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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">TzzPbyQnRmm3SckW86zbdVC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000600005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015000600005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150038</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Post-Acute Coronary Syndrome Alcohol Abuse: Prospective Evaluation in the ERICO Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morilha</surname>
            <given-names>Abner</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karagulian</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Itamar S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bense&#241;or</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica - Hospital Universit&#225;rio, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Alessandra C. Goulart</bold>, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2565, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Butant&#227;. Postal Code 05508-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>agoulart@hu.usp.br</email>;   <email>alecgoulart@yahoo.com.br</email>.</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Morilha A, Karagulian S, Goulart AC. Acquisition of data: Morilha A, Karagulian S, Goulart AC. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Lotufo PA, Santos IS, Goulart AC. Statistical analysis: Morilha A, Lotufo PA, Santos IS, Bense&#241;or IM, Goulart AC. Obtaining financing: Goulart AC. Writing of the manuscript: Morilha A, Karagulian S, Lotufo PA, Santos IS, Bense&#241;or IM, Goulart AC. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Morilha A, Karagulian S, Lotufo PA, Santos IS, Bense&#241;or IM, Goulart AC. Supervision / as the major investigador: Morilha A, Goulart AC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>457</fpage>
      <lpage>467</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Some studies have indicated alcohol abuse as one of the contributors to the development of cardiovascular disease, particularly coronary heart disease. However, this relationship is controversial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate the relationship between post-acute coronary syndrome (ACS) alcohol abuse in the Acute Coronary Syndrome Registry Strategy (ERICO Study).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>146 participants from the ERICO Study answered structured questionnaires and underwent laboratory evaluations at baseline, 30 days and 180 days after ACS. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was applied to assess harmful alcohol consumption in the 12 months preceding ACS (30 day-interview) and six months after that.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The frequencies of alcohol abuse were 24.7% and 21.1% in the 12 months preceding ACS and six months after that, respectively. The most significant cardiovascular risk factors associated with high-risk for alcohol abuse 30 days after the acute event were: male sex (88.9%), current smoking (52.8%) and hypertension (58.3%). Six months after the acute event, the most significant results were replicated in our logistic regression, for the association between alcohol abuse among younger individuals [35-44 year-old multivariate OR: 38.30 (95% CI: 1.44-1012.56) and 45-54 year-old multivariate OR: 10.10 (95% CI: 1.06-96.46)] and for smokers [current smokers multivariate OR: 51.09 (95% CI: 3.49-748.01) and past smokers multivariate OR: 40.29 (95% CI: 2.37-685.93)].</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Individuals younger than 54 years and smokers showed a significant relation with harmful alcohol consumption, regardless of the ACS subtype.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Alcoholism</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Alcohol Drinking</kwd>
        <kwd>Questionnaires</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="24"/>
        <page-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>According to recent data from the World Health Organization (WHO), the prevalence of alcohol dependence can reach 12% of the adult population. The probability of alcohol dependence of subjects with any mental disorder can be at least two times greater than that of individuals without the disorder<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. The burden is not equally distributed among the countries. Alcohol consumption is the leading risk factor for the burden of disease in developing countries and the third largest risk factor in developed countries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. It should be noted that drinking patterns have not only been linked to acute health outcomes, such as injuries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, but also to chronic diseases, such as coronary heart disease (CHD)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. In fact, some studies even indicate alcohol abuse as one of the contributors to the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), particularly CHD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. However, this relationship is controversial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Although some beneficial effects of moderate alcohol intake have been described, it can become a risk factor for CHD if the alcohol consumption pattern is characterized as &#8220;binge drinking or heavy episodic drinking&#8221;, which is defined as more than five drinks for men and four drinks for women in just one occasion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>In developing countries, such as Brazil, alcohol is also considered a risk factor that contributes most to the burden of diseases, such as cirrhosis of the liver and several types of cancer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the hazardous and harmful uses of alcohol and its dependence symptoms 30 days and 180 days after an acute coronary event among participants from the ERICO study (Acute Coronary Syndrome Registry Strategy)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materials and Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design and population</title>
        <p>This sub-study assessed harmful alcohol consumption, hazardous alcohol consumption and dependence symptoms in a subsample of the ERICO study, a prospective cohort study, ongoing since 2009, which included potential participants with ACS admitted to the S&#227;o Paulo University-affiliated hospital (HU-USP) in the city of S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>After signing the Informed Consent Form, patients with confirmed medical diagnosis of ACS [ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) or unstable angina (UA)] were invited to participate in our sub-study 30 days after the acute event. The eligibility criteria were: age &#8805; 18 years, confirmed diagnosis of ACS, and ability to understand and speak Portuguese. The usual treatment for ACS has not changed and the procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards approved by the HU-USP Institutional Review Board.</p>
        <p>Exclusion criteria were based on a Psychological Screening Questionnaire built on Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID - I)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> to identify individuals with psychotic, schizophrenia or bipolar disorders, and on a test based on the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> to exclude those with cognitive impairment or dementia 30 days after the acute event.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>30- and 180-day follow-up</title>
        <p>All participants who fulfilled the eligibility criteria answered structured questionnaires and underwent clinical and laboratory evaluations, including depression evaluation using the Brazilian-Portuguese version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), which is composed of nine questions that assess depressive mood and anhedonia based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition (DSM-IV). The PHQ-9 scores each of the nine DSM-IV criteria as &#8220;0&#8221; (not at all) to &#8220;3&#8221; (nearly every day), the total score ranging from 0 to 27, and, in this study, PHQ-9 was applied at baseline, and 30 and 180 days after ACS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>In addition, hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption and dependence symptoms were assessed by using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in a personal and in a telephone interview, 30 and 180 days after ACS, respectively<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Of note, 30 days after ACS, participants were asked about alcohol abuse during the last 12 months, and, during the 180-day interview, they were asked about changes in their alcohol behavior six months after ACS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Acute coronary syndrome definition</title>
        <p>Myocardial infarction (MI) was defined as the presence of symptoms consistent with cardiac ischemia in the 24 hours preceding hospital presentation and troponin I levels above the 99th percentile with a test-specific coefficient of variation &lt;10%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. STEMI was defined as the presence of MI criteria plus one of the following: (a) persistent ST-segment elevation &#8805;1 mm in two contiguous electrocardiographic leads or (b) the presence of a new or presumably new left bundle branch block. NSTEMI was defined as the presence of MI criteria, but not of STEMI. The UA diagnosis required the presence of symptoms consistent with cardiac ischemia 24 hours prior to hospital admission, absence of MI criteria and at least one of the following: (a) history of CHD; (b) positive coronary disease stratification test (invasive or non&#8209;invasive); (c) transient ST&#8209;segment changes &#8805; 0.5 mm in two contiguous leads, new T-wave inversion &#8805;1 mm, and/or pseudonormalization of previously inverted T waves; (d) troponin I &gt;0.4 ng/mL (which guarantees a troponin I level above the 99th percentile regardless of the kit used); or (e) diagnostic concordance between two independent doctors.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Alcohol abuse definition</title>
        <p>Based on the AUDIT score that ranges from 1 to 40, the following cutoff points were considered for main analyses: &#8804; 7, low-risk drinking; and &#8805; 8, high-risk alcohol abuse<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        <p>In secondary analysis, the following three AUDIT domains were also evaluated:</p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>Hazardous alcohol use (1-7 points) - characterized as a pattern that increases the risk of harmful consequences for the user and/or others. These patterns are of public health significance despite the absence of any current disorder in the user;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Harmful alcohol use (8-19 points) - refers to alcohol intake that might result in consequences for physical and mental health. Some would also consider the social consequences of the harm caused by alcohol;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Alcohol dependence symptoms (&#8805; 20 points) - characterized by a cluster of behavioral, cognitive and physiological phenomena, which may develop after repeated alcohol use. Typically, these phenomena include a strong desire to consume alcohol, impaired control of its use, persistent drinking, despite harmful consequences, a higher priority given to consumption than to other activities and obligations, increased substance tolerance and physical withdrawal reaction when the substance use is discontinued<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Two trained psychologists administered all questionnaires during the follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The participants&#8217; baseline characteristics, including ACS subtypes, were described according to the alcohol abuse symptoms assessed by using the AUDIT questionnaire, with the following cutoff points suggested in the literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>: &#8804; 7, low-risk drinking; and &#8805; 8, high-risk alcohol abuse<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. In addition, the baseline characteristics were classified according to the AUDIT domains (hazardous alcohol use, harmful alcohol use and alcohol dependence symptoms).</p>
        <p>Categorical variables were analyzed by using chi&#8209;square test, and continuous variables, by using Student <italic>t</italic> or Mann&#8209;Whitney test, according to continuous variables distribution. Additionally, we performed multivariate logistic regression adjusted to potential confounders (or those with a p-value &lt; 0.2 on univariate analysis) identified at 30 days to evaluate the odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the possible association of some classical cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) with alcohol abuse 180 days after the acute event. All analyses with a p-value &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The SPSS software, version 19.0, was used to perform all statistical analyses.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Case series</title>
        <p>Of 225 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of ACS (STEMI, NSTEMI or UA) and included in the main study, 146 (64.9%) were enrolled in the present sub-study. At 180 days, 142 (63%) were evaluated, because four died during the period.</p>
        <p>The reasons for no inclusion in this study were early death (16/225, 7.1%) within 30 days and exceeded time limit for the interview (63/209, 30.1%).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of alcohol abuse during follow-up</title>
        <sec>
          <title>30-day follow-up</title>
          <p>The baseline characteristics of all 146 participants in the main study were described according to alcohol abuse symptoms assessed by using the information obtained from AUDIT (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>) in a personal interview 30 days after ACS. The frequency of alcohol abuse was 24.7% in the first period, reflecting the alcohol abuse in the 12 months preceding ACS.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t01">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Baseline characteristics of the 146 participants in the sub-study of alcohol abuse/dependence in the ERICO study, according to the presence of harmful alcohol use 30 days after an acute coronary event</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Sociodemographic characteristics</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Low-risk</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>High-risk <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>p value</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold> n = 110 (75.3%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>n = 36 (24.7%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>n = 146 (100%)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Age range (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>35-44 years</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (3.6)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">3 (8.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (4.8)</td>
