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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">wgrsRB5JRqLqzDBM8jcmkyG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000500013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150046</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 01/2015 - 66 Year Old Woman with Hypertensive Cardiopathy and Acute
               Decompensated Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pesinat</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael Marion</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yamada</surname>
            <given-names>Alice Tatsuko</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benvenuti</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas,
               Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211;
               Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>, Avenida Dr. En&#233;as
               de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o
               Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>,
                  <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>e39</fpage>
      <lpage>e48</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution NonCommercial License which permits unrestricted noncommercial
                  use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is
                  properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Diseases / physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Bronchopneumonia</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Arrest</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="20"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A 66-year-old woman, native of Venturosa (Pernambuco, Brazil) and resident of S&#227;o Paulo
         (S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil), was hospitalized for intense dyspnea on June 8, 2013.</p>
    <p>At 61years of age (on February 26, 2007), the patient was initially examined at the Heart
         Institute (InCor) with the complaint of dyspnea during daily life activities and paroxysmal
         nocturnal dyspnea since 1 year. The dyspnea was observed 3 years prior, initially upon
         greater efforts along with palpitations, nausea, and pain in the lower limbs. She
         complained of chest pain after emotional upset.</p>
    <p>She presented a history of arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus since the age of 56
         as well as mixed dyslipidemia and hyperuricemia.</p>
    <p>Physical examination showed a heart rate of 72 bpm, blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg, and
         jugular stasis. Crackle was heard at the lung bases. Cardiac auscultation revealed a split
         first heart sound. Abdominal examination showed no abnormalities. Further, no edema was
         observed in the lower limbs, and the pulses were symmetrical.</p>
    <p>An ECG performed in February 2007 revealed sinus rhythm, heart rate of 67 bpm, left bundle
         branch block, and left ventricular hypertrophy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure
            1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f01">
      <label>Figure 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Electrocardiogram. Sinus rhythm, left bundle branch block, and left ventricular
               hypertrophy.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0e39-50046-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>In April 2007, laboratory tests revealed the following values: red blood cell 4.7 million
            /mm<sup>3</sup>, hemoglobin 13.4&#160;g/dL, mean corpuscular volume 83 fL, leukocytes
            7,700/mm<sup>3</sup> (51% neutrophils, 2% eosinophils, 39% lymphocytes, and 8%
         monocytes), platelets 236,000/mm<sup>3</sup>, cholesterol 196 mg/dL, high density
         lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDLC) 39 mg/dL, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDLC) 102
         mg/dL, triglycerides 350 mg/dL, glucose 100 mg/dL, creatinine 0.97 mg/dL, urea 41&#160;mg/dL,
         sodium 143 mEq/L, potassium 4.5 mEq/L, glycosylated hemoglobin 6.3%, thyroid stimulating
         hormone (TSH) 5.49&#160;&#181;UI/mL, free T4 1.0 ng/dL, AST 22 U/L, ALT 30 U/L, brain
         natriuretic peptide (BNP) 115 pg/mL, and uric acid 7.3 mg/dL. Serological testing for
         Chagas disease was negative.</p>
    <p>Medications included spironolactone 25 mg, carvedilol 6.25 mg, furosemide 40 mg, losartan
         100 mg (cough was reported with use of captopril), allopurinol 100 mg, simvastatin 20 mg,
         acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg, metformin 2,550 mg, glibenclamide 10 mg, and NPH insulin 30 U
         per day.</p>
    <p>An echocardiogram on April 26, 2007 showed aortic diameter of 32 mm and left atrial
         diameter of 44 mm, interventricular septum thickness of 9 mm, posterior wall thickness of
         10 mm, left ventricular diameter (systolic/diastolic) of 81/74 mm, ejection fraction of
         18%, diffuse hypokinesia of the left ventricle, and normal valves.</p>
    <p>Myocardial scintigraphy conducted in November 2008 revealed discrete fixed hypercaptation
         in medial and apical portions of the anteroseptal wall, and there was no redistribution of
         thallium-201 reinjection. There was diffuse hypokinesia and anteroapical dyskinesia, and
         the ejection fraction was 11% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f02">
      <label>Figure 2</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with thallium-201. Homogeneous captation and
               dilatation of the left ventricle.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0e39-50046-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="f03">
      <label>Figure 3</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Ventriculography via myocardial scintigraphy. Diffuse hypokinesia and
               anteroapical dyskinesia, ejection fraction 11%.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0e39-50046-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>The patient was asymptomatic with controlled blood pressure and no edema until an
         outpatient consultation in December 2012.</p>
    <p>In February 2012, another echocardiograph was conducted which showed aortic diameter of 33
         mm, left atrial diameter of 54 mm, right ventricular diameter of 27&#160;mm, interventricular
         septum thickness of 10 mm and rear wall thickness of 11 mm with a left ventricular diameter
         (systolic/diastolic) of 83/75 mm, left ventricular ejection fraction of 20%, diffuse
         hypokinesia of the left ventricle, and moderate failure of the mitral valve.</p>
    <p>Laboratory tests conducted in November 23, 2012 revealed the following values: hemoglobin
         13 g/dL, hematocrit 41%, mean corpuscular volume 89 fL, leukocytes 6.040/mm<sup>3</sup>
         (63% neutrophils, 5% eosinophils, 27% lymphocytes, and 5% monocytes), platelet
            209,000/mm<sup>3</sup>, cholesterol 164 mg/dL, triglycerides 275 mg/dL, glucose 125
         mg/dL, urea 43 mg/dL, creatinine 0.96 mg/dL, sodium 142 mEq/L, potassium 4.4 mEq/L, AST 17
         UI/L, ALT 29 U/L, glycosylated hemoglobin 6.1%, TSH 4.14 &#181;UI/mL, free T4 1.06 ng/dL,
         prothrombin activation time (PAT) according to the <italic>International Normalized
            Ratio</italic> (INR) of 1.1, and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) times of
         0.98.</p>
    <p>An X-ray on June 3, 2012 revealed accentuated cardiomegaly and cephalization of the
         pulmonary vasculature (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figures 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">5</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f04">
