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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ckBGMzMpD5G739wNv8BQJkH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000600002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015000650031</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150031</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>I Brazilian Registry of Heart Failure - Clinical Aspects, Care Quality and Hospitalization Outcomes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson Campos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o David de</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rohde</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Paim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bernardez-Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Sabrina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Berwanger</surname>
            <given-names>Otavio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Dirceu Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <collab>Investigadores Estudo BREATHE</collab>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Messejana</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Messejana, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Pesquisa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Pesquisa, Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, UNIFESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - Departamento de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (DEIC) - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Denilson Campos de Albuquerque</bold>, Rua Volunt&#225;rios da P&#225;tria 445, 1402. Zip Code 22270000, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>albuquerque@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Albuquerque DC, Souza-Neto JD, Bacal F, Rohde LEP. Acquisition of data: researchers BREATHE, Albuquerque DC, Souza-Neto JD, Rohde LEP, Bernardez- Pereira S, Almeida DR. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Albuquerque DC, Rohde LEP, Bernardez-Pereira S, Berwanger O. Statistical analysis: Bernardez-Pereira S. Obtaining financing: Albuquerque DC. Writing of the manuscript: Albuquerque DC, Souza-Neto JD, Bacal F, Rohde LEP, Bernardez- Pereira S, Almeida DR. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Albuquerque DC, Souza- Neto JD, Bacal F, Rohde LEP, Bernardez-Pereira S, Berwanger O, Almeida DR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>433</fpage>
      <lpage>442</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Heart failure (HF) is one of the leading causes of hospitalization in adults in Brazil. However, most of the available data is limited to unicenter registries. The BREATHE registry is the first to include a large sample of hospitalized patients with decompensated HF from different regions in Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>Describe the clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis of hospitalized patients admitted with acute HF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Observational registry study with longitudinal follow-up. The eligibility criteria included patients older than 18 years with a definitive diagnosis of HF, admitted to public or private hospitals. Assessed outcomes included the causes of decompensation, use of medications, care quality indicators, hemodynamic profile and intrahospital events.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 1,263 patients (64&#177;16 years, 60% women) were included from 51 centers from different regions in Brazil. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (70.8%), dyslipidemia (36.7%) and diabetes (34%). Around 40% of the patients had normal left ventricular systolic function and most were admitted with a wet-warm clinical-hemodynamic profile. Vasodilators and intravenous inotropes were used in less than 15% of the studied cohort. Care quality indicators based on hospital discharge recommendations were reached in less than 65% of the patients. Intrahospital mortality affected 12.6% of all patients included.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The BREATHE study demonstrated the high intrahospital mortality of patients admitted with acute HF in Brazil, in addition to the low rate of prescription of drugs based on evidence.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Inappropriate Prescribing</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="37"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) has been pointed to as an important public health problem and regarded as a new epidemic with high mortality and morbidity, in spite of the advances in current therapeutics. Updated data from the American Heart Association (AHA) estimated a prevalence of 5.1 million individuals with HF in the United States alone between 2007 and 2012. Projections show that the prevalence of HF will increase 46% between 2012 and 2030, resulting in more than 8 million individuals above the age of 18 years with HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.The rising prevalence is probably due to the increase in life expectancy, since HF affects predominantly older age groups<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>HF is the leading cause of hospitalization, based on data available from about 50% of the population in South America<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.The most comprehensive portrait of the situation of hospitalizations for HF in Brazil can be obtained through analyses of DATA-SUS records, with the inherent limitations of a database of an administrative nature. Data show that in 2012 alone there were 26,694 deaths in Brazil due to HF. Of 1,137,572 admissions due to circulatory diseases in that same year, around 21% were due to HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>The burden becomes even more significant when we consider that almost 50% of all hospitalized patients with this diagnosis are readmitted within 90 days after hospital discharge, and that hospital readmission is one of the main risk factors for death in this syndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.Several studies have focused on identifying the factors associated with frequent readmissions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Those usually described in the international literature are inadequate therapy, lack of adherence to treatment, social isolation, or worsening cardiac function. However, in approximately 30-40% of the cases it is not possible to identify the cause of clinical decompensation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>Data on morbidity and consequent costs associated with decompensated HF are undeniable all over the world. In Brazil, there are only a few studies comprehensively and prospectively assessing the demographic, clinical and prognostic characteristics of patients who are admitted with a clinical diagnosis of HF. Isolated initiatives suggest the existence of significant regional differences in several characteristics of patients who are admitted with HF in Brazil, but these comparisons are methodologically limited by often divergent guidelines and inclusion criteria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.Thus, the establishment of a national registry which incorporates a group of public and private hospitals from different Brazilian regions can portray more accurately which patients are admitted with a diagnosis of HF, how these patients are treated in their institutions and what are their short- and long-term prognoses.</p>
      <p>The BREATHE study is the first national and multicenter registry of acute HF that includes all regions of the country, involving 51 public and private hospitals in 21 cities in Brazil. The aim of this analysis is to describe the clinical features, treatment and prognosis of hospitalized patients admitted with acute HF in Brazil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineation</title>
        <p>Cross-sectional, observational study (registry) with longitudinal follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Hospital Selection</title>
        <p>The public and private hospitals that participated in the Registry of Decompensated Heart Failure of the Department of Heart Failure of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology were chosen by the research committee. A fixed number of institutions was allocated for each one of the five regions of the country, and the number of patients per region was defined based on the absolute number of hospitalizations by region in the year 2004 according to the IBGE (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app02">Supplement II</xref>).  </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria</title>
        <p>The methods of BREATHE, as well as its inclusion and exclusion criteria, have been previously described<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.Patients older than 18 years, admitted to public or private hospitals with a definitive clinical profile of HF confirmed by the Boston criteria were considered eligible for the study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.Those patients undergoing myocardial revascularization procedures (coronary angioplasty or surgery) in the last month of the selection and who presented signs of HF secondary to sepsis were excluded from the study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Definitions of the Study:</title>
        <sec>
          <title>a) Clinical and Hemodynamic Profile:</title>
          <p>The clinical and hemodynamic profile was defined according to the classification of Stevenson<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, in four hemodynamic profiles according to the findings on physical examination of pulmonary congestion and peripheral perfusion. Patients with acute HF are generally in one of the following subgroups: 1) presence of pulmonary congestion without signs of hypoperfusion (wet and warm); 2) presence of pulmonary congestion associated with hypoperfusion (wet and cold); and 3) hypoperfusion without pulmonary congestion (dry and cold).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>b) HF Treatment Targets Doses:</title>
          <p>Target doses for the treatment of acute HF, for purposes of evaluation of the data from this study, were the same as those recommended by the II Guideline of Acute Heart Failure of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>c) Causes of HF Decompensation:</title>
          <p>The main causes of decompensation analyzed included infection, decompensation from acute valvular disease, poor adherence to drug therapy, excessive sodium intake in the last week, arrhythmias and pulmonary embolism. The classification was determined by the clinical judgment of the local investigator according to the patient&#8217;s report.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Follow-up</title>
        <p>For the present analysis, in addition to hospital admission data, data were collected during hospitalization until the date of medical discharge or intrahospital death.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Outcomes of Interest</title>
        <p>The primary outcome of this study was the all-cause intrahospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included the proportion of patients who received interventions with proven benefit demonstrated by care quality indicators (use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors [ACEi] / angiotensin II receptor blockers [ARB] and use of beta-blockers), readmissions due to HF and cardiovascular mortality.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical Aspects</title>