                  <td rowspan="5" align="center">0.046</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>45-54 years</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (17.3)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">13 (36.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (21.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>55-64 years</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (35.5)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">12 (33.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (34.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>65-74 years</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (25.5)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">3 (8.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (21.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 75 years</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (18.2)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">5 (13.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (17.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Gender (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (57.3)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">32 (88.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (65.1)</td>
                  <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (42.7)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">4 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (34.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Educational level (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Illiterate</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (8.2)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">2 (5.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (7.5)</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">0.47</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1-7 years of education</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (38.2)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">18 (50.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (41.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 8 years of education</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (53.6)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">16 (44.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (51.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Marital Status (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Single</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (7.3)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">4 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (8.2)</td>
                  <td rowspan="4" align="center">0.20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Married</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (66.4)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">28 (77.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">101 (69.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Separated</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (7.3)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">3 (8.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (7.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Widow(er)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (19.1)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">1 (2.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">22(15.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Self-reported ethnicity (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (68.2)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">19 (54.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">94 (64.8)</td>
                  <td rowspan="4" align="center">0.25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Brown</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (28.2)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">14 (40.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (31.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1.8)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">2 (5.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (2.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yellow</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1.8)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Clinical comorbidities (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Smoking</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (27.3)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">19 (52.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (33.6)</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Past</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (40.9)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">14 (38.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (40.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Never</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (31.8)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">3 (8.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (26.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (76.9)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">21(58.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">104 (72.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (33.9)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">7 (20.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (30.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (56.4)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">13(39.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (52.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sedentary lifestyle</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (68.9)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">18 (51.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (64.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Major depression <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">&#134;</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">37 (33.6)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">15 (41.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (35.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Acute Coronary Syndrome subtype (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td colspan="5">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Unstable angina</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (25.5)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">4 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (21.9)</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">0.16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NSTEMI</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (41.8)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">16 (44.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (42.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>STEMI</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (32.7)</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center">16 (44.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (35.6)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Some proportions might not add up to 100% due to rounding or missing values.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN01">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Individuals who scored 8 points or more on the AUDIT were considered with tendency to alcohol abuse.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN02">
                <label>&#134;</label>
                <p>The PHQ-9 score &#8805; 10 points suggested major depression. P-values are derived from the Chi-square test.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>The overall mean AUDIT score was 4.8 points, being higher in men as compared to women (6.3 vs. 2.0, p &#8804; 0.001). In addition, the frequency of alcohol abuse (score &#8805; 8) was higher among men as compared to women (88.9% vs. 11.1%, p = 0.001) and among current smokers as compared to past or non-smokers (52.8% vs. 38.9% vs. 8.3%, p = 0.004) and patients with hypertension (58.3%, p = 0.03) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). Interestingly, the sample with alcohol abuse suggested by AUDIT showed a statistically lower frequency of classical CVRF, such as dyslipidemia, diabetes and sedentary lifestyle, as compared to individuals without alcohol abuse, but with no statistical significance (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). The frequency of alcohol abuse did not differ in the ACS subtypes during follow-up (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Alcohol consumption suggestive of alcohol abuse detected by AUDIT in the subsample from the ERICO study. UA: Unstable Angina; NSTEMI: non-ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-06-0457-50038-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
          <p> At 30 days, we also found statistically significant associations between some sociodemographic and cardiovascular risk factors and each item of the AUDIT domains, except for questions 7 (&#8220;<italic>Guilt after drinking&#8221;)</italic> and 8 (&#8220;<italic>Blackouts&#8221;)</italic> in the &#8220;<italic>Harmful alcohol use&#8221;</italic>domain. In general, high frequencies of positive answers were found among men and smokers (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>). Interestingly, we found higher frequencies of positive answers for question 5 (&#8220;<italic>Increased salience of drinking</italic>&#8221;) from the &#8220;<italic>Dependence symptoms</italic>&#8221; domain among those who had STEMI as compared to the other ACS subtypes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>). Further, we found higher frequencies of positive answers among participants who had hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and a sedentary lifestyle as compared to those without these comorbidities in the three domains, particularly in the &#8220;<italic>Dependence symptoms</italic>&#8221; and the &#8220;<italic>Harmful alcohol use</italic>&#8221; domains (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t02">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribution of positive answers according to baseline characteristics by AUDIT domains 30 days after an acute event in the sub&#8209;sample of 146 participants from the ERICO study</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin" colspan="3">
                    <bold>Domains</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Subgroup of risk</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Hazardous alcohol consumption</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>p-value</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Frequency of drinking (question 1)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold> Male gender (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">46 (79.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left" colspan="3">
                    <bold>Marital status (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Single</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (10.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Married</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (74.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Separated</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (10.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Widow(er)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (5.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left" colspan="3">
                    <bold>Smoking (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (48.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Past</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (41.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Never</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (10.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Typical quantity (question 2)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male gender (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (84,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left" colspan="3">
                    <bold>Smoking (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current</td>
                  <td align="center">17(68,0)</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Past</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (28,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Never</td>
                  <td align="center">1(4,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Frequency of heavy drinking (question 3)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male gender (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (87.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Smoking (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (48.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Past</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (39.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Never</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (12.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dependence Symptoms</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Impaired control over drinking (question 4)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Acute coronary syndrome subtype (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Unstable angina</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.053</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NSTEMI</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (38.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>STEMI</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (61.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Acute coronary syndrome subtype (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Increased salience of drinking (question 5)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Unstable angina</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.046</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NSTEMI</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (25.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>STEMI</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (75.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Morning drinking (question 6)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male gender (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (85.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (52.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (10.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Harmful alcohol consumption</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Guilt after drinking(question 7)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">None</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Blackouts (question 8)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">None</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Alcohol-related injuries (question 9)</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male gender</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (100,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (12,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Others concerned about drinking consumption (question 10)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Age range (years) (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>35-44</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (9.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>45-54</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (34.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>55-64</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (34.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>65-74</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 75</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (14.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male gender (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (82.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Smoking (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (58.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Past</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (36.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Never</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (56.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sedentary lifestyle (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (47.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.008</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>P-values are derived from the Chi-square test. Some proportions may not round up to 100% because of missing data STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>180-day follow-up</title>