      <label>Figure 4</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Chest X-ray in posteroanterior projection. Cephalization of the pulmonary
               vasculature and accentuated cardiomegaly.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0e39-50046-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="f05">
      <label>Figure 5</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Chest X-ray profile. Accentuated cardiomegaly observed.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0e39-50046-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>The patient sought emergency medical attention for worsening of dyspnea, which had begun 3
         days prior, accompanied by a dry cough and no fever. Patient was taking carvedilol 25 mg,
         furosemide 40 mg, spironolactone 25 mg, atorvastatin 20 mg, ciprofibrate 100 mg, metformin
         2550 mg, acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg, and 30 IU of NPH insulin.</p>
    <p>She reported taking antibiotics to treat pneumonia and a urinary tract infection 30 days
         prior to seeking emergency care.</p>
    <p>Upon physical examination on June 8, 2013, the patient was in her regular general state,
         cyanotic, with tachydyspnea, respiratory rate of 40 rpm, heart rate of 110 bpm, and blood
         pressure of 140/100 mmHg. There was crackling stridor up to the apex of both the lungs,
         hypophonic heart sounds, abdomen without alterations, and edema of the lower limbs ++/4+;
         the patient's wrists were symmetrical. The patient was diagnosed with acute edema of the
         lungs and was administered furosemide 20 mg and morphine bolus 3 mg along with initiation
         of continuous intravenous nitroglycerin 5 &#181;g/min and non-invasive ventilation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f06">
      <label>Figure 6</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Chest X-ray in posteroanterior projection. Bilateral paracardiac alveolar
               infiltrate and accentuated increase in cardiac area were observed.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0e39-50046-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>An electrocardiogram on June 8, 2013 (9:24 a.m.) revealed a probable sinus rhythm with
         broad complexes and left ventricular overload. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure
            7</xref>). The chest x-ray on June 8, 2014 revealed bilateral paracardiac alveolar
         pulmonary infiltrate and a marked increase in cardiac area (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f07">
      <label>Figure 7</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Electrocardiogram. Sinus rhythm, left bundle branch block, with probable
               electrical inactivity in the lower and anteroseptal wall.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0e39-50046-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Laboratory tests conducted on the same day revealed the following values: hemoglobin 13.1
         g/dL, hematocrit 41%, leukocytes 14,530/mm<sup>3</sup> (neutrophils 79%, eosinophils 0%,
         basophils 1%, lymphocytes 16%, and monocytes 4%), platelets 303,000/mm<sup>3</sup>,
         cholesterol 149 mg/dL, HDL-c 36&#160;mg/dL, LDL-c 90 mg/dL, triglycerides 117 mg/dL, glucose 374
         mg/dL, urea 75 mg/dL, creatinine 1.69 mg/dL (glomerular filtration 32 ml/min/1.73 m&#178;),
         C-reactive protein 28.42 mg/dL, TSH 1.40 &#181;UI/mL, CK-MB 6.42 ng/mL, and troponin I
         0.236 ng/mL.</p>
    <p>The patient continued to have significant dyspnea and exhibited a reduced level of
         consciousness requiring orotracheal intubation for respiratory support. During this
         procedure, she experienced a pulseless cardiac arrest with cessation of electrical
         activity; however, she was resuscitated. The presence of pneumothorax was noted by marked
         decrease in vesicular breath sounds on the right side, which was immediately drained.</p>
    <p>An electrocardiogram after approximately 40 min revealed irregular rhythm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figure 8</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="f08">
      <label>Figure 8</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Electrocardiogram. Irregular rhythm, likely atrial arrhythmia, left bundle branch
               block, and left ventricular overload.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0e39-50046-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>The patient experienced another cardiac arrest; however, this time she did not respond to
         resuscitation. The patient died on June 8, 2013 at 10:35 a.m.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Clinical aspects</title>
      <p>This is the case of a patient who began outpatient follow-up with symptoms of heart
            failure and effort dyspnea, orthopnea, and paroxistic nocturnal dyspnea with increasing
            intensity as well as with jugular stasis and bi-basal crackles (revealed by physical
               examination)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Heart failure is the final outcome of most cardiovascular diseases, and is very
            prevalent in Brazil. With 1,156,136 admissions in 2007, cardiovascular diseases is known
            to be the third most common cause of hospitalization in the Brazilian Unified Health
            System (SUS), with heart failure being the most frequent. Like other developed
            countries, the principal etiologies of heart failure in Brazil are hypertension and
            chronic ischemic heart disease, but other etiologies are also present, such as Chagas
            cardiomyopathy, endomyocardial fibrosis, and degenerative as well as rheumatic valvular
               disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>The patient's echocardiogram showed enlarged left cardiac chambers and a sharply reduced
            left ventricular ejection fraction from diffuse hypokinesia, allowing a diagnosis of
            dilated cardiomyopathy, which is the most common of the cardiomyopathies essentially
            characterized by dilatation and compromised contraction of the left ventricle or both
               ventricles<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>The hospitalization rate is high in patients with heart failure, mainly precipitated by
            decompensation, poor adherence to treatment (dietary as well as medication), cardiac
            ischemia, uncontrolled hypertension, arrhythmias, and infectious causes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Mortality in patients with heart failure is also
            high with a 5-year survival rate of 50%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. There
            are some morphological parameters that may indicate a poorer prognosis with increased
            risk for sudden death, arrhythmias, and embolism. These parameters include the degree of
            impairment of ejection fraction (mainly in ejection fractions below 25%), increase in
            left ventricular and/or right ventricular volume, ventricular dyssynchrony, and decrease
            in mass/volume ratio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Among the clinical and
            laboratorial parameters, the New York Heart Association functional class IV has a poorer
            prognosis, as do younger patients, women, patients with syncope, S3 gallop, right heart
            failure upon examination, left bundle branch block, first or second degree
            atrioventricular blockage, and hyponatremia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.
