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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Cp38S4fBtG8SCVKDX63kjSR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000600006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015000600006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150036</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>APOE and LDLR Gene Polymorphisms and Dyslipidemia Tracking. Rio de Janeiro Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Rossana Ghessa Andrade de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campana</surname>
            <given-names>Erika Maria Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pozzan</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Ayrton Pires</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Eliane Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Dayse Aparecida da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alc&#226;ntara Gomes</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alc&#226;ntara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing address: Rossana Ghessa Andrade de Freitas,</bold>Laborat&#243;rio de Diagn&#243;sticos por DNA. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alc&#226;ntara Gomes. Rua S&#227;o Francisco Xavier, 524, Pavilh&#227;o Haroldo Lisboa da Cunha. Postal Code 20550-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>rghessa@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research:Freitas RGA, Campana EMG, Brand&#227;o AA, Brand&#227;o AP, Magalh&#227;es MEC, Silva DA. Acquisition of data: Freitas RGA, Campana EMG, Brand&#227;o AP, Silva DA. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Freitas RGA, Pozzan R. Statistical analysis: Pozzan R. Writing of the manuscript: Brand&#227;o AA, Magalh&#227;es MEC, Silva DA. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Freitas RGA. Supervision / as the major investigador:Magalh&#227;es MEC, Silva DA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>468</fpage>
      <lpage>474</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Studies show an association between changes in apolipoprotein E (<italic>ApoE</italic>) and LDLR receptor with the occurrence of dyslipidemia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To investigate the association between polymorphisms of the APOE (&#949;2, &#949;3, &#949;4) and LDLR (A370T) genes with the persistence of abnormal serum lipid levels in young individuals followed up for 17 years in the Rio de Janeiro Study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The study included 56 individuals (35 males) who underwent three assessments at different ages: A1 (mean age 13.30 &#177; 1.53 years), A2 (22.09 &#177; 1.91 years) and A3 (31.23 &#177; 1.99 years). Clinical evaluation with measurement of blood pressure (BP) and body mass index (BMI) was conducted at all three assessments. Measurement of waist circumference (WC) and serum lipids, and analysis of genetic polymorphisms by PCR-RFLP were performed at A2 and A3. Based on dyslipidemia tracking, three groups were established: 0 (no abnormal lipid value at A2 and A3), 1 (up to one abnormal lipid value at A2 or A3) and 2 (one or more abnormal lipid values at A2 and A3).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Compared with groups 0 and 1, group 2 presented higher mean values of BP, BMI, WC, LDL-c and TG (p &lt; 0.01) and lower mean values of HDL-c (p = 0.001). Across the assessments, all individuals with APOE genotypes &#949;2/&#949;4 and &#949;4/&#949;4 maintained at least one abnormal lipid variable, whereas those with genotype &#949;2/&#949;3 did not show abnormal values (&#967;2 = 16.848, p = 0.032). For the LDLR genotypes, there was no significant difference among the groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p><italic>APOE</italic> gene polymorphisms were associated with dyslipidemia in young individuals followed up longitudinally from childhood.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Polymorphism, Genetic</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Young Adult</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Apolipoproteins E</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="34"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of death in adults worldwide, contributing to high rates of early morbidity and mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. In Brazil, CVDs concentrate annually 1/3 of the overall deaths<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Dyslipidemia is one of the risk factors (RF) for development of CVDs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Given its importance, studies are being conducted to determine the abnormalities associated with plasma lipid changes and their implications on the occurrence of CVDs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. In genetics, several gene polymorphisms and mutations have been identified and associated with atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. This is the case of the apolipoprotein E (<italic>ApoE</italic>), which is essential for the transport and metabolism of cholesterol and structural stability of lipoproteins<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, and whose gene has three polymorphic alleles (&#949;<italic>2</italic>, &#949;<italic>3</italic> and &#949;<italic>4</italic>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Population studies have shown higher plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) in carriers of the &#949;<italic>4</italic> allele<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, leading to an association of this allele with the occurrence of CVDs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
      <p>Mutations in the LDL receptor gene (<italic>LDLR</italic>) have also been implicated with dyslipidemias, particularly in primary forms of homozygous or heterozygous hypercholesterolemia such as familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), a condition associated with early severe atherosclerosis and CAD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. The   <italic>LDLR</italic> gene encodes a protein with binding domains for apolipoproteins B and E. Among the different polymorphisms found in the <italic>LDLR</italic> gene, the A370T has been investigated for its association with increased lipid levels and cardiovascular risk<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
      <p>Dyslipidemias may be present from an early age, and abnormal lipids tend to persist over time (tracking effect) until adulthood. The identification of genetic markers involved with abnormal lipid metabolism may contribute to the recognition at a young age of patterns of genetic susceptibility and guide interventions to correct these abnormalities.</p>
      <p>Based on that, the aim of this study was to investigate the distribution pattern of polymorphisms of the <italic>APOE</italic> and <italic>LDLR</italic> genes and their associations with the dyslipidemia phenotype, notably on its tracking effect, in a young population followed up for 17 years.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Method</title>
      <p>The sample of this study was retrieved from the Study of Rio de Janeiro (<italic>Estudo do Rio de Janeiro</italic>, ERJ). This longitudinal cohort study is part of a line of research on blood pressure (BP) and other cardiovascular RFs in young adults developed in 1983 at the Hypertension Unit of the <italic>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto</italic> (HUPE) at <italic>Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</italic>(UERJ)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      <p>The ERJ included three different assessments, named A1, A2 and A3. Assessment A1 was conducted between 1987 and 1988 in individuals aged 10-16 years (mean 13.30 &#177; 1.53 years), A2 was conducted between 1996 and 1999 in individuals aged 18-26 years (mean 22.09 &#177; 1.91 years) and A3 was conducted between 2004 and 2005 in individuals aged 27&#8209;35 years (mean 31.23&#177;1.99 years)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      <p>We selected for genetic evaluation 75 individuals from the original ERJ cohort who had undergone all three assessments (A1, A2 and A3). However, laboratory evaluation was not performed in 19 individuals at A2 and these individuals were excluded from the analysis, yielding a study sample of 56 individuals with serum lipid evaluation at assessments A2 and A3, as well as genetic profile evaluation.</p>
      <p>Dyslipidemia was considered present when one or more lipid values were increased (total cholesterol [Col-T], LDL-c and triglycerides [TG]) or decreased (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-c]), alone or in combination, using as cutoff values those recommended by the V Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemias and Atherosclerosis Prevention<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. The tracking effect consists of a repeat behavior of these abnormal variables (increase or decrease) at both assessments conducted during young adulthood (A2 and A3).</p>
      <p>Three groups were established based on the occurrence of dyslipidemia tracking:</p>
      <p><bold>Group 0:  </bold>No abnormal lipid variables in A2 and A3; n = 11 individuals (10 women) with a mean age of 30.89 &#177; 1.64 years;</p>
      <p><bold>Group 1</bold>: At least one abnormal lipid variable in one of the evaluations (A2 or A3); n = 12 individuals (10 men) with a mean age of 31.47 &#177; 2.35 years;</p>
      <p><bold>Group 2</bold>: One or more abnormal lipid variables in two evaluations (A2 and A3); n = 33 individuals (24 men) with a mean age of 31.25 &#177; 1.99 years.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical, anthropometric, laboratory, and genetic evaluations</title>
        <p>Both BP and BMI were evaluated at A1, A2 and A3. The A2 and A3 assessments also included measurements of Col-T, HDL-c and TG after a 12-hour fasting, and calculation of LDL-c. Blood collection for genetic testing and measurement of waist circumference (WC) were performed at A3.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Measurement of BP</title>
          <p>Measurement of BP was carried out according to the recommendations of the VI Brazilian Guidelines of Hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. The BP was measured on the right arm, with the individual lying down and then seated, using an aneroid mercury sphygmomanometer (Romed) fixed to the wall, and zeroed to the midaxillary line. We selected cuffs with size and width suitable for the circumference and length of the individuals&#8217; arms. We considered as systolic BP (SBP) the appearance of the first Korotkoff sound (Korotkoff phase I), and for diastolic BP (DBP), the disappearance of the sound (Korotkoff phase V). The BP was measured three times with 5-minute intervals between each measurement, and the last measurement was used for the analysis. We considered the BP to be increased in A1 when SBP and/or DBP was &#8805; 95th percentile for gender and age, and in A2 and A3 when SBP was &#8805; 140 mmHg and/or DBP &#8805; 90 mmHg.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Anthropometric variables</title>
          <p>Weight (W) and height (H) were measured on a platform scale (Filizola, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) with a 150-kilogram (kg) capacity and 100-gram precision. Weight was expressed in kg and determined with the individual barefoot and wearing light clothes. Height was expressed in centimeters (cm) and determined from the distance between the vertex of the head to the soles of the feet with the individual in an upright position and barefoot<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
          <p>From the measurements of weight and height, we calculated the BMI using the formula BMI = W/H<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> and expressed the results in kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
          <p>The WC was measured parallel to the ground with a flexible and inelastic tape measure with precision of 0.1 cm, with the individual in an upright position and the abdomen relaxed. The measurement was determined horizontally on the shortest distance between the lower border of the last rib and the iliac crest, with the tape held firmly but without pressure against the skin<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory variables</title>