          <p>Six months after the acute event, we observed a slight reduction in the alcohol abuse frequency, which was 21.1% among the 142 survivors by the end of the follow-up. In addition, the mean AUDIT score was almost the same (3.8 points) for the entire sample and by sex (men: 5.1 <italic>vs</italic>. women: 1.6). The most significant results observed at 30 days were replicated in our logistic regression after 180 days, for the association between alcohol abuse among younger individuals [35&#8209;44 year&#8209;old multivariate OR: 38.30 (95% CI: 1.44-1012.56) and 45&#8209;54 year&#8209;old multivariate OR: 10.10 (95% CI: 1.06&#8209;96.46)] and for smokers [current smokers multivariate OR: 51.09 (95% CI: 3.49-748.01) and past smokers multivariate OR: 40.29 (95% CI: 2.37-685.93)] (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t03">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Factors associated with alcohol abuse/dependence assessed on logistic regression by AUDIT on 142 participants of the ERICO study 180 days after an acute coronary event</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Acute Coronary Syndrome</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Low-risk OR (95%CI)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>High-risk <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref>multivariate OR (95%CI)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>UA</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NSTEMI</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.27 (0.18-8.92)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>STEMI</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.77 (0.24-12.99)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Gender</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.51 (0.78-15.82)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Age Range</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>35-44 years</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">38.30 (1.44-1021.56)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>45-54 years</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.10 (1.06-96.46)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>55-64 years</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.71 (0.09-5.87)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>65-74 years</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.07 (0.11-10.81)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 75 years</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Smoking</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">51.09 (3.49-748.01)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Past</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">40.29 (2.37-685.93)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Never</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.43 (0.36-5.68)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.90 (0.19-4.25)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.36 (0.10-1.30)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sedentary lifestyle</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference (1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.29 (0.09-0.99)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN03">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Subjects who scored 8 points or more on the AUDIT were considered with high-risk alcohol abuse.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn>
                <p>STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction; UA: unstable angina. OR (odds ratio), 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Multivariate OR was adjusted for ACS subtype, gender, age, smoking, medical diagnosis or medication use for hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia, and sedentary lifestyle. Except itself.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Depression versus alcohol abuse during follow-up</title>
        <p>In this sub-sample, no statistical association was found between depression and alcohol use after multivariate analysis during the follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sensitivity analyses</title>
        <p>In additional analyses, we compared ERICO participants who were excluded (79) or did not complete the entire follow&#8209;up (four deaths between 30 days and 180 days after the acute event) with those who completed the 180-day follow&#8209;up (142) in this sub-study. Individuals who were followed up for six months after an acute event in this sub&#8209;study had a higher educational level (9-11 years of formal education: 59.9% vs. 56.1, p = 0.04), were mostly white or of mixed self-reported heritage (96.4% vs. 89%, p = 0.03) and had a more sedentary lifestyle (63.8% vs. 81.5%, p = 0.006) than those who were not followed&#8209;up (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>). Moreover, comparing ERICO participants included in this sub-study of alcohol abuse (146) with the ERICO population (820), we found that the former had a higher educational level (&#8805; 11 years of formal education: 12.3% vs. 6.8%, p=0.02) and most were married (69.2% vs. 59.6%, p = 0.03). In addition, their frequencies of diabetes (30.8% vs. 41.2%, p=0.02) and of sedentary lifestyle (64.8% vs. 73.0%, p = 0.05) were lower than those found in the ERICO population. Finally, a high proportion of STEMI cases (36.3% vs. 26.5%, p = 0.02) was detected in this sub-study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of baseline characteristics of 142 individuals from the alcohol abuse sub-study and those of 83 individuals who were not followed-up 180 days post-ACS in the ERICO study</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Baseline characteristics</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>ERICO participants with 180-day follow-up in the alcohol abuse sub-study</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>p-value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>YES (n = 142)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>NO (n = 83)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Age range (years) (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>35-44</td>
                <td align="center">7 (4.9)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>45-54</td>
                <td align="center">34 (23.9)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (16.9)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>55-64</td>
                <td align="center">50 (35.2)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (28.9)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>65-74</td>
                <td align="center">28 (19.7)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (27.7)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 75</td>
                <td align="center">23 (16.2)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (24.1)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Gender (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Male</td>
                <td align="center">91 (64.1)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (57.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Female</td>
                <td align="center">51 (35.9)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (42.2)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Educational level (years) (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Up to 8</td>
                <td align="center">28 (19.7)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (18.3)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>9-11</td>
                <td align="center">85 (59.9)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (56.1)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 11</td>
                <td align="center">29 (20.4)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (24.4)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Marital status (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Single</td>
                <td align="center">12 (8.5)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (13.4)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Married</td>
                <td align="center">99 (69.7)</td>
                <td align="center">44 ( 53.7)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Divorced</td>
                <td align="center">9 (6.3)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (11.0)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Widow(er)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (15.5)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (22.0)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Self-reported ethnicity (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>White</td>
                <td align="center">91 (64.5)</td>
                <td align="center">57(69.5)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Brown</td>
                <td align="center">45 (31.9)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (19.5)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Black</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2.1)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (9.8)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Asian</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1.4)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1.2)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Clinical comorbidities (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Current</td>
                <td align="center">49 (34.5)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (30.5)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Past</td>
                <td align="center">56 (39.4)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (34.1)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Never</td>
                <td align="center">37 (26.1)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (35.4)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">100 (71.4)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (75.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">41 (29.5)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (38.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">67 (51.5)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (56.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sedentary lifestyle</td>
                <td align="center">88 (63.8)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (81.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Acute coronary syndrome (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Unstable angina</td>
                <td align="center">36 (25.4)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (36.1)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NSTEMI</td>
                <td align="center">54 (38.0)</td>
                <td align="center">34 ( 41.0)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>STEMI</td>
                <td align="center">52 (36.6)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (22.9)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction Some proportions might not add up to 100% due to rounding or missing values.</p>
              <p>P-values are derived from the Chi-square test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of baseline characteristics of 146 participants from the alcohol abuse sub-study and those of the ERICO study population</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Baseline characteristics</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Participants (n = 146)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Non participants (n = 820)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>p-value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Mean age ( &#177; SD)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (11.8)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (13.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Gender (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Male</td>
                <td align="center">95 (65.1)</td>
                <td align="center">476 (58.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Female</td>
                <td align="center">51 (34.9)</td>
                <td align="center">344 (42.0)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Educational level (years) (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Up to 8</td>
                <td align="center">98 (67.1)</td>
                <td align="center">631 (77.1)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>9-11</td>
                <td align="center">30 (20.5)</td>
                <td align="center">131 (16.0)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 11</td>
                <td align="center">18 (12.3)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (6.8)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Marital status (%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Single</td>
                <td align="center">45 (30.8)</td>
                <td align="center">329 (40.4)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Married</td>
                <td align="center">101 (69.2)</td>
                <td align="center">486(59.6)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Self-reported ethnicity (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>White</td>
                <td align="center">94 (64.4)</td>
                <td align="center">538(65.6)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Brown</td>
                <td align="center">45 (30.8)</td>
                <td align="center">224 (27.3)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Black</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2.7)</td>
                <td align="center">46(5.6)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Asian</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2.1)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (1.5)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Clinical comorbidities (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Current</td>
                <td align="center">49 (33.6)</td>
                <td align="center">257 (28.8)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Past</td>
                <td align="center">59 (40.4)</td>
                <td align="center">325 (36.5)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Never</td>
                <td align="center">38 (26.0)</td>
                <td align="center">309 (34.7)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">104 (72.2)</td>
                <td align="center">624 (78.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">44(30.8)</td>
                <td align="center">326 (41.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">70 (52.2)</td>
                <td align="center">386 (55.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sedentary lifestyle</td>
                <td align="center">92 (64.8)</td>
                <td align="center">552 (73.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Acute coronary syndrome (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Unstable angina</td>
                <td align="center">36 (24.7)</td>
                <td align="center">282 (34.4)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NSTEMI</td>
                <td align="center">57 (39.0)</td>
                <td align="center">321 (39.1)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>STEMI</td>
                <td align="center">53 (36.3)</td>
                <td align="center">217 (26.5)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Some proportions might not add up to 100% due to rounding or missing values.</p>