            Among these factors, in this case, the patient presented a sharply reduced ejection
            fraction, ventricular enlargement, was female, and had left bundle branch block.</p>
      <p>The main causes of death in patients with heart failure are complications, such as
            sudden death/arrhythmias and pulmonary embolism as well as progressive deterioration of
            the ventricular function with subsequent hemodynamic collapse<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>In this case, the patient had dilated cardiomyopathy with no prior history of
            myocarditis, no report of alcohol or substance abuse, and no significant personal or
            family background; however, she did have cardiovascular risk factors that made
            idiopathic etiology less likely. For this patient, the most likely etiologies for
            cardiomyopathy were hypertensive or ischemic.</p>
      <p>Myocardial scintigraphy showed areas of hypercaptation, suggesting an ischemic origin
            for the cardiomyopathy, but these findings may be attributed to the presence of left
            bundle branch block or artifacts resulting from mammary attenuation; additionally, the
            patient had no prior history of heart attack and her echocardiogram showed no areas of
            akinesia.</p>
      <p>The patient's electrocardiogram showed left ventricular overload, which supports
            hypertensive etiology, as well as the echocardiogram, which exhibited increased
            ventricular mass and diffuse hypokinesia.</p>
      <p>After the initial assessment, therapy was optimized with medications known to modify the
            rates of hospitalization and mortality for patients with heart failure resulting from
            reduced ejection fraction (carvedilol, enalapril, and spironolactone)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> and agents to relieve symptoms (furosemide). The
            patient remained asymptomatic until she was hospitalized for acute decompensated heart
            failure.</p>
      <p>In this case, the patient exhibited leukocytosis with neutrophil predominance and
            elevated C-reactive protein indicating a possible infectious cause for decompensation.
            These factors, along with the findings of tachycardia and tachypnea, and the severity
            criteria such as renal dysfunction and neurological changes (reduced consciousness
            level), allow a diagnosis of severe sepsis, a disease with a mortality rate of 48% in
            Brazil, with worse prognosis in patients with previous comorbidities such as
               cardiomyopathy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>Although it is sometimes difficult to differentiate between sepsis and decompensated
            heart failure, treatment of sepsis should not be delayed and must be started within the
            first hour of diagnosis, because for every hour of delay there is a 4% increase in
            mortality.</p>
      <p>The rapid evolution of our patient, requiring orotracheal intubation and subsequent
            pulseless cardiac arrest, led us to discuss the main causes of this type of cardiac
            arrest such as hypoxia, hypovolemia, acidosis, hyper/hypokalemia, pneumothorax,
            pulmonary embolism, and acute myocardial infarction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>Although pulmonary embolism is one of the leading causes of death in patients with heart
            failure and the patient did present the most frequent symptoms (tachypnea and
            tachycardia), she was considered to be hypotensive and without pulmonary congestion.</p>
      <p>In a patient with multiple cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension,
            dyslipidemia, and diabetes, an important differential diagnosis is myocardial ischemia,
            which is a leading cause of mortality in diabetic patients because of more extensive
            disease and atypical symptoms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Although the
            patient was experiencing hemodynamic stress, was hypertensive, and showed signs of
            infection, which increases myocardial oxygen demand, acute coronary syndrome was not the
            main diagnostic hypothesis because she did not exhibit any objective evidence of
            ischemia, remembering that we did not have electrocardiographic parameters because of
            left bundle branch block, or clinical parameters because she was diabetic. The markers
            for myocardial necrosis were slightly elevated, but in patients with decompensated heart
            failure or with altered renal function, these values can present alterations as a result
            of the cardiac injury itself. We cannot rule out the possibility that the patient
            suffered a heart attack, because there was no time to conduct serial testing of
            markers.</p>
      <p>In the case presented, the most likely cause of death was sepsis. The patient presented
            in a state of infection, likely with a pulmonary focus, and progressed to severe sepsis,
            a disease with high mortality, particularly in individuals with severe comorbidities.
            During its evolution, the case exhibited complications such as respiratory failure and
            pneumothorax, which further exacerbated the hypoxia, cell suffering, metabolic acidosis,
            and electrolytic disorders, culminating in pulseless cardiac arrest and death.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Diagnostic hypotheses:</bold>
      </p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>Heart failure resulting from dilated cardiomyopathy of likely hypertensive
                  etiology.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Decompensated heart failure resulting from infection.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Cause of death: septic shock with pulseless cardiac arrest with cessation of
                  electric activity.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>
        <bold>Dr. Raphael Marion Pesinato</bold>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Autopsy</title>
        <p>The heart weighed 824 g. There was intense hypertrophy of the left ventricle with
               moderate dilation of the cavity and an area of irregular fibrous replacement of the
               posterior myocardium, corresponding to a small scarred infarction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figure&#160;9</xref>). A histological examination of the
               myocardium showed diffuse hypertrophy of the cardiomyocytes with small and rare foci
               of necrosis, formation of microabscesses and myocardial sclerosis in the
               subendocardial region of the left ventricle, and confirmed the area of fibrous
               replacement in the posterior wall. The coronary arteries were dissected and subjected
               to histological study, identifying discrete atherosclerosis with plaque in focal
               areas of calcification in the proximal segments without significant obstructive
               lesions. The aortic valve was trivalvular and did not exhibit any abnormalities.
               Atherosclerosis of the aorta was moderate with the presence of focal calcified
               plaque. Examination of the lungs showed slight chronic passive congestion and
               extensive bilateral bronchopneumonia affecting all lobes of both the lungs, but was
               more intense in the right lung (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 10</xref>). The
               kidneys had a fine granular surface, and on histological examination, atherosclerosis
               of the arterial branches and hyaline arteriosclerosis were observed. The glomeruli
               were preserved. Other findings of the autopsy were multiple intramural and subserous
               uterine leiomyomas (the largest measuring 4.0 cm), an endometrial polyp (filling the
               uterine cavity) measuring 5.0&#160;cm, and an ovarian fibroma measuring 0.7 cm. <bold>Dr.
