocols.</p>
      <p>The clinical relevance of our findings is prominent. Both AD and FAI are important predictors of mortality, justifying that efforts be made to find ways to reduce the risk of affected patients. From the pharmacological point of view, in addition to the treatment of anemia with erythropoietin, which effectively increases the functional capacity of those patients, alternatives are sparse.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> In this regard, the use of inhibitors of hepcidin, a peptide involved in the pathogenesis of anemia of chronic/inflammatory diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, looks promising. On the other hand, it is well established that training improves functional capacity and reduces the rate of overall and cardiovascular mortality of those patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. The mechanisms by which this occurs are multiple and certainly involve improvement in autonomic function and inflammation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
      <p>The reduced number of patients recruited from a single dialysis center is a limitation of our study. It should also be pointed that the maximal VO<sub>2</sub> during peak exercise was obtained by using the Foster formula, backed with hands, and not by using direct measurement of gas exchange during exercise. This should be especially considered, because we could not find validation studies of the cited formula for HD patients. In view of that, additional studies are needed to confirm our findings.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Functional aerobic impairment showed a strong correlation with HRV during exercise. This association was independent of age, sex, body mass index, smoking, diabetes, use of beta-blockers or clonidine, but not of serum levels of hemoglobin.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by FAPERJ.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted byMaria Angela M. Q. Carreira, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Variabilidade RR ao Esfor&#231;o Correlaciona-se com D&#233;ficit Funcional Aer&#243;bico em Pacientes em Hemodi&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carreira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Angela Magalh&#227;es de Queiroz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pena</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Montes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kiuchi</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Galindo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo da Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Paulo Strogoff de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lugon</surname>
            <given-names>Jocemir Ronaldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Department of Cardiology, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil Mailing</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Department of Nephrology, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil Mailing</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Maria Angela Magalh&#227;es de Queiroz Carreira</bold>, Rua Arroio Fundo, 230, Anil. CEP 22765-260, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>macarreira@globo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Carreira MAMQ, Nogueira AB, Pena FM, Kiuchi MG, Rodrigues RC, Rodrigues RR, Matos JPS, Lugon JR. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Carreira MAMQ, Nogueira AB, Pena FM, Kiuchi MG, Rodrigues RC, Rodrigues RR, Matos JPS, Lugon JR. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Carreira MAMQ, Nogueira AB, Pena FM, Kiuchi MG, Rodrigues RC, Rodrigues RR, Matos JPS, Lugon JR. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Carreira MAMQ, Nogueira AB, Pena FM, Kiuchi MG, Rodrigues RC, Rodrigues RR, Matos JPS, Lugon JR. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Carreira MAMQ, Matos JPS, Lugon JR. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Carreira MAMQ, Pena FM, Rodrigues RC, Matos JPS, Lugon JR. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:Carreira MAMQ, Nogueira AB, Pena FM, Kiuchi MG, Rodrigues RC, Rodrigues RR, Matos JPS, Lugon JR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica (DA) &#233; altamente prevalente em pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise (HD) e tem sido implicada no risco aumentado de mortalidade cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Correlacionar a variabilidade RR (VRR) durante o teste ergom&#233;trico (TE) com o d&#233;ficit funcional aer&#243;bico (FAI) em pacientes em HD e em um grupo controle.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal no qual as vari&#225;veis analisadas foram obtidas atrav&#233;s de exame cl&#237;nico, coleta de sangue, ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, Holter de 24 horas e TE. Foi realizado TE em esteira pelo protocolo de rampa, limitado por sintomas, com recupera&#231;&#227;o ativa. A VRR foi avaliada no dom&#237;nio do tempo no exerc&#237;cio e na recupera&#231;&#227;o separadamente. Resultados: Quarenta e um pacientes em HD e 41 controles conclu&#237;ram o estudo. Pacientes em HD tinham maior FAI e menor VRR do que os controles (p &lt;0,001 para ambos). Houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre FAI e VRR no exerc&#237;cio (SDNN) em ambos os grupos. Esta associa&#231;&#227;o foi independente de idade, sexo, tabagismo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, diabetes, clonidina, betabloqueador, mas n&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de hemoglobina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A VRR no exerc&#237;cio foi inversamente correlacionada com o FAI em pacientes em HD e controles. N&#227;o foram observadas associa&#231;&#245;es do FAI com VRR no Holter ou no per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o do TE.