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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">5tk6zGbB9YgTw7Qn5YCq5dP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000600008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015000650033</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150033</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Blood Pressure and Hemodynamic Adaptations after a Training Program in Young Individuals with Down Syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Seron</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Barboza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goessler</surname>
            <given-names>Karla Fabiana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Modesto</surname>
            <given-names>Everaldo Lambert</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Eloise Werle</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Greguol</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Londrina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Londrina</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual de Londrina</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: M&#225;rcia Greguol,</bold> Universidade Estadual de Londrina - Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Pr 445 Km 380, s/n -Campus Universit&#225;rio, Postal Code 86057-970, Londrina, PR &#8211; Brazil. E-mail:   <email>mgreguol@uel.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research:Seron BB, Goessler KF, Modesto EL, Greguol M. Acquisition of data: Seron BB, Goessler KF, Modesto EL, Almeida EW, Greguol M. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Seron BB, Goessler KF, Modesto EL, Almeida EW, Greguol M. Statistical analysis: Goessler KF. Writing of the manuscript: Seron BB. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Seron BB, Goessler KF, Greguol M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>487</fpage>
      <lpage>491</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Cardiovascular diseases affect people worldwide. Individuals with Down Syndrome (DS) have an up to sixteen-time greater risk of mortality from cardiovascular diseases.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the effects of aerobic and resistance exercises on blood pressure and hemodynamic variables of young individuals with DS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A total of 29 young individuals with DS participated in the study. They were divided into two groups: aerobic training (AT) (n = 14), and resistance training (TR) (n = 15). Their mean age was 15.7 &#177; 2.82 years. The training program lasted 12 weeks, and had a frequency of three times a week for AT and twice a week for RT. AT was performed in treadmill/ bicycle ergometer, at an intensity between 50%-70% of the HR reserve. RT comprised nine exercises with three sets of 12 repetition-maximum. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean blood pressure (MBP) and hemodynamic variables were assessed beat-to-beat using the Finometer device before/after the training program. Descriptive analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk test to check the normality of data, and the two-way ANOVA for repeated measures were used to compare pre- and post-training variables. The Pearson&#8217;s correlation coefficient was calculated to correlate hemodynamic variables. The SPSS version 18.0 was used with the significance level set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>After twelve weeks of aerobic and/or resistance training, significant reductions in variables SBP, DBP and MBP were observed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>This study suggests a chronic hypotensive effect of moderate aerobic and resistance exercises on young individuals with DS.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Arterial Pressure / physiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemodynamic / physiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Defects / congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>Down Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>Resistance Training</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="34"/>
        <page-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of mortality worldwide and although cardiovascular events are more frequent after the fifth decade of life, there is evidence that their precursors have origin in childhood<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) show an up to sixteen-time higher risk of mortality for cardiovascular diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. While the incidence of congenital heart defects in the general population is of 0.8%, approximately 40%-65% of individuals with DS develop the disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. The development of congenital heart defects is multifactorial and under the interference of molecular and morphological signaling. Additionally, the incidence of atrioventricular and ventricular septal defects is of 45% and 35% in patients with DS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, respectively.</p>
      <p>Also, the risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension in neonates is 5.2% higher for children with DS in comparison to the general population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Among the major cardiovascular risk factors, we should point out high blood pressure (BP) and sedentary lifestyle. Some studies have proven that both risk factors show strong tracking from childhood to adulthood<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> and this suggests that there should be incentives for their reduction from early ages.</p>
      <p>BP control is related to lifestyle changes including increasing physical activity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Few studies correlating the effect of physical training on the cardiovascular response of individuals with DS are available; therefore, the specificities of physical exercises should be carefully verified for this population. Kelley et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> conducted a meta-analysis involving non-disabled children and adolescents and demonstrated that short-term physical exercises did not lead to reductions in resting SBP and DBP.</p>
      <p>Nonetheless, McDonnell et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> showed that regular physical exercise is associated with a beneficial vascular profile, which is explained by lower large artery stiffness in older individuals, but lower peripheral vascular resistance in young individuals.</p>
      <p>The literature points to the benefits of an active lifestyle for the general population. However, the population with DS has a less active lifestyle than do individuals without DS. This may be harmful to the health and autonomy of this population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
      <p>The increase in life expectancy of this population makes the prevention of secondary diseases increasingly more important. Therefore, we hypothesized that physical training (aerobic and resistance) could reduce blood pressure levels and thus improve and/or prevent the development of cardiovascular diseases in individuals with DS. For this reason, knowing the importance of a physically active lifestyle for BP control and for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic and resistance training on BP values and hemodynamic variables in young individuals with DS after the training period.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Participants</title>
