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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">v4DkfSwfF8fhwdXm7Gbmzys</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000600003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015000650034</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150034</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Depression as a Clinical Determinant of Dependence and Low Quality of Life in Elderly Patients with Cardiovascular Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Giselle Helena de Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gebara</surname>
            <given-names>Otavio Celso Eluf</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gerbi</surname>
            <given-names>Catia Cilene da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pierri</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wajngarten</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o de S&#227;o Paulo - INCOR/HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Giselle Helena de Paula Rodrigues,</bold> Rua Ministro Godoi, 1186, apto.12, Perdizes. Postal Code 05015-001, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>g2121@cardiol.br</email>;   <email>g2121@terra.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research:Rodrigues GHP, Gebara OCE, Pierri H, Wajngarten M. Acquisition of data: Rodrigues GHP, Gerbi CCS. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Rodrigues GHP, Gebara OCE, Wajngarten M. Statistical analysis: Rodrigues GHP, Gebara OCE. Writing of the manuscript: Rodrigues GHP, Wajngarten M. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Gebara OCE, Pierri H, Wajngarten M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>443</fpage>
      <lpage>449</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The aging process promotes a progressive increase in chronic-degenerative diseases. The effect of these diseases on the functional capacity has been well recognized. Another health parameter concerns &#8220;quality of life related to health&#8221;. Among the elderly population, cardiovascular diseases stand out due to the epidemiological and clinical impact. Usually, these diseases have been associated with others. This set of problems may compromise both independence and quality of life in elderly patients who seek cardiologic treatment. These health parameters have not been well contemplated by cardiologists.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>Evaluating, among the elderly population with cardiovascular disease, which are the most relevant clinical determinants regarding dependence and quality of life.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This group was randomly and consecutively selected and four questionnaires were applied: HAQ, SF-36, PRIME-MD e Mini Mental State.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The study included 1,020 elderly patients, 63.3% women. The group had been between 60 and 97 years-old (mean: 75.56 &#177; 6.62 years-old). 61.4% were independent or mild dependence. The quality of life total score was high (HAQ: 88.66 &#177; 2.68). 87.8% of patients had a SF-36 total score &gt; 66. In the multivariate analysis, the association between diagnoses and high degrees of dependence was significant only for previous stroke (p = 0.014), obesity (p &lt; 0.001), lack of physical activity (p = 0.016), osteoarthritis (p &lt; 0.001), cognitive impairment (p &lt; 0.001), and major depression (p &lt; 0.001). Analyzing the quality of life, major depression and physical illness for depression was significantly associated with all domains of the SF-36.  </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Among an elderly outpatient cardiology population, dependence and quality of life clinical determinants are not cardiovascular comorbidities, especially the depression.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Depression</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Frail Elderly</kwd>
        <kwd>Quality of Life</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="40"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>With an aging population, the prevalence of chronic diseases has progressively increased<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. The impact of these diseases on functional capacity, which corresponds to the capacity and independence to perform certain daily tasks, has been recognized<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>Another health parameter with a relatively recent evolution is the concept of &#8220;quality of life&#8221; (QoL) or, preferably, &#8220;health-related quality of life&#8221; (HRQoL), which emphasizes the impact of health status on the individual&#8217;s quality of life. It derives from individuals&#8217; experience regarding their health problems, comprising several domains not always prioritized by health professionals and has important implications for the assessment of the effects of therapeutic interventions.</p>
      <p>Thus, the evaluation of these health parameters has emerged as an important part of the clinical examination in this population, making health teams start aiming at functional status improvement and well-being, in addition to the survival of elderly patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>In the elderly population, cardiovascular diseases stand out due to their high epidemiological and clinical impact. They are usually associated with other diseases, including neuropsychiatric ones, which may have mutual influence. One example is the association between systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), cognitive decline and depression, physiopathologically expressed by anatomical and functional abnormalities of cerebral circulation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Another interesting association was found between major depression and cardiovascular disease, also explained by changes in microcirculation, which deserves further investigation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>Obviously, this set of problems can impair independence and quality of life of elderly individuals seeking cardiologic treatment. In this sense, the role of neuropsychiatric conditions has been emphasized, as expressed by the aphorism that &#8220;there is no health without mental health&#8221;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>According to the last IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) census in 2010, there was a significant change in the Brazilian scenario of disease distribution, when compared to that of 1990. Ischemic heart diseases occupied the 1<sup>st</sup>position in 2010 in terms of prevalence, whereas depression, the 6<sup>th</sup>position. Differently from what was observed in 1990, when they occupied the 4<sup>th</sup> and the 10<sup>th</sup> positions, respectively<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>Another very interesting fact is that currently, life expectancy in Brazil is 74.1 years. Of this total, only 63.8 years are lived in good health status<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>Based on these findings, we verify the importance of adequate investigation of quality of health and depression in patients in all health care levels. Clinical trials such as the Improving Mood-Promoting Access to Collaborative Treatment (IMPACT)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and the Coronary Psychosocial Evaluation Studies (COPES)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> showed not only the health benefits of individuals systematically evaluated for depression in primary care, but also reduced costs with future medical care.</p>
      <p>Although some studies show the impact of chronic-degenerative diseases on elderly independence, especially dementia and other chronic neurological diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, these health parameters have been relatively disregarded by cardiologists, both in research and in clinical practice<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>Researches tend to exclude elderly patients with comorbidities<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, in addition to rarely considering independence and QoL as outcomes. Consequently, with few exceptions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, these studies fail to reflect the &#8220;real world&#8221;, which has influence on Guidelines, education and clinical practice.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study is to evaluate, in a population of elderly patients from a cardiology outpatient clinic of a referral hospital, whether the most relevant clinical determinants of dependency and QoL are cardiovascular diseases or other highly prevalent comorbidities in this group, such as depression.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Population</title>
        <p>The studied individuals originated from the Geriatric Cardiology Unit of Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the School of Medicine of Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor &#8211; HC/FMUSP), and the study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of this institution.</p>
        <p>The elderly participants were randomly selected, until a total sample of 1,020 individuals was achieved.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
        <p>Patients that had cognitive impairment, i.e., score &lt; 18 at the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were not considered for the calculation of their QoL, as they had some difficulty in answering the QoL questionnaire questions (SF-36).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Methodology</title>
        <p>This is an epidemiological, observational and cross-sectional study, lasting approximately three years for the selection of all individuals.</p>
        <p>Clinical evaluation was made by a single physician in accordance with data from patients&#8217; medical records.</p>
        <p>In parallel to the clinical evaluation, the patients were assessed by a single psychologist who applied a set of four questionnaires validated internationally and in Brazil: Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, New Procedure for Diagnosing mental Disorders in Primary Care (PRIME-MD)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> and Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        <p>All diseases were classified as present or absent. According to degree of dependence, the group was divided in two:</p>
        <p>- Independent and with mild dependence: HAQ score from 0 to 1.4;</p>
        <p>- Moderate and severe dependence: HAQ scores from 1.5 and 3.0.</p>
        <p>Quality of life was assessed according to SF-36. Based on the mean scores, the group was divided into two: above and below the mean.</p>