        <p>The protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (<italic>Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa, CEP</italic>) of the <italic>Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de S&#227;o Paulo, SP</italic> (HCor) on February 1st, 2011, under the registration number 144/2011, and following that, each participating center also had their protocols approved by their own CEPs. All patients signed a Free and Informed Consent Form and the clinical study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the current revision of the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data Management</title>
        <p>The management of the data was performed using the EDC (Electronic Data Capture) system. Medical charts were transcribed by Web-charts, sent to the central coordinating center, and incorporated into a database for validation. Quality control of the data of the study occurred mainly by central checking in search of possible inconsistencies (data without biological plausibility) or incomplete data, and was reported to the participating centers for confirmation and/or correction. The Department of Heart Failure of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology was responsible for the management of the data of the study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample Size</title>
        <p>The first phase of the Brazilian Registry of Decompensated HF predicted the evaluation of 1,200 admissions to the public and private network in different regions of Brazil. This sample size was determined to represent the largest Brazilian prospective study of decompensated HF, involving all regions of the country, allowing identification of regional differences in intrahospital mortality.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous variables were described as medians (interquartile range) or means (standard deviation) according to the distribution of the variable, and the categorical variables as absolute and relative frequencies. Normality was evaluated with the visual inspection of histograms and application of the Shapiro-Wilks test of normality. Age distribution was compared among regions according to a model of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the relationship between etiology and region was determined by the chi-square test. The software SAS 9.3 (Statistical Analysis System, Cary, NC) was used for statistical analysis of the data<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Between February 2011 and December 2012, 1,263 patients were included in 51 centers from different Brazilian regions (2 centers in the Northern region [164 patients], 13 centers in the Northeast [209 patients], 5 centers in the Midwest [66 patients], 33 centers in the Southeast [652 patients] and 5 centers in the South [172 patients]). Two patients were excluded from the analysis for meeting exclusion criteria. The flow diagram can be found in <xref ref-type="app" rid="app02">Supplement II</xref>.</p>
      <p>The average age of the patients was 64&#177;16 years, with 73.1% above the age of 75 years and 60% women. Most patients were self-reportedly white (59%), admitted to the public network/Unified Health System (<italic>Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de, SUS</italic>; 64.8%) and from the South/Southeast regions (65.2%). Slightly over half of the patients included had left ventricular systolic dysfunction (58.7%), and the vast majority (70.8%) was hypertensive. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> shows the baseline characteristics of the studied sample, including demographics and prior medical history.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics of the cohort</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>BREATHE (n = 1,261)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (mean+/-SD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>)</td>
              <td align="center">64.1 &#177; 15.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male gender (%)</td>
              <td align="center">40.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Prior acute myocardial infarction (%)</td>
              <td align="center">26.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hypertension (%)</td>
              <td align="center">70.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
              <td align="center">36.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Prior stroke /TIA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#167;</xref>(%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">12.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Atrial fibrillation (%)</td>
              <td align="center">27.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Depression (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">13.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Occlusive peripheral arterial disease (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">10.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Chronic renal failure (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">24.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diabetes mellitus (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8224;</xref></td>
              <td align="center">34.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (%)</td>
              <td align="center">12.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Left ventricular ejection fraction (average/-+/-SD)</td>
              <td align="center">38.8 &#177; 16.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sodium (mean+/-SD)</td>
              <td align="center">137&#177;16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Creatinine (mean+/-SD)</td>
              <td align="center">1.7 &#177; 4.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>BNP (median (IQR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">&#182;</xref>))</td>
              <td align="center">1,075 (518; 1,890)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>SD: standard deviation;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Values calculated on a total of 1,255 patients with complete information;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <label>&#167;</label>
            <p>TIA: transient ischemic attack; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <label>&#182;</label>
            <p>IQR: interquartile range.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The average age distribution by region showed a statistically significant difference with the inclusion of patients of more advanced age in the Southeastern and Southern regions and younger patients in the Northern region (66&#177;15 years <italic>versus</italic>59&#177;17 years, p = 0.019).</p>
      <p>The hypertensive and ischemic etiologies prevailed in the studied population, affecting 30.1% and 20.3% of the patients, respectively. Around 11% of the patients had a diagnosis of Chagas disease (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of etiologies of heart failure in the BREATHE registry. * DCM: dilated cardiomyopathy; &#8224; QT: secondary to chemotherapy.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-06-0433-50031-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In the analysis of the etiologies by region, patients from the South, Southeast and Northeast showed a predominance of the ischemic etiology (33.6%, 32.6%, and 31.9%, respectively). In patients in the Northern region the hypertensive etiology (37.2%) predominated, while among patients in the Northern region the Chagasic etiology predominated (42.4%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of etiologies according to Brazilian regions</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Etiology</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>South</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Southeast</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Midwest</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Northeast</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>North</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Total</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>%</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>%</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>%</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>%</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>%</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>%</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tfoot>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Total</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>172</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>100</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>652</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>100</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>66</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>100</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>209</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>100</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>164</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>100</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>1,263</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>100</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
          </tfoot>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Ischemic</td>
              <td align="center">58</td>
              <td align="center">33.6</td>
              <td align="center">213</td>
              <td align="center">32.6</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">22.8</td>
              <td align="center">67</td>
              <td align="center">31.9</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">16.5</td>
              <td align="center">380</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">93</td>
              <td align="center">14.3</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">6.1</td>
              <td align="center">41</td>
              <td align="center">19.6</td>
              <td align="center">33</td>
              <td align="center">20.1</td>
              <td align="center">183</td>
              <td align="center">14.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hypertensive</td>
              <td align="center">56</td>
              <td align="center">32.6</td>
              <td align="center">98</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">10.6</td>
              <td align="center">34</td>
              <td align="center">16.3</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
              <td align="center">37.2</td>
              <td align="center">256</td>
              <td align="center">20.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Chagas disease</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">2.3</td>
              <td align="center">80</td>
              <td align="center">12.3</td>
              <td align="center">28</td>
              <td align="center">42.4</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">6.2</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">6.7</td>
              <td align="center">136</td>
              <td align="center">10.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Valvular disease</td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">80</td>
              <td align="center">12.3</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">14.4</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">12.2</td>
              <td align="center">156</td>