          <p>Blood was collected by antecubital venipuncture under standard conditions in the morning (before 8:30 am) after a 12-hour fasting.</p>
          <p>All samples were placed in siliconized vacuum tubes and processed in up to 30 minutes. Measurements were performed in the serum obtained after centrifugation at a speed of 3,500 rotations per minute for five minutes.</p>
          <p>For measurement of serum cholesterol and HDL-c, we used the enzymatic colorimetric method CHOD/PAP and for measurement of TG, we used the enzymatic method GPD/BAP. To calculate the LDL-c levels, we used the Friedewald formula when TG levels were &lt; 400 mg/dl.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Genetic analysis&gt;</title>
          <p>DNA was extracted by the salting-out method using 2-ml aliquots of whole blood<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. The analyses of the allelic variants of the <italic>APOE</italic> gene (&#949;<italic>2</italic>, &#949;<italic>3</italic>, &#949;<italic>4</italic>) were carried out with the technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the primers   <italic>APOE</italic> F 5'- TAA GCT TGG CAC GGC TGT CCA AGG A-3' and   <italic>APOE</italic> R 5'- ACA GAA TTC GCC CCG GCC TGG TAC AC-3' in 35 PCR cycles (95&#186;C for 60 sec, 63&#186;C for 60 sec and 72&#186;C for 120 sec) to amplify a product of 244 base pairs (bp)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. The products of PCR amplification were digested with the enzyme <italic>Hha</italic>I (Fermentas) and the fragments were visualized in 12% polyacrylamide gel by silver nitrate staining. The fragments representing each genotype are as follows: &#949;<italic>2</italic>&#949;<italic>3</italic> (91, 83 and 48 bp), &#949;<italic>3</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic> (91, 72 and 48 bp), &#949;<italic>2</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic> (91, 83, 72 and 48 bp) and &#949;<italic>3</italic>&#949;<italic>3</italic> (91 and 48 bp).</p>
          <p>To genotype the A370T polymorphism, a region of 150 bp was amplified by PCR using the primers P1: 5&#8217;&#8209;GAG TGT CAG GAT CCC GAC ACC TGC GCC-3&#8217; and P2: 5 '-AAG TCG ACC CAC CCG CCT GCC TCC CGT-3<bold>'  </bold>in 35 cycles (95&#176;C for 60 sec, 68&#176;C for 60 sec and 72&#176; C for 120 sec)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. To determine the polymorphism, PCR products were digested with the enzyme   <italic>Hae</italic>III (Biotech), and fragments were separated on 3.5% agarose gel and visualized by ethidium bromide staining. The fragments representing A allele were 77, 47 and 26 bp, and those representing the T allele were 124 and 26 bp.</p>
          <p>To demonstrate the random genetic distribution of the ERJ cohort, the genotype and allelic frequencies of the polymorphisms analyzed in the study were compared with those observed in a cohort of 75 non-hospitalized individuals (41 men and 34 women) randomly selected from a DNA database of more than 10,000 individuals who underwent parental testing, provided for this study by the <italic>Laborat&#243;rio de Diagn&#243;sticos por DNA</italic> (LDD) at UERJ. This sample was identified as LDD. It is worth noting that the populations are not required to be phenotypically homogeneous for comparison of genetic distribution.</p>
          <p>The study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Research of HUPE under the number 2130-CEP/HUPE, and all participants signed an Informed Consent Form.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>For statistical treatment of the data, we used the software SPSS for Windows version 12.0 (Chicago, Illinois, USA). Gene and haplotype frequencies were estimated according to Saitou and Nei<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, using the program Arlequin, version 3.0<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Chi-square test (&#967;<sup>2</sup>) and analysis of variance (F) were used to compare the pattern of distribution of the polymorphisms with clinical anthropometric and lipid variables, with p &lt; 0.05 results considered significant. The test of homogeneity of variances was applied to evaluate the normal distribution of the studied variables.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The sample consisted of 56 individuals, 35 (62.5%) of whom were males and 21 (37.5%) females, aged between 27-35 years (mean 31.23 &#177; 1.99 years). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> presents the clinical, anthropometric and laboratory variables of the studied population at all three assessments (A1, A2 and A3).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical, anthropometric and laboratory variables of the studied population at three assessments<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="4" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Evaluations</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>A1 (n = 56)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>A2 (n = 56)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>A3 (n = 75)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">13.30 &#177; 1.53</td>
              <td align="center">22.09 &#177; 1.91</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">31.23 &#177; 1.99</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">115.28 &#177; 14.83</td>
              <td align="center">124.35 &#177; 13.79</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">125.43 &#177; 16.67</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">63.81 &#177; 12.84</td>
              <td align="center">79.86 &#177; 10.79</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">83.20 &#177; 13.72</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">20.26 &#177; 3.05</td>
              <td align="center">24.04 &#177; 3.64</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">26.79 &#177; 5.53</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>WC (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">92.96 &#177; 14.66</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Col-T (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">175.37 &#177; 34.34</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">181.44 &#177; 31.72</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TG (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">88.37 &#177; 42.34</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">103.71 &#177; 56.14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">45.87 &#177; 13.16</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">49.05 &#177; 15.87</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">111.82 &#177; 27.58</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">111.23 &#177; 27.95</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Values are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; Col-T: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.  </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> shows the results of clinical (SBP and DBP), anthropometric (WC and BMI) and laboratory (Col-T, HDL-c, LDL-c and TG) variables at A3 for all three groups (groups 0, 1 and 2) stratified by dyslipidemia tracking. When compared with groups 0 and 1, group 2 presented higher mean values of SBP, BMI, WC, TG and LDL-c and lower mean values of HDL-c.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical, anthropometric and laboratory variables at A3 in the studied groups according to dyslipidemia tracking<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Groups of dyslipidemia</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>Test F</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>0 (n = 11)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>1 (n = 12)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>2 (n = 33)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">30.89 &#177; 1.64</td>
              <td align="center">31.47 &#177; 2.35</td>
              <td align="center">31.25 &#177; 1.99</td>
              <td align="center">0.239</td>
              <td align="center">0.788</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">114.36 &#177; 14.58</td>
              <td align="center">120.17 &#177; 13.05</td>
              <td align="center">129.76 &#177; 15.79</td>
              <td align="center">5.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">76.36 &#177; 8.66</td>
              <td align="center">78.17 &#177; 13.89</td>
              <td align="center">85.27 &#177; 13.44</td>
              <td align="center">2.69</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">23.81 &#177; 3.72</td>
              <td align="center">24.34 &#177; 4.02</td>
              <td align="center">28.67 &#177; 5.81</td>
              <td align="center">5.43</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>WC (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">80.50 &#177; 6.74</td>
              <td align="center">86.91 &#177; 8.72</td>
              <td align="center">98.63 &#177; 14.26</td>
              <td align="center">10.86</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Col-T (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">164.45 &#177; 18.35</td>
              <td align="center">179.58 &#177; 29.12</td>
              <td align="center">187.78 &#177; 34.50</td>
              <td align="center">2.37</td>
              <td align="center">0.10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">62.09 &#177; 9.63</td>
              <td align="center">53.0 &#177; 11.55</td>
              <td align="center">43.51 &#177; 15.99</td>
              <td align="center">7.50</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">89.47 &#177; 13.59</td>
              <td align="center">106.56 &#177; 28.60</td>
              <td align="center">119.90 &#177; 27.55</td>
              <td align="center">6.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TG (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">64.18 &#177; 31.44</td>
              <td align="center">81.33 &#177; 41.37</td>
              <td align="center">125.03 &#177; 57.68</td>
              <td align="center">7.48</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Gender</td>
              <td align="center">10 F / 1 M</td>
              <td align="center">2 F/ 10 M</td>
              <td align="center">9 F/ 24 M</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Values expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation; group 0: no abnormal lipid variable at A2 and A3; group 1: one or more abnormal lipid variables at A2 or A3; group 2: one or more abnormal lipid variables at A2 and A3; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; Col-T: total cholesterol; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; F: female; M: male; F-test: analysis of variance.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The genetic analysis of the 56 individuals identified the following genotypes for   <italic>APOE</italic>: &#949;<italic>3</italic>&#949;<italic>3</italic> (62.5%), &#949;<italic>3</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic> (25.0%), &#949;<italic>2</italic>&#949;<italic>3</italic> (5.4%), &#949;<italic>2</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic> (5.4%) and &#949;<italic>4</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic> (1.8%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title><italic>APOE</italic> genotypes according to dyslipidemia group<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref></title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="4" rowspan="3">
                <bold><italic>APOE</italic> genotypes<italic>&#160;</italic></bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="7" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Dyslipidemia group</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Total</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="3" align="center">
                <bold>0</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>1</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>2</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold> n = 56 (100.0%)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="3" align="center">