        <p>Patients with cognitive impairment that could interfere with the final result of this analysis were excluded from the calculations. The population was then divided into tertiles of the SF-36 score: score between 0 and 33; &gt; 33 and 66; and those with scores &gt; 66. All subjects with MMSE &lt; 18 were considered as possible dementia cases.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample Size Calculation and Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>For this study, considering the chances of the above listed events, according to the statistical inference theory and taking into account that the confidence interval at the level of (1-&#937;)%, where &#937; is 5%, we obtained an estimated sample size of 870 patients. We chose to increase this sample to 1,020 patients (approximately 25% more), to ensure that the analysis of association strength of multiple assessed diagnoses would be possible and to minimize the chance of a statistical beta error.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test was used to test the significance of associations between cardiovascular diseases and other comorbidities with HAQ, while Student&#8217;s   <italic>t</italic> test was used to assess the association between cardiovascular diseases and other comorbidities with each of the 8 domains of the SF-36.</p>
        <p>Uni- and multivariate tests were applied to study the possible associations between the analyzed variables and patients&#8217; QoL. To verify the strength of these associations, the odds ratio was calculated for each of these variables in relation to the degree of dependence and QoL. In order to evaluate which, among the analyzed variables, were significantly and independently associated with the degrees of dependence (HAQ) and QoL, a stepwise multivariate logistic regression model was developed, which included the statistically significant associations in the univariate analyses. Significance level was set at 5% (p &#8804; 0.05) in the statistical tests and the Statistical Analysis Software (SAS Institute Inc., NC, USA) was employed.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population</title>
        <p>The study included 1,020 individuals aged 60 years or older, of which 646 were women and 374 men. Age ranged from 60 to 97 years (mean: 75.56 years / SD: 6.62 years) and 17.74% were aged between 60 and 69 years; 55% between 70 and 79 years; 25.88% between 80 and 89 years and 1:37% between 90 and 97 years. Caucasians were 74.9% of the total sample, with the other individuals being classified as African-descendants (9.5%), Asian-descendants (2.0%) and Mixed-race (13.5%).</p>
        <p>The following were the most prevalent cardiovascular diseases: heart failure (HF), coronary artery disease (CAD) and atrial fibrillation (AF), followed by acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and previous cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Other comorbidities that showed high prevalence in the group were: lack of regular physical activity, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and dyslipidemia (DLP), in addition to obesity, diabetes mellitus (DM), smoking, osteoarthritis (OA), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic renal failure (CRF), cognitive impairment and depression (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Prevalence of the most common diagnoses in the population</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Diagnoses</th>
                <th>Number of patients (n)</th>
                <th>Frequency (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>SAH</td>
                <td align="center">882</td>
                <td align="center">86.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DLP</td>
                <td align="center">492</td>
                <td align="center">48.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>COPD</td>
                <td align="center">95</td>
                <td align="center">9.31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesity</td>
                <td align="center">279</td>
                <td align="center">27.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM</td>
                <td align="center">267</td>
                <td align="center">26.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cognitive deficit</td>
                <td align="center">118</td>
                <td align="center">11.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CRF</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">9.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HF</td>
                <td align="center">338</td>
                <td align="center">33.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CAD</td>
                <td align="center">331</td>
                <td align="center">32.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AF</td>
                <td align="center">215</td>
                <td align="center">21.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AMI</td>
                <td align="center">136</td>
                <td align="center">13.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Stroke</td>
                <td align="center">85</td>
                <td align="center">8.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Major Depression</td>
                <td align="center">472</td>
                <td align="center">46.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Minor Depression</td>
                <td align="center">111</td>
                <td align="center">10.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Depression Phys.Dis.</td>
                <td align="center">378</td>
                <td align="center">37.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Absence of. physical activity</td>
                <td align="center">990</td>
                <td align="center">96.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">65</td>
                <td align="center">6.4</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>SAH: hypertension; DLP: dyslipidemia; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM: diabetes; CRF: chronic renal failure; HF: heart failure; CAD: oronary artery disease; AF: atrial fibrillation; AMI: acute myocardial infarction.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>It is noteworthy that 57.1% of the study population had depression (major or minor). Of these patients, 37% had depression due to physical illness.</p>
        <p>Additionally, most of the population (61.4%) showed to be independent or slightly dependent (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Degrees of dependence according to HAQ</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th align="left">Dependence (HAQ)</th>
                <th>Number of patients (n)</th>
                <th>Frequency (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 1.5</td>
                <td align="center">624</td>
                <td align="center">61.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 1.5</td>
                <td align="center">396</td>
                <td align="center">38.8</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>HAQ: Health Assessment Questionnaire.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>When analyzing quality of life, it is verified that the total QoL score was high and no patient had a SF-36 score &lt; 33. Most of the patients (87.7%) had a total SF-36 score &gt; 66 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Quality of life of the Population, according to SF-36</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">SF-36 (total score)</th>
                <th>Number of patients (n)</th>
                <th>Frequency (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>33 &#8211; 66</td>
                <td align="center">110</td>
                <td align="center">12.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 66</td>
                <td align="center">792</td>
                <td align="center">87.8</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Association between Diagnoses and Degrees of Dependence</title>
        <p>At the multivariate analysis, the association between diagnoses and high degrees of dependence was significant only for previous CVA (p = 0.014), obesity (p &lt; 0.001), lack of physical activity (p = 0.016), osteoarthritis (p &lt; 0.001), cognitive impairment (p &lt; 0.001) and major depression (p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multivariate analysis between diagnoses and high degrees of dependence</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Diagnoses</th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Odds ratio</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">95%CI</th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">LI</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">LS</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Stroke</td>
                <td align="center">1.97</td>
                <td align="center">1.15</td>
                <td align="center">3.37</td>
                <td align="center">0.014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HF</td>
                <td align="center">1.25</td>
                <td align="center">0.89</td>
                <td align="center">1.75</td>
                <td align="center">0.203</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SAH</td>
                <td align="center">1.60</td>
                <td align="center">0.99</td>
                <td align="center">2.59</td>
                <td align="center">0.053</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM</td>
                <td align="center">1.21</td>
                <td align="center">0.82</td>
                <td align="center">1.77</td>
                <td align="center">0.336</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesity</td>
                <td align="center">2.24</td>
                <td align="center">1.59</td>
                <td align="center">3.15</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Physical Inactivity</td>
                <td align="center">0.08</td>
                <td align="center">0.01</td>
                <td align="center">0.62</td>
                <td align="center">0.016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>OA</td>
                <td align="center">1.64</td>
                <td align="center">1.14</td>
                <td align="center">2.37</td>
                <td align="center">0.008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cognitive deficit</td>
                <td align="center">3.17</td>
                <td align="center">2.02</td>
                <td align="center">4.98</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Major Depression</td>
                <td align="center">2.76</td>
                <td align="center">1.86</td>
                <td align="center">4.10</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Minor Depression</td>
                <td align="center">1.14</td>
                <td align="center">0.65</td>
                <td align="center">1.99</td>
