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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">W7WwbKNPh5BXtx5Lk99KJ5r</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000500010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005040212</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140212</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Meta-Analysis of Ultrafiltration versus Diuretics Treatment Option for
               Overload Volume Reduction in Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart
               Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ebrahim</surname>
            <given-names>Barkoudah</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sindhura</surname>
            <given-names>Kodali</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoroh</surname>
            <given-names>Juliet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sethi</surname>
            <given-names>Rosh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hulten</surname>
            <given-names>Edward</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Suemoto</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Sommer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">7</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Brigham and Womens Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston - MA -
               USA</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Brigham and Women's Hospital</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Harvard Medical School</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Harvard Medical School, Boston - MA -
               USA</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Harvard University</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Michigan Medical School</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Ann Arbor</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ann Arbor</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MI</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor -
               MI - USA</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">University of Michigan</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">San Diego School of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">San Diego</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego - CA -
               USA</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">University of California</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Uniformed Services University of the Health
               Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Walter Reed National Military Medical
               Center</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Division of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bethesda</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MD</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiology Service, Division of Medicine, Walter
               Reed National Military Medical Center and Uniformed Services University of Health
               Sciences, Bethesda, MD - USA</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Uniformed Services University of the Health
               Sciences</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical School</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Discipline of Geriatrics</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Discipline of Geriatrics, University of S&#227;o Paulo
               Medical School, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical School</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">University Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University Hospital, University of S&#227;o Paulo
               Medical School, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: M&#225;rcio Sommer Bittencourt,</bold> Hospital
               Universit&#225;rio - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 2565, Butant&#227;, Postal
               Code 05412-003, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>msbittencourt@mail.harvard.edu</email>;
                  <email>mbittencourt@hu.usp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research:Barkoudah E, Kodali S, Okoroh J, Sethi R,
                  Suemoto C, Bittencourt MS. Acquisition of data: Barkoudah E, Kodali S, Okoroh J,
                  Sethi R, Suemoto C, Bittencourt MS. Analysis and interpretation of the data:
                  Barkoudah E, Kodali S, Okoroh J, Sethi R, Hulten E, Suemoto C, Bittencourt MS.
                  Statistical analysis: Barkoudah E, Kodali S, Okoroh J, Sethi R, Suemoto C,
                  Bittencourt MS. Writing of the manuscript: Barkoudah E, Kodali S, Okoroh J, Sethi
                  R, Suemoto C, Bittencourt MS. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual
                  content: Barkoudah E, Kodali S, Okoroh J, Sethi R, Hulten E, Suemoto C,
                  Bittencourt MS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>417</fpage>
      <lpage>425</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Introduction:</title>
          <p>Although diuretics are mainly used for the treatment of acute decompensated heart
                  failure (ADHF), inadequate responses and complications have led to the use of
                  extracorporeal ultrafiltration (UF) as an alternative strategy for reducing volume
                  overloads in patients with ADHF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>The aim of our study is to perform meta-analysis of the results obtained from
                  studies on extracorporeal venous ultrafiltration and compare them with those of
                  standard diuretic treatment for overload volume reduction in acute decompensated
                  heart failure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases
                  were systematically searched using a pre&#8209;specified criterion. Pooled estimates of
                  outcomes after 48 h (weight change, serum creatinine level, and all-cause
                  mortality) were computed using random effect models. Pooled weighted mean
                  differences were calculated for weight loss and change in creatinine level,
                  whereas a pooled risk ratio was used for the analysis of binary all-cause
                  mortality outcome.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of nine studies, involving 613 patients, met the eligibility criteria. The
                  mean weight loss in patients who underwent UF therapy was 1.78 kg [95% Confidence
                  Interval (CI): &#8722;2.65 to &#8722;0.91 kg; p &lt; 0.001) more than those who received
                  standard diuretic therapy. The post-intervention creatinine level, however, was
                  not significantly different (mean change = &#8722;0.25 mg/dL; 95% CI: &#8722;0.56 to 0.06
                  mg/dL; p = 0.112). The risk of all-cause mortality persisted in patients treated
                  with UF compared with patients treated with standard diuretics (Pooled RR = 1.00;
                  95% CI: 0.64&#8211;1.56; p = 0.993).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Compared with standard diuretic therapy, UF treatment for overload volume
                  reduction in individuals suffering from ADHF, resulted in significant reduction of
                  body weight within 48 h. However, no significant decrease of serum creatinine
                  level or reduction of all-cause mortality was observed.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure / therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemofiltration</kwd>
        <kwd>Ultrafiltration</kwd>
        <kwd>Diuretics</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="23"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is one of the leading causes of hospitalization
            in the U.S. A vast majority of these patients admitted to the hospital has to be treated
            for volume overload<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Volume overload is frequently associated with
            poor prognosis in heart failure (HF) patients; therefore, current medical guidelines
            recommend non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions to treat volume