              <td align="center">12.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Secondary to chemotherapeutic agents</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.6</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Myocarditis</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.5</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Others</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">8.7</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">11.3</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">12.1</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">9.6</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">7.3</td>
              <td align="center">129</td>
              <td align="center">10.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Missing</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">1.1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.5</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">0.6</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The main causes of HF decompensation were poor adherence to medication (30%), followed by infections (23%) and inadequate control of water and sodium intake (9%), as shown in   <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of causes of heart failure decompensation</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Decompensation cause</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>% (n=1,250)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Infection</td>
              <td align="center">22.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Poor medication adherence</td>
              <td align="center">29.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Increased ingestion of sodium and water<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">8.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Acute valvular disease</td>
              <td align="center">6.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Cardiac arrhythmia</td>
              <td align="center">12.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pulmonary embolism</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Others</td>
              <td align="center">32.4</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN05">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Total with complete information 1,242 patients.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>As for the clinical and hemodynamic profile on hospital admission, the prevalence was for the wet-warm profile, totaling 67.4% of the cases, whereas the wet-cold and dry-cold profiles accounted for 17.8% and 5.2%, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Hemodynamic profile on hospital admission.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-06-0433-50031-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref> lists the main procedures performed during hospitalization, as well as the mortality rate during hospitalization. The sum of the deaths in the first 24 hours (17 patients) and after this period (140 patients) totaled 12.6% of the studied cohort. Valve replacement prevailed among the procedures during hospitalization, occurring in 156 patients.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Events and procedures during hospitalization</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Events/procedures</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>%</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>(n/total)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Intrahospital mortality</td>
              <td align="center">12.6</td>
              <td align="center">(1,57/1,245)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Coronary artery bypass grafting</td>
              <td align="center">0.7</td>
              <td align="center">(9/197)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Valve replacement</td>
              <td align="center">12.4</td>
              <td align="center">(156/197)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Heart transplantation</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
              <td align="center">(15/197)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Coronary angioplasty</td>
              <td align="center">1.5</td>
              <td align="center">(19/197)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Implantable defibrillator/Resynchronizer</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
              <td align="center">(15/197)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Cardiac pacemaker</td>
              <td align="center">1.7</td>
              <td align="center">(22/197)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN06">
            <p>* Of the total, only 197 patients had procedures performed during hospitalization.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>For the treatment of acute HF during hospitalization the use of loop diuretics prevailed (89.8%), followed by beta-blockers (57.1%). The use of intravenous vasodilators (6.6%) and inotropic agents (13.6%) represented a small portion of the therapy in this population (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f03">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Medications administered during the hospital stay. * ACEi: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; &#8224;ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-06-0433-50031-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>According to the indicators of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), 63.7% of the patients received guidelines on hospital discharge about the correct use of medications, whereas only 34.9% and 16.2% were advised about the diet to be followed at home and prescription of physical activity, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f04">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Guidelines on hospital discharge according to the indicators of care quality during hospitalization for heart failure (according to the JCAHO*). * Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organization. &#8224; Applicable to smokers</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-06-0433-50031-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The main findings of this analysis of the study BREATHE are: 1) baseline characteristics show a populational profile of predominantly elderly patients, mainly in the Southern and Southeastern regions of Brazil; 2) poor drug adherence was the factor most frequently associated with decompensation; 3) the prescription of drugs, mainly vasodilators, according to current evidence was below the expected rate for this population; and 4) high intrahospital mortality rate.</p>
      <p>Patients with advanced age accounted for an important segment of the sample studied in BREATHE and predominated in the South and Southeast regions, where the ischemic etiology was also more prevalent.</p>
      <p>Among patients with chronic diseases, approximately 50% do not take medications as prescribed. This poor drug adherence leads to increased morbidity, mortality and costs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.In addition to that, advanced age is a risk factor for poor adherence which increases even more with polypharmacy, increasing the likelihood of adverse events.</p>
      <p>Studies about drug adherence demonstrate highly variable rates of adherence among patients with HF. A study reported adherence rates of 79% for ACEi/ARB, 65% for beta-blockers and 56% for spironolactone after five years from the first hospitalization for HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. In contrast, the noncompliance rate based on pill count was much lower in the CHARM study, in which 11% of the patients took less than 80% of the prescribed pills<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
      <p>Adherence is associated with several factors and should not be regarded as the sole responsibility of the patient. The BREATHE study pointed out that only slightly more than 50% of the patients received guidelines for correctly taking the medications, and only 43.5% were advised about the recognition of worsening of symptoms and future appointments. Preliminary evidence shows that around 35% of the inpatients with acute HF receive appropriate instructions on hospital discharge, with academic centers showing worse performance in this indicator of the JCAHO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
      <p>Of still greater relevance and impact on the prescription of medication on discharge is the medication introduced during the hospital phase. This analysis demonstrates that there are still considerable gaps in the treatment of acute HF in Brazil. The treatment frequently does not follow current published guidelines, which may contribute to the high morbidity, mortality and economic cost of this syndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>The IMPROVE-HF study showed that the addition of each evidence-based therapy was associated with a decreased risk of mortality in 24 months, with incremental benefit. This strong positive association between the use of evidence-based therapies and improved risk-adjusted survival reached a plateau after 4-5 therapies included in the therapeutic armamentarium of the patient with HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>Despite the fact that the clinical hemodynamic profile wet-warm was the most common in the present study, only 6.6% of the population received intravenous vasodilators, whereas 42.2% of the patients received ACEi during the hospital phase. Around 18% of the patients showed a wet-cold profile on hospital admission, but only 13.6% received inotropes. Beta-blockers were prescribed to only 57.1% of the studied sample. In contrast, loop diuretics were prescribed to approximately 90% of the patients.  </p>
      <p>Results from the analysis of the ADHERE registry suggest that starting vasodilator therapy in the emergency department correlates with shorter hospital stays and fewer transfers to the intensive care unit, as well as higher percentages of asymptomatic patients at hospital discharge<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Additionally, there was a substantial improvement in the survival rate of patients receiving intravenous vasodilators (nitroglycerin or nesiritide), compared with those who received intravenous inotropes (dobutamine or milrinone)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. However, it is possible that patients requiring inotropic therapy have a more advanced form of HF than patients who receive vasodilators.</p>
      <p>Analysis of the Euro Heart Survey clearly showed that patients included in randomized clinical trials are a highly selected group and that only a small proportion of the patients in this registry would be eligible. However, beta-blockers and ACEi were prescribed for less than half of the eligible patients and the doses used were below those which have proven to be effective. Therefore, the lack of similarity between patients with HF in clinical practice and those in clinical trials does not adequately explain the underutilization of the therapy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
      <p>Intrahospital treatment invariably has a direct impact on clinical events during hospitalization. The prognosis of HF is reserved and directly related to the loss of functional capacity. Data from the Framingham study showed a median survival rate after diagnosis of 1.7 years for men and 3.2 years for women. The high mortality, morbidity and impairment of quality of life related to HF affects primarily the elderly. Although we may observe a consistent and significant survival benefit in patients with HF with use of aggressive pharmacological strategies, the annual mortality of this disease remains high<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. The CONSENSUS (Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> and PROMISE (Prospective Randomized Milrinone Survival Evaluation)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33  </xref>studies, for example, identified a high proportion of patients with annual mortality exceeding 30%. In more recent studies, the mortality of patients with functional class III-IV after 1 year of optimized treatment, including the routine use of ACEi and beta-blockers, was approximately 10-15%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. Although these values are encouraging, such mortality rates are also similar to those observed in many neoplastic diseases.</p>