        <p>Twenty nine young individuals of both genders (20 boys and 9 girls) with Down syndrome and a mean age of 15.7 &#177; 2.82 years participated in the study. Subject selection was made by inviting all young individuals with DS aged between 12 and 20 years from 3 institutions in the city of Londrina/State of Parana/ Brazil, which provide care for intellectually disabled individuals. Those presenting with orthopedic or cardiac problems; using medications that could affect the heart rate; and those presenting with severe or profound intellectual disability that could affect their understanding and/or ability to perform the procedures were excluded from the study. After receiving explanations on the terms of the research, their parents and/or guardians gave written informed consent. The study was approved by the Research on Humans Ethics Committee, <italic>Universidade Estadual de Londrina</italic>, under opinion number 93.680/2012.</p>
        <p>The participants were divided into two groups, according to their availability to attend the physical exercise program: aerobic training group (n = 14, of which 4 were girls and 10 were boys); and resistance training group (n = 15, of which 5 were girls and 10 were boys).</p>
        <p>Initially, there was a control group; however, the individuals from this group did not attend the second assessment visit, and therefore the control group was excluded from the analysis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Training programs</title>
        <p>The aerobic and resistance training programs consisted of 12 weeks with 50-minute-duration sessions.</p>
        <p>The aerobic training was performed three times a week in a treadmill and bicycle ergometer (15 minutes each), at an intensity between 50% and 70% of the HR reserve for 30 minutes, preceded by a 10-minute warm- up (articulations and stretching) and followed by 10 more minutes of recovery (stretching). The intensity was monitored by a Polar FT2 heart rate monitor. The HR<sub>max</sub> used for the calculation of HR reserve was obtained by means of a maximal exercise test validated for individuals with DS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. This test started at a 4 km/h speed and 0% inclination for two minutes. Every two minutes the treadmill inclination was increased by 2.5% up to 12.5%. Thereafter, the speed was raised by 1.6 km/h at every minute until volitional fatigue. The test was performed on a treadmill (INBRAMED, model 10.200) with the use of a portable metabolic measurement system (Cosmed k4b<sup>2</sup>, Italy).</p>
        <p>The resistance training consisted of 9 exercises performed in three sets of 12 repetition-maximum, with a 1-minute interval between the sets and 3-minute intervals between exercises. The following series of exercises was proposed: chest press machine; leg extension machine; lat pull down; biceps cable curl; standing leg curl with ankle weights; cable triceps extension; calf raises with ankle weights; dumbbell front raise and abdominal exercises. The two first sessions were for adaptation to the exercise training with low loads and, subsequently, the load used was estimated by observing the participant&#8217;s ability to perform the exercise in 12 repetitions. Load progression was spontaneous, with increases made whenever the participant was able to perform the three sets of twelve complete repetitions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>To participate in the study, the individuals showed a medical clearance certificate for the practice of physical exercises. Additionally, the attendance rate was of at least 75% of the program for all participants, and therefore, none was lost to follow-up. All attended the two assessment visits proposed.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood pressure</title>
        <p>Blood pressure was monitored by a Finometer<sup>TM</sup> (Finapres Medical System, BV, The Netherlands) device before and after the training program. Continuous digital electrocardiographic monitoring and noninvasive cardiovascular hemodynamic monitoring by digital infrared photoplethysmography were performed for 15 minutes with the individual in the sitting position.</p>
        <p>For the acquisition of pressure curves, a small sensor was placed around the middle phalanx of the left index finger, taking into consideration the participant&#8217;s age, body mass, height and gender. Body mass (BM) was expressed in kilograms and measured in a digital scale to the nearest 100 grams; height, in meters, was measured in a stadiometer to the nearest 0.1 centimeter; a 2-m flexible tape measure was used for the measurement of the abdominal circumference (AC). The following hemodynamic variables were considered for the analyses: systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) and stroke volume (SV); the latter was obtained using the formula SV = CO/HR. A researcher blind to the groups performed the assessments and analysis of variables.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analyses</title>
        <p>Data are presented as means and standard deviation of the mean. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the normality of data. The two-way ANOVA for repeated measures was used for the comparison of hemodynamic variables pre- and post-aerobic or resistance training. The Pearson&#8217;s correlation coefficient was used to correlate the hemodynamic variables with age, body mass and height. Data were analyzed by the SPSS version 18.0 software; in all analyses, the significance level was set at 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Anthropometric data of the groups obtained before the intervention are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>. No BP variables or hemodynamic variables showed statistically significant differences (p &gt; 0.05) between the groups at the pre&#8209;training timepoint.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Anthropometric data of participants</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</th>
              <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Aerobic training (n = 14)</th>
              <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Resistance training (n = 15)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Body mass (kg)</td>
              <td align="center">61.43 &#177; 11.6</td>
              <td align="center">52.7 &#177; 10.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Height (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">151.7 &#177; 8.11</td>
              <td align="center">150.4 &#177; 7.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>BMI (kg/m&#178;)</td>
              <td align="center">26.61 &#177; 4.36</td>
              <td align="center">23.3 &#177; 4.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Abdominal circumference (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">86.8 &#177; 11.1</td>
              <td align="center">77.5 &#177; 9.2 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">&#165;</xref></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>&#165;</label>
            <p>Significant difference between groups &#8211; p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Data presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> show a significant reduction (p &lt; 0.05) of systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure after aerobic and resistance training. No interaction was observed between the factor time and group for variables SBP (p = 0.20), DBP (p = 0.53) and MBP (p = 0.58).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Blood pressure values before and after training</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Variables</th>