               overload<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Therapeutically for reducing overload volume, ADHD patients are treated with diuretics
            administered intravenously<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. However, chronic use of diuretics has been
            associated with negative neuro&#8209;hormonal effects<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
            and may cause diuretic resistance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> Diuretic
            resistance is associated with poor prognosis and higher incidence of morbidity in HF
               patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>Extracorporeal Venous Ultrafiltration (UF)&#8212;an invasive procedure&#8212;may be used as an
            effective alternative approach to reduce volume overload in patients resistant to
            conventional diuretics<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. However, the benefits of UF therapy is not very
            clear. In a randomized trial conducted recently, UF failed to produce better efficacy
            than that produced by diuretics and was also associated with an increased rate of
            adverse events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. In contrast, our recent
            findings form meta-analysis data by incorporating the results of one recent study
            suggested that UF may be effective in reducing volume overload, however we have not
            considered results from some studies reported very recently<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, in this present study, we seek to evaluate and compare the study results
            obtained using UF and intravenous diuretics as treatment options for treating ADHF. Our
            primary objective is to compare weights and measure changes in creatinine level in
            patients who were undergoing treatment with UF or diuretics. Our secondary objective is
            to evaluate any potential differences in all&#8209;cause mortality rates.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Following a pre-specified protocol, we systematically searched the databases of MEDLINE,
            EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; we started from the
            beginning of each database and collected data till May 8<sup>th</sup>, 2013. The search
            strategy included all manuscripts published in English. Keywords used for searching were
            &#8220;ultrafiltration,&#8221; &#8220;heart failure,&#8221; and &#8220;clinical trials.&#8221; The retrieved references were
            manually searched for relevant publications and references from the included
            publications were further searched for potential relevant studies. Two reviewers
            independently evaluated and retrieved articles using pre-specified criteria (EB, MSB).
            Disagreements were resolved by consensus. The reasons for exclusions were systematically
            logged (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). Our approach strictly adheres
            to the guidelines set forth by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and
            Meta&#8209;Analyses (PRISMA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>QUORUM flow diagram detailing the process of determining eligible randomized
                  control trials (RCTs) for inclusion in meta-analysis.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0417-40212-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <sec>
        <title>Eligibility criteria</title>
        <p>Studies in all languages were considered eligible if it would meet the following
               criteria: 1) prospective 2) included hospitalized patients over 18 years of age with
               clinical evidence of acute ADHF; the clinical characteristics of ADHF included the
               presence of orthopnea or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea [PND], jugular venous pressure
               [JVP] &gt; 10 cm Hg, pulmonary edema or effusion on chest X-ray, left ventricular end
               diastolic pressure &gt; 20 mm Hg, ascites, presacral, and edema or the patient have
               met the criteria set forth by New York Heart Association Heart Failure classification
               III or IV during hospital admission or have displayed cardio renal syndrome requiring
               hospitalization 3) UF therapy was initiated within 48 hours of hospitalization 4) UF
               intervention was compared with the standard intravenous or oral diuretic therapy 5)
               reported primary weight loss, change in serum creatinine level and all-cause
               mortality as primary outcomes during the study period. We excluded studies related to
               non&#8209;human subjects, studies without a control group, and studies in which UF was
               performed as an adjunctive therapy.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data Extraction</title>
        <p>Two authors (CKS and JO) independently extracted data from each study included in the
               analysis and all discrepancies were resolved by consensus. The extracted data
               included the year of publication, study country, inclusion and exclusion criteria,
               patient demographics for both groups (the number of individuals in each group, age,
               race, gender, and co-morbidities at baseline), quality indicators (details of
               randomization, data analysis, and sample size calculations), average weight
               (expressed in kilogram) at the start and end of the study period, average change in
               weight (when both values were not available), average measured creatinine level
               (expressed in mg/dL) at baseline along with follow up, average change in creatinine
               level (when both values were not available), and death.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>Pooled estimates for the outcomes&#8212;weight change, change in creatinine level, and the
               risk for all-cause mortality were computed using random effect models of Der Simonian
               and Laird<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Pooled weighted mean differences
               (WMD) were calculated for weight loss and change in creatinine level whereas a pooled
               risk ratio was derived for binary mortality. Heterogeneity across studies was
               assessed using the Q-test and I<sup>2</sup> statistics<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Publication bias was evaluated statistically using the Egger&#8217;s and
               Begg&#8217;s tests and visually using Egger&#8217;s plots<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>We performed sensitivity analysis by systematically excluding each study sequentially
               to assess trends in study estimates of each individual study that contributed to the
               pooled estimates during the study period. Stratified analysis was performed to
               account for heterogeneity for the outcomes related to weight loss and change in
               creatinine level. We also performed additional stratified analyses on treatment
               intention versus per protocol analysis, randomized versus non-randomized studies, and
               larger versus smaller sample size. For performing stratified analyses, we have
               considered the following risk factors: diabetes, coronary artery disease at baseline,
               age, gender, and the concentration of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). We divided
               the study results into two groups based on the median value indicating the prevalence
               of the risk factors, and further evaluated the heterogeneity within groups. The
               studies were further stratified according to median values obtained for creatinine
               levels for examining heterogeneity in the outcome related to weight change. Similar
               stratification was implemented for examining heterogeneity in measuring changes of
               creatinine levels by using the median values obtained for weight change measurements.