                  Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold></p>
        <fig id="f09">
          <label>Figure 9</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cross-section of the heart (at the level of the ventricle). There is
                     eccentric hypertrophy with moderate dilatation of the left ventricular cavity
                     and irregular fibrous replacement of the posterior wall (arrow), which appears
                     discretely tapered (healed infarction).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0e39-50046-gf09.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f10">
          <label>Figure 10</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Histological sections of the lung showing alveolar spaces completely filled
                     by inflammatory neutrophilic exudate (A), spread via the airway (arrow, B),
                     characteristic of bronchopneumonia. Hematoxylin-eosin, &#215;200 (A) and
                     &#215;100 (B).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0e39-50046-gf10.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pathological Diagnosis</title>
        <p>Hypertensive decompensated heart disease; healed myocardial infarction on the
               posterior left ventricular wall; benign nephrosclerosis; atherosclerosis of the aorta
               (moderate) and coronary arteries (discrete); uterine leiomyomas; endometrial polyp;
               ovarian fibroma; bilateral confluent bronchopneumonia (terminal cause of death).
                  <bold>Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Comments</title>
      <p>A case of a 66-year-old woman with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and congestive heart
            failure. In her last hospitalization, she exhibited respiratory failure with a diagnosis
            of acute pulmonary edema. She received drug treatment, but progressed to worsened
            respiratory status requiring orotracheal intubation, and died in less than 24 h after
            admission.</p>
      <p>An autopsy revealed decompensated hypertensive heart disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. The heart exhibited a large increase in mass due to severe left
            ventricular hypertrophy, weighing 824 g. Although there was no significant coronary
            atherosclerosis, a small scarred infarction was found on the posterior wall of the left
            ventricle. This previous ischemic event was likely related to the exaggerated
            consumption of the hypertrophic myocardium, coupled with microvascular disease, and
            endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive heart disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>The terminal cause of death was extensive confluent bilateral bronchopneumonia. Further,
            evidence of septicemia was found along with the presence of small microabscesses in the
            myocardium. Bronchopneumonia was not diagnosed while the patient was alive, because the
            respiratory failure that caused the patient's last hospitalization was interpreted and
            treated as acute pulmonary edema of cardiogenic origin. However, it should be noted that
            the patient only survived a short time after seeking medical attention, preventing
            further enlightening supportive examinations. Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</p>
      <p><bold>Section editor:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur
            (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p><bold>Associated editors:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato
               (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p>Raphael Marion Pesinat (<email>marionpesinato@uol.com.br</email>)</p>
      <p>Alice Tatsuko Yamada (<email>alice.yamada@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
    </sec>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 01/2015 - Mulher de 66 Anos com Cardiopatia Hipertensiva e
               Descompensa&#231;&#227;o Aguda da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pesinat</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael Marion</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yamada</surname>
            <given-names>Alice Tatsuko</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benvenuti</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas,
               Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>, Avenida Dr. En&#233;as
               de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP: 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo,
               SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>,
                  <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Broncopneumonia</kwd>
        <kwd>Parada Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Mulher, 66 anos, natural de Venturosa (PE) e procedente de S&#227;o Paulo (SP), foi internada
            por dispneia intensa em 8 de junho de 2013.</p>
      <p>O atendimento inicial no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) foi aos 61 anos de idade (em 26 de
            fevereiro de 2007) com queixa de dispneia aos esfor&#231;os habituais e dispneia parox&#237;stica
            noturna h&#225; 1 ano. A dispneia aparecera h&#225; 3 anos, inicialmente aos esfor&#231;os maiores,
            associada a palpita&#231;&#245;es, n&#225;usea e dor em membros inferiores. Queixou-se de dor
            precordial &#224;s emo&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Sabia ser portadora de hipertens&#227;o arterial e diabetes melito desde os 56 anos de idade,
            e tamb&#233;m de dislipidemia mista e hiperuricemia.</p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico mostrou frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 72 bpm, press&#227;o art&#233;rial de 140 x 90 mm Hg e
            estase jugular. Havia estertores crepitantes em bases pulmonares. A ausculta card&#237;aca
            revelou desdobramento da primeira bulha; o exame do abdome n&#227;o apresentou anormalidades;
            n&#227;o havia edema de membros inferiores; e os pulsos eram sim&#233;tricos.</p>
      <p>O ECG realizado em fevereiro de 2007 revelou ritmo sinusal, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 67
            bpm, bloqueio de ramo esquerdo e sobrecarga ventricular esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f11">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Eletrocardiograma. Ritmo sinusal; bloqueio do ramo esquerdo e sobrecarga de
                  ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0e39-50046-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais realizados em abril de 2007 mostraram: hem&#225;cias 4,7
               milh&#245;es/mm<sup>3</sup>, hemoglobina 13,4&#160;g/dL, volume corpuscular m&#233;dio 83 fL,
            leuc&#243;citos 7.700/mm<sup>3</sup> (51% neutr&#243;filos, 2% eosin&#243;filos, 39% linf&#243;citos e 8%
            mon&#243;citos), plaquetas 236.000/mm<sup>3</sup>, colesterol 196&#160;mg/dL, Lipoprote&#237;na de Alta
            Densidade-Colesterol (HDL-c) 39 mg/dL, Lipoprote&#237;na de Baixa Densidade-Colesterol