                <td align="center">0.642</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Depression Phys. Dis.</td>
                <td align="center">1.31</td>
                <td align="center">0.90</td>
                <td align="center">1.89</td>
                <td align="center">0.160</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>HF: heart failure; SAH: hypertension; DM: diabetes; OA: osteoarthritis.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Association between Diagnoses and Quality of Life</title>
        <p>When the multivariate analysis is performed, the variables below are the ones that best explain a lower quality of life in each of its domains (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multivariate analysis between diagnosis and low degrees of quality of life</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">D1</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">D2</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">D3</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">D4</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">OR</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">p</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">OR</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">p</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">OR</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">p</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">OR</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>HF</td>
                <td align="center">1.89</td>
                <td align="center">0.0057</td>
                <td align="center">1.56</td>
                <td align="center">0.0089</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CAD</td>
                <td align="center">1.81</td>
                <td align="center">0.0092</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AF</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">1.59</td>
                <td align="center">0.0110</td>
                <td align="center">2.03</td>
                <td align="center">0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Physical Inactivity</td>
                <td align="center">6.77</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">3.19</td>
                <td align="center">0.0048</td>
                <td align="center">4.78</td>
                <td align="center">0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SAH</td>
                <td align="center">2.21</td>
                <td align="center">0.0014</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">1.75</td>
                <td align="center">0.0085</td>
                <td align="center">1.70</td>
                <td align="center">0.0073</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesity</td>
                <td align="center">1.65</td>
                <td align="center">0.0486</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>OA</td>
                <td align="center">2.14</td>
                <td align="center">0.0072</td>
                <td align="center">1.60</td>
                <td align="center">0.0146</td>
                <td align="center">2.04</td>
                <td align="center">0.0012</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>COPD</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">1.88</td>
                <td align="center">0.0143</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Major depression</td>
                <td align="center">3.05</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">3.49</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">2.31</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">2.22</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Depression Phys. Dis.</td>
                <td align="center">2.83</td>
                <td align="center">0.0008</td>
                <td align="center">1.76</td>
                <td align="center">0.0052</td>
                <td align="center">2.12</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">1.80</td>
                <td align="center">0.0007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <td colspan="9">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>D5</bold>
                </td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>D6</bold>
                </td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>D7</bold>
                </td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>D8</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>OR</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>p  </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>OR  </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>OR</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>p  </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>OR</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HF</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">2.08</td>
                <td align="center">0.0006</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CAD</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">1.52</td>
                <td align="center">0.0046</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Stroke</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">4.90</td>
                <td align="center">0.0159</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DLP</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">1.39</td>
                <td align="center">0.0206</td>
                <td align="center">1.53</td>
                <td align="center">0.0023</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>COPD</td>
                <td align="center">2.05</td>
                <td align="center">0.0229</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CRF</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">1.98</td>
                <td align="center">0.0044</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Minor depression</td>
                <td align="center">5.44</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">3.16</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">2.77</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">6.08</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Major depression</td>
                <td align="center">1.91</td>
                <td align="center">0.0138</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Depression Phys.Dis.</td>
                <td align="center">1.96</td>
                <td align="center">0.0309</td>
                <td align="center">2.11</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                <td align="center">1.43</td>
                <td align="center">0.0259</td>
                <td align="center">2.41</td>
                <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>HF: heart failure; CAD: coronary artery disease; AF: atrial fibrillation; SAH: hypertension; OA: osteoarthritis; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DLP: dyslipidemia; CRF: chronic renal failure</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Thus, the following were significantly associated with lower degrees of quality of life, according to the following domains of the SF-36 at the multivariate analysis:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Limitation for physical activities due to health problems (D1): HF, CAD, AMI, lack of physical activity, hypertension, obesity, OA, major depression and depression due to physical illness;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Limitation for social activities due to physical and emotional problems (D2): HF, AF, lack of physical activity, OA, and major depression and depression due to physical illness;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Limitation of daily activities due to physical changes (D3): AF, lack of physical activity, SAH, obesity, OA, and major depression and depression due to physical illness;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Pain (D4): SAH, COPD, major depression and depression due to physical illness;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Worse general mental health - stress and well-being - (D5): COPD, major depression, minor depression and depression due to physical illness;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Limitation in basic activities due to emotional problems (D6): HF, CVA, DLP, and major depression and depression due to physical illness;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Less vitality (D7): CAD, DLP, major depression and depression due to physical illness;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Worse perception of one&#8217;s health (D8): CRF, major depression and depression due to physical illness.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Among the elderly patients studied, depression showed high prevalence, with great impact on the independence and QoL of these individuals. This fact is surprising, as we are analyzing a group of individuals with multiple comorbidities, apparently more significant than the depression.</p>
      <p>Recently, three major challenges were identified by physicians interested in improving care for their elderly patients with multiple comorbidities:</p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>Difficulty in applying the guidelines and need to individualize according to the patients&#8217; reality;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Difficulty in choosing one of the strategies: prioritize certain clinical entities, treat diseases individually, considering the risk of each of them or start treatment before adverse effects occur;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>The conflict between physicians&#8217; preferences and those of their patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>The results of this study can help minimize these challenges and improve elderly care, as the reduction of dependence and QoL improvement are the fundamental objectives in patient care<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>Additionally, it is known that there is a strong association between depression in the elderly and factors that increase mortality rates<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, such as poor adherence to medical treatment or lack of self-care<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> for conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, smoking, sedentary life style<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, cognitive decline<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> and dependence<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Thus, it is essential not only to perform the assessment of these factors, but mainly of the correlation between them.</p>
      <p>In this population, it is noteworthy the very high frequency of depression: almost half with major depression, 11% with minor depression and 37% of cases related to physical illness.</p>