      <p>As for intrahospital mortality, it affects between 3% to 4% of the patients admitted for acute HF in prior studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>, whereas the mortality rate in the BREATHE registry exceeds in two times the rates from American and European registries. In the ADHERE study, intrahospital mortality was 4.0%, and the average hospital stay was 4.3 days<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>.Similar to the American registry, the Euro Heart Survey presented an overall intrahospital mortality rate of 3.8%, with 90.1% due to a cardiovascular cause. Higher mortality rates were observed in the presence of cardiogenic shock<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
      <p>Some limitations inherent to the design of BREATHE should be considered in the interpretation of its results. The diagnosis of acute HF was based only on the Boston criteria and the date of onset of symptoms was not defined, therefore it was not possible to differentiate new acute HF from exacerbation of chronic HF. Consequently, since the population is heterogeneous, the analysis of treatment and prognosis will require appropriate adjustment. In addition, the number of missing data was elevated due to some variables whose completion was not mandatory, interfering with the results found.  </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>BREATHE is the first Brazilian registry of acute HF and its results point to the high rate of intrahospital mortality related to low rates of evidence-based therapy prescribed during hospitalization, as well as low percentage of medical guidelines on hospital discharge of patients hospitalized for acute HF in different regions of Brazil. New strategies must be adopted to ensure improvement in the quality of hospital care of this disease.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Major Regions</bold>
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                <th colspan="3" align="center">
                  <bold>Hospitalization in health establishments in the year of 2004</bold>
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              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
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                  <bold>Total IBGE</bold>
                </th>
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                  <bold>Total BREATHE referred</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Total BREATHE Included</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Brazil</td>
                <td align="center">23,252,613 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,200</td>
                <td align="center">1,263</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>North</td>
                <td align="center">1,746,554 (8%)</td>
                <td align="center">96</td>
                <td align="center">164</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Northeast</td>
                <td align="center">5,254,978 (23%)</td>
                <td align="center">276</td>
                <td align="center">209</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Southeast</td>
                <td align="center">10,794,799 (46%)</td>
                <td align="center">552</td>
                <td align="center">652</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>South</td>
                <td align="center">3,671,762 (16%)</td>
                <td align="center">192</td>
                <td align="center">172</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Midwest</td>
                <td align="center">1,784,520 (8%)</td>
                <td align="center">96</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
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        <fig id="f05">
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          <alternatives>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/ckBGMzMpD5G739wNv8BQJkH/d79e14767abc0da743ad1c97a4fa67cc51063e40.jpg"/>
          </alternatives>
        </fig>
      </app>
      <app id="app03">
        <title>List of participants BREATHE</title>
        <p>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas Gaspar Viana: Helder Jos&#233; Lima Reis; Hospital de Base FAMERP: Paulo Roberto Nogueira; Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o: Ricardo Pavanello; Hospital S&#227;o Lucas &#8211; PUCRS: Luiz Claudio Danzmann; Hospital de Messejana: Jo&#227;o David de Souza Neto; Instituto Dante Pazzanese: Elizabete Silva dos Santos; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre: Luis Eduardo Paim Rohde; InCor SP: Mucio Tavares de Oliveira Filho; Real Hospital Portugu&#234;s: Silvia Marinho Martins; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho: Marcelo Iorio Garcia; Hospital Total Cor: Antonio Baruzzi; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Prof. Alberto Antunes: Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a da Silva; Hospital Barra D&#8217;Or: Ricardo Gusm&#227;o; Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Goi&#225;s: Aguinaldo Figueiredo de Freitas J&#250;nior; Hospital Vera Cruz: Fernando Carvalho Neuenschwander; Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Londrina: Manoel Fernandes Canesin; Hospital Copa D&#8217;or: Denilson Campos de Albuquerque; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s: Salvador Rassi; Instituto Cardiopulmonar: Eduardo Darz&#233;; Santa Casa de Votuporanga: Mauro Esteves Hernandes; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto: Ricardo Mourilhe Rocha; S&#227;o Lucas M&#233;dico Hospitalar: Antonio Carlos Sobral Sousa; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Presidente Dutra-HUUFMA: Jose Albuquerque de Figueiredo Neto; Centro de Pesquisa da Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica e Cardiologia da UNIFESP: Renato D. Lopes; Unidade de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca &#8211; InCor: Edimar Alcides Bocchi; Hospital Quinta Dor: Jacqueline Sampaio; Hospital Lifecenter: Est&#234;v&#227;o Lanna Figueiredo; Xeno Diagn&#243;sticos Dante Pazzanese: Abilio Augusto Fragata Filho; Funda&#231;&#227;o Bahiana de Cardiologia: Alvaro Rabelo Alves J&#250;nior; Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal: Carlos V. Nascimento; Hospital Auxiliar do Cotox&#243;: Antonio Carlos Pereira-Barretto; Funda&#231;&#227;o Benefic&#234;ncia Hospital de Cirurgia/ Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o: Fabio Serra Silveira; Hospital Santa Izabel: Gilson Soares Feitosa; Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt: Conrado Roberto Hoffmann Filho; Hospital Univ. Antonio Pedro &#8211; UFF: Humberto Villacorta J&#250;nior; Hospital Universit&#225;rio S&#227;o Jose: Sidney Ara&#250;jo; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Botucatu UNESP Botucatu: Beatriz Bojikian Matsubara; Hospital Santa Paula: Ot&#225;vio Gebara; Casa de Sa&#250;de S&#227;o Jos&#233;: Gustavo Luiz Gouvea de Almeida; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da UFMG: Maria da Consola&#231;&#227;o Vieira Moreira; Hospital Madre Tereza: Roberto Luiz Marino; S&#227;o Bernardo Apart Hospital: Jo&#227;o Miguel de Malta Dantas; Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia: Marcelo Imbroinise Bittencourt; Hospital da Cidade: Marcelo Silveira Teixeira; Hospital Rios Dor: Elias Pimentel Gouvea; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto/ USP-FMRP: Marcus Vin&#237;cius Sim&#245;es; Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo: Renato Jorge Alves; Hospital Espanhol: Fabio Villas-Boas; Unidade de Miocardiopatia InCor: Charles Mady; Hospital Escola Alvaro Alvim: Felipe Montes Pena; Hospital Univ. Jo&#227;o de Barros Barreto &#8211; UFPA: Eduardo Costa.</p>
      </app>
    </app-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Departamento de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <title>Erratum</title>
        <sec>
          <title>June 2015 Issue, vol. 104 (6), pages 433-442</title>
          <p>In the original article "I Brazilian Registry of Heart Failure - Clinical Aspects, Care Quality and Hospitalization Outcomes", published in the June 2015 of the Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia [Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015; 104(6): 433-442], suffered the following correction:</p>
          <p>Correcting the text:</p>
          <p>In the analysis of the etiologies by region, patients from the South, Southeast and Northeast showed a predominance of the ischemic etiology (33.6%, 32.6%, and 31.9%, respectively). In patients in the Northern region the hypertensive etiology (37.2%) predominated, while among patients in the Northern region the Chagasic etiology predominated (42.4%) (Table 2).</p>
          <p>And considering the following text:</p>
          <p>In the analysis of the etiologies by region, patients from the South, Southeast and Northeast showed a predominance of the ischemic etiology (33.6%, 32.6%, and 31.9%, respectively). In patients in the Northern region the hypertensive etiology (37.2%) predominated, while among patients in the west-central region the Chagasic etiology predominated (42.4%) (Table 2).</p>
        </sec>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>I Registro Brasileiro de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca &#8211; Aspectos Cl&#237;nicos, Qualidade Assistencial e Desfechos Hospitalares</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson Campos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o David de  </given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rohde</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Paim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bernardez-Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Sabrina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Berwanger</surname>