            (LDL-c) 102 mg/dL, triglic&#233;rides 350 mg/dL, glicose 100 mg/dL, creatinina 0,97 mg/dL,
            ureia 41&#160;mg/dL, s&#243;dio 143 mEq/L, pot&#225;ssio 4,5 mEq/L, hemoglobina glicada 6,3%, horm&#244;nio
            tireoestimulante (TSH) 5,49 &#181;UI/mL, T4 livre 1,0 ng/dL, AST 22 U/L, ALT 30 U/L,
            pept&#237;deo cerebral natriur&#233;trico tipo B (BNP) 115 pg/mL e &#225;cido &#250;rico 7,3&#160;mg/dL. A
            sorologia para doen&#231;a de Chagas foi negativa.</p>
      <p>Foram prescritas espironolactona 25 mg, carvedilol 6,25&#160;mg, furosemida 40 mg, losartana
            100 mg (referiu tosse com captopril), alopurinol 100 mg, sinvastatina 20 mg, &#225;cido
            acetilsalic&#237;lico 100 mg, metformina 2.550 mg, glibenclamida 10 mg e insulina NPH 30 U
            di&#225;rias.</p>
      <p>Ecocardiograma realizado em 26 de abril de 2007 mostrou di&#226;metros de aorta de 32 mm e de
            &#225;trio esquerdo de 44 mm; espessura de septo interventricular de 9 mm e de parede
            posterior de 10 mm; di&#226;metros de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (di&#225;stole/s&#237;stole) de 81/74 mm;
            fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 18%; hipocinesia difusa de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e valvas normais.</p>
      <p>A cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica feita em novembro de 2008 revelou hipocapta&#231;&#227;o discreta fixa
            em por&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dia e apical da parede anterosseptal, e n&#227;o houve redistribui&#231;&#227;o com
            reinje&#231;&#227;o com talium-201. Havia hipocinesia difusa e discinesia anteroapical, e a fra&#231;&#227;o
            de eje&#231;&#227;o foi de 11% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f12">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o com talium-201. Capta&#231;&#227;o homog&#234;nea e
                  dilata&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0e39-50046-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f13">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Ventriculografia por cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica. Hipocinesia difusa e discinesia
                  anteroapical, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o 11%.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0e39-50046-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A paciente evoluiu assintom&#225;tica, com press&#227;o controlada e sem edema, at&#233; consulta
            ambulatorial, em dezembro de 2012.</p>
      <p>Nova avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, feita em fevereiro de 2012, mostrou di&#226;metros de aorta
            de 33 mm, de &#225;trio esquerdo de 54 mm e de ventr&#237;culo direito de 27 mm; a espessura de
            septo interventricular foi de 10 mm e a da parede posterior de 11&#160;mm; di&#226;metros de
            ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (di&#225;stole/s&#237;stole) de 83/75 mm; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo
            esquerdo de 20%; ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com hipocinesia difusa; e valva mitral com
            insufici&#234;ncia de grau moderado.</p>
      <p>Exames laboratoriais de 23 novembro de 2012 revelaram: hemoglobina 13 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito
            41%, volume corpuscular m&#233;dio 89 fL, leuc&#243;citos 6.040/mm<sup>3</sup> (neutr&#243;filos 63%,
            eosin&#243;filos 5%, linf&#243;citos 27%, mon&#243;citos 5%), plaquetas 209.000, colesterol 164 mg/dL,
            triglic&#233;rides 275 mg/dL, glicose 125 mg/dL, ureia 43 mg/dL, creatinina 0,96 mg/dL, s&#243;dio
            142 mEq/L, pot&#225;ssio 4,4 mEq/L, AST 17 UI/L, ALT 29 U/L, hemoglobina glicada 6,1%, TSH
            4,14 &#181;UI/mL, T4 livre 1,06 ng/dL, Tempo de Ativa&#231;&#227;o da Protrombina (TAP) &#8722;
            segundo a <italic>International Normalized Ratio</italic> (INR) &#8722; 1,1, Tempo de
            Tromboplastina Parcial Ativada (TTPa) rela&#231;&#227;o tempos 0,98.</p>
      <p>Na reavalia&#231;&#227;o radiogr&#225;fica, ocorrida em 3 de junho de 2012, havia cardiomegalia
            acentuada e cefaliza&#231;&#227;o da trama vascular pulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figuras 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">5</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f14">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Radiografia de t&#243;rax em proje&#231;&#227;o posteroanterior. H&#225; cefaliza&#231;&#227;o da trama
                  vascular pulmonar e cardiomegalia acentuada.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0e39-50046-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f15">
        <label>Figura 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Radiografia de t&#243;rax em perfil. Nota-se cardiomegalia acentuada.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0e39-50046-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A paciente procurou atendimento m&#233;dico de emerg&#234;ncia por piora de dispneia, que se
            iniciara 3 dias antes, acompanhada de tosse seca, sem febre. Fazia uso carvedilol 25&#160;mg,
            furosemida 40&#160;mg, espironolactona 25&#160;mg, atorvastatina 20 mg, ciprofibrato 100 mg,
            metformina 2550&#160;mg, &#225;cido acetissalic&#237;lico 100 mg e 30 UI de insulina NPH.</p>
      <p>Relatou tratamento com antibi&#243;ticos para pneumonia e infec&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria 30 dias antes da
            interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico, em 8 de junho de 2013, a paciente estava em regular estado geral,
            cian&#243;tica, taquidispneica, com 40&#160;incurs&#245;es respirat&#243;rias por minuto, frequ&#234;ncia
            card&#237;aca de 110&#160;bpm e press&#227;o arterial de 140 x 100 mmHg. Havia estertores crepitantes
            at&#233; &#225;pice de ambos os pulm&#245;es, bulhas card&#237;acas hipofon&#233;ticas, abdome sem altera&#231;&#245;es e
            edema ++/4+ de membros inferiores; os pulsos eram sim&#233;tricos. Foi feito o diagn&#243;stico de
            edema agudo dos pulm&#245;es e administradas furosemida 20 mg e morfina 3 mg em b&#243;lus, al&#233;m
            de ter sido iniciada nitroglicerina endovenosa cont&#237;nua 5 &#181;g/minuto, e instalada
            ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figura 6</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f16">
        <label>Figura 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Radiografia de t&#243;rax em proje&#231;&#227;o posteroanterior. Nota-se infiltrado pulmonar
                  alveolar paracard&#237;aco bilateralmente e aumento acentuado da &#225;rea card&#237;aca.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0e39-50046-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Eletrocardiograma de 8 de junho de 2013 (9h24) revelou prov&#225;vel ritmo sinusal, com
            complexos muito alargados e sobrecarga ventricular esquerda (SVE). (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f17">Figura&#160;7</xref>). Na radiografia de t&#243;rax (tamb&#233;m de 8 junho 2014), havia