      <p>The number of depressed individuals exceeds the expected, when compared to studies related to the topic<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. However, several factors may influence the variation in the prevalence of depression, such as different diagnostic methods and sociodemographic characteristics. Studies show that women and individuals with lower education have more criteria for the diagnosis of depression<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, whereas among the elderly, these criteria are less often identified, possibly because depression in this population is underdiagnosed or underreported<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Moreover, population studies have shown that the greatest risk factors for mental illness are not only chronic diseases, but also the socioeconomic differences and the difficulty in access to general and mental health<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.  </p>
      <p>Considering this is a population consisting exclusively of elderly cardiac patients, the high rate of depression could be explained by the known association between depression and cardiovascular disease. It is known that the presence of major depression may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease due to microcirculation abnormalities, although genetic factors also seem to be involved in this mechanism<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>Recent epidemiological data showed a similar profile also among the very elderly, older than 85 years. It is remarkable that, in addition to several comorbidities and the fact that most are females, these elderly reported having good health quality and low degree of dependence<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.</p>
      <p>In this study, the degree of dependence was low for more than half of patients. However, despite being able to attend the outpatient clinic, almost 40% showed high or moderate dependence (HAQ &#8805; 1.5).</p>
      <p>Overall, the QoL score using the SF-36 was high, and no patient had scores below 33 and almost 90% had scores over 66.</p>
      <p>However, the score of the emotional domain was less than 65 in 55% of individuals, anticipating a great influence of depression on quality of life.</p>
      <p>When we analyzed the associations between different diagnoses and the patients&#8217; degree of dependence, we verified a significant association for <italic>cardiovascular diagnoses</italic> of previous CVA, obesity and lack of regular physical activity, and for <italic>non-cardiovascular diagnoses</italic> of osteoarthritis, cognitive deficit and major depression (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>It is relatively simple to explain higher levels of dependence for patients with previous CVA, osteoarthritis, cognitive deficit and major depressive disorder. On the other hand, lack of regular physical activity and obesity could be the consequences of dependence itself, justifying the observed association.</p>
      <p>It is noteworthy, however, the fact that dependence was more associated with non-cardiovascular comorbidities than with the diagnoses of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors. The lack of association between dependence and heart failure, although the latter was diagnosed in 33% of the sample and is a condition related to increased morbidity, can be explained by the compensation status and lower clinical impact at the time the study was performed. It should also be considered that the patients were able to come to the outpatient clinic and could represent a group of patients submitted to a lower degree of clinical impact. The same justification can be used for the lack of association with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</p>
      <p>When analyzing the associations between clinical diagnoses and the quality of life of individuals, we observed that most of the conditions were significantly associated with some of the SF-36 domains. However, the significant association between major depression and physical illness with all domains of the SF-36 should be especially noted, which does not occur with cardiovascular diagnoses.</p>
      <p>Similarly to what was observed regarding dependence, we emphasize the poor association between cardiovascular diagnoses and quality of life, whereas the diagnosis of depressive disorder showed a strong association.</p>
      <p>With the improvement of the assessment and intervention on the &#8220;modifiable&#8221; factors associated with an increased risk of disability<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, there has been a tendency toward the reduction of the degree of functional limitation and disability<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. However, this parameter has been little studied in cardiology.</p>
      <p>Regarding quality of life, only recently there has been a wider application of tools to assess it in the cardiology setting<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
      <p>This study shows that non-cardiovascular comorbidities, especially depressive disorders, have greater impact than cardiovascular disease and dependence on the quality of life of elderly individuals attending a cardiology clinic. This scenario highlights the importance of knowing the profile of elderly patients and including an effective geriatric assessment, integrating a broad assessment for possible functional loss and quality of life to the traditional clinical history<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>.</p>
      <p>In 2008, the American Heart Association (AHA) had already emphasized this necessity. In an important publication, the AHA supported that screening tests for depression should be applied to all patients with cardiovascular disease in all care settings: inpatient, outpatient or cardiovascular rehabilitation centers. The opportunity to diagnose and treat these patients should not be missed, as it can promote major improvements to patient health<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>.</p>
      <p>Thus, the adequacy of care services and education programs, as well as the training of professionals involved in elderly care becomes necessary.</p>
      <p>This study has some limitations. As this is an observational cross-sectional study, with only one assessment in time for all variables, the observed associations may not fully represent the reality of this population. Another limitation of this study refers to the source of the assessed patients, which is a n outpatient clinic of a high-complexity hospital, thus resulting in the selection bias of a more severely-ill population, which prevents the generalization of our findings to other groups. Moreover, only patients who were able to come to the outpatient clinic were assessed, probably excluding totally dependent and bedridden patients.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In a population of elderly patients treated in a cardiology outpatient clinic of a referral hospital, the most relevant clinical determinants of impairment dependence and quality of life are non-cardiovascular comorbidities, mainly depression.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Giselle Helena de Paula Rodrigues, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - FMUSP/INCOR-SP.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
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        <mixed-citation>Lichtman JH, Bigger JT Jr, Blumenthal JA, Frasure-Smith N, Kaufmann PG, Lesp&#233;rance F, et al; American Heart Association Prevention Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology; American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention; American Heart Association Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research; American Psychiatric Association. Depression and coronary heart disease: recommendations for screening, referral, and treatment: a science advisory from the American Heart Association Prevention Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, and Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research: endorsed by the American Psychiatric Association. Circulation. 2008;118(17):1768-75.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lichtman</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bigger</surname>
              <given-names>JT Jr</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blumenthal</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frasure-Smith</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaufmann</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lesp&#233;rance</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
            <collab>American Heart Association Prevention Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing</collab>
            <collab>American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology</collab>
            <collab>American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention</collab>
            <collab>American Heart Association Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research</collab>
            <collab>American Psychiatric Association</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Depression and coronary heart disease: recommendations for screening, referral, and treatment: a science advisory from the American Heart Association Prevention Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, and Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research: endorsed by the American Psychiatric Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>118</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>1768</fpage>
          <lpage>1775</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Depress&#227;o como Determinante Cl&#237;nico de Depend&#234;ncia e Baixa Qualidade de Vida em Idosos Cardiopatas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Giselle Helena de Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gebara</surname>
            <given-names>Otavio Celso Eluf</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gerbi</surname>