              <p>P-values are derived from the Chi-square test. STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This sub-study showed that three of ten patients were at high risk for alcohol abuse. The alcohol abuse frequency was 24.7% 30 days after ACS, and decreased by 4% six months later. As expected, higher frequencies of alcohol abuse were observed in men, younger individuals and smokers.</p>
      <p>Data from a Brazilian population-based study, the Megacity Mental Health Survey, performed with 5,037 individuals in the city of S&#227;o Paulo, reported an overall lifetime prevalence of alcohol abuse of 9.8%. In a sex-stratified analysis, a higher prevalence of alcohol abuse was found among men (16.4% vs. 4.0%) based on the DSM-VI and WHO-Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
      <p>Another Brazilian hospital-based study performed with 345 patients with ACS (206 with MI and 139 with UA) interviewed about sociodemographic data, smoking status, screening for depression (Prime-MD and Beck Depression Inventory - BDI) and anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults - STAI), and alcohol consumption (AUDIT) has reported lower AUDIT scores for both sexes as compared to those found in our study. Similar to our findings, that study has reported no association between alcohol intake and depression<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>Regarding CVRF, participants at high risk for alcohol abuse had a higher frequency of smoking but lower frequencies of hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes and sedentary lifestyle as compared to low-risk participants. However, when analyzing each item separately, significant associations were observed with some binging behaviors in the AUDIT domains, such as &#8220;<italic>increased salience of drinking</italic>&#8221; and &#8220;<italic>morning drinking</italic>&#8221;, and smoking, sedentary lifestyle, hypertension, diabetes, and even ACS subtype. After six months, a high risk of alcohol abuse remained among younger individuals (&#8804; 54 years) and smokers.</p>
      <p>The relationship between alcohol consumption and CVD, particularly CHD, is controversial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
      <p>Some studies have suggested that a light-moderate alcohol consumption may have a favorable impact on morbidity and mortality from ischemic heart disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. However, the cardioprotective effect of drinking disappears with heavy drinking (binge)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Russel et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> have tested a linear dose-response model for the association between drinking patterns and MI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. A lower MI risk was associated with the consumption of less than 4.55 drinks per day for men (95% CI: 2.77 to 7.18) and less than 3.08 drinks per day for women (95% CI: 1.35 to 5.16), and that risk increased after these crossover points were exceeded. The MI risk increased as drinking dosage doubled, regardless of sex<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>The Prospective Epidemiological Study of Myocardial Infarction (PRIME) has investigated the effect of alcohol intake patterns on ischemic heart disease in Northern Ireland and France in 9,778 men aged 50-59 years, free of ischemic heart disease at baseline, during a 10-year follow-up<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. After multivariate analysis for classic CVRF and center, the hazard ratio for hard coronary events (incident MI and coronary death) compared with regular drinkers was as follows: 1.97 (95% CI: 1.21 to 3.22) for binge drinkers; 2.03 (95% CI: 1.41 to 2.94) for never drinkers; and 1.57 (95% CI: 1.11 to 2.21) for former drinkers for the entire cohort. Only wine drinking was associated with a lower risk of hard coronary events, irrespective of the country<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>A systematic review that investigated the relationship between alcohol consumption and some CVD endpoints performed with more than 4,000 studies has described a dose-response effect, demonstrated by the lowest risk of CHD mortality occurring with one to two drinks per day<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
      <p>Another systematic review including 44 observational studies (case-control or cohort) has reported a relative risk of alcohol intake in relation to ischemic heart disease risk. The analyses included 957,684 participants and substantial heterogeneity across studies was found, making it difficult to confirm any cardioprotective effect of alcohol use on ischemic heart disease for all drinkers, even at low intake levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>The pathophysiology of the cardioprotective effects of most alcoholic beverages is probably due to a high-density lipoprotein elevation and the ability of alcohol to prevent platelet aggregation and increase fibrinolysis; particularly an increased favorable effect from red wine<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>We did not evaluate the alcohol intake with a specific food questionnaire. However, we used a very reliable instrument to screen alcohol abuse/dependence<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. In the present study, two well-trained and experienced psychologists interviewed our patients; however the presence of a psychiatrist during the study could have contributed further to the detection of new cases of alcohol abuse or even depression.</p>
        <p>We found some significant differences in the frequency of some sociodemographic factors, such as educational level, self-reported ethnicity and marital status, as well as, some CVRF, such as diabetes and sedentary lifestyle, comparing participants from the alcohol abuse study with those who did not participate in this sub-study. Of note, all these characteristics are very subject to recall bias and had no interference on the alcohol abuse pattern in our main analyses.</p>
        <p>Additionally, the extent to which the findings can be generalized is limited due to the small sample size from one single center. Thus, we cannot rule out the possibility of a selection bias.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>We found high frequency of alcohol abuse, which remained during the six-month follow-up, regardless of the ACS subtype. Hazardous alcohol consumption was strongly evident among younger individuals aged 35-54 years and smokers. In the present study, the binge drinking pattern was observed among smokers, individuals with a sedentary lifestyle, hypertension, diabetes and STEMI.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Abner Morilha, from University of S&#227;o Paulo (USP).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>World Health Organization (WHO). International guide for monitoring alcohol consumption and related harm. 2000 [cited 2013 August 21]. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2000/who_msd_msb_00.4.pdf .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Health Organization (WHO)</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>International guide for monitoring alcohol consumption and related harm</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">cited 2013 August 21</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2000/who_msd_msb_00.4.pdf">http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2000/who_msd_msb_00.4.pdf</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B02">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>Greenfield TK. Individual risk of alcohol-related disease and problems. In: Heather N, Peters TJ, Stockwell T, eds. International handbook of alcohol dependence and problems - Part IV: drinking patterns and types of alcohol problem. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd; 2001.p.413-38.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Greenfield</surname>
              <given-names>TK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Individual risk of alcohol-related disease and problems</chapter-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name>
              <surname>Heather</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peters</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stockwell</surname>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicolau</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Romano</surname>
              <given-names>BW</given-names>
            </name>
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            </name>
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          <article-title>Depression and acute coronary syndromes: gender-related differences</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
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              <surname>Brien</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Turner</surname>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Abuso de &#193;lcool ap&#243;s S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda: Avalia&#231;&#227;o Prospectiva no Estudo ERICO</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morilha</surname>
            <given-names>Abner</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karagulian</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Itamar S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bense&#241;or</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica - Hospital Universit&#225;rio, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Alessandra C. Goulart</bold>, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2565, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Butant&#227;. CEP 05508-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <addr-line>agoulart@hu.usp.br</addr-line>;   <email>alecgoulart@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa:Morilha A, Karagulian S, Goulart AC. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Morilha A, Karagulian S, Goulart AC. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Lotufo PA, Santos IS, Goulart AC. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica:Morilha A, Lotufo PA, Santos IS, Bense&#241;or IM, Goulart AC. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Goulart AC. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Morilha A, Karagulian S, Lotufo PA, Santos IS, Bense&#241;or IM, Goulart AC. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Morilha A, Karagulian S, Lotufo PA, Santos IS, Bense&#241;or IM, Goulart AC. Supervis&#227;o / como investigador principal: Morilha A, Goulart AC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Alguns estudos identificaram que o abuso de &#225;lcool contribui para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, em particular doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Tal rela&#231;&#227;o, no entanto, &#233; controversa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre abuso de &#225;lcool ap&#243;s s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) na Estrat&#233;gia de Registro de Insufici&#234;ncia Coronariana (ERICO).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>146 participantes do ERICO responderam question&#225;rios estruturados e foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais nas condi&#231;&#245;es basais e 30 dias e 180 dias ap&#243;s SCA. Aplicou-se o Question&#225;rio AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) para avaliar o consumo prejudicial de &#225;lcool nos 12 meses anteriores &#224; SCA (entrevista 30 dias ap&#243;s a SCA) e seis meses ap&#243;s a SCA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>As frequ&#234;ncias de abuso de &#225;lcool foram 24,7% e 21,1% nos 12 meses anteriores &#224; SCA e seis meses ap&#243;s, respectivamente. Os fatores de risco cardiovascular mais significativos associados com alto risco de abuso de &#225;lcool 30 dias ap&#243;s o evento agudo foram: sexo masculino (88,9%), tabagismo atual (52,8%) e hipertens&#227;o (58,3%). Seis meses ap&#243;s o evento agudo, os resultados mais significativos foram replicados em regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para a associa&#231;&#227;o de abuso de &#225;lcool e indiv&#237;duos mais jovens [35-44 anos, RC multivariada: 38,30 (IC 95%: 1,44-1012,56); e 45-54 anos, RC multivariada: 10,10 (IC 95%: 1,06-96,46)] e fumantes [fumantes atuais, RC multivariada: 51,09 (IC 95%: 3,49-748,01); e ex-fumantes, RC multivariada: 40,29 (IC 95%: 2,37-685,93)].</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Indiv&#237;duos com menos de 54 anos e fumantes apresentaram uma significativa rela&#231;&#227;o com consumo prejudicial de &#225;lcool, a despeito do subtipo de SCA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Alcoolismo</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Consumo de Bebidas Alcoolicas</kwd>
        <kwd>Question&#225;rio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) publicou recentemente que a preval&#234;ncia da depend&#234;ncia de &#225;lcool pode chegar a 12% da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta. Em portadores de dist&#250;rbios mentais, a probabilidade de depend&#234;ncia de &#225;lcool pode ser pelo menos duas vezes maior do que aquela de indiv&#237;duos sem o dist&#250;rbio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. A carga n&#227;o &#233; distribu&#237;da de maneira igual entre os pa&#237;ses. O consumo de &#225;lcool &#233; o principal fator de risco para a carga de doen&#231;a em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento e o terceiro mais importante fator de risco nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. &#201; importante ressaltar que os padr&#245;es de consumo de &#225;lcool n&#227;o foram associados apenas a desfechos agudos de sa&#250;de, como danos f&#237;sicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, mas tamb&#233;m a doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, como a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC)4. Alguns estudos at&#233; identificam o abuso de &#225;lcool como fator contribuinte para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV), particularmente DAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Tal rela&#231;&#227;o, no entanto, &#233; controversa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Embora efeitos ben&#233;ficos da ingest&#227;o moderada de &#225;lcool tenham sido descritos, o &#225;lcool pode tornar-se um fator de risco para DAC se seu padr&#227;o de consumo for caracterizado como do tipo &#8220;<italic>binge drinking</italic>&#8221; ou beber pesado epis&#243;dico, definido como mais de cinco doses para os homens e quatro para as mulheres em uma &#250;nica ocasi&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>Nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil, o &#225;lcool &#233; tamb&#233;m considerado fator de risco que contribui principalmente para a carga de outras doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, como a cirrose hep&#225;tica e v&#225;rios tipos de c&#226;ncer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>Assim, este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o consumo perigoso e prejudicial de &#225;lcool e os sintomas de depend&#234;ncia ap&#243;s 30 dias e 180 dias de um evento coronariano agudo em participantes do estudo ERICO (Estrat&#233;gia de Registro de Insufici&#234;ncia Coronariana)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materiais e M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento do estudo e popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Este sub-estudo avaliou o consumo perigoso e prejudicial de &#225;lcool e os sintomas de depend&#234;ncia em uma subamostra do estudo ERICO, uma coorte prospectiva, em andamento desde 2009, que incluiu potenciais participantes com SCA admitidos no Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HU-USP), na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s assinarem o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, os pacientes com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de SCA [infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST), infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMSSST) ou angina inst&#225;vel (AI)] foram convidados a participar deste sub-estudo 30 dias ap&#243;s o evento agudo. Os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade foram: idade &#8805; 18 anos, diagn&#243;stico confirmado de SCA e habilidade para entender e falar portugu&#234;s. O tratamento usual para SCA n&#227;o mudou e os procedimentos atenderam aos padr&#245;es &#233;ticos aprovados pelo Conselho de Revis&#227;o Institucional do HU-USP.</p>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o tiveram por base um question&#225;rio de triagem psicol&#243;gica elaborado a partir da Entrevista Cl&#237;nica Estruturada para transtornos mentais (<italic>Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders</italic> - SCID-I)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, para identificar indiv&#237;duos com dist&#250;rbios psic&#243;ticos, esquizofrenia ou dist&#250;rbio bipolar, e ainda um teste baseado no Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MMSE)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, para excluir os indiv&#237;duos com comprometimento cognitivo ou dem&#234;ncia 30 dias ap&#243;s o evento agudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Seguimentos de 30 dias e 180 dias</title>