            infiltrado pulmonar alveolar paracard&#237;aco bilateralmente e aumento acentuado da &#225;rea
            card&#237;aca (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f17">
        <label>Figura 7</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Eletrocardiograma. Ritmo sinusal, bloqueio do ramo esquerdo, prov&#225;vel &#225;rea
                  eletricamente inativa parede inferior e anterosseptal.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0e39-50046-gf07-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais da mesma data revelaram: hemoglobina 13,1 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 41%,
            leuc&#243;citos 14.530/mm<sup>3</sup> (neutr&#243;filos 79%, eosin&#243;filos 0%, bas&#243;filos 1%,
            linf&#243;citos 16% e mon&#243;citos 4%), plaquetas 303.000/mm<sup>3</sup>, colesterol 149 mg/dL,
            HDL-c 36 mg/dL, LDL-c 90 mg/dL, triglic&#233;rides 117 mg/dL, glicose 374 mg/dL, ureia 75
            mg/dL, creatinina 1,69 mg/dL (Filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular 32 ml/min/1,73 m&#178;), prote&#237;na
            C-reativa 28,42 mg/dL, TSH 1,40 &#181;UI/mL, CK-MB 6,42 ng/mL e troponina I 0,236
            nd/mL</p>
      <p>A paciente continuou muito dispneica e apresentou rebaixamento do n&#237;vel de consci&#234;ncia,
            sendo necess&#225;ria intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal para suporte respirat&#243;rio. No entanto, apresentou
            parada card&#237;aca em atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso durante o procedimento e foi
            ressuscitada. Notou-se presen&#231;a de pneumot&#243;rax, por diminui&#231;&#227;o acentuada do murm&#250;rio
            vesicular &#224; direita, com drenagem imediata.</p>
      <p>Novo eletrocardiograma cerca de 40 minutos ap&#243;s revelou ritmo irregular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f18">Figura 8</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f18">
        <label>Figura 8</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Eletrocardiograma. Ritmo irregular, prov&#225;vel arritmia atrial, bloqueio do ramo
                  esquerdo e sobrecarga ventricular esquerda.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0e39-50046-gf08-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A paciente apresentou nova parada card&#237;aca em atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso e n&#227;o mais
            respondeu &#224;s manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o, falecendo em 8 de junho de 2013, &#224;s 10h35.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Este &#233; o caso de uma paciente que iniciou acompanhamento ambulatorial com sintomas de
               insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, apresentando dispneia aos esfor&#231;os, ortopneia, dispneia
               parox&#237;stica noturna com intensidade progressivamente maior, al&#233;m do exame f&#237;sico com
               estase jugular e crepita&#231;&#245;es bibasais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; a via final da maioria das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares,
               apresentando alta preval&#234;ncia no Brasil. Sabe&#8209;se que a doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#233; a
               terceira causa de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS), com
               1.156.136 interna&#231;&#245;es em 2007, e que a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi a causa mais
               frequente. Assim como nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, as principais etiologias da
               insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no Brasil s&#227;o a cardiopatia hipertensiva e doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica
               cr&#244;nica, por&#233;m outras etiologias devem ser lembradas, como miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica,
               endomiocardiofibrose e doen&#231;a valvar, tanto degenerativa como reum&#225;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>O ecocardiograma da paciente mostrou c&#226;maras card&#237;acas esquerdas de volume aumentado
               e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo acentuadamente diminu&#237;da &#224;s custas de
               hipocinesia difusa, permitindo o diagn&#243;stico de cardiomiopatia dilatada, que &#233; a mais
               comum das cardiomiopatias, caracterizada essencialmente pela dilata&#231;&#227;o e pelo
               comprometimento da contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda ou biventricular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>A taxa de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o &#233; elevada nos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, tendo
               como principais precipitantes da descompensa&#231;&#227;o a m&#225; ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento (tanto
               diet&#233;tica como medicamentosa), a isquemia card&#237;aca, a hipertens&#227;o descontrolada e as
               arritmias, al&#233;m de causas infecciosas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. A
               mortalidade nos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tamb&#233;m &#233; elevada, com uma taxa
               de sobrevida em 5 anos de 50%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Existem alguns
               par&#226;metros morfol&#243;gicos que podem indicar um pior progn&#243;stico, com maior risco para
               evolu&#231;&#227;o de morte s&#250;bita, arritmias e embolia: o grau de comprometimento da fra&#231;&#227;o de
               eje&#231;&#227;o (principalmente em fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o menor que 25%), o aumento do volume
               ventricular esquerdo e/ou direito, a dissincronia ventricular e a diminui&#231;&#227;o da
               rela&#231;&#227;o massa/volume<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Dentre os par&#226;metros
               cl&#237;nicos/laboratoriais, a classe funcional <italic>New York Heart
                  Association</italic> (NYHA) IV possui um pior progn&#243;stico, bem como pacientes
               jovens, do sexo feminino, com presen&#231;a de s&#237;ncope, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC)
               direita ao exame, bloqueio de ramo esquerdo, bloqueio atrioventricular de primeiro ou
               segundo grau, e hiponatremia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Dentre esses
               fatores, a paciente apresentava fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o acentuadamente reduzida, aumento
               ventricular, era do sexo feminino e apresentava bloqueio de ramo esquerdo como
               fatores de pior progn&#243;stico.</p>
        <p>As principais causas de morte nos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca s&#227;o as
               complica&#231;&#245;es como morte s&#250;bita/arritmias e tromboembolia pulmonar, al&#233;m da