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Simp&#225;tico / fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste de Esfor&#231;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Di&#225;lise Renal</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O tratamento oferecido aos pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise (HD) tem melhorado ao longo das &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, resultando em aumento da sobrevida e melhor qualidade de vida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. No entanto, a morbidade e a mortalidade cardiovascular (CV) permanecem excepcionalmente elevadas nesse grupo de pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica (DA) em pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise regular &#233; alta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> e isso tem sido associado a um aumento do risco de morte s&#250;bita<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, a capacidade funcional aer&#243;bica (CFA) &#233; um previsor independente de mortalidade por todas as causas e cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Em indiv&#237;duos normais, a CFA esteve inversamente associada com o risco de morte cardiovascular e por todas as causas. Homens com baixa CFA t&#234;m um risco 2,50 vezes maior para morte cardiovascular e 2,04 vezes maior para morte por todas as causas ap&#243;s ajuste para fatores de risco e altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas de ST durante o exerc&#237;cio em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com alta CFA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. A CFA tamb&#233;m &#233; um previsor de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca em indiv&#237;duos normais. Cada incremento de um equivalente metab&#243;lico (MET) na CFA j&#225; foi relacionado a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de 22% no risco de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca em homens aparentemente saud&#225;veis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>O teste ergom&#233;trico (TE) tem sido utilizado na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise das altera&#231;&#245;es na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (variabilidade RR - VRR) durante estresse f&#237;sico.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica de pacientes em HD e controles atrav&#233;s da VRR durante o TE e correlacionar os resultados com o d&#233;ficit funcional aer&#243;bico (do ingl&#234;s, <italic>functional aerobic impairment -</italic>FAI).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Foi realizado um estudo transversal com pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal em HD tr&#234;s vezes por semana (sess&#245;es com 4 horas de dura&#231;&#227;o), h&#225; pelo menos tr&#234;s meses, e um grupo controle pareado por sexo e idade sem doen&#231;a renal evidente. Os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal foram recrutados a partir de um &#250;nico centro de di&#225;lise. O grupo controle foi composto de indiv&#237;duos encaminhados para teste de esfor&#231;o no hospital universit&#225;rio. Foi obtido consentimento informado e o protocolo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Medicina/Hospital Universit&#225;rio. Medica&#231;&#245;es de uso cr&#244;nico, incluindo aquelas para controle da press&#227;o arterial, n&#227;o foram interrompidas durante o estudo.</p>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram os seguintes: dificuldade de deambula&#231;&#227;o na esteira, arritmias impedindo avalia&#231;&#227;o adequada da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca sintom&#225;tica. A avalia&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foi sempre realizada em dia n&#227;o dial&#237;tico no meio da semana e consistiu em: avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica pelo Holter de 24 horas (Holter) e TE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiograma</title>
          <p>O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico bidimensional (Eco) foi realizado em aparelho VIVID 7 System (General Electric, EUA) para avaliar altera&#231;&#245;es de motilidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, espessura de parede e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Holter</title>