              <th colspan="4" align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">GrType of Training A Aerobic</th>
              <th colspan="10" align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Training Group Resistance</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Pre</th>
              <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Post</th>
              <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">&#8710;</th>
              <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Pre</th>
              <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">P&#243;s</th>
              <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">&#8710;</th>
              <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Time p</th>
              <th colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Time x group p</th>
              <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Group p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">119.6 &#177; 11.46</td>
              <td align="center">110.4 &#177; 11.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">-9.3 &#177; 8.8</td>
              <td align="center">113.19 &#177; 13.04</td>
              <td align="center">107.04 &#177; 10.41<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">-6.2 &#177; 12.0</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">0.001</td>
              <td colspan="3" align="center">0.05</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">77.27 &#177; 4.73</td>
              <td align="center">72.66 &#177; 6.69<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">-4.6 &#177; 6.9</td>
              <td align="center">76.98 &#177; 8.10</td>
              <td align="center">72.23 &#177; 8.30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">-4.8 &#177; 10.2</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">0.03</td>
              <td colspan="3" align="center">0.53</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">0.98</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>MBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">92.58 &#177; 5.40</td>
              <td align="center">88.35 &#177; 7.37<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">-4.2 &#177; 7.3</td>
              <td align="center">91.74 &#177; 8.74</td>
              <td align="center">86.75 &#177; 8.38<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">-5.0 &#177; 9.7</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">0.01</td>
              <td colspan="3" align="center">0.58</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">0.74</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MBP: mean blood pressure.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>significant difference between pre-training and post-training timepoints &#8211; p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Data regarding heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>. No statistically significant differences were found for these variables between timepoints pre- and post-exercise in both groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Values of hemodynamic variables before and after training</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Variables</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Training Group Aerobic</th>
              <th colspan="6" align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Training Group Resistance</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
              <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Pre</th>
              <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Post</th>
              <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Pre</th>
              <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Post</th>
              <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Time p</th>
              <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Time x group p</th>
              <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Group p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>CO</td>
              <td align="center">2.97 &#177; 0.71</td>
              <td align="center">3.80 &#177; 0.81</td>
              <td align="center">2.76 &#177; 1.02</td>
              <td align="center">3.32 &#177; 1.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.60</td>
              <td align="center">0.98</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">0.20</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PVR (mmHg.min.l)</td>
              <td align="center">32.91 &#177; 8.54</td>
              <td align="center">24.07 &#177; 4.48</td>
              <td align="center">36.62 &#177; 10.92</td>
              <td align="center">28.56 &#177; 9.64</td>
              <td align="center">0.22</td>
              <td align="center">0.93</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">0.07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HR (bpm/min)</td>
              <td align="center">81 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">82 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">84 &#177; 10.04</td>
              <td align="center">84 &#177; 9.34</td>
              <td align="center">0.93</td>
              <td align="center">0.58</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">0.31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SV (ml)</td>
              <td align="center">0.037 &#177; 0.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.047 &#177; 0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.032 &#177; 0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.040 &#177; 0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.43</td>
              <td align="center">0.77</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">0.17</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>CO: cardiac output; PVR: peripheral vascular resistance; HR: heart rate; SV: stroke volume.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Finally, the Pearson&#8217;s correlation test between anthropometric, hemodynamic and blood pressure variables did not show significant values for any of the two groups studied.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The major finding of the present study suggests a chronic hypotensive effect of aerobic and resistance exercise on young individuals with DS. Nonetheless, the findings of the present study corroborate those of several trials investigating the effects of exercise on blood pressure of non-disabled individuals, which usually show BP reduction after physical &#8211; especially aerobic, training. For resistance exercises, the few studies conducted also point to a BP reduction effect<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18  </xref>albeit less consistently in comparison to aerobic exercises.</p>
      <p>Despite the paucity of studies investigating the effect of exercises on blood pressure of individuals with DS, the literature shows some that address aspects of blood pressure and the vascular system in this population. According to Rodrigues et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, although individuals with DS show early aging in several organ systems, no difference was observed regarding aortic artery stiffness, which is related to several risk factors for CVD, including high BP, in individuals with DS in comparison to individuals without this condition.</p>