               deteriora&#231;&#227;o progressiva da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular com posterior colapso
                  hemodin&#226;mico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>No nosso caso, est&#225;vamos diante de uma paciente com miocardiopatia dilatada sem
               hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de miocardite, ou relato de abuso de subst&#226;ncias, como &#225;lcool ou
               outras drogas, e sem antecedentes pessoais ou familiares importantes, por&#233;m possu&#237;a
               fatores de risco cardiovasculares, o que tornou mais remota a possibilidade de
               etiologia idiop&#225;tica. Para essa paciente, as etiologias mais prov&#225;veis para a
               cardiomiopatia eram as causas hipertensiva ou isqu&#234;mica.</p>
        <p>A cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica mostrou &#225;reas de hipocapta&#231;&#227;o, o que sugere a origem
               isqu&#234;mica para a cardiomiopatia, por&#233;m estes achados podem ser atribu&#237;dos &#224; presen&#231;a
               de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo ou serem artefatos decorrentes da atenua&#231;&#227;o mam&#225;ria,
               al&#233;m de a paciente n&#227;o ter hist&#243;ria de infarto pr&#233;vio e seu ecocardiograma n&#227;o
               apresentar &#225;reas de acinesia.</p>
        <p>O eletrocardiograma da paciente apresentou sobrecarga de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, o que
               fala a favor da etiologia hipertensiva, assim como o ecocardiograma, com aumento de
               massa ventricular e hipocinesia difusa.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial, foi realizada a otimiza&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica, com f&#225;rmacos que
               comprovadamente modificam as taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade para pacientes com
               insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (carvedilol, enalapril e
                  espironolactona)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> e agentes aliviadores de
               sintomas (furosemida). A paciente permaneceu assintom&#225;tica, at&#233; sua data de
               interna&#231;&#227;o, quando descompensou agudamente do quadro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>No caso em discuss&#227;o, a paciente apresentava leucocitose com predom&#237;nio de
               neutr&#243;filos e prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR) elevada, indicando poss&#237;vel causa infecciosa
               para a descompensa&#231;&#227;o. Esses fatores, associados aos achados de taquicardia e de
               taquipneia, e a crit&#233;rios de gravidade, como disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e altera&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica
               (rebaixamento do n&#237;vel de consci&#234;ncia), permitem o diagn&#243;stico de sepse grave,
               entidade cuja mortalidade &#233; de 48% no Brasil, com pior progn&#243;stico em pacientes com
               comorbidades pr&#233;vias, como a miocardiopatia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>Apesar de algumas vezes a diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre sepse e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca
               descompensada ser de dif&#237;cil realiza&#231;&#227;o, o tratamento da sepse n&#227;o deve ser adiado,
               devendo ser iniciado na primeira hora do diagn&#243;stico, pois, para cada hora de
               retardo, h&#225; um aumento de 4% na mortalidade.</p>
        <p>A r&#225;pida evolu&#231;&#227;o de nossa paciente, com necessidade de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal e
               subsequente parada card&#237;aca em atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso, levou a discutir as
               principais causas desse tipo de parada, que s&#227;o hip&#243;xia, hipovolemia, acidose,
               hiper/hipocalemia, pneumot&#243;rax, tromboembolia pulmonar e infarto agudo do
                  mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tromboembolismo pulmonar, apesar de ser uma das principais causas de
               &#243;bito em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e de a paciente apresentar seus
               sintomas mais frequentes (taquipneia e taquicardia), esperava-se que a paciente
               estivesse hipotensa e sem congest&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
        <p>Em uma paciente com diversos fatores de risco cardiovascular, como hipertens&#227;o
               arterial, dislipidemia e diabetes, um diagn&#243;stico diferencial importante &#233; a isquemia
               mioc&#225;rdica, que &#233; principal causa de &#243;bito em pacientes diab&#233;ticos, por eles
               apresentarem doen&#231;a mais extensa e sintomatologia at&#237;pica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Apesar de a paciente estar em um momento de estresse
               hemodin&#226;mico, estando hipertensa e com ind&#237;cios de infec&#231;&#227;o, o que aumenta a demanda
               mioc&#225;rdica de oxig&#234;nio, uma s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda n&#227;o &#233; a principal hip&#243;tese
               diagn&#243;stica, pois ela n&#227;o apresentou nenhum ind&#237;cio objetivo de isquemia, lembrando
               que perdemos os par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, pelo bloqueio de ramo esquerdo, e os
               cl&#237;nicos, por ela ser diab&#233;tica. Os marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica encontravam&#8209;se
               discretamente elevados, por&#233;m, em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada
               ou com altera&#231;&#227;o de fun&#231;&#227;o renal, seus valores podem se apresentar alterados, a
               despeito de les&#227;o card&#237;aca propriamente dita. N&#227;o podemos descartar a possibilidade
               de infarto na paciente, pois n&#227;o houve tempo h&#225;bil para realiza&#231;&#227;o seriada dos
               marcadores.</p>
        <p>No caso apresentado, o diagn&#243;stico mais prov&#225;vel para a causa do &#243;bito &#233; a sepse. A
               paciente se apresentava em quadro infeccioso de prov&#225;vel foco pulmonar, evoluindo
               para sepse grave, entidade que possui alta mortalidade, ainda mais em indiv&#237;duos com
               comorbidades graves. Durante sua evolu&#231;&#227;o, apresentou intercorr&#234;ncias, como
               insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria e pneumot&#243;rax, o que agravou ainda mais a hip&#243;xia, o
               sofrimento celular, a acidose metab&#243;lica e dist&#250;rbios hidroeletrol&#237;ticos, culminando
               em parada card&#237;aca com atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso refrat&#225;ria e &#243;bito.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>Hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas:</bold>
        </p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por miocardiopatia dilatada de prov&#225;vel etiologia