          <p>Um gravador de tr&#234;s canais foi utilizado para registrar os tra&#231;ados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos (Galix Instrumenta&#231;&#227;o Biom&#233;dica, Fl&#243;rida, EUA). Realizou-se an&#225;lise da VRR no dom&#237;nio do tempo quando os seguintes par&#226;metros foram obtidos: a) SDNN, desvio padr&#227;o (SD) de todos os intervalos RR normais (NN); b) SDANN, SD das m&#233;dias dos intervalos de 5 minutos dos NN nas 24 h; c) rMSSD, raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia do quadrado dos intervalos NN sucessivos; e d) &#237;ndice triangular (TI), integral da distribui&#231;&#227;o da densidade (isto &#233;, o n&#250;mero total de intervalos NN) dividida pela distribui&#231;&#227;o da densidade m&#225;xima.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste ergom&#233;trico</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram submetidos a TE em esteira pelo protocolo de rampa no programa Ergo13 (Heart Ware Co., Minas Gerais, Brasil). O teste foi sintoma limitado, com recupera&#231;&#227;o ativa por 2 minutos com 40% da velocidade e inclina&#231;&#227;o do pico do esfor&#231;o. Para o protocolo de rampa, o consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>) m&#225;ximo previsto foi reduzido em 20% nos pacientes em HD. Registros autom&#225;ticos de ECG foram obtidos em 13 deriva&#231;&#245;es simult&#226;neas antes do exerc&#237;cio em dec&#250;bito, em p&#233;, no pico do exerc&#237;cio, e a cada minuto da recupera&#231;&#227;o. O VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo no pico do exerc&#237;cio foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula de Foster com apoio de m&#227;os. Calculou-se o FAI pela f&#243;rmula: FAI = [(VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo previsto - VO<sub>2</sub> pico) / VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo previsto] x 100. A VRR no TE foi obtida por <italic>software</italic> especialmente desenhado para o estudo atrav&#233;s da transmiss&#227;o da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ECG do sistema Ergo13 para o sistema Cardio Smart (Cardios, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) durante as fases de exerc&#237;cio e recupera&#231;&#227;o separadamente. Foram analisados &#8203;&#8203;os seguintes par&#226;metros da VRR: SDNN e rMSSD durante o exerc&#237;cio e no per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os resultados foram expressos como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, no caso de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, e mediana e faixa de varia&#231;&#227;o, em caso contr&#225;rio. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como frequ&#234;ncias e comparadas usando-se o teste do qui-quadrado. Compara&#231;&#245;es entre duas vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram feitas empregando-se o teste   <italic>t</italic> (no caso de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal) ou o seu equivalente n&#227;o param&#233;trico (Mann-Whitney). A presen&#231;a de correla&#231;&#245;es foi avaliada pelo teste de Pearson. Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi utilizada para analisar associa&#231;&#245;es transversais. Vari&#225;veis com valores de p&lt;0,10 na an&#225;lise univariada foram inclu&#237;das no modelo multivariado. Ao final, valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados significantes. Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, utilizamos o programa SPSS 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Cento e vinte e cinco pacientes de um &#250;nico centro de di&#225;lise foram inicialmente avaliados. Nove foram prontamente exclu&#237;dos devido a comprometimento da marcha. Dos 116 restantes, 59 concordaram em participar e assinaram o termo de consentimento. No decorrer da avalia&#231;&#227;o, 18 pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos. As causas da exclus&#227;o foram: n&#227;o comparecimento &#224; 2&#170; etapa (10), infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio (4), arritmia (2), f&#237;stula arteriovenosa bilateral (1) e infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o (1). Ao final, 41 pacientes em HD conclu&#237;ram o estudo. As etiologias mais comuns da doen&#231;a renal foram: nefroesclerose hipertensiva (56%), glomerulonefrite cr&#244;nica (17%), doen&#231;a renal polic&#237;stica do adulto (10%) e nefropatia diab&#233;tica (7%). As caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos pacientes e controles est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 1</xref>. O uso de anti&#8209;hipertensivos e o sedentarismo foram mais frequentes entre os pacientes em HD. Houve tend&#234;ncia a maior utiliza&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueador em hemodialisados, mas esta diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa. O uso de diur&#233;ticos foi mais comum entre os controles.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise e controles</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>HD patients</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Controls</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">50 &#177; 14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">a</xref></td>
                <td align="center">50 &#177; 13</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,975</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino, %</td>
                <td align="center">21 (51,2)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">b</xref></td>
                <td align="center">21 (51,2)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ra&#231;a, n&#227;o branca %</td>
                <td align="center">27 (65,9)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (51,2)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,391</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de massa corporal, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">25,1 &#177; 5,1</td>
                <td align="center">27,3 &#177; 4,1</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,030</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo em hemodi&#225;lise, meses</td>