               All statistical analyses were performed using Stata version 12 (College Station, TX).
               We used &#945; = 0.05 for analyzing significant differences between different treatment
               groups with regard to meta-relative risks (mRR) and WMD.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Description of Studies</title>
        <p>Nine studies met our inclusion and exclusion criteria and were incorporated in this
               meta-analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Of all
               eligible studies that met our predefined search criterion (n = 36),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> were excluded because they lacked a control
               group and six were excluded due to incomplete data (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). One study 22 had overlapping patient population with a larger
                  trial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, and its data were only used when
               information was not reported in the larger study. The primary outcomes&#8212;change in
               weight and the change in creatinine level starting from baseline values were reported
               in seven studies. The secondary outcome&#8212;all&#8209;cause mortality was reported in six
               studies. A total of 613 patients were included; the control group consisting of 306
               patients and the UF group consisting of 307 patients.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demographic characteristics of the studies included in the
                     meta-analysis</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>First author</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Bart</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Costanzo</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Libetta</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Bartone</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Rogers</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Giglioli</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Bart</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Badawy</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Hanna</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Year</td>
                <td align="center">2005</td>
                <td align="center">2007</td>
                <td align="center">2007</td>
                <td align="center">2008</td>
                <td align="center">2008</td>
                <td align="center">2011</td>
                <td align="center">2012</td>
                <td align="center">2012</td>
                <td align="center">2012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Journal</td>
                <td align="center">JACC</td>
                <td align="center">JACC</td>
                <td align="center">NDT</td>
                <td align="center">CHF</td>
                <td align="center">JCF</td>
                <td align="center">EJHF</td>
                <td align="center">NEJM</td>
                <td align="center">JCC</td>
                <td align="center">CHF</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>country</td>
                <td align="center">USA</td>
                <td align="center">USA</td>
                <td align="center">Italy</td>
                <td align="center">USA</td>
                <td align="center">USA</td>
                <td align="center">Italy</td>
                <td align="center">USA</td>
                <td align="center">Egypt</td>
                <td align="center">USA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Trial</td>
                <td align="center">RAPID-CHF</td>
                <td align="center">UNLOAD</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">UNLOAD</td>
                <td align="center">ULTRADISCO</td>
                <td align="center">CARESS-HF</td>
                <td align="center">Un-named</td>
                <td align="center">Un-named</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sample size</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">200</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">188</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Age - Control</td>
                <td align="center">69.5</td>
                <td align="center">63 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">43.3 &#177; 11.6</td>
                <td align="center">66.8 &#177; 14.3</td>
                <td align="center">64 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">65.8 &#177; 18.4</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">62 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">59 &#177; 15.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Age - UF</td>
                <td align="center">67.5</td>
                <td align="center">62 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">51.5 &#177; 9.4</td>
                <td align="center">66.6 &#177; 14.4</td>
                <td align="center">54 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">72.4 &#177; 14.1</td>
                <td align="center">69</td>
                <td align="center">64 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 9.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Male (%) - Control</td>
                <td align="center">70%</td>
                <td align="center">70%</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">68%</td>
                <td align="center">60%</td>
                <td align="center">87%</td>
                <td align="center">72%</td>
                <td align="center">60%</td>
                <td align="center">76%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Male (%) - UF</td>
                <td align="center">70%</td>
                <td align="center">68%</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">68%</td>
                <td align="center">78%</td>
                <td align="center">87%</td>
                <td align="center">78%</td>
                <td align="center">80%</td>
                <td align="center">85%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>White race control</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">52%</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">30%</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">71%</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">94%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>White race UF</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">55%</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">56%</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">77%</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">73%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes control (%)</td>
                <td align="center">53%</td>
                <td align="center">49%</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">52%</td>
                <td align="center">50%</td>
                <td align="center">60%</td>