                <bold>n = 11 (19.6%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>n = 12 (21.4%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>n = 33 (59.0%)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4"><italic>&#949;2&#949;3</italic> n(%)</td>
              <td colspan="3" align="center">3 (27.3%)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">-</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">-</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">3 (5.4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4"><italic>&#949;3&#949;3</italic> n(%)</td>
              <td colspan="3" align="center">5 (45.5%)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">10 (83.3%)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">20 (60.6%)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">35 (62.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4"><italic>&#949;3&#949;4</italic> n(%)</td>
              <td colspan="3" align="center">3 (27.3%)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">2 (16.7%)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">9 (27.3%)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">14 (25%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4"><italic>&#949;2&#949;4</italic> n(%)</td>
              <td colspan="3" align="center">-</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">-</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">3 (9.1%)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">3 (5.4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4"><italic>&#949;4&#949;4</italic> n(%)</td>
              <td colspan="3" align="center">-</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">-</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">1 (3.0%)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">1 (1.8%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Values are expressed as n (%) &#967;<sup>2</sup> = 16.848; p = 0.032<bold>;</bold>APOE: apolipoprotein E gene; group 0: no abnormal lipid variable at A2 and A3; group 1: one or more abnormal lipid variables at A2 or A3; group 2: one or more abnormal lipid variables at A2 and A3.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>As for the distribution of the <italic>APOE</italic> genotypes in the groups according to the occurrence of dyslipidemia tracking, we observed that in group 0, genotype &#949;<italic>3</italic>&#949;<italic>3</italic> affected 45.5% of the individuals, followed by &#949;<italic>2</italic>&#949;<italic>3</italic> and &#949;<italic>3</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic>, each affecting 27.3% of the individuals. In group 1, the &#949;<italic>3</italic>&#949;<italic>3</italic>genotype was present in 83.3% of the individuals and the &#949;<italic>3</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic> genotype in 16.7%. Genotypes &#949;<italic>2</italic>&#949;<italic>3</italic>, &#949;<italic>2</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic> and &#949;<italic>4</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic> were not observed in group 1. In group 2, which featured the greatest genotype diversity in the sample, the distribution was 60.6% for &#949;<italic>3</italic>&#949;<italic>3</italic>, 27.3% for &#949;<italic>3</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic>, 9.1% for &#949;<italic>2</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic> and 3% for &#949;<italic>4</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic>. Genotype &#949;<italic>2</italic>&#949;<italic>3</italic> was not observed in this group. This distribution had statistical significance (&#967;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> = 16.848, p = 0.0032) and showed that 39.4<bold>%</bold> of the individuals in group 2 had genotypes containing the &#949;<italic>4</italic> allele. It should be noted that all subjects with genotypes &#949;<italic>2</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic> and &#949;<italic>4</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic> maintained at least one abnormal lipid value in A2 and A3 (group 2 &#8211; one or more abnormal lipid variables in A2 and A3), whereas none of the subjects with genotype &#949;<italic>2</italic>&#949;<italic>3</italic> had abnormal lipids (group 0 &#8211; no abnormal lipid values in A2 and A3) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>We also analyzed the polymorphisms of the <italic>LDLR</italic> gene and identified the following genotypes: AA in 85.7%, AT in 12.5% and TT in 1.8% of the individuals (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title><italic>LDLR</italic> genotypes according to dyslipidemia group<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref></title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="3">
                <bold><italic>LDLR</italic> genotypes</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="5" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Dyslipidemia group</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Total</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>0</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>1</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>2</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>n = 56 (100.0%)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>n = 11 (19.6%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">
                <bold> n = 12 (21.4%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>n = 33 (59.0%)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>AA n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (81.8%)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">10 (83.3%)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">29 (87.9%)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">48 (85.7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>AT n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (18.2%)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">2 (16.7%)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">3 (9.1%)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">7 (12.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TT n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">-</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">1 (3.0%)</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">1 (1.8%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Values expressed as n (%) &#967;<sup>2</sup> = 1.500; p = 0.827; LDLR: low-density lipoprotein receptor gene; group 0: no abnormal lipid variable at A2 and A3; group 1: one or more abnormal lipid variable at A2 or A3; group 2: one or more abnormal lipid variable at A2 and A3.  </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The analysis of the distribution of <italic>LDLR</italic> genotypes according to dyslipidemia tracking showed no statistically significant difference between the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>For comparison purposes, the genotype and allele frequencies of <italic>APOE</italic>and <italic>LDLR</italic> gene polymorphisms of the 56 individuals from the ERJ cohort and 75 individuals from the LDD cohort are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 5</xref>. Fisher's exact test showed no significant differences between the allele distributions of the ERJ and LDD cohorts.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t05">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Genotype and allele frequencies of <italic>APOE</italic> and   <italic>LDLR</italic> gene polymorphisms in the ERJ and LDD cohorts</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <th colspan="4" align="center">
                <bold>
                  <italic>APOE</italic>
                </bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="4" align="center">
                <bold>
                  <italic>LDLR</italic>
                </bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Genotypes</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="3" align="center">
                <bold>Frequency (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Genotypes</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="3" align="center">
                <bold>Frequency (%)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">ERJ(n = 56)</td>
              <td align="center">LDD(n = 75)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">ERJ(n = 56)</td>
              <td align="center">LDD(n = 75)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&#949;2&#949;3</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">5.3</td>
              <td align="center">4.2</td>
              <td align="center">AA</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">88.0</td>
              <td align="center">86.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&#949;3&#949;3</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">66.7</td>
              <td align="center">75.0</td>
              <td align="center">AT</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">10.6</td>
              <td align="center">13.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&#949;3&#949;4</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">22.7</td>
              <td align="center">18.0</td>
              <td align="center">TT</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">1.3</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&#949;2&#949;4</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">4.0</td>
              <td align="center">2.8</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&#949;4&#949;4</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">1.3</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Alleles</bold>
              </td>
              <td colspan="3" align="center">
                <bold>Frequency (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>Alleles</bold>
              </td>
              <td colspan="3" align="center">
                <bold>Frequency (%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&#949;2</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">6.6</td>
              <td align="center">3.5</td>
              <td align="center">A</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">93.5</td>
              <td align="center">93.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&#949;3</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">79.4</td>
              <td align="center">86.0</td>
              <td align="center">T</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">6.5</td>
              <td align="center">6.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&#949;4</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">14.0</td>
              <td align="center">10.5</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Ho</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">34.6</td>
              <td align="center">25.0</td>
              <td align="center">Ho</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">10.5</td>
              <td align="center">13.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">He</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">34.8</td>
              <td align="center">24.8</td>
              <td align="center">He</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">12.3</td>
              <td align="center">12.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">HWE</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">p = 0.5098</td>
              <td align="center">p = 0.2128</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">HWE</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">p = 0.2715</td>
              <td align="center">p = 1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">DP = 0.0005</td>
              <td align="center">DP = 0.0004</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">DP = 0.0004</td>
              <td align="center">DP = 0.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">Fisher's exact test</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">p = 0.51528</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">-</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">Fisher's exact test</td>