      <p>Some studies have found that individuals with DS have chronic hypotension, i.e., blood pressure levels lower than those of normotensive individuals without the syndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. However, there is evidence that deaths related to cardiovascular diseases are more common in individuals with DS than in the general population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>Although BP levels of individuals with and without DS have not been compared in this study, the mean SBP and DBP found for the participants were considered within normal limits<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Additionally, the baseline levels of SBP, DBP and MBP were similar for both groups.</p>
      <p>The guidelines suggest that increasing physical activities contributes to the primary and secondary prevention of arterial hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. However, according to Cornelissen and Smart<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, the effect of training on the magnitude of BP reduction may vary according to the modality of exercise (aerobic or resistance), duration, intensity, and frequency of training. Our findings corroborate these authors&#8217; recommendation of physical exercises for BP control<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> based on the finding that aerobic exercises are effective in BP reduction, as are resistance exercises, which, albeit providing lower reductions in comparison to aerobic exercises, still play an important role in BP control. Thus, for this population, resistance training showed significant reductions in blood pressure levels (SBP = -6.2 mmHg; DBP = -4.8 mmHg; MBP = -4.2 mmHg). However, in addition to bringing benefits to blood pressure responses, resistance training has been considered safe for individuals with DS because it improves strength, balance and body composition<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
      <p>As regards the chronic antihypertensive mechanisms of exercise, Pescatello et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> found a reduction in peripheral vascular resistance as the major mechanism, which is possibly mediated by neuro-humoral and structural adaptations. Reduction in vasoconstrictors such as endothelin-1, and elevation in vasodilators such as nitric oxide have been pointed as neurohumoral adaptations to physical exercises<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
      <p>Although several mechanisms and hemodynamic adaptations have been pointed in response to the chronic effects of aerobic and resistance training on BP, Cornelissen and Fagard<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> conducted a meta-analysis and showed that the hemodynamic mechanisms in response to aerobic training resulted from a significant reduction of peripheral vascular resistance (PVR), with no changes in the cardiac output (CO). This can be explained by the increased SV, which is counterbalanced by decreased HR.</p>
      <p>In the present study, no significant changes were observed for peripheral vascular resistance in any of the groups (aerobic and resistance training) after the 12-week training.</p>
      <p>The adaptations in BP found in the present study may be important for individuals with DS, because, as Hu et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> suggest, these individuals may have a higher incidence of cardiovascular risk factors such as a low cardiorespiratory capacity and obesity. In this context, many studies have advanced in relation to the influence of exercise on the physical fitness of young individuals with DS, and usually show positive results regarding their cardiopulmonary capacity, strength and body composition<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. Therefore, the findings of the present study in relation to the chronic reduction of blood pressure after an intervention program contribute with more information on the potential benefits of physical exercises for this population.</p>
      <p>Although the physical training program has provided significant adaptations of blood pressure, some limitations should be pointed out. First, the number of individuals in each group was small, and this may have hindered some analyses. Additionally, the non-randomized division of intervention groups may have interfered in the results. Nonetheless, our findings may contribute to a better understanding of the physiological adaptations to physical exercises in young individuals with DS, in addition to stressing the importance of this practice for the health of this population.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>By means of the interventions performed, the present study demonstrated that 12 weeks of either aerobic or resistance training provided significant reductions in SBP, DBP and MBP of young individuals with DS. The adaptations found are believed to significantly help control BP and prevent the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the implementation of either aerobic or resistance training programs and practice of physical exercises is suggested for young individuals with DS as a means of preventing cardiovascular risks. For these individuals, maintaining a physically active lifestyle should be seen as a strategy that can contribute significantly to improve a sedentary lifestyle and obtain several health benefits.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Bruna Barboza Seron, from Universidade Estadual de Londrina.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Press&#227;o Arterial e Adapta&#231;&#245;es Hemodin&#226;micas ap&#243;s Programa de Treinamento em Jovens com S&#237;ndrome de Down</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Seron</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Barboza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goessler</surname>
            <given-names>Karla Fabiana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Modesto</surname>
            <given-names>Everaldo Lambert</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Eloise Werle</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Greguol</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Londrina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Londrina</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual de Londrina</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: M&#225;rcia Greguol,</bold> Universidade Estadual de Londrina - Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Pr 445 Km 380, s/n -Campus Universit&#225;rio, CEP 86057-970, Londrina, PR &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>mgreguol@uel.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Seron BB, Goessler KF, Modesto EL, Greguol M. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Seron BB, Goessler KF, Modesto EL, Almeida EW, Greguol M. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Seron BB, Goessler KF, Modesto EL, Almeida EW, Greguol M. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Goessler KF. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Seron BB. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:Seron BB, Goessler KF, Greguol M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares atingem as pessoas em todo o mundo. Pessoas com S&#237;ndrome de Down (SD) apresentam um risco at&#233; dezesseis vezes maior de mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio e resistido na press&#227;o arterial e vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas de jovens com SD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Participaram do estudo 29 jovens com SD, divididos em dois grupos: (TA) Treinamento Aer&#243;bio (n = 14) e (TR) Treinamento Resistido (n = 15), idade 15,7 &#177; 2,82 anos. O programa de treinamento teve doze semanas, frequ&#234;ncia de tr&#234;s vezes por semana para TA, e duas vezes, para TR. TA foi realizado com esteira/bicicleta, intensidade entre 50%-70% da FC de reserva. TR teve nove exerc&#237;cios com tr&#234;s s&#233;ries de doze repeti&#231;&#245;es m&#225;ximas. Avalia&#231;&#245;es de Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica (PAS), Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica PAD), Press&#227;o Arterial M&#233;dia (PAM) e vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas foram realizadas batimento a batimento por meio do Finometer antes/ap&#243;s o programa de treinamento. Foram usados estat&#237;stica descritiva, teste de Shapiro-Wilk para verifica&#231;&#227;o da normalidade dos dados e teste ANOVA two-way para medidas repetidas para a compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis pr&#233; e p&#243;s-treinamento. Para correlacionar as vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas, foi calculado o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. Utilizou-se o programa estat&#237;stico SPSS vers&#227;o 18.0, adotando n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s doze semanas de treinamento, aer&#243;bio e/ou resistido, ocorreram redu&#231;&#245;es significativas p&#243;s&#8209;interven&#231;&#227;o nas vari&#225;veis de PAS, PAD e PAM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Sugere um efeito hipotensivo cr&#244;nico do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio e resistido moderado em jovens com SD.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial / fisiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemodin&#226;mica / fisiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Down</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Treinamento de Resist&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#233; a principal causa de mortalidade mundial e, apesar de os eventos cardiovasculares serem mais frequentes ap&#243;s a quinta d&#233;cada de vida, existem evid&#234;ncias de que os precursores dessa doen&#231;a ocorram na inf&#226;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Pessoas com S&#237;ndrome de Down (SD) apresentam um risco at&#233; dezesseis vezes maior de mortalidade em decorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Enquanto a incid&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a cong&#234;nita card&#237;aca na popula&#231;&#227;o geral corresponde a 0,8%, em indiv&#237;duos com SD aproximadamente 40%-65% desenvolvem a doen&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. O desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a cong&#234;nita card&#237;aca tem causa multifatorial, as quais sofrem interfer&#234;ncias de sinais moleculares e morfol&#243;gicos. Adicionalmente, a incid&#234;ncia de m&#225; forma&#231;&#227;o do septo atrioventricular e ventricular corresponde a 45% e 35% em pacientes com SD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, o risco de incid&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o persistente pulmonar em neonatos &#233; de 5,2% maior para crian&#231;as com SD comparado &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o geral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>Entre os principais fatores de risco cardiovasculares, destacam-se a Press&#227;o Arterial (PA) elevada e o sedentarismo. Alguns estudos t&#234;m comprovado que ambos os fatores de risco apresentam forte <italic>tracking</italic> da inf&#226;ncia at&#233; a vida adulta<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, o que sugere o incentivo &#224; sua redu&#231;&#227;o j&#225; em idades precoces.</p>
        <p>O controle da PA est&#225; relacionado com mudan&#231;as do estilo de vida, as quais incluem o aumento da pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Existem poucos estudos que relacionem o efeito do treinamento f&#237;sico nas respostas cardiovasculares de pessoas com SD, portanto &#233; preciso verificar com cautela as especificidades do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico para essa popula&#231;&#227;o. Em uma meta-an&#225;lise realizada por Kelley e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> envolvendo crian&#231;as e adolescentes sem defici&#234;ncia, foi demonstrado que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico de curto prazo n&#227;o provocou redu&#231;&#227;o na PAS e na PAD de repouso.</p>
        <p>Ainda assim, McDonnell e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> demonstraram que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular est&#225; associado &#224; melhora do perfil vascular, a qual &#233; explicada por uma menor rigidez arterial em pessoas de mais idade, enquanto nos jovens isso se deve a uma menor resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica.</p>
        <p>A literatura evidencia os benef&#237;cios de um estilo de vida ativo para a popula&#231;&#227;o em geral. No entanto, a popula&#231;&#227;o com SD exibe um estilo de vida menos ativo que pessoas sem essa defici&#234;ncia. Esse fato pode trazer preju&#237;zos &#224; sa&#250;de e &#224; autonomia dessa popula&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>O aumento da expectativa de vida dessa popula&#231;&#227;o faz que a preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as secund&#225;rias torne-se cada vez mais importante. Dessa forma, temos como hip&#243;tese que o treinamento f&#237;sico (aer&#243;bio e resistido) poder&#225; reduzir os valores de press&#227;o arterial, e assim melhorar e/ou prevenir o surgimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares para indiv&#237;duos com SD. Assim, sabendo da import&#226;ncia de um estilo de vida fisicamente ativo para o controle da PA e para a preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio e resistido sobre os valores PA e de vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas em jovens com SD ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de treinamento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Participantes</title>
          <p>Vinte e nove jovens com SD (15,7 &#177; 2,82 anos) de ambos os sexos (20 meninos e 9 meninas) fizeram parte do estudo. A sele&#231;&#227;o dos sujeitos se deu por meio de convite a todos os jovens com SD com idade entre 12 e 20 anos de tr&#234;s institui&#231;&#245;es de Londrina/PR/Brasil que atendiam pessoas com defici&#234;ncia intelectual. Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo os indiv&#237;duos que apresentassem comprometimentos ortop&#233;dicos ou card&#237;acos, que fizessem uso de medicamentos que alterassem a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e apresentassem defici&#234;ncia intelectual severa ou profunda que impedisse a compreens&#227;o e/ou realiza&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos. Depois de esclarecidos sobre as condi&#231;&#245;es da pesquisa, seus pais e/ou respons&#225;veis legais assinaram um Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. O estudo obteve aprova&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, com parecer n&#250;mero 93.680/2012.</p>
          <p>Os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos, de acordo com a disponibilidade de comparecimento ao programa de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos: grupo treinamento aer&#243;bio (n = 14, sendo 4 meninas e 10 meninos); e grupo treinamento resistido (n = 15, sendo 5 meninas e 10 meninos).</p>