                <td align="center">67,2 &#177; 47,3</td>
                <td align="center">n.a.</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes, %</td>
                <td align="center">4 (9,8)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (12,2)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,724</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, %</td>
                <td align="center">3 (9,1)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (20,5)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,180</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC,%</td>
                <td align="center">15 (36,6)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (41,5)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,520</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar de hipertens&#227;o, %</td>
                <td align="center">26 (63,4)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (51,2)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,525</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sedentarismo, %</td>
                <td align="center">33 (80,5)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (58,5)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,031</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de anti-hipertensivos, %</td>
                <td align="center">33 (80,5)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (48,8)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">14 (34,1)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (17,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,077</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;tico</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4,9)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (19,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,043</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueador dos canais do c&#225;lcio</td>
                <td align="center">5 (12,2)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,236</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA/Bloqueador AT1</td>
                <td align="center">12 (29,3)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (39,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,352</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Clonidina</td>
                <td align="center">8 (19,5)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alfa-bloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">6 (14,6)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina, g/dl</td>
                <td align="center">11,5&#177;1,4</td>
                <td align="center">13,8&#177;1,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFG (MDRD Study), ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">n.a.</td>
                <td align="center">87,5 &#177; 23,1</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <p>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina; n.a.: n&#227;o aplic&#225;vel; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada; MDRD: modification of diet in renal disease. <sup>a</sup> M&#233;dia &#177; DP; <sup>b</sup> n (%).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ao ecocardiograma, a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, inferida pela fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, foi semelhante entre os grupos (66,1&#177;10,1% <italic>vs</italic>. 68,6 &#177; 5,4% para os pacientes em HD e controles, respectivamente, p=0,167), mas a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi mais prevalente em pacientes em HD (77% <italic>vs</italic>. 42%, p=0,004).</p>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros cardiovasculares no TE est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 2</xref>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto aos par&#226;metros pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio. O FAI foi maior em pacientes em HD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). As raz&#245;es para interrup&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio foram: exaust&#227;o, 80,5%; cansa&#231;o muscular de membros inferiores, 4,9%; bloqueio de ramo esquerdo de alto grau, 2,4%; arritmia, 2,4%; e hipertens&#227;o, 2,4%. N&#227;o ocorreram complica&#231;&#245;es durante o TE nos dois grupos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio e de pico do esfor&#231;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial e d&#233;ficit funcional aer&#243;bico em hemodialisados e controles no teste ergom&#233;trico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Hemodialisados</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Controles</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>FC pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio, bpm</td>
                <td align="center">77 &#177; 12<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">a</xref></td>
                <td align="center">76 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">0,705</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">131 &#177; 39</td>
                <td align="center">130 &#177; 31</td>
                <td align="center">0,860</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">82 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">83 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">0,135</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC pico, bpm</td>