              <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center">p = 0.990, SD = 0.003</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">DP = 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>ERJ: participants of the Rio de Janeiro Study; LDD: cohort from the Laborat&#243;rio de Diagn&#243;sticos por DNA; APO: apolipoprotein E gene; LDLR: low-density lipoprotein receptor gene; He: expected heterozygosity, Ho: observed heterozygosity; HWE: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; SD: standard deviation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Studies have shown an association between <italic>APOE</italic> and   <italic>LDLR</italic> genotypes with increased levels of lipid macromolecules such as Col-T, TG and LDL-c, decreased levels of HDL-c, and cardiovascular disease, especially CAD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, we investigated the distribution pattern of <italic>APOE</italic>and <italic>LDLR</italic> gene polymorphisms in a population of adolescents followed up for 17 years, considering the occurrence of dyslipidemia based on change (increase or decrease) of one or more lipid variables and their repetition (tracking) at two different moments (A2 and A3) during young adulthood.</p>
      <p>In the analysis of <italic>APOE</italic> polymorphisms based on dyslipidemia tracking, our study showed that individuals with genotype &#949;<italic>2</italic>&#949;<italic>3</italic> were concentrated in group 0, that is, the group in which lipid variables (Col-T, TG, HDL-c and LDL-c) were normal at two evaluations (A2 and A3). These findings are in agreement with those by Ferreira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> who demonstrated in a study with 216 individuals (109 with dyslipidemia and 107 without dyslipidemia) a similar frequency of allele distribution for <italic>APOE</italic> polymorphisms in both groups. However, in individuals with normal lipid levels in that study, the presence of the &#949;<italic>2</italic> allele was strongly associated with low serum levels of Col-T and LDL-c, which may suggest a possible protective role associated with this allele<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
      <p>Similarly, Bazzaz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, in a cohort study with 320 individuals in Iran, investigated the association between <italic>APOE</italic>gene polymorphisms, lipid profile and BMI. The authors observed that the &#949;<italic>2</italic> allele was more frequent in individuals with Col-T &lt; 200 mg/dl (p = 0.01), and found an even greater association of the individuals with normal serum Col-T levels with genotype &#949;<italic>2</italic>&#949;<italic>3</italic> when compared with individuals with abnormal levels of Col-T (p = 0.003)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
      <p>As for the &#949;<italic>4</italic> allele, studies in the general population and hypertensive patients have shown an association of this allele with an increase in levels of Col-T and LDL-c. Due to that, the &#949;<italic>4</italic> allele has been associated with higher risk of CAD even in healthy individuals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Fuzikawa et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, in a study with 1,406 adults of both genders, observed a high prevalence of hypertension (61.3%) and higher average values of LDL-c in patients with the &#949;<italic>4</italic> allele (p = 0.036) when compared with patients with the &#949;<italic>2</italic> allele (p &lt; 0.001)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Similarly, Salazar et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> showed an association of the &#949;<italic>4</italic> allele with dyslipidemias in a study that investigated <italic>APOE</italic> gene polymorphism in 150 women with and without CAD. Compared with the control group in that cohort, women with CAD showed significantly higher levels of Col-T, TG and LDL-c and a higher frequency of the &#949;<italic>4</italic> allele and the &#949;<italic>3</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic> genotype<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, 18 individuals (32.1%) were carriers of the &#949;<italic>4</italic> allele in different genotype combinations, 13 (72.2%) of whom were in group 2 which aggregated higher values of SBP, BMI and WC and therefore, worse cardiovascular risk profile. It is worth noting that the only individual in the cohort with genotype &#949;<italic>4</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic> was in group 2.</p>
      <p>Thus, the evidence seems to point to a possible damaging role for the &#949;<italic>4</italic> allele and a protective role for the &#949;<italic>2</italic> allele. However, the combination of these alleles in different genotypes can render these roles less clear. In this study for example, all subjects with genotype &#949;<italic>2</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic> were in group 2 which had the worse risk profile and one or more abnormal lipid variables at two evaluations. This result seems to suggest that when the &#949;<italic>4</italic>allele is present, the protective role of the &#949;<italic>2</italic> allele is either lost or decreased.</p>
      <p>In the present study, we also observed a predominance of males in group 2 (n = 24; 72.72%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>). This group presented the worst cardiovascular risk profile, which is in line with the premise that the male gender is associated with increased cardiovascular risk<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
      <p>We found no association between <italic>LDLR</italic> gene polymorphisms and dyslipidemia tracking in the young individuals of this cohort. Frikke-Schmidt et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> also found no significant association between plasma levels of Col-T, LDL-c and individuals with AA genotype compared with those with a TT genotype. However, these authors reported increased risk (3.6 times) of ischemic stroke in homozygous individuals with a TT genotype compared with those with an AA genotype<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
      <p>We found five genotypes for the <italic>APOE</italic> polymorphism in the ERJ cohort. As for the <italic>LDLR</italic> polymorphism, all three were found in this cohort. The most frequent <italic>APOE</italic> genotypes were &#949;<italic>3</italic>&#949;<italic>3</italic> and the most frequent   <italic>LDLR</italic> genotype was AA.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that the genotype and allele frequencies found in the ERJ cohort for   <italic>APOE</italic> gene polymorphisms were similar to those found in cohorts from other states in Brazil, such as the cohort from Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and in other cohorts worldwide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. The genotype and allele frequencies of the ERJ cohort for the <italic>LDLR</italic> polymorphisms were similar to those found in other populations, such as the one from the study of Frikke-Schmidt et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Similarly, the comparison of the genetic distribution in the ERJ cohort with that from a representative sample group randomly selected from the state of Rio de Janeiro (LDD), and the confirmation of the homogeneity of their distributions, suggests that the ERJ cohort has a random profile, suitable for the development of the proposed study.</p>
      <p>Despite the limitations of the study, the association between a specific genetic profile with the presence of dyslipidemia in young individuals over time in a small population brings a novel and relatively unknown perspective to the currently available medical literature. Studies with more than 20 years of follow-up, such as the ERJ, have losses associated with the longitudinal tracking of the participants, but have unequivocally contributed to a better understanding of the behavior of cardiovascular risk factors in the Brazilian population.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>A study of <italic>APOE</italic> gene polymorphisms in participants of the ERJ showed that the presence of the &#949;<italic>4</italic> allele was more prevalent in group 2, which consisted of young individuals with repeatedly abnormal lipid variables during longitudinal follow-up (tracking effect). This group also showed aggregation of worse anthropometric variables (higher BMI and WC) and increased BP, rendering a worse cardiovascular risk profile to these individuals.</p>
      <p>This study was partially funded by the <italic>Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior</italic> (CAPES) and <italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o Carlos Chagas de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</italic> (FAPERJ).</p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research:Freitas RGA, Campana EMG, Brand&#227;o AA, Brand&#227;o AP, Magalh&#227;es MEC, Silva DA. Acquisition of data: Freitas RGA, Campana EMG, Brand&#227;o AP, Silva DA. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Freitas RGA, Pozzan R. Statistical analysis: Pozzan R. Writing of the manuscript: Brand&#227;o AA, Magalh&#227;es MEC, Silva DA. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Freitas RGA. Supervision / as the major investigador:Magalh&#227;es MEC, Silva DA.</p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Rossana Ghessa Andrade de Freitas, from Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      <p>This study was funded by CAPES E FAPERJ.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CAPES E FAPERJ.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Rossana Ghessa Andrade de Freitas, from Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <surname>Hirata</surname>
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              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forti</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Diament</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Lima</surname>
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          <article-title>Seven DNA polymorphisms at the candidate genes of atherosclerosis in Brazilian women with angiographically documented coronary artery disease</article-title>
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          <year>2000</year>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Polimorfismos dos Genes APOE e RLDL e <italic>Tracking</italic> de Dislipidemia em Jovens. Estudo do Rio de Janeiro</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Rossana Ghessa Andrade de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campana</surname>