          <p>Inicialmente houve presen&#231;a do grupo controle, entretanto os jovens desse grupo n&#227;o compareceram na segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o, sendo o grupo controle, portanto, exclu&#237;do da an&#225;lise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Programas de treinamento</title>
          <p>Os programas de treinamento aer&#243;bio e resistido consistiram de doze semanas com dura&#231;&#227;o de 50 minutos para cada sess&#227;o.</p>
          <p>O treinamento aer&#243;bio foi realizado tr&#234;s vezes por semana em esteira e bicicleta ergom&#233;trica (15 minutos cada), com intensidade entre 50% e 70% da FC de reserva durante 30 minutos, precedido de 10 minutos de aquecimento (articular e alongamento) e sucedido de mais 10 minutos de recupera&#231;&#227;o (alongamento). A intensidade foi monitorada por meio do uso de monitor de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca da marca Polar FT2. A FCm&#225;x utilizada para o c&#225;lculo da FC de reserva foi obtida por meio de um teste de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo validado para pessoas com SD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Esse teste consistiu de uma velocidade inicial de 4 km/h com 0% de inclina&#231;&#227;o por dois minutos. A cada dois minutos houve um acr&#233;scimo de 2,5% da eleva&#231;&#227;o da esteira at&#233; atingir uma eleva&#231;&#227;o de 12,5%. A partir desse momento, a velocidade foi aumentada 1,6 km/h a cada minuto at&#233; a exaust&#227;o. O teste foi realizado em esteira (INBRAMED, modelo 10.200) como uso do ergoespir&#244;metro port&#225;til (Cosmed k4b<sup>2</sup>, Italy).</p>
          <p>O treinamento resistido foi composto de nove exerc&#237;cios realizados em tr&#234;s s&#233;ries de doze repeti&#231;&#245;es m&#225;ximas, com intervalo de um minuto entre as s&#233;ries e de tr&#234;s minutos entre os exerc&#237;cios. Foi proposta a seguinte s&#233;rie de exerc&#237;cios: supino m&#225;quina; cadeira extensora; puxada aberta frontal; b&#237;ceps cabo; flexora em p&#233; com caneleira; tr&#237;ceps cabo; panturrilha com caneleira; eleva&#231;&#227;o frontal com halter e abdominais. As duas sess&#245;es iniciais foram de adapta&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio com cargas leves e, a partir da&#237;, a carga utilizada foi estimada observando-se a capacidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio em doze repeti&#231;&#245;es. A progress&#227;o da carga foi espont&#226;nea, sendo aumentada &#224; medida que o indiv&#237;duo conseguisse realizar as tr&#234;s s&#233;ries com doze repeti&#231;&#245;es completas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
          <p>Para a participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo, os participantes apresentaram atestado de libera&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica para a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos. Al&#233;m disso, todos os participantes tiveram taxa de ader&#234;ncia de no m&#237;nimo 75% no programa, e portanto, n&#227;o houve perda de participantes ao longo do programa de treinamento, e todos eles participaram das duas avalia&#231;&#245;es propostas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Press&#227;o arterial</title>
          <p>A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial foi realizada com o monitor Finometer&#174; (Finapres Medical System, BV Holanda) antes e ap&#243;s o programa de treinamento. Foi realizada monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua eletrocardiogr&#225;fica digital e hemodin&#226;mica cardiovascular n&#227;o invasiva, por fotopletismografia infravermelha digital durante 15 minutos com o indiv&#237;duo sentado.</p>
          <p>Para a aquisi&#231;&#227;o das curvas de press&#227;o, foi colocado um pequeno sensor circundando a falange m&#233;dia do dedo indicador da m&#227;o esquerda e considerados a idade, a massa corporal, a estatura e o g&#234;nero do participante. A Massa Corporal (MC) foi mensurada em quilogramas e aferida em balan&#231;a digital com precis&#227;o de 100 gramas; a estatura em metros foi aferida em estadi&#244;metro com precis&#227;o de 0,1 cent&#237;metro, e para a medida da Circunfer&#234;ncia Abdominal (CA) utilizou-se trena flex&#237;vel de dois metros. Para as an&#225;lises foram consideradas as vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas: Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica (PAS), Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica (PAD), Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (FC), D&#233;bito Card&#237;aco (DC), Resist&#234;ncia Vascular Perif&#233;rica (RVP) e Volume Sist&#243;lico (VS), sendo esta &#250;ltima obtida por meio da f&#243;rmula VS = DC/FC. A avalia&#231;&#227;o e a an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis foram realizadas pelo pesquisador cegado para os grupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
          <p>Os dados est&#227;o apresentados em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia. Para a verifica&#231;&#227;o da normalidade dos dados foi aplicado o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas pr&#233; e p&#243;s-treinamento resistido ou aer&#243;bio foi realizado o teste ANOVA two-way para medidas repetidas. Para correlacionar os valores entre as vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas com idade, massa corporal e estatura, foi calculado o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. Os dados foram tratados no programa estat&#237;stico SPSS vers&#227;o 18.0, e em todas as situa&#231;&#245;es foi adotado n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">tabela 1</xref> apresenta os dados antropom&#233;tricos dos grupos obtidos no momento anterior &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o. Todas as vari&#225;veis de PA e as vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas (p &gt; 0,05) entre os grupos no momento pr&#233;-treinamento.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados antropom&#233;tricos dos participantes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</th>
                <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Treinamento aer&#243;bio (n = 14)</th>
                <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Treinamento resistido (n = 15)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Massa Corporal (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">61,43 &#177; 11,6</td>
                <td align="center">52,7 &#177; 10,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">151,7 &#177; 8,11</td>
                <td align="center">150,4 &#177; 7,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">26,61 &#177; 4,36</td>
                <td align="center">23,3 &#177; 4,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">86,8 &#177; 11,1</td>
                <td align="center">77,5 &#177; 9,2 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#165;</xref></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <label>&#165;</label>
              <p>Diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos &#8211; p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os resultados exibidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">tabela 2</xref> demonstram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa (p &lt; 0,05) da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, diast&#243;lica e m&#233;dia ap&#243;s o treinamento aer&#243;bio e resistido. N&#227;o foi observada intera&#231;&#227;o entre o fator tempo e grupo para as vari&#225;veis de PAS (P = 0,20), PAD (P = 0,53) e PAM (P = 0,58).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores de press&#227;o arterial antes e ap&#243;s o treinamento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="4" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Grupo de Treinamento Aer&#243;bio</th>