                <td align="center">130 &#177; 25</td>
                <td align="center">160 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS pico, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">193 &#177; 26</td>
                <td align="center">199 &#177; 21</td>
                <td align="center">0,273</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD pico, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">99 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">93 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">0,040</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de exerc&#237;cio, min</td>
                <td align="center">8,5 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">10,1 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>D&#233;ficit funcional aer&#243;bico, %</td>
                <td align="center">29,5 &#177; 12,0</td>
                <td align="center">2,8 &#177; 20,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <p>FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica. <sup>a</sup> M&#233;dia &#177; DP.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>D&#233;ficit funcional aer&#243;bico em hemodialisados e controles.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-06-0493-50039-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Ao Holter, os pacientes em HD apresentaram menor VRR do que os controles. Foram observadas diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores m&#233;dios da VRR ao TE durante o exerc&#237;cio e a recupera&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 3</xref>). O SDNN de pacientes em HD foi significativamente menor ao Holter, e no exerc&#237;cio e na recupera&#231;&#227;o do TE em compara&#231;&#227;o aos dos controles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 2</xref>). O SDNN ao exerc&#237;cio se correlacionou inversamente com o FAI em pacientes em HD e controles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 3</xref>). N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre a VRR ao Holter e o FAI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 4</xref>). Foi elaborado um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada para controlar os fatores de confundimento na associa&#231;&#227;o do SDNN ao exerc&#237;cio com o FAI em pacientes em HD. O SDNN ao exerc&#237;cio &lt;40ms (ponto de corte na mediana) esteve associado a um maior FAI e esta correla&#231;&#227;o foi independente de sexo, idade, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, tabagismo, diabetes e uso de betabloqueador ou clonidina. A associa&#231;&#227;o foi dependente dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de hemoglobina (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Variabilidade RR no Holter e no teste ergom&#233;trico em pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise e controles</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Hemodialisados</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Controles</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Holter</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SDNN, ms</td>
                <td align="center">82,6 &#177; 27,6</td>
                <td align="center">119,1 &#177; 47,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SDANN, ms</td>
                <td align="center">74,3 &#177; 26,8</td>
                <td align="center">113,1 &#177; 43,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>rMSSD, ms</td>
                <td align="center">17,4 &#177; 7,7</td>
                <td align="center">27,6 &#177; 11,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice triangular, ms</td>
                <td align="center">23,3 &#177; 8,4</td>
                <td align="center">34,4 &#177; 9,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin;bord">
                  <bold>Teste ergom&#233;trico</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SDNN exerc&#237;cio, ms</td>
                <td align="center">33,7 &#177; 14,2</td>
                <td align="center">50,0 &#177; 21,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>rMSSD exerc&#237;cio, ms</td>
                <td align="center">11,0 &#177; 5,5</td>
                <td align="center">15,3 &#177; 14,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,092</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SDNN recupera&#231;&#227;o, ms</td>
                <td align="center">20,1 &#177; 9,8</td>
                <td align="center">27,3 &#177; 17,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,024</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>rMSSD recupera&#231;&#227;o, ms</td>
                <td align="center">11,5 &#177; 7,8</td>
                <td align="center">15,4 &#177; 17,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,196</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>SDNN: desvio padr&#227;o (SD) de todos os intervalos RR normais (NN); SDANN: SD das m&#233;dias dos intervalos de 5 minutos dos NN nas 24 h; c) rMSSD: raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia do quadrado dos intervalos NN sucessivos; valores expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Variabilidade RR (SDNN) no Holter, exerc&#237;cio e recupera&#231;&#227;o em hemodialisados e controles.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-06-0493-50039-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre o d&#233;ficit funcional aer&#243;bico e a variabilidade RR (SDNN) ao exerc&#237;cio em hemodialisados (esquerda) e controles (direita).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-06-0493-50039-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t09">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o entre o d&#233;ficit funcional aer&#243;bico e a variabilidade RR no Holter e no teste ergom&#233;trico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Hemodialisados</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Controles</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>r</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>r</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Holter</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SDNN</td>