            <given-names>Erika Maria Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pozzan</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Ayrton Pires</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Eliane Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Dayse Aparecida da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alc&#226;ntara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rossana Ghessa Andrade de Freitas,</bold>Laborat&#243;rio de Diagn&#243;sticos por DNA. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alc&#226;ntara Gomes. Rua S&#227;o Francisco Xavier, 524, Pavilh&#227;o Haroldo Lisboa da Cunha. CEP: 20550-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>rghessa@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa:Freitas RGA, Campana EMG, Brand&#227;o AA, Brand&#227;o AP, Magalh&#227;es MEC, Silva DA. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Freitas RGA, Campana EMG, Brand&#227;o AP, Silva DA. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Freitas RGA, Pozzan R. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Pozzan R. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Brand&#227;o AA, Magalh&#227;es MEC, Silva DA. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Freitas RGA. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:Magalh&#227;es MEC, Silva DA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Estudos demonstram a associa&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es da apolipoprote&#237;na E (<italic>APOE</italic>) e do receptor da RLDL com a ocorr&#234;ncia de dislipidemia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre polimorfismos dos genes da <italic>APOE</italic>(<italic>APOE</italic> - &#949;2, &#949;3, &#949;4) e do receptor da LDL (RLDL - A370T) com a persist&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es dos n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos s&#233;ricos em jovens acompanhados h&#225; 17 anos no Estudo do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram estudados 56 indiv&#237;duos (35 masculinos) em tr&#234;s avalia&#231;&#245;es realizadas em idades distintas: A1 &#8211; m&#233;dia de idade: 13,30 &#177; 1,53 anos; A2 &#8211; m&#233;dia de idade: 22,09&#177;1,91 anos e A3 &#8211; m&#233;dia de idade: 31,23&#177;1,99 anos. Nas tr&#234;s avalia&#231;&#245;es foram determinados a press&#227;o arterial (PA) e o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC). Em A2 e A3 foram obtidos a circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CA) e os l&#237;pides s&#233;ricos, e analisados os polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos por PCR-RFLP. Com base no   <bold>tracking</bold> de dislipidemia, tr&#234;s grupos foram constitu&#237;dos: 0 (nenhum l&#237;pide alterado em A2 e A3), 1 (at&#233; um l&#237;pide alterado em A2 ou A3) e 2 (um ou mais l&#237;pides alterados em A2 e A3).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos 0 e 1, o grupo 2 apresentou maiores m&#233;dias de PA, IMC, CA, LDL-c e TG (p &lt; 0,01) e menor m&#233;dia de HDL-c (p = 0,001) que os grupos 0 e 1. Todos os indiv&#237;duos com gen&#243;tipo APOE &#949;2/&#949;4 e &#949;4/&#949;4 mantiveram durante as avalia&#231;&#245;es pelo menos um l&#237;pide alterado, enquanto que aqueles com gen&#243;tipo &#949;2/&#949;3 n&#227;o apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es (&#967;2=16,848, p = 0,032). Para os gen&#243;tipos RLDL n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>O polimorfismo do gene APOE se associou &#224; presen&#231;a de dislipidemia em indiv&#237;duos jovens em acompanhamento longitudinal desde a inf&#226;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Polimorfismo Gen&#233;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Adlto Jovem</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Apolipoproteinas E</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCVs) s&#227;o as principais causas de morte de indiv&#237;duos adultos em todo o mundo, concorrendo ainda para altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade precoces<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. No Brasil, as DCVs concentram anualmente 1/3 do total de mortes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>Dentre os fatores de risco (FR) associados ao desenvolvimento das DCVs destaca-se a dislipidemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Dada a sua import&#226;ncia, estudos v&#234;m sendo desenvolvidos visando conhecer as altera&#231;&#245;es que est&#227;o relacionadas com as modifica&#231;&#245;es dos n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos plasm&#225;ticos e suas implica&#231;&#245;es na g&#234;nese das DCV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. No campo da gen&#233;tica, polimorfismos e muta&#231;&#245;es em v&#225;rios genes j&#225; foram identificados e associados &#224; aterosclerose e &#224; doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Tal &#233; o caso da apolipoprote&#237;na E (<italic>APOE</italic>), essencial no transporte e metabolismo do colesterol (Col) e na estabilidade estrutural de lipoprote&#237;nas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, cujo gene apresenta tr&#234;s alelos polim&#243;rficos (&#949;<italic>2</italic>, &#949;<italic>3</italic> e &#949;<italic>4</italic>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Em estudos populacionais, os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos do colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-c) estiveram mais elevados em indiv&#237;duos que possu&#237;am o alelo &#949;<italic>4</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, e por isso, este alelo tem sido associado &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia da DCV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>Muta&#231;&#245;es no gene do receptor da LDL (<italic>RLDL</italic>) tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido implicadas com as dislipidemias, notadamente nas formas prim&#225;rias homozig&#243;ticas ou heterozig&#243;ticas de hipercolesterolemia, como a hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF), respons&#225;vel pela presen&#231;a precoce de aterosclerose grave e DAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. O gene   <italic>RLDL</italic> produz uma prote&#237;na com dom&#237;nios de liga&#231;&#227;o para as apolipoprote&#237;nas B e E. Dentre os diferentes polimorfismos encontrados no gene   <italic>RLDL</italic>, o A370T tem sido investigado pela sua associa&#231;&#227;o com a eleva&#231;&#227;o de l&#237;pides e com o risco cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>Ocorre que as dislipidemias podem estar presentes j&#225; desde idades precoces e as altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas costumam persistir ao longo do tempo (efeito   <italic>tracking</italic>) at&#233; a idade adulta. Nesse contexto, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de marcadores gen&#233;ticos implicados com altera&#231;&#245;es do metabolismo lip&#237;dico pode contribuir para o reconhecimento de padr&#245;es de susceptibilidade gen&#233;tica desde idades jovens e guiar interven&#231;&#245;es para a corre&#231;&#227;o dessas anormalidades.</p>
        <p>Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar o padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o dos polimorfismos dos genes <italic>APOE</italic> e <italic>RLDL</italic> e suas associa&#231;&#245;es com o fen&#243;tipo de dislipidemia, notadamente no seu efeito   <italic>tracking</italic>, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o jovem, acompanhada por um per&#237;odo de 17 anos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>A amostra do presente estudo &#233; oriunda do <italic>Estudo do Rio de Janeiro</italic>(ERJ), estudo longitudinal do tipo coorte que faz parte de uma linha de pesquisa sobre press&#227;o arterial (PA) e outros FR cardiovasculares em jovens, desenvolvida em 1983 no setor de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto (HUPE) da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <p>No ERJ foram realizadas tr&#234;s diferentes avalia&#231;&#245;es denominadas A1, A2 e A3. A avalia&#231;&#227;o A1 foi realizada de 1987 a 1988 em indiv&#237;duos entre 10-16 anos de idade (m&#233;dia 13,30 &#177; 1,53 anos), a A2 de 1996 a 1999 em indiv&#237;duos entre 18-26 anos de idade (m&#233;dia 22,09 &#177; 1,91 anos) e a A3 de 2004 a 2005 em indiv&#237;duos entre 27-35 anos de idade (m&#233;dia 31,23 &#177; 1,99 anos)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <p>Da amostra original do ERJ, foram selecionados 75 indiv&#237;duos que compareceram nas tr&#234;s avalia&#231;&#245;es (A1, A2 e A3) para avalia&#231;&#227;o do perfil gen&#233;tico. Entretanto, 19 indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o realizaram os exames laboratoriais em A2 e foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise atual, resultando na amostra do presente estudo em 56 indiv&#237;duos que realizaram a avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial dos l&#237;pides s&#233;ricos nos momentos A2 e A3, bem como estudo do painel gen&#233;tico.</p>
        <p>A dislipidemia foi considerada presente quando um ou mais l&#237;pides estavam aumentados (colesterol total [Col-T], LDL-c e triglic&#233;rides [TG]) ou diminu&#237;do (colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade [HDL-c]), isolados ou em associa&#231;&#227;o, de acordo com os pontos de corte presentes na V Diretriz Brasileira Sobre Dislipidemias e Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. O efeito   <italic>tracking</italic> consiste no comportamento de repeti&#231;&#227;o dessas vari&#225;veis alteradas (aumentadas ou diminu&#237;das) nos dois momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o (A2 e A3) na fase adulta jovem.</p>
        <p>De acordo com o <italic>tracking</italic> de dislipidemia, tr&#234;s grupos foram constitu&#237;dos:</p>
        <p><bold>Grupo 0:  </bold>nenhuma vari&#225;vel lip&#237;dica alterada em A2 e A3; n = 11 indiv&#237;duos (10 mulheres) com m&#233;dia de idade de 30,89 &#177; 1,64 anos;</p>
        <p><bold>Grupo 1</bold>: pelo menos uma vari&#225;vel lip&#237;dica alterada em uma das avalia&#231;&#245;es (A2 ou A3); n=12 indiv&#237;duos (10 homens), com m&#233;dia de idade de 31,47&#177;2,35 anos;</p>
        <p><bold>Grupo 2</bold>: uma ou mais vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas alteradas nas duas avalia&#231;&#245;es (A2 e A3); n = 33 indiv&#237;duos (24 homens), com m&#233;dia de idade de 31,25 &#177; 1,99 anos.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, antropom&#233;trica, laboratorial e gen&#233;tica</title>
          <p>Tanto a PA quanto o IMC foram avaliados em A1, A2 e A3. Em A2 e A3 foram ainda dosados, ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas, Col-T, HDL-c e TG, e calculado o LDL-c e em A3 foi realizada coleta do sangue para os testes gen&#233;ticos e medida da circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CA).</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Medida da PA</title>
            <p>A medida da PA foi realizada de acordo com as normas das VI Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. A PA foi mensurada no membro superior direito, com o indiv&#237;duo deitado e em seguida sentado, utilizando-se esfigmoman&#244;metro de coluna de merc&#250;rio (Romed) fixado &#224; parede, com o ponto zero localizado ao n&#237;vel da linha axilar m&#233;dia. Foram selecionados manguitos de tamanho e largura apropriados para a circunfer&#234;ncia e comprimento dos bra&#231;os dos indiv&#237;duos. Considerou-se para a PA sist&#243;lica (PAS) o aparecimento do primeiro ru&#237;do dos sons de Korotkoff (fase I de Korotkoff), e para a PA diast&#243;lica (PAD), o desaparecimento dos mesmos (fase V de Korotkoff). Foram realizados tr&#234;s registros da PA com intervalos de 5 minutos entre cada medida, sendo o &#250;ltimo deles utilizado para a an&#225;lise. A PA foi considerada aumentada em A1 quando a PAS e/ou PAD estava &#8805; do percentil 95 para sexo e idade, e em A2 e A3 quando a PAS estava &#8805; 140mmHg e/ou PAD &#8805; 90mmHg.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas</title>
            <p>O peso (P) e a altura (A) foram medidos em balan&#231;a do tipo plataforma da marca Filizola (S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil), com capacidade de at&#233; 150 quilogramas (kg) e precis&#227;o de 100 gramas. Os valores de peso foram determinados com os indiv&#237;duos sem cal&#231;ados e com roupas leves e expressos em kg. Para a altura, os valores foram determinados com os indiv&#237;duos eretos e sem cal&#231;ados considerando a dist&#226;ncia do ponto v&#233;rtex &#224; regi&#227;o plantar, e os resultados foram representados em cent&#237;metros (cm)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
            <p>O IMC foi calculado a partir das medidas de peso e altura por meio do quociente IMC=P/A<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, e os resultados foram representados em kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
            <p>A CA foi medida paralelamente ao solo por meio de fita m&#233;trica flex&#237;vel e inel&#225;stica com precis&#227;o de 0,1 cm com o avaliado na posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica e com o abdome relaxado. A medida foi realizada horizontalmente na regi&#227;o de menor curvatura localizada entre a borda inferior da &#250;ltima costela e a crista il&#237;aca, com a fita firme sobre a pele e sem compress&#227;o dos tecidos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis laboratoriais</title>
            <p>As amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas atrav&#233;s de pun&#231;&#227;o de veia perif&#233;rica do bra&#231;o (cubital) pela manh&#227; antes dsa 8h30min, sob condi&#231;&#245;es-padr&#227;o e ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de jejum de 12 horas.</p>