                     hipertensiva.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada por infec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Causa de &#243;bito: choque s&#233;ptico com parada em atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Dr. Raphael Marion Pesinato</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Necr&#243;psia</title>
          <p>O cora&#231;&#227;o pesou 824 g. Havia intensa hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com
                  dilata&#231;&#227;o moderada da cavidade e &#225;rea de substitui&#231;&#227;o fibrosa irregular do
                  mioc&#225;rdio na parede posterior, correspondendo a pequeno infarto cicatrizado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f19">Figura&#160;9</xref>). O exame histol&#243;gico do mioc&#225;rdio
                  evidenciou hipertrofia difusa dos cardiomi&#243;citos, com pequenos e raros focos de
                  necrose, com forma&#231;&#227;o de microabscessos e miocardioesclerose em regi&#227;o
                  subendoc&#225;rdica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, e confirmou a &#225;rea de substitui&#231;&#227;o fibrosa
                  na parede posterior. As art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias foram dissecadas e submetidas
                  integralmente a estudo histol&#243;gico, identificando&#8209;se aterosclerose discreta, com
                  placas apresentando &#225;reas focais de calcifica&#231;&#227;o nos segmentos proximais, sem
                  les&#245;es obstrutivas significativas. A valva a&#243;rtica era trivalvulada e n&#227;o
                  apresentava anormalidades. A aterosclerose da aorta era de grau moderado, com
                  presen&#231;a de placas focalmente calcificadas. O exame dos pulm&#245;es evidenciou
                  discreta congest&#227;o passiva cr&#244;nica e extensa broncopneumonia bilateral, acometendo
                  todos os lobos de ambos os pulm&#245;es, mais exuberante &#224; direita (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f20">Figura&#160;10</xref>). Os rins apresentaram superf&#237;cie
                  finamente granular, sendo observada aterosclerose de ramos arteriais e
                  arterioloesclerose hialina ao exame histol&#243;gico. Os glom&#233;rulos estavam
                  preservados. Outros achados da necr&#243;psia foram leiomiomas uterinos m&#250;ltiplos,
                  intramurais e subserosos, medindo 4,0 cm o maior deles, p&#243;lipo endometrial
                  preenchendo a cavidade uterina, medindo 5,0 cm, e fibroma do ov&#225;rio, medindo
                  0,7&#160;cm. <bold>Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold></p>
          <fig id="f19">
            <label>Figura 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Corte transversal do cora&#231;&#227;o, ao n&#237;vel dos ventr&#237;culos. H&#225; hipertrofia
                        exc&#234;ntrica, com dilata&#231;&#227;o moderada da cavidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e
                        substitui&#231;&#227;o fibrosa irregular da parede posterior (seta), que se mostra
                        discretamente afilada (infarto cicatrizado).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0e39-50046-gf09-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f20">
            <label>Figura 10</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cortes histol&#243;gicos do pulm&#227;o demonstrando espa&#231;os alveolares
                        completamente preenchidos por exsudato inflamat&#243;rio neutrof&#237;lico (A), com
                        propaga&#231;&#227;o pelas vias a&#233;reas (B, seta), caracterizando broncopneumonia.
                        Hematoxilina-eosina, X 200 (A) e X 100 (B).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0e39-50046-gf10-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diagn&#243;sticos Anatomopatol&#243;gicos</title>
          <p>Cardiopatia hipertensiva, em fase descompensada; infarto cicatrizado do mioc&#225;rdio,
                  na parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; nefroesclerose benigna; aterosclerose
                  da aorta (moderada) e das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias (discreta); leiomiomas uterinos;
                  p&#243;lipo endometrial; fibroma do ov&#225;rio; broncopneumonia bilateral confluente (causa
                  terminal do &#243;bito). <bold>Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coment&#225;rios</title>
        <p>Caso de mulher de 66 anos de idade portadora de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica,
               diabetes melito e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva. Na &#250;ltima interna&#231;&#227;o,
               apresentava quadro de insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, sendo diagnosticado edema agudo
               pulmonar. Recebeu tratamento medicamentoso, mas evoluiu com piora do padr&#227;o
               respirat&#243;rio, com necessidade de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal, e faleceu menos de 24 horas
               ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A necr&#243;psia revelou tratar-se de cardiopatia hipertensiva descompensada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. O cora&#231;&#227;o apresentava grande aumento de
               massa, devido &#224; intensa hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, tendo pesado 824 g. Apesar
               de n&#227;o haver aterosclerose coronariana significativa, encontrou-se pequeno infarto
               cicatrizado na parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Tal evento isqu&#234;mico pr&#233;vio
               relacionou-se provavelmente ao consumo exagerado do mioc&#225;rdio hipertr&#243;fico, aliado &#224;
               doen&#231;a microvascular e &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial descrita na doen&#231;a card&#237;aca
                  hipertensiva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>A causa terminal da morte foi extensa broncopneumonia bilateral confluente, sendo que
               encontramos evid&#234;ncias de septicemia, com presen&#231;a de pequenos microabscessos no
               mioc&#225;rdio. O diagn&#243;stico de broncopneumonia n&#227;o foi feito em vida, sendo a
               insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria que ocasionou a &#250;ltima interna&#231;&#227;o interpretada e tratada
               como edema agudo pulmonar de origem cardiog&#234;nica. Deve-se destacar, entretanto, o
               escasso tempo de sobrevida ap&#243;s o atendimento m&#233;dico, impedindo exames subsidi&#225;rios
               mais elucidativos. <bold>Dr.&#160;Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold></p>
        <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur
                  (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato
                  (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p>Raphael Marion Pesinat (<email>marionpesinato@uol.com.br</email>)</p>
        <p>Alice Tatsuko Yamada (<email>alice.yamada@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