                <td align="center">67%</td>
                <td align="center">55%</td>
                <td align="center">29%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes UF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30%</td>
                <td align="center">5%</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">68%</td>
                <td align="center">78%</td>
                <td align="center">40%</td>
                <td align="center">65%</td>
                <td align="center">60%</td>
                <td align="center">37%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CAD (%) control</td>
                <td align="center">30%</td>
                <td align="center">48%</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">60%</td>
                <td align="center">60%</td>
                <td align="center">60%</td>
                <td align="center">51%</td>
                <td align="center">65%</td>
                <td align="center">29%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CAD (%) UF</td>
                <td align="center">30%</td>
                <td align="center">56%</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">76%</td>
                <td align="center">78%</td>
                <td align="center">60%</td>
                <td align="center">70%</td>
                <td align="center">60%</td>
                <td align="center">21%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Weight loss control (Kg)</td>
                <td align="center">1.9 &#177; 1.2</td>
                <td align="center">3.1&#177;3.5</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">2.9 &#177; 3.4</td>
                <td align="center">1.9 &#177; 2.2</td>
                <td align="center">6.9 &#177; 1.8</td>
                <td align="center">5.5 &#177; 5.1</td>
                <td align="center">3.7 &#177; 3.2</td>
                <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 2.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Weight loss UF (Kg)</td>
                <td align="center">2.5 &#177; 1.2</td>
                <td align="center">5 &#177; 3.1</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">7.1 &#177; 6.2</td>
                <td align="center">2.7 &#177; 2.6</td>
                <td align="center">9.1 &#177; 1.7</td>
                <td align="center">5.7 &#177; 3.9</td>
                <td align="center">6.3 &#177; 3.5</td>
                <td align="center">4.7 &#177; 3.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinine control at baseline</td>
                <td align="center">1.8</td>
                <td align="center">1.5 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 0.8</td>
                <td align="center">1.6 &#177; 0.8</td>
                <td align="center">1.9 &#177; 0.6</td>
                <td align="center">2.1</td>
                <td align="center">1.4 &#177; 0.7</td>
                <td align="center">1.7 &#177; 0.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinine UF at baseline</td>
                <td align="center">1.6</td>
                <td align="center">1.5 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">1.9 &#177; 1.6</td>
                <td align="center">1.9 &#177; 0.8</td>
                <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 0.8</td>
                <td align="center">2.2 &#177; 0.8</td>
                <td align="center">1.9</td>
                <td align="center">1.4 &#177; 0.8</td>
                <td align="center">1.6 &#177; 0.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Change in creatinine control</td>
                <td align="center">0.1</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.0 &#177; 0.41</td>
                <td align="center">0.1 &#177; 1.65</td>
                <td align="center">0.11 &#177; 0.15</td>
                <td align="center">0.07 &#177; 0.63</td>
                <td align="center">-0.04 &#177; 0.53</td>
                <td align="center">0.2 &#177; 0.92</td>
                <td align="center">0.0 &#177; 0.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Change in creatinine UF</td>
                <td align="center">0.3</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">-0.3 &#177; 1.2</td>
                <td align="center">-0.9 &#177; 0.96</td>
                <td align="center">-0.01 &#177; 0.31</td>
                <td align="center">-0.6 &#177; 0.75</td>
                <td align="center">0.23 &#177; 0.7</td>
                <td align="center">-0.4 &#177; 0.71</td>
                <td align="center">0.2 &#177; 0.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Death control</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (11%)</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">13 (13%</td>
                <td align="center">5 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (24%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Death UF</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (9%)</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">16 (17%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (15%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (21%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BNP control</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">1309&#177; 1494</td>
                <td align="center">370.6 &#177; 148.8</td>
                <td align="center">826&#177;913</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">6707 &#177; 3597</td>
                <td align="center">4007</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">8946 &#177; 5981</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BNP UF</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">1256&#177; 1203</td>
                <td align="center">706.3 &#177; 205.6</td>
                <td align="center">1066&#177;1196</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">5063&#177;3811</td>
                <td align="center">5013</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">8256 &#177; 8580</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>UF: donates Extracorporeal Venous Ultrafiltration; CAD: donates coronary
                        artery disease; BNP: donates B-type natriuretic peptide.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>All studies were published during the year 2005 or later. Eight out of nine studies
               were related to clinical trials, and only one was a retrospective observational
               study. Of the six randomized studies selected, three studies were prospective
               clinical trials with an intention to treat analysis. The eligible trials were not
               blinded and treatment allocation concealment methods were not used. Three studies
               reported using the Aquadex system for ultrafiltration and one study used PRISMA
               system for ultrafiltration. The remaining studies did not mention the device used for
               ultrafiltration. Furthermore, sample size calculation was performed in three studies.