            <given-names>Otavio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Dirceu Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <collab>Investigadores Estudo BREATHE</collab>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Messejana</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Messejana, Fortaleza, CE- Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff09">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS- Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Pesquisa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Pesquisa, Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">niversidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, UNIFESP6, S&#227;o Paulo, SP; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - Departamento de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (DEIC) - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Denilson Campos de Albuquerque</bold>, Rua Volunt&#225;rios da P&#225;tria 445, 1402. CEP 22270000, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil. E-mail:   <email>albuquerque@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Albuquerque DC, Souza-Neto JD, Bacal F, Rohde LEP. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: investigadores do BREATHE, Albuquerque DC, Souza-Neto JD, Rohde LEP, Bernardez- Pereira S, Almeida DR. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Albuquerque DC, Rohde LEP, Bernardez-Pereira S, Berwanger O. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Bernardez-Pereira S. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Albuquerque DC. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Albuquerque DC, Souza-Neto JD, Bacal F, Rohde LEP, Bernardez-Pereira S, Almeida DR. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Albuquerque DC, Souza- Neto JD, Bacal F, Rohde LEP, Bernardez-Pereira S, Berwanger O, Almeida DR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma das principais causas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em adultos no Brasil, no entanto a maioria dos dados dispon&#237;veis &#233; limitada a registros unic&#234;ntricos. O registro BREATHE &#233; o primeiro a incluir uma ampla amostra de pacientes hospitalizados com IC descompensada de diferentes regi&#245;es do Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Descrever as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, tratamento e progn&#243;stico intra-hospitalar de pacientes admitidos com IC aguda.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo observacional tipo registro, com seguimento longitudinal. Os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade inclu&#237;ram pacientes acima de 18 anos com diagn&#243;stico definitivo de IC, admitidos em hospitais p&#250;blicos ou privados. Os desfechos avaliados inclu&#237;ram causas de descompensa&#231;&#227;o, uso de medica&#231;&#245;es, indicadores de qualidade assistencial, perfil hemodin&#226;mico e eventos intra-hospitalares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O total de 1.263 pacientes (64 &#177; 16 anos, 60% mulheres) foi inclu&#237;do a partir de 51 centros de diferentes regi&#245;es do Brasil. As comorbidades mais comuns foram hipertens&#227;o arterial (70,8%), dislipidemia (36,7%) e diabetes (34%). Em torno de 40% dos pacientes apresentavam fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo normal e a maioria foi admitida com perfil cl&#237;nico-hemodin&#226;mico quente-&#250;mido. Vasodilatadores e inotr&#243;picos endovenosos foram administrados a menos de 15% da amostra estudada. Indicadores de qualidade assistencial baseados nas orienta&#231;&#245;es de alta hospitalar foram atingidos em menos de 65% dos pacientes. A mortalidade intra-hospitalar afetou 12,6% do total dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O estudo BREATHE demonstrou a alta mortalidade intra-hospitalar dos pacientes admitidos com IC aguda no Brasil, somada &#224; baixa taxa de prescri&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos baseados em evid&#234;ncias.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Prescri&#231;&#227;o Inadequada</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) tem sido apontada como um importante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica e considerada como uma nova epidemia com elevada mortalidade e morbidade, a despeito dos avan&#231;os da terap&#234;utica atual. Dados atualizados da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA) estimam preval&#234;ncia de 5,1 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos com IC somente nos Estados Unidos, no per&#237;odo de 2007-2012. As proje&#231;&#245;es mostram que a preval&#234;ncia da IC aumentar&#225; 46% de 2012-2030, resultando em mais de 8 milh&#245;es de pessoas acima dos 18 anos de idade com IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.A preval&#234;ncia em ascens&#227;o se deve provavelmente ao aumento da expectativa de vida, uma vez que a IC acomete de forma preponderante faixas et&#225;rias mais elevadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>A IC &#233; a principal causa de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, baseado em dados dispon&#237;veis de cerca de 50% da popula&#231;&#227;o sul&#8209;americana<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. O retrato mais abrangente da situa&#231;&#227;o das interna&#231;&#245;es por IC no Brasil pode ser obtido atrav&#233;s das an&#225;lises dos registros do DATA-SUS, com as limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes de um banco de dados de car&#225;ter administrativo. Dados demonstram que apenas no ano de 2012 houve 26.694 &#243;bitos por IC no Brasil. Para o mesmo ano, das 1.137.572 interna&#231;&#245;es por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio, em torno de 21% foram devidas &#224; IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>O &#244;nus se torna ainda mais significativo quando consideramos que quase 50% de todos os pacientes internados com este diagn&#243;stico s&#227;o readmitidos dentro de 90 dias ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar e que essa readmiss&#227;o hospitalar &#233; um dos principais fatores de risco para morte nesta s&#237;ndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Diversos estudos concentraram-se na identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores associados com readmiss&#245;es frequentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Os habitualmente descritos na literatura internacional s&#227;o a terapia inadequada, a falta de ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento, o isolamento social, ou a piora da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Entretanto, em aproximadamente 30-40% dos casos n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel identificar o motivo da descompensa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os dados sobre a morbidade e consequentes custos associados com IC descompensada s&#227;o incontest&#225;veis em todo o mundo. No Brasil, s&#227;o escassos os estudos que avaliam de forma compreensiva e prospectiva as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e progn&#243;sticas de pacientes que s&#227;o admitidos com diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de IC. Iniciativas isoladas sugerem a exist&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;as regionais significativas em diversas caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes que internam com IC no Brasil, mas essas compara&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o metodologicamente limitadas por delineamentos e crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o muitas vezes divergentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Dessa forma, o estabelecimento de um registro nacional que incorpore um grupo de hospitais p&#250;blicos e privados das diferentes regi&#245;es brasileiras poder&#225; retratar de forma mais precisa quais pacientes internam com diagn&#243;stico de IC, como estes pacientes s&#227;o tratados em suas institui&#231;&#245;es e qual seu progn&#243;stico a curto e longo prazo.</p>
        <p>O estudo BREATHE &#233; o primeiro registro nacional e multic&#234;ntrico de IC aguda a incluir todas as regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s, envolvendo 51 hospitais p&#250;blicos e privados em 21 cidades do Brasil. O objetivo da presente an&#225;lise &#233; descrever as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, de tratamento e do progn&#243;stico intra&#8209;hospitalar de pacientes admitidos com IC aguda no Brasil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento</title>
          <p>Estudo observacional transversal (registro) com seguimento longitudinal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos Hospitais</title>
          <p>Os hospitais da rede p&#250;blica e privada que participaram do Registro de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Descompensada do Departamento de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia foram escolhidos pela comiss&#227;o de investigadores. Para cada uma das cinco regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s foi alocado um n&#250;mero fixo de institui&#231;&#245;es, e o n&#250;mero de pacientes por regi&#227;o foi definido baseado no n&#250;mero absoluto de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares por regi&#227;o no ano de 2004 segundo o IBGE (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app04">Anexo I</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de Inclus&#227;o e Exclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Os m&#233;todos do BREATHE, incluindo os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o, foram previamente descritos13. Pacientes, acima de 18 anos de idade, admitidos em hospitais da rede p&#250;blica ou privada com quadro cl&#237;nico definitivo de IC confirmado atrav&#233;s dos crit&#233;rios de Boston foram considerados eleg&#237;veis ao estudo14. Aqueles pacientes submetidos a procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (angioplastia coronariana ou cirurgia) no &#250;ltimo m&#234;s da sele&#231;&#227;o e que apresentavam sinais de IC secund&#225;ria a um quadro de sepse foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es do Estudo:</title>
          <p>
            <bold>a) Perfil Cl&#237;nico-Hemodin&#226;mico:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O perfil cl&#237;nico-hemodin&#226;mico foi definido, segundo a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Stevenson<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, em quatro perfis hemodin&#226;micos de acordo com os achados do exame f&#237;sico de congest&#227;o pulmonar e perfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica. Os pacientes com IC aguda geralmente est&#227;o em um dos seguintes subgrupos: 1) presen&#231;a de congest&#227;o pulmonar sem sinais de hipoperfus&#227;o (quente e &#250;mido); 2) presen&#231;a de congest&#227;o pulmonar associada &#224; hipoperfus&#227;o (frio e &#250;mido); e 3) hipoperfus&#227;o sem congest&#227;o pulmonar (frio e seco).</p>
          <p>
            <bold>b) Doses-alvo do Tratamento da IC:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>As doses-alvo para o tratamento da IC aguda, para fins de avalia&#231;&#227;o dos dados deste estudo, foram as mesmas recomendadas pela II Diretriz de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Aguda da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>c) Causas de Descompensa&#231;&#227;o da IC:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>As principais causas de descompensa&#231;&#227;o analisadas inclu&#237;ram infec&#231;&#227;o, descompensa&#231;&#227;o por doen&#231;a valvar aguda, m&#225; ader&#234;ncia &#224; terapia medicamentosa, ingest&#227;o excessiva de s&#243;dio na &#250;ltima semana, arritmias e embolia pulmonar. A classifica&#231;&#227;o foi determinada pelo julgamento cl&#237;nico do investigador local de acordo com o relato do paciente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Seguimento</title>
          <p>Para a presente an&#225;lise, al&#233;m de dados da admiss&#227;o hospitalar, foram coletados dados durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar at&#233; a data da alta m&#233;dica ou &#243;bito intra-hospitalar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos de Interesse</title>
          <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio do presente estudo foi a mortalidade intra-hospitalar por todas as causas. Desfechos secund&#225;rios inclu&#237;ram a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que receberam interven&#231;&#245;es com benef&#237;cio comprovado demonstrado por indicadores de qualidade assistencial (uso de inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina [IECA]/bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II [BRA] e uso de betabloqueadores), reinterna&#231;&#245;es por IC, e mortalidade cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#201;ticos</title>