            <given-names>Catia Cilene da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pierri</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wajngarten</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o de S&#227;o Paulo - INCOR/HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Giselle Helena de Paula Rodrigues,</bold> Rua Ministro Godoi, 1186, apto.12, Perdizes. CEP 05015-001, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>g2121@cardiol.br</email>; <email>g2121@terra.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Rodrigues GHP, Gebara OCE, Pierri H, Wajngarten M. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Rodrigues GHP, Gerbi CCS. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Rodrigues GHP, Gebara OCE, Wajngarten M. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Rodrigues GHP, Gebara OCE. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Rodrigues GHP, Wajngarten M. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:Gebara OCE, Pierri H, Wajngarten M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Com o envelhecimento, a preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nico-degenerativas sofreu aumento progressivo. A repercuss&#227;o dessas doen&#231;as sobre a capacidade funcional foi reconhecida. Outro par&#226;metro de sa&#250;de &#233; a &#8220;qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de&#8221;. Na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares destacam-se pelo impacto epidemiol&#243;gico e cl&#237;nico. Elas, geralmente, v&#234;m associadas a outras afec&#231;&#245;es. Esse conjunto de problemas pode comprometer a independ&#234;ncia e a qualidade de vida do idoso que busca tratamento cardiol&#243;gico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de idosos cardiopatas, quais s&#227;o os determinantes cl&#237;nicos mais relevantes de depend&#234;ncia e de qualidade de vida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>O grupo foi selecionado aleat&#243;ria e consecutivamente, sendo aplicados quatro question&#225;rios: HAQ, SF-36, PRIME&#8209;MD e Mini Exame do Estado Mental.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Incluiu-se 1020 idosos, 63,3% mulheres. O grupo tinha em m&#233;dia 75,56 &#177; 6,62 anos. 61,4% mostrou-se independente ou com depend&#234;ncia leve. O escore de qualidade de vida foi elevado (HAQ: 88,66 &#177; 2,68). 87,8% dos pacientes apresentou escore total do SF-36 &#8805; 66. &#192; an&#225;lise multivariada, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os diagn&#243;sticos e graus elevados de depend&#234;ncia foi significante apenas para acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio (p = 0,014), obesidade (p &lt; 0,001), sedentarismo (p = 0,016), osteoartrite (p &lt; 0,001), d&#233;ficit cognitivo (p &lt; 0,001), e depress&#227;o maior (p &lt; 0,001). Ao analisarmos a qualidade de vida, a depress&#227;o maior e a depress&#227;o por doen&#231;a f&#237;sica associou-se significativamente com todos os dom&#237;nios do SF-36.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de idosos cardiopatas, os determinantes cl&#237;nicos mais relevantes de preju&#237;zos para depend&#234;ncia e qualidade de vida foram as comorbidades n&#227;o cardiovasculares, particularmente a depress&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Depress&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Idosos</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso Fragilizado</kwd>
        <kwd>Qualidade de Vida</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Com o envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o, a preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nico-degenerativas sofreu aumento progressivo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. A repercuss&#227;o dessas doen&#231;as sobre a capacidade funcional, que corresponde &#224; habilidade e &#224; independ&#234;ncia para executar determinadas tarefas di&#225;rias, foi reconhecida <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Outro par&#226;metro de sa&#250;de de evolu&#231;&#227;o relativamente recente &#233; a &#8220;qualidade de vida&#8221; ou, preferivelmente, a &#8220;qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de&#8221;, que enfatiza o impacto da condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de sobre a qualidade de vida do indiv&#237;duo. Ele deriva da experi&#234;ncia do sujeito quanto aos seus problemas da sa&#250;de abrangendo v&#225;rios dom&#237;nios, nem sempre priorizados pelo profissional da sa&#250;de, e que tem implica&#231;&#245;es importantes na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos das interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas.</p>
        <p>Desse modo, a avalia&#231;&#227;o destes par&#226;metros de sa&#250;de emergiu como parte importante do exame cl&#237;nico dessa popula&#231;&#227;o, fazendo com que as equipes de sa&#250;de passassem a objetivar a melhora do estado funcional e o bem estar, al&#233;m da sobrevida dos pacientes idosos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares destacam-se pelo enorme impacto epidemiol&#243;gico e cl&#237;nico. Elas, geralmente, v&#234;m associadas a outras afec&#231;&#245;es, inclusive neuropsiqui&#225;tricas, que podem ter influ&#234;ncia rec&#237;proca. Um exemplo disso &#233; a rela&#231;&#227;o entre hipertens&#227;o arterial, decl&#237;nio cognitivo e depress&#227;o, expressa fisiopatologicamente por altera&#231;&#245;es an&#225;tomo-funcionais da circula&#231;&#227;o cerebral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Outra interessante associa&#231;&#227;o foi a encontrada entre a depress&#227;o maior e a doen&#231;a cardiovascular, tamb&#233;m explicada por altera&#231;&#245;es na microcircula&#231;&#227;o, o que merece maior investiga&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>Obviamente, esse conjunto de problemas pode comprometer a independ&#234;ncia e a qualidade de vida do idoso que busca tratamento cardiol&#243;gico. Nesse sentido, tem sido enfatizado o papel das condi&#231;&#245;es neuropsiqui&#225;tricas, dizendo-se que &#8220;n&#227;o h&#225; sa&#250;de sem sa&#250;de mental&#8221;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>De acordo com o &#250;ltimo censo do IBGE, em 2010, houve uma mudan&#231;a significativa no cen&#225;rio brasileiro de distribui&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as, em rela&#231;&#227;o a 1990. As doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o ocupam em 2010 o 1&#186; lugar em preval&#234;ncia e a depress&#227;o, o 6&#186;. lugar. Diferente de 1990, quando ocupavam o 4&#186;. e o 10&#186;. lugares respectivamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>Outro dado bem interessante &#233; que, atualmente, a expectativa de vida do brasileiro &#233; de 74,1 anos. Desse total, apenas 63,8 s&#227;o vividos com boa sa&#250;de<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>A partir desses achados, verifica-se a import&#226;ncia de adequada investiga&#231;&#227;o de da qualidade de sa&#250;de e de quadros depressivos em pacientes atendidos em todos os n&#237;veis de aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de. Ensaios cl&#237;nicos como o <italic>Improving Mood-Promoting Access to Collaborative Treatment</italic>(IMPACT)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e o <italic>Coronary Psychosocial Evaluation Studies</italic>(COPES)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> mostraram n&#227;o somente os benef&#237;cios &#224; sa&#250;de de indiv&#237;duos sistematicamente avaliados quanto &#224; depress&#227;o no atendimento b&#225;sico, mas tamb&#233;m redu&#231;&#227;o de custos com atendimentos m&#233;dicos futuros.</p>
        <p>Embora alguns estudos mostrem o impacto das doen&#231;as cr&#244;nico-degenerativas sobre a independ&#234;ncia de idosos, sobretudo a dem&#234;ncia e outras doen&#231;as neurol&#243;gicas cr&#244;nicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, esses par&#226;metros de sa&#250;de t&#234;m sido relativamente pouco contemplados pelos cardiologistas, tanto em pesquisas como na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>As pesquisas tendem a excluir pacientes mais idosos e com comorbidades<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, al&#233;m de raramente considerarem independ&#234;ncia e qualidade de vida como desfechos. Consequentemente, com raras exce&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, essas pesquisas, deixam de refletir o &#8220;mundo real&#8221;, com influ&#234;ncia sobre Diretrizes, ensino e pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste trabalho &#233; avaliar, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de idosos atendidos em um ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia de um hospital de refer&#234;ncia, se os determinantes cl&#237;nicos mais relevantes de depend&#234;ncia e de qualidade de vida s&#227;o as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares ou outras comorbidades muito prevalentes neste grupo, como a depress&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>O grupo de indiv&#237;duos estudado originou-se da Unidade de Cardiogeriatria do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, no Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor &#8211; HC/FMUSP), sendo o estudo aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa desta institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Os idosos participantes deste estudo foram selecionados aleatoriamente, at&#233; atingir uma amostra total de 1020 indiv&#237;duos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de Exclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Os pacientes que apresentaram d&#233;ficit cognitivo, ou seja, escore &lt; 18 ao Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM), n&#227;o foram considerados para o c&#225;lculo de sua qualidade de vida, visto apresentarem certa dificuldade em responder aos questionamentos do question&#225;rio de qualidade de vida (SF-36).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Metodologia</title>
          <p>O presente estudo &#233; epidemiol&#243;gico, observacional e de corte transversal, com dura&#231;&#227;o aproximada de 3 anos para a sele&#231;&#227;o de todos os indiv&#237;duos.</p>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes foi feita por uma &#250;nica m&#233;dica de acordo com os dados obtidos em seus prontu&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos.</p>
          <p>Paralelamente &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, os pacientes foram atendidos por uma &#250;nica psic&#243;loga que aplicou um conjunto de quatro question&#225;rios validados internacionalmente e no Brasil: <italic>Health Assessment</italic> Questionnaire (HAQ)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, <italic>Short-Form Health Survey</italic> (SF-36)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, <italic>New Procedure for Diagnosing Mental Disorders in Primary Care</italic>(PRIME-MD)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> e Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
          <p>Todas as doen&#231;as foram classificadas como presentes ou ausentes.</p>
          <p>De acordo com grau de depend&#234;ncia, o grupo foi dividido em dois:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Independente e com depend&#234;ncia leve: HAQ com escore de 0 a 1,4;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Depend&#234;ncia moderada e depend&#234;ncia grave: HAQ com escore entre 1,5 e 3,0.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>A qualidade de vida foi avaliada de acordo com os dom&#237;nios do SF-36. A partir da m&#233;dia dos escores, dividiu-se o grupo em dois: acima e abaixo da m&#233;dia.</p>