            <p>Todas as amostras foram acondicionadas em tubos a v&#225;cuo, siliconizados e processadas em um per&#237;odo m&#225;ximo de 30 minutos. As dosagens foram realizadas em soro obtido ap&#243;s centrifuga&#231;&#227;o a uma velocidade de 3.500 rota&#231;&#245;es por minuto por cinco minutos.</p>
            <p>Para a dosagem do colesterol s&#233;rico e da fra&#231;&#227;o HDL-c foi utilizado o m&#233;todo colorim&#233;trico enzim&#225;tico CHOD/PAP, enquanto os TG foram dosados por meio do m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico GPD/BAP, e o LDL-c calculado pela f&#243;rmula de Friedewald quando o valor de TG estava &lt; 400 mg/dl.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>An&#225;lise gen&#233;tica</title>
            <p>A extra&#231;&#227;o do DNA foi realizada pelo m&#233;todo de <italic>salting-out</italic>utilizando al&#237;quotas de sangue total (2 ml)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. As an&#225;lises das variantes al&#233;licas do gene <italic>APOE</italic>(&#949;<italic>2</italic>, &#949;<italic>3</italic>, &#949;<italic>4</italic>) foram realizadas com a t&#233;cnica da rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), utilizando os iniciadores <italic>APOE</italic> F 5'- TAA GCT TGG CAC GGC TGT CCA AGG A-3' e <italic>APOE</italic> R 5'- ACA GAA TTC GCC CCG GCC TGG TAC AC-3' em 35 ciclos de PCR (95&#186;C por 60 seg, 63&#186;C por 60 seg e 72&#186;C por 120 seg) para amplificar um produto de 244 pares de base (pb)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Os produtos da amplifica&#231;&#227;o por PCR foram digeridos com a enzima <italic>Hha</italic>I (Fermentas) e os fragmentos visualizados em gel de poliacrilamida (12 %), ap&#243;s colora&#231;&#227;o por nitrato de prata. Os perfis 91, 83 e 48 pb; 91, 72 e 48 pb; 91, 83, 72 e 48 pb; e 91 e 48 pb representaram os gen&#243;tipos &#949;<italic>2</italic>&#949;<italic>3</italic>, &#949;<italic>3</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic>, &#949;<italic>2</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic> e &#949;<italic>3</italic>&#949;<italic>3</italic>, respectivamente.</p>
            <p>Para a genotipagem do polimorfismo A370T, uma regi&#227;o de 150 pb foi amplificada por PCR utilizando os iniciadores P1: 5&#8217;-GAG TGT CAG GAT CCC GAC ACC TGC GCC-3&#8217; e P2: 5&#8217;-AAG TCG ACC CAC CCG CCG CCT TCC CGT-3' em 35 ciclos (95&#176;C por 60 seg, 68&#176;C por 60 seg e 72&#176;C por 120 seg)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Para a determina&#231;&#227;o do polimorfismo, os produtos da PCR foram digeridos com a enzima <italic>Hae</italic>III (Biotech) e os fragmentos visualizados em gel de agarose (3,5 %) ap&#243;s colora&#231;&#227;o com brometo de et&#237;deo. O alelo A gerou fragmentos com 77, 47 e 26 pb, enquanto que o alelo T gerou fragmentos com 124 e 26 pb.</p>
            <p>Com a finalidade de comprovar a aleatoriedade no padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica da amostra do ERJ, as frequ&#234;ncias al&#233;licas e genot&#237;picas dos polimorfismos estudados foram comparadas com as observadas em uma amostra n&#227;o hospitalar composta por 75 indiv&#237;duos (41 homens e 34 mulheres) selecionados ao acaso de um banco de dados de DNA contendo mais de 10.000 amostras de indiv&#237;duos que realizaram exames para fins de determina&#231;&#227;o de parentesco, cedidas para esse estudo pelo Laborat&#243;rio de Diagn&#243;sticos por DNA (LDD) da UERJ. Tal amostra foi identificada como LDD. Vale destacar que para fins de compara&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise de distribui&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica as popula&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o necessitam ser homog&#234;neas quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas fenot&#237;picas.</p>
            <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do HUPE sob o n&#186; 2130-CEP/HUPE e todos os participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Para o tratamento estat&#237;stico dos dados, utilizou-se o programa <italic>SPSS for Windows</italic>, vers&#227;o 12.0 (Chicago, Illinois, USA). As frequ&#234;ncias g&#234;nicas e haplot&#237;picas foram estimadas de acordo com Saitou e Nei <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, utilizando o programa Arlequin, vers&#227;o 3.0<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. O teste do qui-quadrado (&#967;<sup>2</sup>) e a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (F) foram utilizados para a compara&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o dos polimorfismos com as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, antropom&#233;tricas e lip&#237;dicas, considerando-se significante quando p&lt;0,05. O teste de homogeneidade das vari&#226;ncias foi utilizado para caracterizar a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal das vari&#225;veis estudadas.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A amostra foi constitu&#237;da por 56 indiv&#237;duos sendo 35 (62,5%) do sexo masculino e 21 (37,5 %) do feminino, com idades entre 27-35 anos e m&#233;dia de 31,23 &#177; 1,99 anos. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 1</xref>  <table-wrap id="t06"><label>Tabela 1</label><caption><title>Dados cl&#237;nicos, antropom&#233;tricos e laboratoriais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada nos tr&#234;s momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2"><bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold></th><th colspan="4" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin"><bold>Avalia&#231;&#245;es</bold></th></tr><tr><th align="center"><bold>A1(n = 56)</bold></th><th align="center"><bold>A2(n = 56)</bold></th><th align="center"><bold>A3(n = 75)</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Idade(anos)</td><td align="center">13,30 &#177; 1,53</td><td align="center">22,09 &#177; 1,91</td><td colspan="2" align="center">31,23 &#177; 1,99</td></tr><tr><td>PAS (mmHg)</td><td align="center">115,28 &#177; 14,83</td><td align="center">124,35 &#177; 13,79</td><td colspan="2" align="center">125,43 &#177; 16,67</td></tr><tr><td>PAD (mmHg)</td><td align="center">63,81 &#177; 12,84</td><td align="center">79,86 &#177; 10,79</td><td colspan="2" align="center">83,20 &#177; 13,72</td></tr><tr><td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td align="center">20,26 &#177; 3,05</td><td align="center">24,04 &#177; 3,64</td><td colspan="2" align="center">26,79 &#177; 5,53</td></tr><tr><td>CA (cm)</td><td align="center">-</td><td align="center">-</td><td colspan="2" align="center">92,96 &#177; 14,66</td></tr><tr><td>Col-T (mg/dL)</td><td align="center">-</td><td align="center">175,37 &#177; 34,34</td><td colspan="2" align="center">181,44 &#177; 31,72</td></tr><tr><td>TG (mg/dL)</td><td align="center">-</td><td align="center">88,37 &#177; 42,34</td><td colspan="2" align="center">103,71 &#177; 56,14</td></tr><tr><td>HDL-c (mg/dL)</td><td align="center">-</td><td align="center">45,87 &#177; 13,16</td><td colspan="2" align="center">49,05 &#177; 15,87</td></tr><tr><td>LDL-c (mg/dL)</td><td align="center">-</td><td align="center">111,82 &#177; 27,58</td><td colspan="2" align="center">111,23 &#177; 27,95</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN05"><label>*</label><p>Valores expressos em m&#233;dia&#177;desvio-padr&#227;o; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CA: circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal; Col-T: colesterol total; TG: triglic&#233;rides; HDL-c: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL-c: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap> est&#227;o apresentadas as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, antropom&#233;tricas e laboratoriais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada nos tr&#234;s momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o (A1, A2 e A3).</p>
        <p>Os dados das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica - PAS e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica - PAD), antropom&#233;tricas (CA e IMC) e laboratoriais (Col-T, HDL-c, LDL-c e TG) de A3 para os tr&#234;s grupos (grupos 0, 1 e 2) estratificados pelo   <italic>tracking</italic> de dislipidemia est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 2</xref>. Foram observadas maiores m&#233;dias de PAS, IMC, CA, TG e LDL-c e menor m&#233;dia de HDL-c no grupo 2, quando comparado aos grupos 0 e 1.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, antropom&#233;tricas e laboratoriais em A3 nos grupos estudados segundo o tracking de dislipidemia<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Grupos de dislipidemia</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>Teste F</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>0 (n = 11)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>1 (n = 12)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>2 (n = 33)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">30,89 &#177; 1,64</td>
                <td align="center">31,47 &#177; 2,35</td>
                <td align="center">31,25 &#177; 1,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,239</td>
                <td align="center">0,788</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">114,36 &#177; 14,58</td>
                <td align="center">120,17 &#177; 13,05</td>
                <td align="center">129,76 &#177; 15,79</td>
                <td align="center">5,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">76,36 &#177; 8,66</td>
                <td align="center">78,17 &#177; 13,89</td>
                <td align="center">85,27 &#177; 13,44</td>
                <td align="center">2,69</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">23,81 &#177; 3,72</td>
                <td align="center">24,34 &#177; 4,02</td>
                <td align="center">28,67 &#177; 5,81</td>
                <td align="center">5,43</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CA (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">80,50 &#177; 6,74</td>
                <td align="center">86,91 &#177; 8,72</td>
                <td align="center">98,63 &#177; 14,26</td>
                <td align="center">10,86</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Col-T (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">164,45 &#177; 18,35</td>
                <td align="center">179,58 &#177; 29,12</td>
                <td align="center">187,78 &#177; 34,50</td>
                <td align="center">2,37</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">62,09 &#177; 9,63</td>
                <td align="center">53,0 &#177; 11,55</td>
                <td align="center">43,51 &#177; 15,99</td>
                <td align="center">7,50</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">89,47 &#177; 13,59</td>
                <td align="center">106,56 &#177; 28,60</td>
                <td align="center">119,90 &#177; 27,55</td>
                <td align="center">6,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TG (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">64,18 &#177; 31,44</td>
                <td align="center">81,33 &#177; 41,37</td>
                <td align="center">125,03 &#177; 57,68</td>
                <td align="center">7,48</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">10 F / 1 M</td>
                <td align="center">2 F/ 10 M</td>
                <td align="center">9 F/ 24 M</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Valores expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o; grupo 0: nenhuma vari&#225;vel lip&#237;dica alterada em A2 e A3; grupo 1: uma ou mais vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas alteradas em A2 ou em A3; grupo 2: uma ou mais vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas alteradas em A2 e A3; PAS : press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CA: circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal; Col-T: colesterol total; HDL-c: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL-c: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; TG: triglic&#233;rides; F: feminino; M: masculino; Teste F: an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A an&#225;lise gen&#233;tica dos 56 indiv&#237;duos identificou os seguintes gen&#243;tipos   <italic>APOE</italic>: &#949;<italic>3</italic>&#949;<italic>3</italic> (62,5 %), &#949;<italic>3</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic> (25,0 %), &#949;<italic>2</italic>&#949;<italic>3</italic> (5,4 %), &#949;<italic>2</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic> (5,4 %) e &#949;<italic>4</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic> (1,8 %) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gen&#243;tipos do gene <italic>APOE</italic> de acordo com os grupos de dislipidemia<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4" rowspan="3">