          <p>O protocolo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CEP) do Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de S&#227;o Paulo, SP (HCor) em 1&#186; de fevereiro de 2011, sob o n&#250;mero de registro 144/2011, e na sequ&#234;ncia, cada centro participante tamb&#233;m teve sua aprova&#231;&#227;o no seu CEP local. Todos os pacientes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido e o estudo cl&#237;nico foi conduzido de acordo com os princ&#237;pios da revis&#227;o atual da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Gerenciamentos dos Dados</title>
          <p>O gerenciamento dos dados foi realizado utilizando o Sistema EDC (<italic>Electronic Data Capture</italic>). As fichas cl&#237;nicas foram transcritas atrav&#233;s de prontu&#225;rio-Web e enviadas para o centro coordenador central, sendo incorporados em um banco de dados para valida&#231;&#227;o. O controle de qualidade dos dados do estudo ocorreu, principalmente, por checagem central em busca de poss&#237;veis inconsist&#234;ncias (dados sem plausibilidade biol&#243;gica) ou dados incompletos, e reportados aos centros participantes para confirma&#231;&#227;o e/ou corre&#231;&#227;o. O Departamento de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia foi respons&#225;vel pelo gerenciamento dos dados do estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tamanho Amostral</title>
          <p>Na primeira fase do Registro Brasileiro de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Descompensada foi prevista a avalia&#231;&#227;o de 1.200 interna&#231;&#245;es realizadas na rede p&#250;blica e privada nas diferentes regi&#245;es do Brasil. Este tamanho amostral foi definido para representar o maior estudo prospectivo brasileiro de IC descompensada, envolvendo todas as regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s, permitindo identificar diferen&#231;as regionais de mortalidade intra-hospitalar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas com medianas (intervalo interquartil) ou m&#233;dias (desvio padr&#227;o) conforme a distribui&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel, e as categ&#243;ricas atrav&#233;s de frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. A normalidade foi avaliada com a inspe&#231;&#227;o visual de histogramas e aplica&#231;&#227;o do teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilks. A distribui&#231;&#227;o da idade foi comparada entre as regi&#245;es segundo um modelo de an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) e a rela&#231;&#227;o entre etiologia e regi&#227;o pelo teste qui-quadrado. O software SAS 9.3 (<italic>Statistical Analysis System</italic>, Cary, NC) foi utilizado na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica de dados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>No per&#237;odo de fevereiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2012, foram inclu&#237;dos 1.263 pacientes em 51 centros de diferentes regi&#245;es do Brasil (2 centros na regi&#227;o Norte [164 pacientes], 13 centros no Nordeste [209 pacientes], 5 centros no Centro&#8209;Oeste [66 pacientes], 33 centros no Sudeste [652 pacientes] e 5 centros no Sul [172 pacientes]). Dois pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise por preencherem crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o. O diagrama de fluxo encontra-se no <xref ref-type="app" rid="app05">Anexo II</xref>.</p>
        <p>A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes foi de 64 &#177; 16 anos, com 73,1% acima dos 75 anos e 60% mulheres. A maioria dos pacientes era de etnia branca autorreferida (59%), havia sido admitida na rede p&#250;blica/Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (64.8%) e proveniente das regi&#245;es Sul/Sudeste (65,2%). Pouco mais da metade dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos possu&#237;am disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (58,7%) e a grande maioria era hipertensa (70,8%). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas basais da amostra estudada, incluindo dados demogr&#225;ficos e hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica pr&#233;via.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais da amostra</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>BREATHE (n = 1,261)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (m&#233;dia+/-DP<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>)</td>
                <td align="center">64,1 &#177; 15,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">40,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">26,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">70,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">36,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">&#8225;</xref> /AIT<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#167;</xref> pr&#233;vios (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">12,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">27,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Depress&#227;o (%) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">13,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a arterial oclusiva perif&#233;rica (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">10,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">24,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">34,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica/Asma (%)</td>
                <td align="center">12,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (m&#233;dia+/-DP)</td>
                <td align="center">38,8 &#177; 16,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#243;dio (m&#233;dia+/-DP)</td>
                <td align="center">137&#177;16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (m&#233;dia+/-DP)</td>
                <td align="center">1,7 &#177; 4,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BNP<sup>//</sup> (mediana/[IQR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#182;]</xref>)</td>
                <td align="center">1.075 (518;1.890)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Valores calculados com total de 1.255 pacientes com informa&#231;&#227;o completa;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN09">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>AVC: acidente vascular cerebral;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>AIT: acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>&#182;</label>
              <p>IQR: varia&#231;&#227;o interquartil.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia de idade por regi&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa com a inclus&#227;o de pacientes com idade mais avan&#231;ada nas regi&#245;es Sudeste e Sul e pacientes mais jovens na regi&#227;o Norte (66 &#177; 15 anos   <italic>versus</italic> 59 &#177; 17 anos, p = 0,019).</p>
        <p>As etiologias isqu&#234;mica e hipertensiva foram predominantes na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, acometendo 30,1% e 20,3% dos pacientes, respectivamente. Em torno de 11% dos pacientes tinham o diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a de Chagas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o das etiologias de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no registro BREATHE. *CMPD: cardiomiopatia dilatada; &#134;QT: secund&#225;ria a quimioter&#225;picos.  </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-06-0433-50031-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise das etiologias por regi&#227;o, os pacientes provenientes das regi&#245;es Sul, Sudeste e Nordeste apresentaram predomin&#226;ncia da etiologia isqu&#234;mica (33,6%, 32,6%, 31,9%, respectivamente). Nos pacientes da regi&#227;o Norte predominou a etiologia hipertensiva (37,2%), enquanto que entre os pacientes da regi&#227;o Norte predominou a etiologia chag&#225;sica (42,4%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o das etiologias por regi&#227;o do Brasil</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Etiologia</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Sul</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Sudeste</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Centro-Oeste</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Nordeste</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Norte</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tfoot>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>172</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>100</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>652</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>100</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>66</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>100</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>209</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>100</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>164</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>100</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>1,263</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>100</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tfoot>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
                <td align="center">33,6</td>
                <td align="center">213</td>
                <td align="center">32,6</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">22,8</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
                <td align="center">31,9</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">16,5</td>
                <td align="center">380</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">93</td>
                <td align="center">14,3</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">6,1</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">19,6</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">20,1</td>
                <td align="center">183</td>
                <td align="center">14,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertensiva</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">32,6</td>
                <td align="center">98</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">10,6</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">16,3</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">37,2</td>
                <td align="center">256</td>
                <td align="center">20,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">2,3</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
                <td align="center">12,3</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">42,4</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">6,2</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">6,7</td>
                <td align="center">136</td>
                <td align="center">10,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a valvar</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
                <td align="center">12,3</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">14,4</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">12,2</td>
                <td align="center">156</td>
                <td align="center">12,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Secund&#225;ria a quimioter&#225;picos</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Miocardite</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outros</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">8,7</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">11,3</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">12,1</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">9,6</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">7,3</td>
                <td align="center">129</td>