                <th colspan="10" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Grupo de Treinamento Resistido</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Pr&#233;</th>
                <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">P&#243;s</th>
                <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">&#8710;</th>
                <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Pr&#233;</th>
                <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">P&#243;s</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">&#8710;</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Tempo p</th>
                <th colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Tempo x grupo p</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Grupo p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">119,6 &#177; 11,46</td>
                <td align="center">110,4 &#177; 11,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">-9,3 &#177; 8,8</td>
                <td align="center">113,19 &#177; 13,04</td>
                <td align="center">107,04 &#177; 10,41<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref></td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">-6,2 &#177; 12,0</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,001</td>
                <td colspan="3" align="center">0,05</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">77,27 &#177; 4,73</td>
                <td align="center">72,66 &#177; 6,69<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">-4,6 &#177; 6,9</td>
                <td align="center">76,98 &#177; 8,10</td>
                <td align="center">72,23 &#177; 8,30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref></td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">-4,8 &#177; 10,2</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,03</td>
                <td colspan="3" align="center">0,53</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,98</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAM (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">92,58 &#177; 5,40</td>
                <td align="center">88,35 &#177; 7,37<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">-4,2 &#177; 7,3</td>
                <td align="center">91,74 &#177; 8,74</td>
                <td align="center">86,75 &#177; 8,38<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref></td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">-5,0 &#177; 9,7</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,01</td>
                <td colspan="3" align="center">0,58</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,74</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAM: press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>diferen&#231;a significativa entre os momentos pr&#233;-treinamento e p&#243;s-treinamento &#8211; p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">tabela 3</xref> est&#227;o apresentados os dados de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, volume sist&#243;lico, d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas para essas vari&#225;veis entre os momentos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio em ambos os grupos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores de vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas antes e ap&#243;s treinamento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Training Group Aerobic</th>
                <th colspan="6" align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Training Group Resistance</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Pr&#233;</th>
                <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">P&#243;s</th>
                <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Pr&#233;</th>
                <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">P&#243;s</th>
                <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Tempo p</th>
                <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Tempo x grupo p</th>
                <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Group p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">2,97 &#177; 0,71</td>
                <td align="center">3,80 &#177; 0,81</td>
                <td align="center">2,76 &#177; 1,02</td>
                <td align="center">3,32 &#177; 1,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RVP (mmHg,min,l)</td>
                <td align="center">32,91 &#177; 8,54</td>
                <td align="center">24,07 &#177; 4,48</td>
                <td align="center">36,62 &#177; 10,92</td>
                <td align="center">28,56 &#177; 9,64</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,93</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC (bpm/min)</td>
                <td align="center">81 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">82 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">84 &#177; 10,04</td>
                <td align="center">84 &#177; 9,34</td>
                <td align="center">0,93</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VS (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">0,037 &#177; 0,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,047 &#177; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,032 &#177; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,040 &#177; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
                <td align="center">0,77</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">0,17</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>DC: d&#233;bito card&#237;aco; RVP: resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; VS: volume sist&#243;lico.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Por fim, ao se realizar o teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson entre as vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas e de medidas hemodin&#226;micas e de press&#227;o arterial, n&#227;o foram encontrados valores significativos para nenhum dos dois grupos pesquisados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O principal resultado do presente estudo sugere um efeito hipotensivo cr&#244;nico do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio e resistido em jovens com SD. No entanto, os resultados encontrados no presente estudo est&#227;o de acordo com as diversas pesquisas que investigam o efeito do exerc&#237;cio na press&#227;o arterial em pessoas sem defici&#234;ncia que, em geral, apontam para redu&#231;&#227;o da PA ap&#243;s o treinamento f&#237;sico, principalmente do tipo aer&#243;bio. Para o exerc&#237;cio do tipo resistido, os poucos estudos realizados, mesmo que de maneira menos consistente comparado ao aer&#243;bio, tamb&#233;m apontam para um efeito de redu&#231;&#227;o de PA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>Apesar da car&#234;ncia de pesquisas que investiguem o efeito do exerc&#237;cio sobre a press&#227;o arterial em pessoas com SD, a literatura apresenta alguns estudos que abordam aspectos da press&#227;o arterial e do sistema vascular dessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Segundo Rodrigues e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, apesar de pessoas com SD apresentarem