                  <bold>Gen&#243;tipos <italic>APOE</italic>&#160;<italic>&#160;</italic></bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="7" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Grupos de dislipidemia</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="3" align="center">
                  <bold>0</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>1</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>2</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold> n = 56 (100,0%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="3" align="center">
                  <bold>n = 11 (19,6%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>n = 12 (21,4%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>n = 33 (59,0%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4"><italic>&#949;2&#949;3</italic> n(%)</td>
                <td colspan="3" align="center">3 (27,3%)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">-</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">-</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">3 (5,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4"><italic>&#949;3&#949;3</italic> n(%)</td>
                <td colspan="3" align="center">5 (45,5%)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">10 (83,3%)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">20 (60,6%)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">35 (62,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4"><italic>&#949;3&#949;4</italic> n(%)</td>
                <td colspan="3" align="center">3 (27,3%)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">2 (16,7%)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">9 (27,3%)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">14 (25%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4"><italic>&#949;2&#949;4</italic> n(%)</td>
                <td colspan="3" align="center">-</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">-</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">3 (9,1%)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">3 (5,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4"><italic>&#949;4&#949;4</italic> n(%)</td>
                <td colspan="3" align="center">-</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">-</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">1 (3,0%)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">1 (1,8%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Valores expressos em n (%) &#967;<sup>2</sup> = 16,848; p = 0,032; APOE: gene da apolipoprote&#237;na E; grupo 0: nenhuma vari&#225;vel lip&#237;dica alterada em A2 e A3; grupo 1: uma ou mais vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas alteradas em A2 ou em A3; grupo 2: uma ou mais vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas alteradas em A2 e A3.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quanto &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o dos gen&#243;tipos <italic>APOE</italic> nos grupos pelo   <italic>tracking</italic> de dislipidemia, observou-se que no grupo 0, 45,5% dos indiv&#237;duos apresentavam o gen&#243;tipo &#949;<italic>3</italic>&#949;<italic>3</italic>, seguido do &#949;<italic>2</italic>&#949;<italic>3</italic> e &#949;<italic>3</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic>, ambos em 27,3% dos indiv&#237;duos. No grupo 1, o gen&#243;tipo &#949;<italic>3</italic>&#949;<italic>3</italic> esteve presente em 83,3% dos indiv&#237;duos e o gen&#243;tipo &#949;<italic>3</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic> em 16,7%. N&#227;o foram observados os gen&#243;tipos &#949;<italic>2</italic>&#949;<italic>3</italic>, &#949;<italic>2</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic> e &#949;<italic>4</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic> no grupo 1. No grupo 2, que apresentou a maior diversidade de gen&#243;tipos da amostra, 60,6% apresentavam gen&#243;tipo &#949;<italic>3</italic>&#949;<italic>3</italic>, 27,3% o gen&#243;tipo &#949;<italic>3</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic>, 9,1% o gen&#243;tipo &#949;<italic>2</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic> e 3%o gen&#243;tipo &#949;<italic>4</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic>. N&#227;o foi observado o gen&#243;tipo &#949;<italic>2</italic>&#949;<italic>3</italic> neste grupo. Essa distribui&#231;&#227;o apresentou significado estat&#237;stico (&#967;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>= 16,848, p = 0,0032) e mostrou que 39,4<bold>%</bold> dos indiv&#237;duos do grupo 2 apresentavam gen&#243;tipos que continham o alelo &#949;<italic>4</italic>. Conv&#233;m destacar que todos os indiv&#237;duos com gen&#243;tipo &#949;<italic>2</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic> e &#949;<italic>4</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic> mantiveram pelo menos um l&#237;pide alterado em A2 e A3 (grupo 2 &#8211; uma ou mais vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas alteradas em A2 e A3), enquanto que nenhum indiv&#237;duo com gen&#243;tipo &#949;<italic>2</italic>&#949;<italic>3</italic> apresentou l&#237;pides alterados nas avalia&#231;&#245;es (grupo 0 &#8211; nenhuma vari&#225;vel lip&#237;dica alterada em A2 e A3) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>A amostra foi tamb&#233;m analisada quanto ao polimorfismo do gene <italic>RLDL</italic>, tendo sido identificados os seguintes gen&#243;tipos: AA em 85,7%, AT em 12,5% e TT em 1,8% dos indiv&#237;duos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t09">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gen&#243;tipos do gene <italic>RLDL</italic> de acordo com os grupos de dislipidemia<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="3">
                  <bold>Gen&#243;tipos <italic>RLDL</italic></bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="5" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Grupos de dislipidemia</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>0</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>1</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>2</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>n = 56 (100,0%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>n = 11 (19,6%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold> n = 12 (21,4%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>n = 33 (59,0%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>AA n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (81,8%)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">10 (83,3%)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">29 (87,9%)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">48 (85,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AT n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (18,2%)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">2 (16,7%)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">3 (9,1%)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">7 (12,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TT n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">-</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">1 (3,0%)</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">1 (1,8%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Valores expressos em n (%); &#967;<sup>2</sup> = 1,500; p = 0,827; RLDL: gene do receptor da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; grupo 0: nenhuma vari&#225;vel lip&#237;dica alterada em A2 e A3; grupo 1: uma ou mais vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas alteradas em A2 ou em A3; grupo 2: uma ou mais vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas alteradas em A2 e A3.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A an&#225;lise da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos gen&#243;tipos <italic>RLDL</italic> de acordo com o   <italic>tracking</italic> de dislipidemia n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>Para efeito de compara&#231;&#227;o, as frequ&#234;ncias al&#233;licas e genot&#237;picas dos polimorfismos dos genes <italic>APOE</italic> e <italic>RLDL</italic> dos 56 indiv&#237;duos do ERJ e dos 75 indiv&#237;duos LDD s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>. O teste exato de Fisher indicou n&#227;o haver diferen&#231;as significativas entre as distribui&#231;&#245;es al&#233;licas das popula&#231;&#245;es do ERJ e LDD.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequ&#234;ncias al&#233;licas e genot&#237;picas dos polimorfismos dos genes   <italic>APOE</italic> e <italic>RLDL</italic> nas amostras do ERJ e do LDD</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th colspan="4" align="center">
                  <bold>
                    <italic>APOE</italic>
                  </bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="4" align="center">
                  <bold>
                    <italic>RLDL</italic>
                  </bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Gen&#243;tipos</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center">
                  <bold>Frequ&#234;ncia (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Gen&#243;tipos</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center">
                  <bold>Frequ&#234;ncia (%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">ERJ(n = 56)</td>
                <td align="center">LDD(n = 75)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">ERJ(n = 56)</td>
                <td align="center">LDD(n = 75)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#949;2&#949;3</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">5,3</td>
                <td align="center">4,2</td>
                <td align="center">AA</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">88,0</td>
                <td align="center">86,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#949;3&#949;3</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">66,7</td>
                <td align="center">75,0</td>
                <td align="center">AT</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">10,6</td>
                <td align="center">13,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#949;3&#949;4</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">22,7</td>
                <td align="center">18,0</td>
                <td align="center">TT</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#949;2&#949;4</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">4,0</td>
                <td align="center">2,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#949;4&#949;4</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Alelos</bold>
                </td>
                <td colspan="3" align="center">
                  <bold>Frequ&#234;ncia (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Alelos</bold>
                </td>
                <td colspan="3" align="center">
                  <bold>Frequ&#234;ncia (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#949;2</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">6,6</td>
                <td align="center">3,5</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">93,5</td>
                <td align="center">93,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#949;3</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">79,4</td>
                <td align="center">86,0</td>
                <td align="center">T</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">6,5</td>
                <td align="center">6,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#949;4</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">14,0</td>