                <td align="center">10,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Missing</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As principais causas de descompensa&#231;&#227;o da IC foram m&#225; ader&#234;ncia medicamentosa (30%), seguida de infec&#231;&#245;es (23%) e controle inadequado da ingest&#227;o de &#225;gua e s&#243;dio (9%), como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o das causas de descompensa&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Causa da Descompensa&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>% (n=1.250)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Infec&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">22,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#225; ader&#234;ncia medicamentosa</td>
                <td align="center">29,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aumento da ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio e &#225;gua<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">8,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a valvar aguda</td>
                <td align="center">6,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Arritmia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">12,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Embolia pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outros</td>
                <td align="center">32,4</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Total com informa&#231;&#227;o completa: 1.242 pacientes.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao perfil cl&#237;nico-hemodin&#226;mico &#224; admiss&#227;o hospitalar, o predom&#237;nio foi para o perfil quente-&#250;mido que totalizou 67,4% dos casos, enquanto que os perfis frio-&#250;mido e frio-seco representaram 17,8% e 5,2%, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f07">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Perfil hemodin&#226;mico na admiss&#227;o hospitalar</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-06-0433-50031-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 4</xref> relaciona os principais procedimentos realizados durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, assim como a taxa de mortalidade ainda em fase hospitalar. A soma dos &#243;bitos nas primeiras 24 horas (17 pacientes) e ap&#243;s este per&#237;odo (140 pacientes), totalizou 12,6% da amostra estudada. A troca valvar prevaleceu entre os procedimentos durante a fase hospitalar tendo ocorrido em 156 pacientes.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t09">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Eventos e procedimentos durante interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Eventos/procedimentos</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>(n/total)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Mortalidade intra-hospitalar</td>
                <td align="center">12,6  </td>
                <td align="center">(1,57/1,245)  </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                <td align="center">0,7  </td>
                <td align="center">(9/197)  </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Troca valvar</td>
                <td align="center">12,4  </td>
                <td align="center">(156/197)  </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Transplante card&#237;aco</td>
                <td align="center">1,2  </td>
                <td align="center">(15/197)  </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angioplastia coron&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">1,5  </td>
                <td align="center">(19/197)  </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Desfibrilador implant&#225;vel/ Ressincronizador</td>
                <td align="center">1,2  </td>
                <td align="center">(15/197)  </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Marcapasso card&#237;aco</td>
                <td align="center">1,7  </td>
                <td align="center">(22/197)  </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <p>*Do total, apenas 197 pacientes realizaram procedimentos durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Para o tratamento na fase intra-hospitalar da IC aguda, foram predominantes o uso de diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a (89,8%), seguidos de betabloqueadores (57,1%). O uso de vasodilatadores endovenosos (6,6%) e inotr&#243;picos (13,6%) representou pequena parcela da terapia desta popula&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f08">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Medica&#231;&#245;es Intra-hospitalares. *IECA: inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; &#134;BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina II.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-06-0433-50031-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Segundo os indicadores da <italic>Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations  </italic>(JCAHO), 63,7% dos pacientes receberam orienta&#231;&#245;es na alta hospitalar sobre a correta tomada da terapia medicamentosa, enquanto que apenas 34,9% e 16,2% foram orientados sobre a dieta a ser seguida em domic&#237;lio e prescri&#231;&#227;o de atividade f&#237;sica, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f09">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Orienta&#231;&#245;es na alta hospitalar de acordo com os indicadores de qualidade nos cuidados durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (de acordo com a JCAHO*). * Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organization. &#134; Aplic&#225;vel aos tabagistas</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-06-0433-50031-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os principais achados desta an&#225;lise do estudo BREATHE s&#227;o: 1) as carater&#237;sticas basais apontam para um perfil populacional de pacientes predominantemente idosos, principalmente nas regi&#245;es Sul e Sudeste do Brasil; 2) a m&#225; ader&#234;ncia medicamentosa foi o fator associado com mais frequ&#234;ncia &#224; descompensa&#231;&#227;o; 3) a prescri&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos de acordo com as evid&#234;ncias atuais, principalmente vasodilatadores, foi abaixo do esperado para esta popula&#231;&#227;o; e 4) elevada taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar.</p>
        <p>Pacientes com idade avan&#231;ada representaram uma parcela importante da amostra estudada no BREATHE e predominaram nas regi&#245;es Sul e Sudeste, onde tamb&#233;m foi mais prevalente a etiologia isqu&#234;mica.</p>
        <p>Entre os pacientes com doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, aproximadamente 50% n&#227;o tomam medicamentos como prescritos. Esta baixa ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o leva ao aumento da morbidade, mortalidade e custos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Soma-se a isto o fato de que a idade avan&#231;ada &#233; um fator de risco para a m&#225; ader&#234;ncia que aumenta ainda mais com a polifarm&#225;cia, aumentando a probabilidade de eventos adversos.</p>
        <p>Os estudos sobre a ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o demonstram taxas muito vari&#225;veis de ades&#227;o entre os pacientes com IC. Um estudo relatou taxas de ader&#234;ncia de 79% para os IECA/BRA, 65% para betabloqueadores e 56% para a espironolactona ap&#243;s cinco anos da primeira hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Em contrapartida, a taxa de n&#227;o ader&#234;ncia baseada na contagem de comprimidos foi muito menor no estudo CHARM onde 11% dos pacientes tomaram menos de 80% dos comprimidos prescritos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        <p>A ader&#234;ncia est&#225; associada a diversos fatores, e n&#227;o deve ser considerada como responsabilidade exclusiva do paciente. O estudo BREATHE apontou que apenas pouco mais de 50% dos pacientes receberam orienta&#231;&#245;es para a correta tomada da medica&#231;&#227;o, enquanto somente 43,5% foram orientados sobre o reconhecimento da piora dos sintomas e consultas futuras. Evid&#234;ncias pr&#233;vias revelam que em torno de 35% dos pacientes internados com IC aguda recebem instru&#231;&#245;es apropriadas na alta hospitalar, com os centros acad&#234;micos apresentando pior performance neste indicador da JCAHO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        <p>Ainda de maior relev&#226;ncia e que impacta na prescri&#231;&#227;o de alta &#233; a medica&#231;&#227;o introduzida ainda na fase hospitalar. Esta an&#225;lise demonstra que ainda existem lacunas consider&#225;veis no tratamento da IC aguda no Brasil. O tratamento com frequ&#234;ncia n&#227;o segue as diretrizes atuais publicadas, o que pode contribuir para a elevada morbidade, mortalidade e custo econ&#244;mico desta s&#237;ndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>O Estudo IMPROVE-HF mostrou que a adi&#231;&#227;o de cada terapia baseada em evid&#234;ncia esteve associada com uma diminui&#231;&#227;o em 24 meses do risco de mortalidade, com benef&#237;cio incremental. Esta forte associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o uso progressivo de terapias baseadas em evid&#234;ncias e melhora da sobrevida ajustada ao risco atingiu um plat&#244; ap&#243;s 4-5 terapias inclu&#237;das no arsenal terap&#234;utico do paciente com IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>A despeito do perfil cl&#237;nico hemodin&#226;mico quente-&#250;mido ter sido o mais comum no presente estudo, apenas 6,6% da popula&#231;&#227;o recebeu vasodilatador endovenoso enquanto 42,2% dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos receberam IECA ainda em fase hospitalar. Em torno de 18% dos pacientes se apresentaram frio-&#250;midos &#224; admiss&#227;o hospitalar, no entanto, somente 13,6% dos pacientes receberam inotr&#243;picos. A prescri&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueador foi para somente 57,1% da amostra estudada. Por outro lado, foram prescritos diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a para aproximadamente 90% dos pacientes.  </p>
        <p>Resultados da an&#225;lise do registro ADHERE sugerem que o in&#237;cio precoce da terapia vasodilatadora, ainda na sala de emerg&#234;ncia, se correlacionou com menor tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar e transfer&#234;ncia para unidades fechadas, assim como maiores percentagens de pacientes assintom&#225;ticos na alta hospitalar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Adicionalmente, houve uma substancial melhora da sobrevida dos pacientes que receberam vasodilatador endovenoso (nitroglicerina ou nesiritide), em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles que receberam inotr&#243;picos endovenosos (dobutamina ou milrinone)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. No entanto, &#233; poss&#237;vel que os pacientes que necessitem de terapia inotr&#243;pica tenham uma forma mais avan&#231;ada da IC do que os pacientes que recebem vasodilatadores.</p>
        <p>An&#225;lise do <italic>Euro Heart Survey  </italic>mostrou claramente que os pacientes inclu&#237;dos em ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados s&#227;o um grupo altamente selecionado e que apenas uma pequena propor&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes deste registro seria eleg&#237;vel. No entanto, para menos da metade dos pacientes eleg&#237;veis foi prescrito betabloqueador e IECA e as doses utilizadas foram abaixo daquelas que provaram ser eficazes. Portanto, a falta de semelhan&#231;a entre pacientes com IC na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e aqueles em ensaios cl&#237;nicos n&#227;o explica adequadamente a subutiliza&#231;&#227;o da terapia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