envelhecimento precoce em v&#225;rios sistemas org&#226;nicos, n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a na rigidez arterial a&#243;rtica, que est&#225; relacionada a v&#225;rios fatores de risco para as DCV incluindo a PA, dos indiv&#237;duos com SD em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos sem defici&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>Alguns estudos observaram que pessoas com SD apresentam hipotens&#227;o cr&#244;nica, ou seja, menor press&#227;o arterial do que pessoas normotensas sem defici&#234;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Todavia, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que as mortes relacionadas a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o mais frequentes em indiv&#237;duos com SD do que na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, apesar de n&#227;o ter havido compara&#231;&#245;es dos valores de PA de pessoas com e sem SD, a m&#233;dia de PAS e PAD encontrada para os jovens participantes do estudo foi considerada dentro do padr&#227;o de normalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, os valores iniciais de PAS, PAD e PAM foram semelhantes para ambos os grupos.</p>
        <p>As recomenda&#231;&#245;es sugerem que o aumento da pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica contribui para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria da hipertens&#227;o arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Entretanto, de acordo com Cornelissen e Smart<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, o efeito do treinamento na magnitude de redu&#231;&#227;o da PA pode variar de acordo com a modalidade de exerc&#237;cio (aer&#243;bio ou resistido), dura&#231;&#227;o, intensidade e frequ&#234;ncia do treino. Nossos resultados corroboram com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos para o controle da PA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, as quais consideram que o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio &#233; eficiente em reduzir a PA, assim como o exerc&#237;cio resistido, que apesar de apresentar menores redu&#231;&#245;es em magnitude, quando comparado ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aer&#243;bio, tamb&#233;m apresenta um importante papel no controle da PA. Dessa forma, para essa popula&#231;&#227;o o treinamento resistido apresentou importantes valores de redu&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o (PAS = -6,2 mmHg; PAD = -4,8 mmHg; PAM = -4,2 mmHg). No entanto, al&#233;m de promover benef&#237;cios &#224;s respostas de press&#227;o arterial, o treinamento resistido tem sido recomendado como seguro em pessoas com SD, por melhorar a for&#231;a, o equil&#237;brio e a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos mecanismos anti-hipertensivos cr&#244;nicos do exerc&#237;cio, Pescatello e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25  </xref>apontam a redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica como principal mecanismo para esse fato, que &#233; possivelmente mediada por adapta&#231;&#245;es neuro-humorais e estruturais. A redu&#231;&#227;o de vasoconstritores, como a endotolina-1, e o aumento de vasodilatadores, como o &#243;xido n&#237;trico, t&#234;m sido apontados como adapta&#231;&#245;es neuro-humorais ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
        <p>Apesar de serem apontados in&#250;meros mecanismos e adapta&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas em resposta aos efeitos cr&#244;nicos do treinamento aer&#243;bio e do treinamento resistido sobre a PA, Cornelissen e Fagard<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> demonstraram em uma meta-an&#225;lise que os mecanismos hemodin&#226;micos em resposta ao treinamento aer&#243;bio ocorreram por uma significativa redu&#231;&#227;o da Resist&#234;ncia Vascular Perif&#233;rica (RVP), sem mudan&#231;as no D&#233;bito Card&#237;aco (DC), que pode ser explicada pelo aumento do VS que &#233; contrabalanceado pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da FC.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, em nenhum dos grupos (treinamento aer&#243;bio e resistido) foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es significativas para a resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica ap&#243;s as doze semanas de treinamento.</p>
        <p>As adapta&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o arterial encontradas no presente estudo podem ser importantes para indiv&#237;duos com SD, pois, como sugere Hu e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, esses indiv&#237;duos podem ter maior incid&#234;ncia de risco cardiovascular, como baixa capacidade cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e obesidade. Nesse contexto, muitos estudos t&#234;m avan&#231;ado em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; influ&#234;ncia do exerc&#237;cio na aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica de jovens com SD, e em geral apresentam resultados positivos na aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, for&#231;a e composi&#231;&#227;o corporal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. Portanto, os resultados encontrados neste estudo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica da press&#227;o arterial ap&#243;s um programa de interven&#231;&#227;o contribuem com mais informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os benef&#237;cios potenciais do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico para essa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Embora o programa de treinamento f&#237;sico tenha apresentado importantes adapta&#231;&#245;es &#224; press&#227;o arterial, h&#225; algumas limita&#231;&#245;es que precisam ser destacadas. Primeiramente, o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos em cada grupo foi pequeno, o que pode dificultar algumas an&#225;lises. Ainda, a divis&#227;o n&#227;o aleatorizada dos grupos de interven&#231;&#227;o pode interferir nos resultados. Apesar disso, os dados aqui levantados oferecem subs&#237;dios que podem colaborar para a melhor compreens&#227;o das adapta&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas de jovens com SD ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, al&#233;m de refor&#231;ar a import&#226;ncia dessa pr&#225;tica para a sa&#250;de dessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Por meio das interven&#231;&#245;es realizadas, o presente estudo verificou que doze semanas de treinamento, seja ele aer&#243;bio, seja resistido, provocou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na PAS, na PAD e na PAM de jovens com SD. Acredita-se que essas adapta&#231;&#245;es encontradas auxiliam de maneira significativa no controle da PA e na preven&#231;&#227;o de risco no desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>Sugere-se, portanto, a implanta&#231;&#227;o de programas de treinamento e a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, tanto aer&#243;bio quanto resistido, para jovens com SD, como forma de preven&#231;&#227;o de riscos cardiovasculares. Para esses indiv&#237;duos, a manuten&#231;&#227;o de um estilo de vida fisicamente ativo deve ser vista como uma estrat&#233;gia que pode contribuir de forma significativa para a diminui&#231;&#227;o do sedentarismo e a obten&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios benef&#237;cios para a sa&#250;de.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Bruna Barboza Seron pela Universidade Estadual de Londrina.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