                <td align="center">-0.046</td>
                <td align="center">0.780</td>
                <td align="center">-0.183</td>
                <td align="center">0.260</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SDANN</td>
                <td align="center">-0.044</td>
                <td align="center">0.792</td>
                <td align="center">-0.274</td>
                <td align="center">0.087</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>rMSSD</td>
                <td align="center">-0.090</td>
                <td align="center">0.585</td>
                <td align="center">0.248</td>
                <td align="center">0.123</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice triangular</td>
                <td align="center">-0.072</td>
                <td align="center">0.661</td>
                <td align="center">-0.123</td>
                <td align="center">0.451</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin;bord">
                  <bold>Teste ergom&#233;trico</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SDNN exerc&#237;cio</td>
                <td align="center">-0.633</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">-0.752</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>rMSSD exerc&#237;cio</td>
                <td align="center">0.300</td>
                <td align="center">0.858</td>
                <td align="center">0.023</td>
                <td align="center">0.887</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SDNN recupera&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">-0.017</td>
                <td align="center">0.917</td>
                <td align="center">0.038</td>
                <td align="center">0.813</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SDNN recupera&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0.080</td>
                <td align="center">0.622</td>
                <td align="center">-0.028</td>
                <td align="center">0.864</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>r: coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o; SDNN: desvio padr&#227;o (SD) de todos os intervalos RR normais (NN); SDANN: SD das m&#233;dias dos intervalos de 5 minutos dos NN nas 24 h; c) rMSSD: raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia do quadrado dos i ntervalos NN sucessivos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Taxa de risco (OR) n&#227;o ajustada e ajustada em diferentes modelos de regress&#227;o multivariada para testar a associa&#231;&#227;o do SDNN ao exerc&#237;cio &lt;40ms (mediana) com o d&#233;ficit funcional aer&#243;bico em pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>OR</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o ajustada</td>
                <td align="center">1.145</td>
                <td align="center">1.033-1.270</td>
                <td align="center">0.010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Modelo 1</td>
                <td align="center">1.213</td>
                <td align="center">1.059-1.390</td>
                <td align="center">0.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Modelo 2</td>
                <td align="center">1.160</td>
                <td align="center">1.022-1.318</td>
                <td align="center">0.022</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Modelo 3</td>
                <td align="center">1.141</td>
                <td align="center">1.010-1.288</td>
                <td align="center">0.034</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Modelo 4</td>
                <td align="center">1.149</td>
                <td align="center">1.007-1.312</td>
                <td align="center">0.039</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Modelo 5</td>
                <td align="center">1.153</td>
                <td align="center">0.979-1.357</td>
                <td align="center">0.088</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a</p>
              <p>Os modelos consistiram da inclus&#227;o progressiva dos seguintes fatores de confus&#227;o: idade e sexo (modelo1); tabagismo e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (modelo 2); diabetes (modelo 3); clonidina e betabloqueadores (modelo 4); e hemoglobina (modelo 5).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A DA &#233; uma anomalia frequente em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal terminal e um marcador de eventos cardiovasculares e morte<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. O TE, uma ferramenta valiosa para avaliar DA, &#233; pouco utilizado em pacientes em HD.</p>
        <p>Foram estudados os par&#226;metros auton&#244;micos relacionados &#224; VRR durante o TE em pacientes em HD em compara&#231;&#227;o com os de um grupo controle, sendo os resultados no TE correlacionados com o FAI.</p>