          <p>Exclu&#237;ram-se dos c&#225;lculos os pacientes que apresentavam d&#233;ficit cognitivo, o que poderia interferir no resultado final desta an&#225;lise. A popula&#231;&#227;o foi ent&#227;o dividida em tercis do escore do SF-36: escore entre 0 e 33; &gt; 33 e 66; e aqueles com escore &gt; 66. Todos os indiv&#237;duos com MEEM &lt; 18 foram considerados com poss&#237;vel dem&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>C&#225;lculo do Tamanho Amostral e An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Para este estudo, considerando-se as chances de eventos listadas acima, pela teoria da Infer&#234;ncia Estat&#237;stica, e levando-se em conta que o intervalo de confian&#231;a em n&#237;vel de (1-&#937;) %, onde &#937; &#233; 5%, obtemos a estimativa de tamanho amostral de 870 pacientes. Optamos por ampliar esta amostra para 1020 pacientes (aproximadamente 25% a mais), para garantir que a an&#225;lise da for&#231;a das associa&#231;&#245;es dos m&#250;ltiplos diagn&#243;sticos avaliados fosse poss&#237;vel e minimizasse a chance de um erro estat&#237;stico tipo beta.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Com o objetivo de testar a signific&#226;ncia das associa&#231;&#245;es das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e as outras comorbidades com HAQ foi utilizado o teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson. Para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e as outras comorbidades com cada um dos 8 dom&#237;nios do SF36 foi utilizado o teste t-Student.</p>
          <p>Testes uni e multivariados foram aplicados para estudar as poss&#237;veis associa&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis analisadas e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. A fim de verificar a for&#231;a destas rela&#231;&#245;es, calculou-se o odds ratio de cada uma dessas vari&#225;veis em fun&#231;&#227;o da depend&#234;ncia e da qualidade de vida. No sentido de avaliar quais, dentre as vari&#225;veis analisadas, se associavam de forma significativa e independente com os graus de depend&#234;ncia (HAQ) e qualidade de vida, foi desenvolvido um modelo multivariado de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica   <italic>&#8220;stepwise&#8221;</italic>, no qual foram inclu&#237;dos as associa&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significativas nas an&#225;lises univariadas. Foi utilizado um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% (p &#8804; 0,05) nos testes estat&#237;sticos e O programa empregado foi o Statistical Analysis Software (SAS Institute Inc., NC, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          <p>O estudo incluiu 1020 indiv&#237;duos com 60 anos ou mais. Obteve-se 646 mulheres e 374 homens. As idades variaram entre 60 e 97 anos (m&#233;dia: 75,56 anos / desvio padr&#227;o: 6,62 anos) sendo que 17,74% tinham entre 60 e 69 anos; 55%, entre 70 e 79 anos; 25,88% entre 80 e 89 anos e 1,37% entre 90 e 97 anos. Brancos somaram 74,9% do total, sendo os outros indiv&#237;duos classificados como negros (9,5%), amarelos (2,0%) e pardos (13,5%).</p>
          <p>Dentre as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares mais prevalentes, destacaram-se: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (DAC) e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) seguidos por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio (IAM) e acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio (AVC). Outras comorbidades que mais prevaleceram no grupo foram: aus&#234;ncia de atividade f&#237;sica regular, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) e dislipidemia (DLP), al&#233;m de obesidade, diabetes melitus (DM), tabagismo, osteoartrite (OA), doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC), insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica (IRC), d&#233;ficit cognitivo e depress&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Preval&#234;ncia dos diagn&#243;sticos mais frequentes na popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Diagn&#243;sticos</th>
                  <th>N&#250;mero de pacientes (n)</th>
                  <th>Frequ&#234;ncia (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAS</td>
                  <td align="center">882</td>
                  <td align="center">86,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DLP</td>
                  <td align="center">492</td>
                  <td align="center">48,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DPOC</td>
                  <td align="center">95</td>
                  <td align="center">9,31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center">279</td>
                  <td align="center">27,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM</td>
                  <td align="center">267</td>
                  <td align="center">26,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>D&#233;ficit cognitivo</td>
                  <td align="center">118</td>
                  <td align="center">11,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IRC</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">9,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IC</td>
                  <td align="center">338</td>
                  <td align="center">33,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DAC</td>
                  <td align="center">331</td>
                  <td align="center">32,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FA</td>
                  <td align="center">215</td>
                  <td align="center">21,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAM</td>
                  <td align="center">136</td>
                  <td align="center">13,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC</td>
                  <td align="center">85</td>
                  <td align="center">8,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TDMaior</td>
                  <td align="center">472</td>
                  <td align="center">46,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TDMenor</td>
                  <td align="center">111</td>
                  <td align="center">10,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TDD&#231;aF&#237;sica</td>
                  <td align="center">378</td>
                  <td align="center">37,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aus&#234;ncia de Ativ,F&#237;sica</td>
                  <td align="center">990</td>
                  <td align="center">96,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">65</td>
                  <td align="center">6,4</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DLP: dislipidemia; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; DM: diabetes melitus; IRC: insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; TDMaior: transtorno depressivo maior; TDMenor: transtorno depressivo menor; TDD&#231;aF&#237;sica: transtorno depressivo por doen&#231;a f&#237;sica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Importante salientar que 57,1% da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada apresentou depress&#227;o (maior ou menor). Deste pacientes, 37% apresentou depress&#227;o por doen&#231;a f&#237;sica.</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m disso, a maior parte da popula&#231;&#227;o (61,4%) mostrou-se independente ou com depend&#234;ncia leve (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t07">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Graus de depend&#234;ncia, de acordo com o HAQ</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <th align="left">Depend&#234;ncia (HAQ)</th>
                  <th>N&#250;mero de pacientes (n)</th>
                  <th>Frequ&#234;ncia (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 1,5</td>
                  <td align="center">624</td>
                  <td align="center">61,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 1,5</td>
                  <td align="center">396</td>
                  <td align="center">38,8</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>HAQ: Health Assessment Questionnaire.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Ao analisar sua qualidade de vida, verifica-se que o escore total de qualidade de vida mostrou-se elevado, sendo que nenhum paciente apresentou escore de SF-36 inferior a 33. A maioria dos pacientes estudados (87,7%) apresentou escore total do SF-36 &#8805; 66 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t08">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Qualidade de vida da popula&#231;&#227;o, de acordo com o SF-36</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">SF-36 (escore total)</th>
                  <th>N&#250;mero de pacientes (n)</th>
                  <th>Frequ&#234;ncia (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>33 &#8211; 66</td>
                  <td align="center">110</td>
                  <td align="center">12,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 66</td>
                  <td align="center">792</td>
                  <td align="center">87,8</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>SF-36: Short-Form Health Survey</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Diagn&#243;sticos e Graus de Depend&#234;ncia</title>
          <p>&#192; an&#225;lise multivariada, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os diagn&#243;sticos e graus elevados de depend&#234;ncia foi significante apenas para acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio (p = 0,014), obesidade (p &lt; 0,001), aus&#234;ncia de atividade f&#237;sica (p = 0,016), osteoartrite (p &lt; 0,001), d&#233;ficit cognitivo (p &lt; 0,001), e depress&#227;o maior (p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t09">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise multivariada entre diagn&#243;sticos e graus elevados de depend&#234;ncia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">IC a 95%</th>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Diagn&#243;sticos</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">Odds ratio</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">LI</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">LS</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC</td>
                  <td align="center">1,97</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15</td>
                  <td align="center">3,37</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IC</td>
                  <td align="center">1,25</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89</td>
                  <td align="center">1,75</td>
                  <td align="center">0,203</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAS</td>
                  <td align="center">1,60</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">2,59</td>
                  <td align="center">0,053</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM</td>
                  <td align="center">1,21</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82</td>