          <p>Todos os participantes que atendiam aos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade responderam ao question&#225;rio e foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais, incluindo avalia&#231;&#227;o para depress&#227;o usando a vers&#227;o brasileira-portuguesa do Question&#225;rio sobre a Sa&#250;de do Paciente (PHQ-9), composto de nove quest&#245;es para avaliar humor depressivo e anedonia, baseado na quarta edi&#231;&#227;o do Manual de Diagn&#243;stico e Estat&#237;stica de Transtornos Mentais (DSM-IV). O PHQ-9 atribui pontos a cada um dos nove crit&#233;rios DSM-IV [de &#8220;0&#8221; (nunca) a &#8220;3&#8221; (quase todos os dias)], variando o escore total de 0 a 27, tendo sido aplicado neste estudo nas condi&#231;&#245;es basais, e 30 dias e 180 dias ap&#243;s a SCA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m disso, o consumo perigoso e prejudicial de &#225;lcool e os sintomas de depend&#234;ncia foram avaliados usando-se o Question&#225;rio AUDIT (<italic>Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test</italic>) para identifica&#231;&#227;o de problemas relacionados ao uso de &#225;lcool em uma entrevista pessoal e outra telef&#244;nica, 30 dias e 180 dias ap&#243;s a SCA, respectivamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. &#201; importante ressaltar que, 30 dias ap&#243;s a SCA, os participantes foram perguntados sobre abuso de &#225;lcool nos &#250;ltimos 12 meses, e, na entrevista 180 dias ap&#243;s a SCA, foram perguntados sobre mudan&#231;as em seus padr&#245;es de consumo de &#225;lcool nos seis meses seguintes &#224; SCA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</title>
          <p>Definiu-se infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) como a presen&#231;a de sintomas consistentes com isquemia card&#237;aca nas 24 horas anteriores &#224; chegada ao hospital e n&#237;veis de troponina I acima do percentil 99, com coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o teste-espec&#237;fico &lt;10%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Definiu-se IAMCSST como a presen&#231;a de crit&#233;rios de IM mais um dos seguintes: (a) supradesnivelamento do segmento ST persistente &#8805; 1 mm em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas ou (b) a presen&#231;a de um novo ou presumivelmente novo bloqueio de ramo esquerdo. Definiu&#8209;se IAMSSST como a presen&#231;a de crit&#233;rios de IM, mas n&#227;o de IAMCSST. O diagn&#243;stico de AI requereu a presen&#231;a de sintomas consistentes com isquemia card&#237;aca nas 24 horas anteriores &#224; admiss&#227;o hospitalar, aus&#234;ncia de crit&#233;rios de IM e pelo menos um dos seguintes: (a) hist&#243;ria de DAC; (b) teste de estratifica&#231;&#227;o positivo para DAC (invasivo ou n&#227;o); (c) altera&#231;&#245;es transit&#243;rias do segmento ST &#8805; 0,5 mm em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas, nova invers&#227;o da onda T &#8805; 1 mm, e/ou pseudonormaliza&#231;&#227;o de ondas T previamente invertidas; (d) troponina I &gt; 0,4 ng/ml (que garante um n&#237;vel de troponina I acima do percentil 99 a despeito do <italic>kit</italic> usado); ou (e) concord&#226;ncia diagn&#243;stica de dois m&#233;dicos independentes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o de abuso de &#225;lcool</title>
          <p>Com base no escore AUDIT que varia de 1 a 40, consideraram-se os seguintes pontos de corte para a an&#225;lise principal: &#8804; 7, consumo de &#225;lcool de baixo risco; e &#8805; 8, abuso de &#225;lcool de alto risco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
          <p>Na an&#225;lise secund&#225;ria, avaliou-se o AUDIT nos seguintes tr&#234;s dom&#237;nios:</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Consumo perigoso de &#225;lcool (1-7 pontos) - caracterizado como um padr&#227;o que aumenta o risco de consequ&#234;ncias prejudiciais para o usu&#225;rio e/ou outros. Esses padr&#245;es s&#227;o importantes em sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, a despeito da aus&#234;ncia de qualquer dist&#250;rbio atual no usu&#225;rio;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Consumo prejudicial de &#225;lcool (8-19 pontos) &#8211; refere&#8209;se ao consumo de &#225;lcool que possa resultar em consequ&#234;ncias para a sa&#250;de f&#237;sica e mental. Alguns tamb&#233;m consideram as consequ&#234;ncias sociais do dano causado pelo &#225;lcool;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Sintomas de depend&#234;ncia de &#225;lcool (&#8805; 20 pontos) - um grupo de fen&#244;menos comportamentais, cognitivos e fisiol&#243;gicos, que podem se desenvolver ap&#243;s uso repetido de &#225;lcool. Tipicamente, tais fen&#244;menos incluem um forte desejo de consumir &#225;lcool, comprometimento do controle de seu uso, beber persistente, a despeito das consequ&#234;ncias prejudiciais, maior prioridade dada ao consumo do que a outras atividades e obriga&#231;&#245;es, aumento da toler&#226;ncia ao &#225;lcool e uma rea&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica de abstin&#234;ncia ao se descontinuar o uso da subst&#226;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Dois psic&#243;logos treinados administraram todos os question&#225;rios durante o seguimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas basais dos participantes, incluindo os subtipos de SCA, foram classificadas de acordo com os sintomas de abuso de &#225;lcool avaliados pelo Question&#225;rio AUDIT, com os seguintes pontos de corte sugeridos na literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>: &#8804; 7, consumo de &#225;lcool de baixo risco; e &#8805; 8, depend&#234;ncia ou abuso de &#225;lcool de alto risco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, as caracter&#237;sticas basais foram classificadas de acordo com os dom&#237;nios do AUDIT (consumo perigoso de &#225;lcool, consumo prejudicial de &#225;lcool e sintomas de depend&#234;ncia de &#225;lcool).</p>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram analisadas pelo teste do qui&#8209;quadrado, enquanto as cont&#237;nuas, pelos testes <italic>t</italic> de Student ou de Mann-Whitney, dependendo de sua distribui&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, realizou-se regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada ajustada para potenciais confundidores (ou que tivessem um valor de p &lt; 0,2 na an&#225;lise univariada) identificados aos 30 dias para avaliar as raz&#245;es de chance (RC) com intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) a 95% para a poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o de alguns fatores de risco cardiovascular (FRCV) cl&#225;ssicos com o abuso de &#225;lcool 180 dias ap&#243;s o evento agudo. Todos os testes com valor de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. O programa SPSS, vers&#227;o 19.0, foi usado para as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="results">
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Casu&#237;stica</title>
            <p>Dos 225 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de SCA (IAMCSST, IAMSSST ou AI) e inclu&#237;dos no estudo principal, 146 (64,9%) foram arrolados no presente sub-estudo. Aos 180 dias, 142 (63%) foram avaliados, tendo quatro morrido no per&#237;odo.</p>
            <p>As raz&#245;es para n&#227;o inclus&#227;o neste estudo foram morte precoce (16/225, 7,1%) nos primeiros 30 dias e ultrapassagem do tempo limite para a entrevista (63/209, 30,1%).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do abuso de &#225;lcool durante o seguimento</title>
            <sec>
              <title>Seguimento de 30 dias</title>
              <p>As caracter&#237;sticas basais de todos os 146 participantes do estudo principal foram descritas de acordo com o abuso de &#225;lcool, tendo por base a informa&#231;&#227;o obtida do AUDIT (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 1</xref>) em uma entrevista pessoal 30 dias ap&#243;s a SCA. A frequ&#234;ncia do abuso de &#225;lcool foi 24,7% no primeiro per&#237;odo, refletindo o padr&#227;o de consumo nos 12 meses anteriores &#224; SCA.</p>
              <table-wrap id="t06">
                <label>Tabela 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais de 146 participantes do sub-estudo de abuso/depend&#234;ncia de &#225;lcool do estudo ERICO, de acordo com a presen&#231;a de consumo prejudicial de &#225;lcool 30 dias ap&#243;s evento coronariano agudo</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                        <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas</bold>
                      </th>
                      <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                        <bold>Baixo risco</bold>
                      </th>
                      <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                        <bold>Alto risco <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></bold>
                      </th>
                      <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                        <bold>Total</bold>
                      </th>
                      <th rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                        <bold>valor de p</bold>
                      </th>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                        <bold> n = 110 (75,3%)</bold>
                      </th>
                      <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                        <bold>n = 36 (24,7%)</bold>
                      </th>
                      <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                        <bold>n = 146 (100%)</bold>
                      </th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td colspan="6">
                        <bold>Faixa et&#225;ria (%)</bold>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>35-44 anos</td>
                      <td align="center">4 (3,6)</td>
                      <td colspan="2" align="center">3 (8,3)</td>
                      <td align="center">7 (4,8)</td>
                      <td rowspan="5" align="center">0,046</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>45-54 anos</td>
                      <td align="center">19 (17,3)</td>
                      <td colspan="2" align="center">13 (36,1)</td>
                      <td align="center">32 (21,9)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>55-64 anos</td>
                      <td align="center">39 (35,5)</td>
                      <td colspan="2" align="center">12 (33,3)</td>
                      <td align="center">51 (34,9)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>65-74 anos</td>
                      <td align="center">28 (25,5)</td>
                      <td colspan="2" align="center">3 (8,3)</td>
                      <td align="center">31 (21,2)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>&#8805; 75 anos</td>
                      <td align="center">20 (18,2)</td>
                      <td colspan="2" align="center">5 (13,9)</td>
                      <td align="center">25 (17,1)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td colspan="6">
                        <bold>Sexo (%)</bold>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Masculino</td>
                      <td align="center">63 (57,3)</td>
                      <td colspan="2" align="center">32 (88,9)</td>
                      <td align="center">95 (65,1)</td>
                      <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,001</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Feminino</td>
                      <td align="center">47 (42,7)</td>
                      <td colspan="2" align="center">4 (11,1)</td>
                      <td align="center">51 (34,9)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td colspan="6">
                        <bold>Escolaridade (%)</bold>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Analfabeto</td>
                      <td align="center">9 (8,2)</td>
                      <td colspan="2" align="center">2 (5,6)</td>
                      <td align="center">11 (7,5)</td>
                      <td rowspan="3" align="center">0,47</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>1-7 anos de escolaridade</td>
                      <td align="center">42 (38,2)</td>
                      <td colspan="2" align="center">18 (50,0)</td>
                      <td align="center">60 (41,1)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>&#8805; 8 anos de escolaridade</td>
                      <td align="center">59 (53,6)</td>
                      <td colspan="2" align="center">16 (44,4)</td>
                      <td align="center">75 (51,4)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td colspan="6">
                        <bold>Estado civil (%)</bold>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Solteiro</td>
                      <td align="center">8 (7,3)</td>
                      <td colspan="2" align="center">4 (11,1)</td>
                      <td align="center">12 (8,2)</td>
                      <td rowspan="4" align="center">0,20</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Casado</td>
                      <td align="center">73 (66,4)</td>
                      <td colspan="2" align="center">28 (77,8)</td>
                      <td align="center">101 (69,2)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Separado</td>
                      <td align="center">8 (7,3)</td>
                      <td colspan="2" align="center">3 (8,3)</td>
                      <td align="center">11 (7,5)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Vi&#250;vo</td>
                      <td align="center">21 (19,1)</td>
                      <td colspan="2" align="center">1 (2,8)</td>
                      <td align="center">22(15,1)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td colspan="6">
                        <bold>Etnia autorrelatada (%)</bold>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Branca</td>
                      <td align="center">75 (68,2)</td>
                      <td colspan="2" align="center">19 (54,3)</td>
                      <td align="center">94 (64,8)</td>
                      <td rowspan="4" align="center">0,25</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Parda</td>
                      <td align="center">31 (28,2)</td>
                      <td colspan="2" align="center">14 (40,0)</td>
                      <td align="center">45 (31,0)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Negra</td>
                      <td align="center">2 (1,8)</td>