        <p>Em nossa amostra, o &#237;ndice de massa corporal esteve no limite do excesso de peso em pacientes em HD e claramente acima da normalidade no grupo controle. Isso n&#227;o foi inesperado, considerando que subnutri&#231;&#227;o era comum em pacientes em HD no passado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, mas n&#227;o no presente, e que a obesidade &#233; um fator de risco reconhecido para doen&#231;a cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. A propor&#231;&#227;o de diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> em nossa amostra foi menor do que a relatada em s&#233;ries internacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e tamb&#233;m menor do que a relatada para a popula&#231;&#227;o em di&#225;lise no Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, provavelmente como resultado dos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o adotados no estudo. Assim, como a maioria das s&#233;ries relatadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, um n&#250;mero substancial de pacientes em HD estava em uso de anti-hipertensivos. Em conson&#226;ncia com o conceito de que a hiperatividade simp&#225;tica pode desempenhar um papel importante na hipertens&#227;o dos pacientes com DRC, drogas que afetam principalmente essa via foram prescritas com mais frequ&#234;ncia para pacientes em HD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Por outro lado, os diur&#233;ticos, menos eficazes em pacientes em di&#225;lise, foram mais utilizados nos controles. Consistente com a literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ao ecocardiograma foi mais frequente em pacientes em HD. Em contraste, a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda foi semelhante em ambos os grupos, talvez devido aos nossos crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o, que excluiu pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca manifesta.</p>
        <p>Ao analisar os par&#226;metros cardiovasculares no TE, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) ou diast&#243;lica (PAD) em repouso e no pico do exerc&#237;cio ou da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso. Entretanto, observamos menor frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no pico do esfor&#231;o em pacientes em HD. Uma resposta atenuada da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ao esfor&#231;o tamb&#233;m reflete DA e prev&#234; eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores entre as pessoas com doen&#231;a cardiovascular manifesta ou suspeita, mesmo ap&#243;s o ajuste para a fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a gravidade da isquemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> mioc&#225;rdica ao esfor&#231;o.</p>
        <p>Nossa popula&#231;&#227;o foi composta por indiv&#237;duos de diferentes faixas et&#225;rias. Por esse motivo, na an&#225;lise da CFA utilizamos o FAI que compara o VO<sub>2</sub> obtido com aquele esperado para o sexo e a idade.</p>
        <p>Em nossos resultados, o FAI foi maior em hemodialisados, achado j&#225; bem documentado em pacientes em HD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, a CFA &#233; fator independentemente associado com mortalidade cardiovascular e geral. Em nossos resultados encontramos um FAI m&#233;dio de 30% no grupo HD e de 3% no grupo controle. O FAI desta popula&#231;&#227;o pode ser de at&#233; 65% do previsto para o sexo e a idade comparado com o de controles<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Os fatores determinantes para essa redu&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o muitos, alguns relacionados &#224; fisiopatologia da doen&#231;a e outros relacionados ao envelhecimento e ao ambiente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Durante o exerc&#237;cio, h&#225; necessidade de maior aporte de oxig&#234;nio para a musculatura em atividade. Esse aumento depende de in&#250;meros fatores: perif&#233;ricos, como aumento do fluxo e da extra&#231;&#227;o arterio-venosa de O<sub>2</sub>; e centrais, como aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Esse aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco ao exerc&#237;cio depende principalmente do aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Entretanto, em pacientes em HD, a reserva cronotr&#243;pica encontra-se frequentemente reduzida, tendo isso sido atribu&#237;do &#224; DA, reconhecidamente presente na uremia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Testes de fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica s&#227;o frequentemente anormais em pacientes em HD. A VRR pelo Holter de 24 horas tem sido considerada um bom marcador de disautonomia nesses pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Uma VRR reduzida, tanto no dom&#237;nio do tempo como no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia, tem sido associada &#224; menor sobrevida na popula&#231;&#227;o em HD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Em concord&#226;ncia com estudos pr&#233;vios, em nossos resultados, a VRR ao Holter de 24 horas foi menor nos pacientes em HD, demonstrando uma fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica alterada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>No TE, a VRR no dom&#237;nio do tempo diminui na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e durante o