                <td align="center">10,5</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Ho</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">34,6</td>
                <td align="center">25,0</td>
                <td align="center">Ho</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">10,5</td>
                <td align="center">13,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">He</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">34,8</td>
                <td align="center">24,8</td>
                <td align="center">He</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">12,3</td>
                <td align="center">12,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">HWE</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">p = 0,5098</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0,2128</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">HWE</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">p = 0,2715</td>
                <td align="center">p = 1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">DP = 0,0005</td>
                <td align="center">DP = 0,0004</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">DP = 0,0004</td>
                <td align="center">DP = 0,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">Teste Exato de Fisher</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">p = 0,51528</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">-</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">Teste Exato de Fisher</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">p = 0,990</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">DP = 0,001</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">DP = 0,003</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>ERJ: indiv&#237;duos oriundos do Estudo do Rio de Janeiro; LDD: indiv&#237;duos pertencentes ao banco de dados do Laborat&#243;rio de Diagn&#243;sticos por DNA; APOE: gene da apolipoprote&#237;na E; RLDL: gene do receptor da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; He: heterozigosidade esperada, Ho: heterozigosidade observada; HWE: equil&#237;brio de Hardy-Weinberg; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Estudos t&#234;m mostrado associa&#231;&#227;o entre os gen&#243;tipos <italic>APOE</italic> e   <italic>RLDL</italic> com n&#237;veis elevados de macromol&#233;culas lip&#237;dicas como o Col-T, TG e LDL-c e diminu&#237;dos de HDL-c, bem como com as DCV, especialmente a DAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, foi investigado o padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o dos polimorfismos dos genes <italic>APOE</italic> e <italic>RLDL</italic> em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de adolescentes acompanhada ao longo de 17 anos, considerando a ocorr&#234;ncia de dislipidemia com base na altera&#231;&#227;o (aumento ou diminui&#231;&#227;o) de uma ou mais vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas e na sua repeti&#231;&#227;o (<italic>tracking</italic>) em dois momentos distintos (A2 e A3) na fase adulta jovem.</p>
        <p>Nesta an&#225;lise de polimorfismos <italic>APOE</italic> baseado no   <italic>tracking</italic> de dislipidemia, nosso estudo mostrou que os indiv&#237;duos que possu&#237;am o gen&#243;tipo &#949;<italic>2</italic>&#949;<italic>3</italic> estavam concentrados no grupo 0, isto &#233;, o grupo no qual as vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas analisadas (Col-T, TG, HDL-c e LDL-c) se apresentaram normais nas duas avalia&#231;&#245;es realizadas (A2 e A3). Esses achados est&#227;o em concord&#226;ncia com os dados de Ferreira e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> que demonstraram em um estudo envolvendo 216 indiv&#237;duos (109 dislipid&#234;micos e 107 normolipid&#234;micos), semelhan&#231;a na distribui&#231;&#227;o das frequ&#234;ncias al&#233;licas dos polimorfismos <italic>APOE</italic> nos dois grupos. Entretanto, nos normolipid&#234;micos nesse estudo, a presen&#231;a do alelo &#949;<italic>2</italic> esteve fortemente associada a baixos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Col-T e LDL-c, o que pode sugerir um poss&#237;vel papel protetor associado a esse alelo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
        <p>De forma semelhante, Bazzaz e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, em estudo do tipo coorte realizado com 320 indiv&#237;duos da popula&#231;&#227;o iraniana, investigaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os polimorfismos do gene <italic>APOE</italic>, o perfil lip&#237;dico e o IMC. Os autores observaram que o alelo &#949;<italic>2</italic>era mais frequente nos indiv&#237;duos que apresentaram Col-T &lt; 200 mg/dL (p = 0,01), e mostraram ainda uma maior associa&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Col-T normais com o gen&#243;tipo &#949;<italic>2</italic>&#949;<italic>3</italic> quando comparados aos indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis anormais de Col-T (p = 0,003)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.</p>
        <p>J&#225; em rela&#231;&#227;o ao alelo &#949;<italic>4</italic>, estudos na popula&#231;&#227;o geral e em pacientes hipertensos t&#234;m demonstrado associa&#231;&#227;o deste alelo com eleva&#231;&#227;o das taxas de Col-T e de LDL-c, sendo por esta raz&#227;o, associado com maior risco de DAC, mesmo em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Fuzikawa e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, em estudo envolvendo 1,406 adultos de ambos os sexos, observaram uma alta preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o (61,3%) e uma maior m&#233;dia de n&#237;veis de LDL-c nos portadores do alelo &#949;<italic>4</italic> (p = 0,036) quando comparados aos portadores do alelo &#949;<italic>2</italic> (p &lt; 0,001)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. De forma semelhante, Salazar e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o do alelo &#949;<italic>4</italic> com dislipidemias em um estudo que investigou o polimorfismo do gene <italic>APOE</italic> em 150 mulheres com e sem DAC. Nessa amostra foi observado que as mulheres com DAC apresentaram taxas significativamente mais elevadas de Col-T, TG e LDL-c e uma frequ&#234;ncia maior do alelo &#949;<italic>4</italic> e do gen&#243;tipo &#949;<italic>3</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic> em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s do grupo-controle<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, 18 indiv&#237;duos (32,1%) apresentavam o alelo &#949;<italic>4</italic> em diferentes combina&#231;&#245;es de gen&#243;tipos e destes, 13 (72,2%) estavam concentrados no grupo 2 onde se observou agrega&#231;&#227;o de maiores valores de PAS, IMC e CA e, como consequ&#234;ncia, um pior perfil de risco cardiovascular. Vale destacar ainda que no grupo 2 se encontrava o &#250;nico indiv&#237;duo da amostra com o gen&#243;tipo &#949;<italic>4</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic>.</p>
        <p>Assim, as evid&#234;ncias parecem apontar para um poss&#237;vel papel danoso relacionado ao alelo &#949;<italic>4</italic> e protetor do alelo &#949;<italic>2</italic>. Entretanto, a combina&#231;&#227;o desses alelos em diferentes gen&#243;tipos pode tornar esses pap&#233;is menos claros. Como exemplo no presente estudo, todos os indiv&#237;duos que possu&#237;am o gen&#243;tipo &#949;<italic>2</italic>&#949;<italic>4</italic> estavam no grupo 2, grupo que apresentou pior perfil de risco e no qual uma ou mais vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas se apresentaram alteradas nas duas avalia&#231;&#245;es. Este resultado parece sugerir que quando o alelo &#949;<italic>4</italic> est&#225; presente, a condi&#231;&#227;o protetora do alelo &#949;<italic>2</italic> diminui ou &#233; perdida.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, foi ainda observado predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino no grupo 2 (n = 24; 72,72%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 2</xref>). Este grupo apresentou o pior perfil de risco cardiovascular, em concord&#226;ncia com a premissa de que o sexo masculino est&#225; associado a maior risco cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o foram encontradas associa&#231;&#245;es entre os polimorfismos do gene   <italic>RLDL</italic> e o <italic>tracking</italic> de dislipidemia nos indiv&#237;duos jovens da presente amostra. Frikke-Schmidt e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> tamb&#233;m n&#227;o encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de Col-T, LDL-c e os indiv&#237;duos com gen&#243;tipo AA em rela&#231;&#227;o ao TT, entretanto, relataram aumento do risco para desenvolvimento de isquemia vascular cerebral (3,6 vezes maior) em indiv&#237;duos homozig&#243;ticos TT em rela&#231;&#227;o aos AA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
        <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o do ERJ foram encontrados cinco gen&#243;tipos para o polimorfismo   <italic>APOE</italic>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos polimorfismos <italic>RLDL</italic>, os tr&#234;s polimorfismos foram encontrados na popula&#231;&#227;o do ERJ. O gen&#243;tipo <italic>APOE</italic>mais observado foi o &#949;<italic>3</italic>&#949;<italic>3</italic>, enquanto que para o gen&#243;tipo <italic>RLDL</italic> foi o AA.</p>
        <p>Vale destacar ainda que as frequ&#234;ncias al&#233;licas e genot&#237;picas encontradas na amostra ERJ para os polimorfismos do gene <italic>APOE</italic> foram semelhantes &#224;s encontradas em amostras de outros estados brasileiros, como &#224; do Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e outras amostras mundiais   <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. As frequ&#234;ncias al&#233;licas e genot&#237;picas da amostra do ERJ para os polimorfismos do gene <italic>RLDL</italic> foram semelhantes &#224;s encontradas em outras popula&#231;&#245;es, como as do estudo de Frikke-Schmidt e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Nessa mesma dire&#231;&#227;o, a compara&#231;&#227;o dos achados de distribui&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica na amostra do ERJ com um grupo amostral representativo e tomado ao acaso da popula&#231;&#227;o do estado do Rio de Janeiro (LDD) e, a constata&#231;&#227;o de homogeneidade entre suas distribui&#231;&#245;es, sugere que a amostra do ERJ apresenta perfil de aleatoriedade adequado para o desenvolvimento do estudo proposto.</p>
        <p>A despeito das limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo, a associa&#231;&#227;o de um perfil gen&#233;tico espec&#237;fico com a presen&#231;a de dislipidemia em jovens ao longo do tempo em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de tamanho reduzido traz uma perspectiva nova e pouco conhecida na literatura m&#233;dica hoje dispon&#237;vel. Estudos com mais de 20 anos de acompanhamento como &#233; o   <italic>Estudo do Rio de Janeiro</italic> apresentam perdas relacionadas ao seguimento longitudinal dos indiv&#237;duos estudados, mas t&#234;m contribu&#237;do de forma inequ&#237;voca para o melhor conhecimento do comportamento dos fatores de risco cardiovascular na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O estudo dos polimorfismos do gene <italic>APOE</italic> na amostra do ERJ mostrou que a presen&#231;a do alelo &#949;<italic>4</italic> foi mais prevalente no grupo 2, composto por indiv&#237;duos jovens que apresentaram repeti&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas alteradas em acompanhamento longitudinal (efeito <italic>tracking</italic>). Nesse grupo foi ainda observada agrega&#231;&#227;o de piores vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas (maiores IMC e CA) e de maior PA, conferindo a esses indiv&#237;duos pior perfil de risco cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) e Funda&#231;&#227;o Carlos Chagas de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ).</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Rossana Ghessa Andrade de Freitas pela Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por CAPES E FAPERJ.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