                      <td colspan="2" align="center">2 (5,7)</td>
                      <td align="center">4 (2,8)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Amarela</td>
                      <td align="center">2 (1,8)</td>
                      <td colspan="2" align="center">-</td>
                      <td align="center">2 (1,4)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td colspan="6">
                        <bold>Comorbidades cl&#237;nicas (%)</bold>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td colspan="6">
                        <bold>Tabagismo</bold>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Atual</td>
                      <td align="center">30 (27,3)</td>
                      <td colspan="2" align="center">19 (52,8)</td>
                      <td align="center">49 (33,6)</td>
                      <td rowspan="3" align="center">0,004</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Passado</td>
                      <td align="center">45 (40,9)</td>
                      <td colspan="2" align="center">14 (38,9)</td>
                      <td align="center">59 (40,4)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Nunca</td>
                      <td align="center">35 (31,8)</td>
                      <td colspan="2" align="center">3 (8,3)</td>
                      <td align="center">38 (26,0)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                      <td align="center">83 (76,9)</td>
                      <td colspan="2" align="center">21(58,3)</td>
                      <td align="center">104 (72,2)</td>
                      <td align="center">0,03</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                      <td align="center">37 (33,9)</td>
                      <td colspan="2" align="center">7 (20,6)</td>
                      <td align="center">44 (30,8)</td>
                      <td align="center">0,14</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                      <td align="center">57 (56,4)</td>
                      <td colspan="2" align="center">13(39,4)</td>
                      <td align="center">70 (52,2)</td>
                      <td align="center">0,09</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Sedentarismo</td>
                      <td align="center">73 (68,9)</td>
                      <td colspan="2" align="center">18 (51,4)</td>
                      <td align="center">91 (64,5)</td>
                      <td align="center">0,06</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Depress&#227;o maior<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">&#134;</xref></td>
                      <td align="center">37 (33,6)</td>
                      <td colspan="2" align="center">15 (41,7)</td>
                      <td align="center">52 (35,6)</td>
                      <td align="center">0,38</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Subtipo de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (%)</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td colspan="5">&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Angina inst&#225;vel</td>
                      <td align="center">28 (25,5)</td>
                      <td colspan="2" align="center">4 (11,1)</td>
                      <td align="center">32 (21,9)</td>
                      <td rowspan="3" align="center">0,16</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>IAMSSST</td>
                      <td align="center">46 (41,8)</td>
                      <td colspan="2" align="center">16 (44,4)</td>
                      <td align="center">62 (42,5)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>IAMCSST</td>
                      <td align="center">36 (32,7)</td>
                      <td colspan="2" align="center">16 (44,4)</td>
                      <td align="center">52 (35,6)</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn>
                    <p>IAMCSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; IAMSSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Algumas propor&#231;&#245;es podem n&#227;o somar 100% devido ao arredondamento ou &#224; falta de alguns valores.</p>
                  </fn>
                  <fn id="TFN04">
                    <label>*</label>
                    <p>Indiv&#237;duos com escore do AUDIT de pelo menos 8 pontos foram considerados com tend&#234;ncia a abuso de &#225;lcool.</p>
                  </fn>
                  <fn id="TFN05">
                    <label>&#134;</label>
                    <p>O escore PHQ-9 = 10 pontos sugeriu depress&#227;o maior.</p>
                  </fn>
                  <fn>
                    <p>P-values are derived from the Chi-square test.</p>
                  </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
              <p>A m&#233;dia do escore AUDIT global foi 4,8, sendo maior nos homens do que nas mulheres (6,3 vs. 2,0, p &#8804; 0,001). Al&#233;m disso, a frequ&#234;ncia de abuso de &#225;lcool (escore &#8805; 8) foi maior nos homens do que nas mulheres (88,9% vs. 11,1%, p = 0001) e nos fumantes atuais em compara&#231;&#227;o aos ex-fumantes e n&#227;o fumantes (52,8% vs. 38,9% vs. 8,3%, p = 0,004) e pacientes hipertensos (58,3%, p = 0,03) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 1</xref>). Interessante notar que a amostra com abuso de &#225;lcool sugerida pelo AUDIT mostrou uma frequ&#234;ncia estatisticamente mais baixa de FRCV cl&#225;ssicos, como dislipidemia, diabetes e sedentarismo, se comparada &#224; de indiv&#237;duos sem abuso de &#225;lcool, mas sem significado estat&#237;stico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 1</xref>). A frequ&#234;ncia do abuso de &#225;lcool n&#227;o diferiu entre os subtipos de SCA durante o seguimento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
              <fig id="f0">
                <label>Figura 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Consumo de &#225;lcool sugestivo de abuso de &#225;lcool detectado pelo AUDIT em subamostra do estudo ERICO. AI: angina inst&#225;vel; IAMCSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; IAMSSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-06-0457-50038-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
              <p>Aos 30 dias, associa&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significativas foram observadas entre os aspectos sociodemogr&#225;ficos e FRCV e cada item dos dom&#237;nios do AUDIT, exceto para as quest&#245;es 7 (&#8220;Sentimento de culpa ap&#243;s beber&#8221;<italic>)</italic> e 8 (&#8220;Esquecimentos ap&#243;s o uso&#8221;<italic>)</italic> do dom&#237;nio &#8220;Consumo prejudicial de &#225;lcool&#8221;. Em geral, alta frequ&#234;ncia de respostas positivas foi observada entre homens e fumantes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 2</xref>). &#201; interessante notar mais altas frequ&#234;ncias de respostas positivas para a quest&#227;o 5 (&#8220;Aumento da import&#226;ncia da bebida&#8221;) do dom&#237;nio &#8220;Sintomas de depend&#234;ncia&#8221; entre indiv&#237;duos com IAMCSST em compara&#231;&#227;o aos demais subtipos de SCA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 2</xref>). Maiores frequ&#234;ncias de respostas positivas foram ainda observadas nos participantes com hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, dislipidemia e estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles sem tais comorbidades nos tr&#234;s dom&#237;nios, em particular no dom&#237;nio &#8220;Sintomas de depend&#234;ncia&#8221; e &#8220;Consumo prejudicial de &#225;lcool&#8221; (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
              <table-wrap id="t07">
                <label>Tabela 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o de respostas positivas de acordo com as caracter&#237;sticas basais e dom&#237;nios do AUDIT 30 dias ap&#243;s evento coronariano agudo na subamostra de 146 participantes do estudo ERICO</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin" colspan="3">
                        <bold>Dom&#237;nios</bold>
                      </th>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                        <bold>Subgrupo de risco</bold>
                      </th>
                      <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                        <bold>Consumo perigoso de &#225;lcool</bold>
                      </th>
                      <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                        <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                      </th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr align="center">
                      <td>&#160;</td>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Frequ&#234;ncia do consumo (quest&#227;o 1)</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Sexo masculino<bold> (%)</bold></td>
                      <td align="center">46 (79,3)</td>
                      <td align="center">0,003</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr align="center">
                      <td align="left" colspan="3">
                        <bold>Estado civil (%)</bold>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Solteiro</td>
                      <td align="center">6 (10,3)</td>
                      <td align="center">0,04</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Casado</td>
                      <td align="center">43 (74,1)</td>
                      <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Separado</td>
                      <td align="center">6 (10,3)</td>
                      <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Vi&#250;vo</td>
                      <td align="center">3 (5,2)</td>
                      <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr align="center">
                      <td align="left" colspan="3">
                        <bold>Tabagismo (%)</bold>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Atual</td>
                      <td align="center">28 (48,3)</td>
                      <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Passado</td>
                      <td align="center">24 (41,4)</td>
                      <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Nunca</td>
                      <td align="center">6 (10,3)</td>
                      <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr align="center">
                      <td>&#160;</td>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Quantidade num dia t&#237;pico (quest&#227;o 2)</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                      <td align="center">21 (84,0)</td>
                      <td align="center">0,003</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr align="center">
                      <td align="left" colspan="3">
                        <bold>Tabagismo (%)</bold>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Atual</td>
                      <td align="center">17(68,0)</td>
                      <td rowspan="3" align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Passado</td>
                      <td align="center">7 (28,0)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Nunca</td>
                      <td align="center">1(4,0)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr align="center">
                      <td>&#160;</td>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Frequ&#234;ncia de beber pesado (quest&#227;o 3)</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                      <td align="center">36 (87,8)</td>
                      <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td colspan="3">
                        <bold>Tabagismo (%)</bold>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Atual</td>
                      <td align="center">20 (48,8)</td>
                      <td align="center">0,02</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Passado</td>
                      <td align="center">16 (39,0)</td>
                      <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Nunca</td>
                      <td align="center">5 (12,2)</td>
                      <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr align="center">
                      <td>&#160;</td>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Sintomas de depend&#234;ncia</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr align="center">
                      <td>&#160;</td>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Dificuldade de controlar o uso (quest&#227;o 4)</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Subtipo de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (%)</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>&#160;</td>
                      <td>&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Angina inst&#225;vel</td>
                      <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                      <td align="center">0,053</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>IAMSSST</td>
                      <td align="center">5 (38,5)</td>
                      <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>IAMCSST</td>
                      <td align="center">8 (61,5)</td>
                      <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Subtipo de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (%)</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td align="center">
                        <bold>Aumento da import&#226;ncia da bebida (quest&#227;o 5)</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Angina inst&#225;vel</td>
                      <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                      <td align="center">0,046</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>IAMSSST</td>
                      <td align="center">2 (25,0)</td>
                      <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>IAMCSST</td>
                      <td align="center">6 (75,0)</td>
                      <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr align="center">
                      <td>&#160;</td>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Beber pela manh&#227; (quest&#227;o 6)</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                      <td align="center">18 (85,7)</td>
                      <td align="center">0,03</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                      <td align="center">11 (52,4)</td>
                      <td align="center">0,03</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
                      <td align="center">2 (10,0)</td>
                      <td align="center">0,03</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr align="center">
                      <td>&#160;</td>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Consumo prejudicial de &#225;lcool</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr align="center">
                      <td>&#160;</td>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Sentimento de culpa ap&#243;s o uso (quest&#227;o 7)</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td colspan="3">Nenhum</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr align="center">
                      <td>&#160;</td>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Esquecimentos ap&#243;s o uso (quest&#227;o 8)</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td colspan="3">Nenhum</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr align="center">
                      <td>&#160;</td>
                      <td>Les&#245;es causadas pelo uso do &#225;lcool (quest&#227;o 9)</td>
                      <td>&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                      <td align="center">9 (100,0)</td>
                      <td align="center">0,02</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Dislipidemia (%)</td>
                      <td align="center">1 (12,5)</td>
                      <td align="center">0,02</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr align="center">