exerc&#237;cio e aumenta muito lentamente no per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio. A hiperatividade simp&#225;tica persiste por pelo menos 45 minutos ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio e se acompanha de redu&#231;&#227;o da VRR nessa fase<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Em nossos resultados, observamos que o SDNN foi significativamente menor no exerc&#237;cio e na recupera&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes em HD. Esse achado mais uma vez reflete o estado hiperadren&#233;rgico caracter&#237;stico dos pacientes em HD, j&#225; que o SDNN representa uma avalia&#231;&#227;o geral do equil&#237;brio do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo, que depende da modula&#231;&#227;o pelos ramos simp&#225;tico e parassimp&#225;tico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Em contraste, observamos que rMSSD, vari&#225;vel influenciada pelo parassimp&#225;tico, n&#227;o foi diferente entre os grupos.</p>
        <p>Em nossos resultados encontramos uma importante correla&#231;&#227;o entre o FAI e a VRR atrav&#233;s do SDNN ao exerc&#237;cio, tanto em pacientes em HD como em controles. Esse dado refor&#231;a a hip&#243;tese de que a redu&#231;&#227;o da CFA est&#225; fortemente associada &#224; presen&#231;a e gravidade da disautonomia. O estresse decorrente do exerc&#237;cio imp&#245;e substanciais altera&#231;&#245;es ao sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo, facilitando o reconhecimento de perturba&#231;&#245;es que, de outra forma, poderiam permanecer indetect&#225;veis.</p>
        <p>Nossos pacientes em HD tinham n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de hemoglobina mais baixos, achado relativamente comum na doen&#231;a renal terminal. Para controlar a anemia e os outros fatores de confus&#227;o no concernente &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o da VRR durante o exerc&#237;cio com o FAI, recorremos a uma variedade de modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica em que tabagismo e diabetes (associados com menor VRR), e anemia e uso de betabloqueador ou clonidina (associados ao aumento do FAI) foram inclu&#237;dos como vari&#225;veis explicativas. O SDNN ao exerc&#237;cio foi independentemente associado com o FAI em todos os modelos testados, com exce&#231;&#227;o daquele em que foram inclu&#237;dos os n&#237;veis de hemoglobina no sangue. V&#225;rios autores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> relataram que a diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de hemoglobina provoca uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da CFA e que, quanto maior a queda, maior o FAI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, a transfus&#227;o de hem&#225;cias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> e a administra&#231;&#227;o de eritropoietina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> foram associadas com melhora significativa na CFA com aumento de 6% a 18% no VO<sub>2</sub> de pico em diferentes s&#233;ries e protocolos.</p>
        <p>Nossos achados s&#227;o clinicamente relevantes. A DA e o FAI s&#227;o importantes previsores de mortalidade, justificando que sejam envidados esfor&#231;os para encontrar formas de reduzir o risco dos pacientes comprometidos. Do ponto de vista farmacol&#243;gico, al&#233;m do tratamento da anemia com eritropoietina, que sabidamente aumenta a capacidade funcional destes pacientes, as alternativas s&#227;o escassas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Nesse particular, o uso de inibidores da hepcidina, um pept&#237;deo envolvido na g&#234;nese da anemia das doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas/inflamat&#243;rias, parece promissor<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Por outro lado, &#233; bem estabelecido que o treinamento f&#237;sico aumenta a capacidade funcional e reduz a taxa de mortalidade global e cardiovascular desses pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Os mecanismos pelos quais isso ocorre s&#227;o m&#250;ltiplos e envolvem certamente melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e inflamma&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>.</p>
        <p>O n&#250;mero reduzido da amostra &#233; uma limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo, que recrutou pacientes de um &#250;nico centro de di&#225;lise. Tamb&#233;m deve ser salientado que o VO<sub>2  </sub>m&#225;ximo no pico do exerc&#237;cio foi obtido pela f&#243;rmula de Foster com apoio de m&#227;os e n&#227;o pela medida direta da troca de gases durante o exerc&#237;cio, especialmente considerando-se que n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel encontrar estudos de valida&#231;&#227;o da f&#243;rmula citada em pacientes em HD. Em vista disso, estudos adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar nossos achados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O FAI apresentou forte correla&#231;&#227;o com a VRR (SDNN) durante o exerc&#237;cio. Essa associa&#231;&#227;o foi independente de idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, tabagismo, diabetes e uso de betabloqueador ou clonidina, mas n&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de hemoglobina.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por FAPERJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Maria Angela M. Q. Carreira pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