                  <td align="center">1,77</td>
                  <td align="center">0,336</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center">2,24</td>
                  <td align="center">1,59</td>
                  <td align="center">3,15</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aus&#234;ncia de atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62</td>
                  <td align="center">0,016</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>OA</td>
                  <td align="center">1,64</td>
                  <td align="center">1,14</td>
                  <td align="center">2,37</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>D&#233;ficit cognitivo</td>
                  <td align="center">3,17</td>
                  <td align="center">2,02</td>
                  <td align="center">4,98</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TDMaior</td>
                  <td align="center">2,76</td>
                  <td align="center">1,86</td>
                  <td align="center">4,10</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TDMenor</td>
                  <td align="center">1,14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65</td>
                  <td align="center">1,99</td>
                  <td align="center">0,642</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TDD&#231;aFis.</td>
                  <td align="center">1,31</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90</td>
                  <td align="center">1,89</td>
                  <td align="center">0,160</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabetes melitus; OA: osteoartrose; TDMaior: transtorno depressivo maior; TDMenor: transtorno depressivo menor; TDD&#231;aF&#237;sica: transtorno depressivo por doen&#231;a f&#237;sica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Diagn&#243;sticos e Qualidade de Vida</title>
          <p>Ao ser realizada a an&#225;lise multivariada, as vari&#225;veis abaixo s&#227;o as que melhor explicam uma menor qualidade de vida em cada um de seus dom&#237;nios (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise multivariada entre diagn&#243;sticos e baixos graus de qualidade de vida</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">D1</th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">D2</th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">D3</th>
                  <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">D4</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">OR</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">p</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">OR</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">p</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">OR</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">p</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">OR</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>IC</td>
                  <td align="center">1,89</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0057</td>
                  <td align="center">1,56</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0089</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DAC</td>
                  <td align="center">1,81</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0092</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FA</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">1,59</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0110</td>
                  <td align="center">2,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aus&#234;ncia de ativ,f&#237;sica</td>
                  <td align="center">6,77</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">3,19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0048</td>
                  <td align="center">4,78</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAS</td>
                  <td align="center">2,21</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0014</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">1,75</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0085</td>
                  <td align="center">1,70</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0073</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center">1,65</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0486</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>OA</td>
                  <td align="center">2,14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0072</td>
                  <td align="center">1,60</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0146</td>
                  <td align="center">2,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0012</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DPOC</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">1,88</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0143</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TDMaior</td>
                  <td align="center">3,05</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">3,49</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">2,31</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">2,22</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TDD&#231;aF&#237;sica</td>
                  <td align="center">2,83</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0008</td>
                  <td align="center">1,76</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0052</td>
                  <td align="center">2,12</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,80</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                  <td colspan="9">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>D5</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>D6</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>D7</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>D8</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>OR</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>p  </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>OR  </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>OR</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>p  </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>OR</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IC</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">2,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0006</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DAC</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">1,52</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0046</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">4,90</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0159</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DLP</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">1,39</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0206</td>
                  <td align="center">1,53</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0023</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DPOC</td>
                  <td align="center">2,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0229</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IRC</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">1,98</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0044</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TDMaior</td>
                  <td align="center">5,44</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">3,16</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">2,77</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">6,08</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TDMenor</td>
                  <td align="center">1,91</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0138</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TDD&#231;aF&#237;sica</td>
                  <td align="center">1,96</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0309</td>
                  <td align="center">2,11</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,43</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0259</td>
                  <td align="center">2,41</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; OA:osteoartrose; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; TDMaior: transtorno depressivo maior; TDD&#231;aF&#237;sica: transtorno depressivo por doen&#231;a f&#237;sica; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; DLP: dislipidemia; IRC: insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica; TDMenor: transtorno depressivo menor.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Assim, &#224; an&#225;lise multivariada, associaram-se significativamente aos graus mais baixos de qualidade de vida, de acordo com os seguintes dom&#237;nios do SF-36:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Limita&#231;&#227;o para atividades f&#237;sicas por problemas de sa&#250;de (D1): IC, DAC, IAM, aus&#234;ncia de atividade f&#237;sica, HAS, Obesidade, OA, TDMaior e TDD&#231;a F&#237;sica;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Limita&#231;&#227;o para atividades sociais por problemas f&#237;sicos e emocionais (D2): IC, FA, aus&#234;ncia de atividade f&#237;sica, OA, TDMaior e TDD&#231;a F&#237;sica;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Limita&#231;&#227;o para atividades di&#225;rias por altera&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas (D3): FA, aus&#234;ncia de atividade f&#237;sica, HAS, Obesidade, OA, TDMaior e TDD&#231;a F&#237;sica;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Dor (D4): HAS, DPOC, TDMaior e TDD&#231;a F&#237;sica;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Pior sa&#250;de mental geral - stess e bem estar - (D5): DPOC, TDMaior, TDMenor e TDD&#231;a F&#237;sica;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Limita&#231;&#227;o para atividades b&#225;sicas por problemas emocionais (D6): IC, AVC, DLP, TDMaior e TDD&#231;a F&#237;sica;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Menor vitalidade (D7): DAC, DLP, TDMaior e TDD&#231;a F&#237;sica;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Pior percep&#231;&#227;o de sua sa&#250;de (D8): IRC, TDMaior e TDD&#231;a F&#237;sica.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Entre os pacientes idosos estudados, a depress&#227;o apresentou alta preval&#234;ncia, com grande impacto sobre a independ&#234;ncia e qualidade de vida desses indiv&#237;duos. Este fato surpreende, pois estamos analisando um grupo com m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades, aparentemente, mais graves que o quadro depressivo.</p>