                      <td>&#160;</td>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Preocupa&#231;&#227;o de terceiros (quest&#227;o 10)</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td>&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td colspan="3">
                        <bold>Grupo et&#225;rio (anos) (%)</bold>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>35-44</td>
                      <td align="center">4 (9,8)</td>
                      <td align="center">0,02</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>45-54</td>
                      <td align="center">14 (34,1)</td>
                      <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>55-64</td>
                      <td align="center">14 (34,1)</td>
                      <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>65-74</td>
                      <td align="center">3 (7,3)</td>
                      <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>&#8805; 75</td>
                      <td align="center">6 (14,6)</td>
                      <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                      <td align="center">34 (82,9)</td>
                      <td align="center">0,005</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td colspan="3">
                        <bold>Tabagismo (%)</bold>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Atual</td>
                      <td align="center">24 (58,5)</td>
                      <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Passado</td>
                      <td align="center">15 (36,6)</td>
                      <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Nunca</td>
                      <td align="center">2 (4,9)</td>
                      <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                      <td align="center">23 (56,1)</td>
                      <td align="center">0,006</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Sedentarismo (%)</td>
                      <td align="center">19 (47,5)</td>
                      <td align="center">0,008</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn>
                    <p>IAMCSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; IAMSSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; AI: angina inst&#225;vel.</p>
                    <p>Valores de p derivados do teste qui-quadrado. Algumas propor&#231;&#245;es podem n&#227;o somar 100% devido &#224; falta de alguns valores.</p>
                  </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>Seguimento de 180 dias</title>
              <p>Seis meses ap&#243;s o evento agudo, observou-se leve redu&#231;&#227;o na frequ&#234;ncia de abuso de &#225;lcool, que foi 21,1% entre os 142 sobreviventes ao final do seguimento. Al&#233;m disso, a m&#233;dia do escore AUDIT foi quase a mesma (3,8) para toda a amostra, sendo a seguinte por sexo: homens, 5,1; e mulheres, 1,6. Os resultados mais significativos observados aos 30 dias foram replicados na nossa regress&#227;o log&#237;stica ap&#243;s 180 dias, para associa&#231;&#227;o de abuso de &#225;lcool e indiv&#237;duos mais jovens [35-44 anos, RC multivariada: 38,30 (IC 95%: 1,44-1012,56); e 45&#8209;54 anos, RC multivariada: 10,10 (IC 95%: 1,06-96,46)] e fumantes [fumantes atuais, RC multivariada: 51,09 (IC 95%: 3,49-748,01); e ex-fumantes, RC multivariada: 40,29 (IC 95%: 2,37-685,93)] (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
              <table-wrap id="t08">
                <label>Tabela 3</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Fatores associados a abuso/depend&#234;ncia de &#225;lcool avaliados por log&#237;stica regress&#227;o do resultado do AUDIT em 142 participantes do estudo ERICO 180 dias ap&#243;s o evento coronariano agudo</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                        <bold>S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</bold>
                      </th>
                      <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                        <bold>Baixo risco RC (95%CI)</bold>
                      </th>
                      <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                        <bold>Alto risco <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref>multivariada RC (IC 95%)</bold>
                      </th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>AI</td>
                      <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
                      <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>IAMSSST</td>
                      <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
                      <td align="center">1,27 (0,18-8,92)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>IAMCSST</td>
                      <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
                      <td align="center">1,77 (0,24-12,99)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td colspan="3">
                        <bold>Sexo</bold>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Feminino</td>
                      <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
                      <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Masculino</td>
                      <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
                      <td align="center">3,51 (0,78-15,82)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td colspan="3">
                        <bold>Faixa et&#225;ria</bold>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>35-44 anos</td>
                      <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
                      <td align="center">38,30 (1,44-1021,56)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>45-54 anos</td>
                      <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
                      <td align="center">10,10 (1,06-96,46)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>55-64 anos</td>
                      <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
                      <td align="center">0,71 (0,09-5,87)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>65-74 anos</td>
                      <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
                      <td align="center">1,07 (0,11-10,81)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>&#8805; 75 anos</td>
                      <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
                      <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td colspan="3">
                        <bold>Tabagismo</bold>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Atual</td>
                      <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
                      <td align="center">51,09 (3,49-748,01)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Passado</td>
                      <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
                      <td align="center">40,29 (2,37-685,93)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Nunca</td>
                      <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
                      <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                      <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
                      <td align="center">1,43 (0,36-5,68)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                      <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
                      <td align="center">0,90 (0,19-4,25)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                      <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
                      <td align="center">0,36 (0,10-1,30)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Sedentarismo</td>
                      <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia (1,0)</td>
                      <td align="center">0,29 (0,09-0,99)</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn id="TFN06">
                    <label>*</label>
                    <p>Indiv&#237;duos com escore do AUDIT de pelo menos 8 pontos foram considerados com alto risco de abuso de &#225;lcool.</p>
                  </fn>
                  <fn>
                    <p>IAMCSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; IAMSSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; AI: angina inst&#225;vel. RC: raz&#227;o de chance; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a. A RC multivariada foi ajustada para subtipo de SCA, sexo, idade, tabagismo, diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico ou uso de medicamento para hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus e dislipidemia, e sedentarismo.</p>
                  </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
            </sec>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Depress&#227;o versus abuso de &#225;lcool durante o seguimento</title>
            <p>Nesta subamostra, n&#227;o se observou associa&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica entre depress&#227;o e uso de &#225;lcool ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada durante o seguimento.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>An&#225;lises de sensibilidade</title>
            <p>Em an&#225;lises adicionais, comparamos os participantes do estudo ERICO que foram exclu&#237;dos (79) ou n&#227;o completaram todo o seguimento (quatro mortes entre 30 e 180 dias ap&#243;s o evento agudo) com aqueles que completaram o seguimento de 180 dias (142). Os indiv&#237;duos que foram seguidos por seis meses ap&#243;s o evento agudo neste sub-estudo tinham um n&#237;vel de escolaridade mais elevado (9-11 anos de educa&#231;&#227;o formal: 59,9% vs. 56,1, p = 0,04), e a maioria era de etnia autorrelatada branca ou parda (96,4% vs. 89%, p = 0,03) e tinha um estilo de vida mais sedent&#225;rio (63,8% vs. 81,5%, p = 0,006) do que aqueles n&#227;o seguidos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 4</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, comparando&#8209;se os participantes deste sub&#8209;estudo de abuso de &#225;lcool (146) com a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo ERICO (820), os primeiros apresentavam um n&#237;vel de escolaridade mais elevado (&#8805; 11 anos de educa&#231;&#227;o formal: 12,3% vs. 6,8%, p = 0,02) sendo, em sua maioria, casados (69,2% vs. 59,6%, p = 0,03). Al&#233;m disso, as frequ&#234;ncias de diabetes (30,8% vs. 41,2%, p = 0,02) e de estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio (64,8% vs. 73,0%, p = 0,05) foram mais baixas do que as encontradas na popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo ERICO. Finalmente, detectou-se uma alta propor&#231;&#227;o de IAMCSST (36,3% vs. 26,5%, p = 0,02) neste sub-estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
            <table-wrap id="t09">
              <label>Tabela 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas basais de 142 indiv&#237;duos do sub-estudo de abuso de &#225;lcool do estudo ERICO, 180 dias ap&#243;s SCA, e de 83 indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o acompanhados</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                      <bold>Participantes do ERICO com 180 dias de acompanhamento no sub-estudo de abuso de &#225;lcool</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                      <bold>valor de p</bold>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</th>
                    <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                      <bold>Sim (n = 142)</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                      <bold>N&#227;o (n = 83)</bold>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Faixa et&#225;ria (anos) (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>&#160;</td>
                    <td>&#160;</td>
                    <td>&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>35-44</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (4,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (2,4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,21</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>45-54</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (23,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (16,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>55-64</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (35,2)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (28,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>65-74</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (19,7)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (27,7)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8805; 75</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (16,2)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (24,1)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Sexo (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Masculino</td>
                    <td align="center">91 (64,1)</td>
                    <td align="center">48 (57,8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,35</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Feminino</td>
                    <td align="center">51 (35,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (42,2)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Escolaridade (anos) (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">0,04</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>At&#233; to 8</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (19,7)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (18,3)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>9-11</td>
                    <td align="center">85 (59,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">46 (56,1)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8805; 11</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (20,4)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (24,4)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Estado civil (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">0,18</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Solteiro</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (8,5)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (13,4)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Casado</td>
                    <td align="center">99 (69,7)</td>
                    <td align="center">44 ( 53,7)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Divorciado</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (6,3)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (11,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Vi&#250;vo</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (15,5)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (22,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Etnia autorrelatada (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">0,03</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Branca</td>
                    <td align="center">91 (64,5)</td>
                    <td align="center">57(69,5)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Parda</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (31,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (19,5)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Negra</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (2,1)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (9,8)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Asi&#225;tica</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (1,4)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (1,2)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Comorbidades cl&#237;nicas (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Tabagismo</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">0,34</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atual</td>