        <p>Invariavelmente, o tratamento intra-hospitalar tem impacto direto nos eventos cl&#237;nicos durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. O progn&#243;stico da IC &#233; reservado e diretamente relacionado &#224; perda da capacidade funcional. Dados do estudo de Framingham demonstraram uma sobrevida mediana ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de 1,7 anos para homens e 3,2 anos para mulheres. A alta mortalidade, morbidade e comprometimento da qualidade de vida relacionados com a IC afeta principalmente os idosos. Apesar de se observar um benef&#237;cio consistente e significativo na sobrevida de pacientes com IC atrav&#233;s do uso de estrat&#233;gias farmacol&#243;gicas agressivas, a mortalidade anual dessa entidade continua elevada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Nos estudos CONSENSUS (<italic>Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study</italic>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> e PROMISE (<italic>Prospective Randomized Milrinone Survival Evaluation</italic>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, por exemplo, identificou&#8209;se uma propor&#231;&#227;o alta de pacientes com mortalidade anual superior a 30%. Em estudos mais recentes, a mortalidade dos pacientes em classe funcional III-IV ap&#243;s um ano de tratamento otimizado, incluindo o uso rotineiro de IECA e betabloquedores, foi de aproximadamente 10&#8209;15%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. Embora estes valores sejam alentadores, tais taxas de mortalidade s&#227;o ainda semelhantes &#224;quelas observadas em muitas doen&#231;as neopl&#225;sicas.</p>
        <p>J&#225; a mortalidade intra-hospital est&#225; compreendida entre 3% a 4% dos pacientes admitidos por IC aguda em estudos pr&#233;vios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>enquanto que a taxa de mortalidade no registro BREATHE supera o dobro do encontrado nos registros americanos e europeus. No estudo ADHERE, a mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi de 4,0% e o tempo m&#233;dio de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar foi de 4,3 dias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. Semelhante ao registro americano, o   <italic>Euro Heart Survey</italic> apresentou uma taxa de mortalidade total intra-hospitalar de 3,8%, sendo 90,1% de causa cardiovascular. Taxas de mortalidade mais altas foram observadas na presen&#231;a de choque cardiog&#234;nico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
        <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes &#224; concep&#231;&#227;o do BREATHE devem ser consideradas na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos seus resultados. O diagn&#243;stico da IC aguda foi baseado apenas nos crit&#233;rios de Boston e n&#227;o foi definida a data de in&#237;cio dos sintomas, n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel diferenciar a IC aguda nova da IC cr&#244;nica agudizada. Por conseguinte, por haver heterogeneidade da popula&#231;&#227;o, a an&#225;lise do tratamento e progn&#243;stico exigir&#225; apropriado ajuste. Al&#233;m disso, o n&#250;mero de dados faltantes (<italic>missing</italic>) foi elevado para algumas vari&#225;veis de preenchimento n&#227;o obrigat&#243;rio, interferindo nos resultados encontrados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O BREATHE representa o primeiro registro brasileiro de IC aguda e seus resultados apontam para a alta taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar relacionada &#224;s baixas taxas de terapia baseadas em evid&#234;ncias prescritas ao longo da interna&#231;&#227;o, assim como baixo percentual de orienta&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas na alta hospitalar de pacientes internados por IC aguda em diferentes regi&#245;es do Brasil. Novas estrat&#233;gias devem ser adotadas a fim de assegurar melhoria na qualidade do atendimento hospitalar desta doen&#231;a.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app04">
          <title>Anexo I</title>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Anexo I</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o de pacientes do BREATHE por regi&#227;o (previsto vs inclu&#237;dos)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Grandes Regi&#245;es</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="3" align="center">
                    <bold>Interna&#231;&#245;es em estabelecimentos de sa&#250;de no ano de 2004</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Total IBGE</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Total BREATHE previstos</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Total BREATHE Inclu&#237;dos</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Brasil</td>
                  <td align="center">23.252.613 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.200</td>
                  <td align="center">1.263</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Norte</td>
                  <td align="center">1.746.554 (8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">96</td>
                  <td align="center">164</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nordeste</td>
                  <td align="center">5.254.978 (23%)</td>
                  <td align="center">276</td>
                  <td align="center">209</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sudeste</td>
                  <td align="center">10.794.799 (46%)</td>
                  <td align="center">552</td>
                  <td align="center">652</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sul</td>
                  <td align="center">3.671.762 (16%)</td>
                  <td align="center">192</td>
                  <td align="center">172</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Centro-Oeste</td>
                  <td align="center">1.784.520 (8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">96</td>
                  <td align="center">66</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </app>
        <app id="app05">
          <title>Anexo II</title>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Anexo II</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diagrama de Fluxo do estudo BREATHE</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-06-0433-50031-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </app>
        <app id="app06">
          <title>Lista dos participantes do BREATHE</title>
          <p>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas Gaspar Viana: Helder Jos&#233; Lima Reis; Hospital de Base FAMERP: Paulo Roberto Nogueira; Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o: Ricardo Pavanello; Hospital S&#227;o Lucas &#8211; PUCRS: Luiz Claudio Danzmann; Hospital de Messejana: Jo&#227;o David de Souza Neto; Instituto Dante Pazzanese: Elizabete Silva dos Santos; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre: Luis Eduardo Paim Rohde; InCor SP: Mucio Tavares de Oliveira Filho; Real Hospital Portugu&#234;s: Silvia Marinho Martins; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho: Marcelo Iorio Garcia; Hospital Total Cor: Antonio Baruzzi; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Prof. Alberto Antunes: Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a da Silva; Hospital Barra D&#8217;Or: Ricardo Gusm&#227;o; Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Goi&#225;s: Aguinaldo Figueiredo de Freitas J&#250;nior; Hospital Vera Cruz: Fernando Carvalho Neuenschwander; Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Londrina: Manoel Fernandes Canesin; Hospital Copa D&#8217;or: Denilson Campos de Albuquerque; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s: Salvador Rassi; Instituto Cardiopulmonar: Eduardo Darz&#233;; Santa Casa de Votuporanga: Mauro Esteves Hernandes; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto: Ricardo Mourilhe Rocha; S&#227;o Lucas M&#233;dico Hospitalar: Antonio Carlos Sobral Sousa; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Presidente Dutra-HUUFMA: Jose Albuquerque de Figueiredo Neto; Centro de Pesquisa da Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica e Cardiologia da UNIFESP: Renato D. Lopes; Unidade de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca &#8211; InCor: Edimar Alcides Bocchi; Hospital Quinta Dor: Jacqueline Sampaio; Hospital Lifecenter: Est&#234;v&#227;o Lanna Figueiredo; Xeno Diagn&#243;sticos Dante Pazzanese: Abilio Augusto Fragata Filho; Funda&#231;&#227;o Bahiana de Cardiologia: Alvaro Rabelo Alves J&#250;nior; Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal: Carlos V. Nascimento; Hospital Auxiliar do Cotox&#243;: Antonio Carlos Pereira-Barretto; Funda&#231;&#227;o Benefic&#234;ncia Hospital de Cirurgia/ Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o: Fabio Serra Silveira; Hospital Santa Izabel: Gilson Soares Feitosa; Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt: Conrado Roberto Hoffmann Filho; Hospital Univ. Antonio Pedro &#8211; UFF: Humberto Villacorta J&#250;nior; Hospital Universit&#225;rio S&#227;o Jose: Sidney Ara&#250;jo; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Botucatu UNESP Botucatu: Beatriz Bojikian Matsubara; Hospital Santa Paula: Ot&#225;vio Gebara; Casa de Sa&#250;de S&#227;o Jos&#233;: Gustavo Luiz Gouvea de Almeida; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da UFMG: Maria da Consola&#231;&#227;o Vieira Moreira; Hospital Madre Tereza: Roberto Luiz Marino; S&#227;o Bernardo Apart Hospital: Jo&#227;o Miguel de Malta Dantas; Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia: Marcelo Imbroinise Bittencourt; Hospital da Cidade: Marcelo Silveira Teixeira; Hospital Rios Dor: Elias Pimentel Gouvea; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Ribeir&#227;o Preto/ USP-FMRP: Marcus Vin&#237;cius Sim&#245;es; Santa Casa de S&#227;o Paulo: Renato Jorge Alves; Hospital Espanhol: Fabio Villas-Boas; Unidade de Miocardiopatia InCor: Charles Mady; Hospital Escola Alvaro Alvim: Felipe Montes Pena; Hospital Univ. Jo&#227;o de Barros Barreto &#8211; UFPA: Eduardo Costa.</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Departamento de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <title>Errata</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Edi&#231;&#227;o de Junho de 2015, vol. 104 (6), p&#225;gs. 433-442</title>
            <p>O artigo original "I Registro Brasileiro de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca - Aspectos Cl&#237;nicos, Qualidade Assistencial e Desfechos Hospitalares", publicado em Junho de 2015 nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia [Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015; 104(6): 433-442], sofreu a seguinte corre&#231;&#227;o:</p>
            <p>Corrigir o texto:</p>
            <p>Na an&#225;lise das etiologias por regi&#227;o estudada, os pacientes provenientes da regi&#227;o Sul, Sudeste e Nordeste apresentavam predomin&#226;ncia da etiologia isqu&#234;mica (33,6%, 32,6%, 31,9%, respectivamente), os pacientes da regi&#227;o Norte da etiologia hipertensiva (37,2%), enquanto que entre os pacientes da regi&#227;o Norte predominava a etiologia chag&#225;sica (42,4%) (tabela 2).</p>
            <p>E considerar o texto seguinte:</p>
            <p>Na an&#225;lise das etiologias por regi&#227;o estudada, os pacientes provenientes da regi&#227;o Sul, Sudeste e Nordeste apresentavam predomin&#226;ncia da etiologia isqu&#234;mica (33,6%, 32,6%, 31,9%, respectivamente), os pacientes da regi&#227;o Norte da etiologia hipertensiva (37,2%), enquanto que entre os pacientes da regi&#227;o Centro-Oeste predominava a etiologia chag&#225;sica (42,4%) (tabela 2).</p>
          </sec>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