        <p>Recentemente, tr&#234;s importantes desafios foram identificados por m&#233;dicos interessados em melhorar o tratamento de seus pacientes idosos com m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Dificuldade em aplicar as diretrizes e necessidade de individualiz&#225;-las &#224; realidade dos pacientes;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Dificuldade em escolher uma das estrat&#233;gias: priorizar certas entidades cl&#237;nicas, tratar doen&#231;as individualmente considerando o risco de cada uma delas ou iniciar o tratamento antes que ocorram efeitos adversos;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O conflito entre as prefer&#234;ncias do m&#233;dico e de seus pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Os resultados deste estudo podem contribuir para minimizar esses desafios e aprimorar o atendimento dos idosos, visto que a redu&#231;&#227;o de depend&#234;ncia e melhoria de qualidade de vida s&#227;o os objetivos fundamentais no atendimento desses pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, sabe-se que existe uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre depress&#227;o em idosos e fatores que aumentam sua mortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, tais como baixa ades&#227;o ao tratamento m&#233;dico ou aus&#234;ncia de auto cuidado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> para condi&#231;&#245;es como diabetes, doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, tabagismo, sedentarismo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, decl&#237;nio cognitivo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> e depend&#234;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Assim, torna-se fundamental n&#227;o somente o mapeamento desses fatores, mas, sobretudo a correla&#231;&#227;o entre eles.</p>
        <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, chama &#224; aten&#231;&#227;o a frequ&#234;ncia muito elevada de depress&#227;o: quase a metade com depress&#227;o maior, 11% com depress&#227;o menor, sendo 37% dos casos relacionados &#224; doen&#231;a f&#237;sica.</p>
        <p>O n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos deprimidos supera o esperado, quando comparado a estudos relacionados ao tema<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Contudo, v&#225;rios fatores podem influenciar na varia&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de depress&#227;o, como diferentes metodologias diagn&#243;sticas e caracter&#237;sticas s&#243;cio demogr&#225;ficas. Estudos mostram que mulheres e pessoas com menor grau de escolaridade t&#234;m mais crit&#233;rios para o diagn&#243;stico de depress&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, enquanto que, entre idosos, esses crit&#233;rios s&#227;o menos encontrados, possivelmente porque a depress&#227;o nesta popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; sub diagnosticada ou pouco referida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, estudos populacionais mostraram que os maiores fatores de risco para doen&#231;as mentais n&#227;o s&#227;o apenas as doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, mas tamb&#233;m as diferen&#231;as s&#243;cio econ&#244;micas e a dificuldade de acesso &#224; sa&#250;de geral e mental<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>.  </p>
        <p>Visto tratar-se de uma popula&#231;&#227;o composta exclusivamente por idosos cardiopatas, o &#237;ndice elevado de depress&#227;o poderia ser explicado pela conhecida rela&#231;&#227;o entre depress&#227;o e doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Sabe-se que a presen&#231;a de depress&#227;o maior pode aumentar o risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular devido a altera&#231;&#245;es de microcircula&#231;&#227;o, apesar de que fatores gen&#233;ticos parecem estar tamb&#233;m envolvidos neste mecanismo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Dados epidemiol&#243;gicos recentes mostraram perfil semelhante tamb&#233;m entre os grandes idosos, maiores de 85 anos. Chama a aten&#231;&#227;o que, al&#233;m das in&#250;meras comorbidades e da maioria composta por mulheres, esses idosos relataram possuir boa qualidade de sa&#250;de e baixo grau de depend&#234;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, o grau de depend&#234;ncia foi baixo para mais da metade dos pacientes. Contudo, apesar de ser capaz de frequentar o ambulat&#243;rio, quase 40% tinha depend&#234;ncia elevada ou moderada (HAQ &#8805; 1,5).</p>
        <p>De modo geral, o escore de qualidade de vida pelo SF-36 foi elevado, sendo que nenhum paciente apresentou escore inferior a 33 e quase 90% apresentou escore maior que 66.</p>
        <p>Contudo, o escore do dom&#237;nio emocional foi menor que 65 em 55% dos indiv&#237;duos, antecipando uma grande influ&#234;ncia da depress&#227;o sobre a qualidade de vida.</p>
        <p>Quando analisamos as associa&#231;&#245;es entre os diversos diagn&#243;sticos e o grau de depend&#234;ncia dos pacientes, verificamos que houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa para os   <italic>diagn&#243;sticos cardiovasculares</italic> de acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio, aus&#234;ncia de atividade f&#237;sica regular e obesidade, e para os   <italic>diagn&#243;sticos n&#227;o cardiovasculares</italic> de osteoartrite, decl&#237;nio cognitivo e depress&#227;o maior (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>&#201; relativamente simples explicar maiores graus de depend&#234;ncia para pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio, osteoartrite, decl&#237;nio cognitivo e transtorno depressivo maior. Por outro lado, aus&#234;ncia de atividade f&#237;sica regular e obesidade poderiam ser consequ&#234;ncias da pr&#243;pria depend&#234;ncia, justificando a associa&#231;&#227;o encontrada.</p>
        <p>Chama a aten&#231;&#227;o, portanto, a depend&#234;ncia ter se associado mais com as comorbidades n&#227;o cardiovasculares do que com os diagn&#243;sticos de doen&#231;as e fatores de risco cardiovasculares. A falta de associa&#231;&#227;o entre depend&#234;ncia e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, apesar desta ter sido diagnosticada em 33% da amostra e ser uma condi&#231;&#227;o relacionada ao aumento de morbidade, pode ser explicada pelo estado de compensa&#231;&#227;o e baixa repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica no momento em que o estudo foi realizado. Deve ser considerado ainda que os pacientes fossem capazes de frequentar o ambulat&#243;rio e poderiam representar um grupo de pacientes com menor repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica. A mesma justificativa pode ser dada para a falta de associa&#231;&#227;o com a doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica.</p>
        <p>Ao analisarmos as associa&#231;&#245;es entre os diagn&#243;sticos cl&#237;nicos e a qualidade de vida dos indiv&#237;duos, verificamos que a maioria das condi&#231;&#245;es relaciona-se significativamente com algum dos dom&#237;nios do SF-36. Por&#233;m, o que deve ser salientado &#233; a associa&#231;&#227;o significativa da depress&#227;o maior e por doen&#231;a f&#237;sica com todos os dom&#237;nios do SF-36. O que n&#227;o ocorre com os diagn&#243;sticos cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>A exemplo do observado com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; depend&#234;ncia, chama a aten&#231;&#227;o a pobreza da associa&#231;&#227;o de diagn&#243;sticos cardiovasculares com a qualidade de vida enquanto que o diagn&#243;stico de transtorno depressivo associa-se fortemente.</p>
        <p>Com o aprimoramento da avalia&#231;&#227;o e da interven&#231;&#227;o sobre os fatores &#8220;modific&#225;veis&#8221; associados ao aumento do risco de incapacidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, vem ocorrendo uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o dos graus de limita&#231;&#227;o funcional e incapacidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. Entretanto, esse par&#226;metro tem sido pouco estudado em cardiologia.</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224; qualidade de vida, s&#243; recentemente houve uma aplica&#231;&#227;o mais ampla de instrumentos para avali&#225;-la no meio cardiol&#243;gico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo mostra que as comorbidades n&#227;o cardiovasculares, com destaque para os transtornos depressivos, t&#234;m impacto maior que as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares sobre a depend&#234;ncia e a qualidade de vida de idosos que frequentam um ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia. Esse cen&#225;rio ressalta a import&#226;ncia de conhecer o perfil do paciente idoso e da inclus&#227;o de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o geri&#225;trica eficiente, integrando &#224; anamnese tradicional uma ampla avalia&#231;&#227;o em busca de poss&#237;veis perdas funcionais e de qualidade de vida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em 2008, a American Heart Association j&#225; ressaltava essa necessidade. Em importante publica&#231;&#227;o, preconizou que testes de rastreio para depress&#227;o devem ser aplicados em todos os pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular, em todos os locais de atendimento: hospitalar, ambulatorial ou centros de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular. A oportunidade de diagnosticar e tratar esses pacientes n&#227;o deve ser perdida, pois pode promover melhorias importantes &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de desses pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>.</p>
        <p>Assim, torna-se necess&#225;ria a adequa&#231;&#227;o dos servi&#231;os de atendimento e de programas de ensino e capacita&#231;&#227;o dos profissionais envolvidos no atendimento de idosos.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Por se tratar de um estudo observacional de corte transversal, com apenas uma avalia&#231;&#227;o no tempo de todas as vari&#225;veis, as associa&#231;&#245;es observadas podem n&#227;o representar totalmente a realidade desta popula&#231;&#227;o. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo se refere &#224; fonte dos pacientes estudados, que &#233; um ambulat&#243;rio de um hospital de alta complexidade, podendo ocorrer assim, um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o de uma popula&#231;&#227;o mais gravemente enferma, o que impede a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos nossos achados para outros grupos. Ainda nessa linha, foram estudados apenas pacientes que puderam vir ao ambulat&#243;rio, provavelmente excluindo pacientes totalmente dependentes e acamados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de idosos atendidos em um ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia de um hospital de refer&#234;ncia, os determinantes cl&#237;nicos mais relevantes de preju&#237;zos para depend&#234;ncia e qualidade de vida s&#227;o as comorbidades n&#227;o cardiovasculares, particularmente a depress&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Giselle Helena de Paula Rodrigues pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - FMUSP/ INCOR-SP.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