                    <td align="center">49 (34,5)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (30,5)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Passado</td>
                    <td align="center">56 (39,4)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (34,1)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Nunca</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (26,1)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (35,4)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                    <td align="center">100 (71,4)</td>
                    <td align="center">63 (75,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,47</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">41 (29,5)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (38,6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,17</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">67 (51,5)</td>
                    <td align="center">41 (56,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,46</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sedentarismo</td>
                    <td align="center">88 (63,8)</td>
                    <td align="center">66 (81,5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,006</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">0,09</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Angina inst&#225;vel</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (25,4)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (36,1)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IAMSSST</td>
                    <td align="center">54 (38,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 ( 41,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IAMCSST</td>
                    <td align="center">52 (36,6)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (22,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn>
                  <p>IAMCSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; IAMSSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST.</p>
                  <p>Valores de p derivados do teste qui-quadrado. Algumas propor&#231;&#245;es podem n&#227;o somar 100% devido ao arredondamento ou &#224; falta de alguns valores.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <table-wrap id="t10">
              <label>Tabela 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas basais de 146 participantes do sub-estudo de abuso de &#225;lcool e da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo ERICO</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                      <bold>Participantes (n = 146)</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                      <bold>N&#227;o participantes (n = 820)</bold>
                    </th>
                    <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">valor de p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Idade m&#233;dia ( &#177; DP)</td>
                    <td align="center">62 (11,8)</td>
                    <td align="center">63 (13,6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,26</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Sexo (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Masculino</td>
                    <td align="center">95 (65,1)</td>
                    <td align="center">476 (58,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,11</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Feminino</td>
                    <td align="center">51 (34,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">344 (42,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Escolaridade (anos) (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>At&#233; 8</td>
                    <td align="center">98 (67,1)</td>
                    <td align="center">631 (77,1)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>9-11</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (20,5)</td>
                    <td align="center">131 (16,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8805; 11</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (12,3)</td>
                    <td align="center">56 (6,8)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Estado civil (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">0,03</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Solteiro</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (30,8)</td>
                    <td align="center">329 (40,4)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Casado</td>
                    <td align="center">101 (69,2)</td>
                    <td align="center">486(59,6)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Etnia autorrelatada (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Branca</td>
                    <td align="center">94 (64,4)</td>
                    <td align="center">538(65,6)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Parda</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (30,8)</td>
                    <td align="center">224 (27,3)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Negra</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (2,7)</td>
                    <td align="center">46(5,6)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Asi&#225;tica</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (2,1)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (1,5)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Comorbidades cl&#237;nicas (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Tabagismo</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">0,12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atual</td>
                    <td align="center">49 (33,6)</td>
                    <td align="center">257 (28,8)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Passado</td>
                    <td align="center">59 (40,4)</td>
                    <td align="center">325 (36,5)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Nunca</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (26,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">309 (34,7)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                    <td align="center">104 (72,2)</td>
                    <td align="center">624 (78,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,13</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">44(30,8)</td>
                    <td align="center">326 (41,2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">70 (52,2)</td>
                    <td align="center">386 (55,4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,50</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sedentarismo</td>
                    <td align="center">92 (64,8)</td>
                    <td align="center">552 (73,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,05</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                    <td align="center">0,02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Angina inst&#225;vel</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (24,7)</td>
                    <td align="center">282 (34,4)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IAMSSST</td>
                    <td align="center">57 (39,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">321 (39,1)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IAMCSST</td>
                    <td align="center">53 (36,3)</td>
                    <td align="center">217 (26,5)</td>
                    <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn>
                  <p>IAMCSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; IAMSSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST.</p>
                  <p>Valores de p derivados do teste qui-quadrado. Algumas propor&#231;&#245;es podem n&#227;o somar 100% devido ao arredondamento ou &#224; falta de alguns valores.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este sub-estudo mostrou que tr&#234;s de cada dez pacientes apresentavam alto risco para abuso de &#225;lcool. A frequ&#234;ncia de abuso de &#225;lcool foi de 24,7% aos 30 dias ap&#243;s SCA, diminuindo 4% ap&#243;s seis meses. Como esperado, maior frequ&#234;ncia de abuso de &#225;lcool foi observada nos homens, indiv&#237;duos mais jovens e fumantes.</p>
        <p>Dados de um estudo brasileiro de base populacional, o <italic>S&#227;o Paulo Megacity Mental Health Survey</italic>, realizado com 5.037 indiv&#237;duos na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo, relatou uma preval&#234;ncia global de abuso de &#225;lcool ao longo da vida de 9,8%. Em uma an&#225;lise estratificada por sexo, observou-se maior preval&#234;ncia de abuso de &#225;lcool entre os homens (16,4% vs. 4,0%) com base no DSM-VI e no <italic>WHO-Composite International Diagnostic Interview</italic> (WMH-CIDI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        <p>Outro estudo brasileiro de base hospitalar avaliou 345 portadores de SCA (206 com IM e 139 com AI) quanto a fatores sociodemogr&#225;ficos e tabagismo, depress&#227;o (<italic>Prime</italic>&#8209;<italic>MD</italic> e Invent&#225;rio de Depress&#227;o de Beck - BDI) e ansiedade (<italic>State&#8209;Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults - STAI)</italic>, e consumo de &#225;lcool (AUDIT). O estudo relatou escores AUDIT mais baixos para ambos os sexos em compara&#231;&#227;o aos nossos. &#192; semelhan&#231;a dos nossos achados, aquele estudo n&#227;o encontrou qualquer associa&#231;&#227;o entre consumo de &#225;lcool e depress&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos FRCV, os participantes com maior risco de abuso de &#225;lcool tiveram maior frequ&#234;ncia de tabagismo e menores frequ&#234;ncias de hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia, diabetes e sedentarismo quando comparados &#224;queles com menor risco. No entanto, analisando-se cada item separadamente, associa&#231;&#245;es significativas foram observadas com alguns comportamentos de <italic>&#8220;binge drinking&#8221;</italic> nos dom&#237;nios do AUDIT, tais como &#8220;aumento da import&#226;ncia da bebida&#8221; e &#8220;beber pela manh&#227;&#8221;, e ainda com tabagismo, sedentarismo, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e at&#233; o subtipo de SCA. Ap&#243;s seis meses, alto risco de abuso de &#225;lcool permaneceu entre indiv&#237;duos mais jovens (&#8804; 54 anos) e fumantes.</p>
        <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre consumo de &#225;lcool e DCV, particularmente DAC, &#233; controversa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
        <p>Alguns estudos sugeriram que um consumo de &#225;lcool leve a moderado possa ter um impacto favor&#225;vel na morbimortalidade por cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. No entanto, o efeito cardioprotetor da bebida desaparece com o consumo pesado (padr&#227;o &#8220;<italic>binge drinking</italic>&#8221;)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Russel e col.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> testaram um modelo linear de dose&#8209;resposta para a associa&#231;&#227;o entre padr&#245;es de consumo e IM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Um menor risco de IM associou-se com o consumo de menos de 4,55 doses por dia para homens (IC 95%: 2,77 &#8211; 7,18) e menos de 3,08 doses por dia para mulheres (IC 95%: 1,35 &#8211; 5,16), e esse risco aumentou quando tais pontos de corte eram excedidos. O risco de IM aumentou com a duplica&#231;&#227;o das doses, a despeito do sexo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>O estudo PRIME (<italic>Prospective Epidemiological Study of Myocardial Infarction</italic>) investigou o efeito dos padr&#245;es de consumo de &#225;lcool na cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica para a Irlanda do Norte e a Fran&#231;a em 9.778 homens com idade entre 50 e 59 anos, sem cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica nas condi&#231;&#245;es basais, durante 10 anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada para os FRCV cl&#225;ssicos e o centro, as raz&#245;es de risco para eventos coronarianos duros (IM incidente e morte coronariana) em compara&#231;&#227;o com usu&#225;rios regulares de &#225;lcool foram 1,97 (IC 95%: 1,21 &#8211; 3,22) para o padr&#227;o &#8220;<italic>binge drinking</italic>&#8221;, 2,03 (IC 95%: 1,41 &#8211; 2,94) para os que nunca bebem, e 1,57 (IC 95%: 1,11 &#8211; 2,21) para antigos usu&#225;rios para toda a coorte. Apenas o vinho associou-se a um risco menor para eventos coronarianos duros, a despeito do pa&#237;s<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, incluindo mais de 4.000 estudos e investigando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre consumo de &#225;lcool e alguns desfechos de DCV, descreveu um efeito de dose-resposta demonstrado pelo mais baixo risco de mortalidade por DAC com uma a duas doses por dia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
        <p>Outra revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica incluindo 44 estudos observacionais (caso-controle ou coorte) relatou um risco relativo de consumo de &#225;lcool em rela&#231;&#227;o ao risco de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. As an&#225;lises inclu&#237;ram 957.684 participantes, tendo&#8209;se encontrado substancial heterogeneidade de estudos, o que dificultou a confirma&#231;&#227;o de qualquer efeito cardioprotetor do uso de &#225;lcool na cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica para todos os usu&#225;rios, mesmo em baixos n&#237;veis de consumo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>A fisiopatologia dos efeitos cardioprotetores da maioria das bebidas alco&#243;licas pode dever-se a uma eleva&#231;&#227;o na lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade e &#224; capacidade de o &#225;lcool evitar a agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria e aumentar a fibrin&#243;lise; um efeito favor&#225;vel aumentado pelo vinho tinto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O consumo de &#225;lcool n&#227;o foi avaliado com um question&#225;rio alimentar espec&#237;fico. No entanto, usou-se um instrumento muito confi&#225;vel para triar o abuso/depend&#234;ncia de &#225;lcool<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. No presente estudo, dois psic&#243;logos bem treinados e experientes entrevistaram nossos pacientes. A presen&#231;a de um psiquiatra durante o estudo, no entanto, poderia ter contribu&#237;do para detectar novos casos de abuso de &#225;lcool ou at&#233; depress&#227;o.</p>
        <p> Descobrimos algumas significativas diferen&#231;as na frequ&#234;ncia de alguns fatores sociodemogr&#225;ficos, como n&#237;vel de escolaridade, etnia autorrelatada e estado civil, assim como alguns FRCV, como diabetes e sedentarismo, comparando&#8209;se participantes do sub-estudo de abuso de &#225;lcool com n&#227;o participantes. Importante notar que a maioria dessas caracter&#237;sticas est&#225; muito sujeita ao vi&#233;s da mem&#243;ria e n&#227;o interferiu no padr&#227;o de abuso de &#225;lcool nas nossas principais an&#225;lises.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, a extens&#227;o de generaliza&#231;&#227;o de tais achados &#233; limitada devido ao pequeno tamanho da amostra de um &#250;nico centro. Assim, n&#227;o se pode descartar a possibilidade de vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusion">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Encontramos alta frequ&#234;ncia de abuso de &#225;lcool, que permaneceu por seis meses, a despeito da SCA. Evidenciou&#8209;se perigoso consumo de &#225;lcool entre indiv&#237;duos mais jovens (35-54 anos) e fumantes. No presente estudo, o padr&#227;o de consumo &#8220;<italic>binge drinking</italic>&#8221; foi observado entre fumantes, indiv&#237;duos com estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e IAMCSST.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por FAPESP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Abner Morilha pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