               Quality assessments of the selected studies are presented in (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Quality assessment of studies included in the Meta analysis</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Author</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Randomization</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Allocation concealment</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Blinding</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Intention to treat analysis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Sample size calculation</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Design</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Bart 2005</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">RCT</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Constanzo</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">RCT</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Libetta</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">Non-randomized controlled trial</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bartone</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">Retrospective cohort</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rogers</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">RCT</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Giglioli</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">RCT</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bart 2012</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">RCT</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Badawy</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">RCT</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hanna</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">RCT</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>RCT: randomized control trials</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The mean age of patients ranged from 43 to 70 years in the control arm and from 52 to
               72 years in the intervention arm. The majority of patients in both treatment groups
               were men (range 60% to 88% for control arm, range 70% to 88% for UF arm) and
               caucasian (range 30%&#8211;94% for control arm, range 55%&#8211;77% for UF arm). The incidence of
               diabetes varied across studies ranging from 29% to 67% among control patients and 30%
               to 78% among UF patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Meta-Analysis and Assessment of Bias</title>
        <p>In the pooled analysis, significant increase in weight loss was observed between the
               two groups after 48 hours of treatment [1.78 kg difference; 95% Confidence Interval
               (CI): &#8722;2.65 to &#8722;0.91 kg; p &lt; 0.001] (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure
                  2A</xref>). However, post-intervention reduction in creatinine level failed to
               demonstrate a significant difference between the two groups (0.25 mg/dL; 95% CI:
               0.56&#8211;0.06 mg/dL; p = 0.112) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2B</xref>).
               Finally, no significant difference was observed for all-cause mortality in patients
               treated with UF compared with those treated with diuretics (Pooled RR = 1.00; 95% CI:
               0.64&#8211;1.56; p = 0.99) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2C</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A: Forest plot comparing mean weight difference between the control and the
                     intervention group. Squares represent weighted mean difference (kg) of
                     patient&#8217;s weight in the UF versus control group. B: Forest plot comparing mean
                     difference in creatinine level between the control and the intervention group.
                     Squares represent weighted mean difference (mg/dL) of creatinine level in the
                     UF versus control group. C: Forest plot comparing relative risk of overall
                     mortality. Squares represent relative risk of death in the UF versus control
                     group. Size of square is proportional to study weight. Error bars represent 95%
                     confidence interval. Diamonds represent pooled estimate for risk ratio with 95%
                     CI.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0417-40212-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>There was evidence of heterogeneity with respect to weight change (Q-test p = 0.006;
                  I<sup>2</sup> = 64%) and change in creatinine level (Q-test p = 0.0003;
                  I<sup>2</sup> = 76%), but not for all-cause mortality (Q-test p = 0.827;
                  I<sup>2</sup> = 0). Additionally, we found no evidence of publication bias among
               weight loss estimates (Egger&#8217;s test p = 0.09; Begg&#8217;s test p = 0.45). However, there
               was visual evidence of publication bias based on symmetrical distribution of study
               estimates on the funnel plot (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3A</xref>). While
               there was no statistical evidence of publication bias for change in creatinine levels
               (Egger&#8217;s test p = 0.083, Begg&#8217;s test p = 0.453), visual inspection revealed
               asymmetric distribution of study estimates (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figures
                  3B</xref>). This was also true for all&#8209;cause mortality outcomes (Egger&#8217;s test p =
               0.083, Begg&#8217;s test p = 0.453) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3C</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A: Funnel plot for visualization of publication bias across studies related
                     to weight loss. B: Funnel plot for visualization of publication bias across
                     studies related to change in creatinine level. C: Funnel plot for visualization
                     of publication bias across studies related to mortality outcome.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0417-40212-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Stratified Analysis</title>
        <p>The results remained heterogeneous for weight change outcomes upon stratification by
               gender, age, diabetes, coronary artery disease (CAD), and creatinine level. After
               stratification by BNP, only studies corresponding to higher values of BNP remained
               heterogeneous. Studies with lower BNP values showed significant reduction in weight
               without notable heterogeneity. Similar findings were noted for studies where BNP
               values were not reported (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A: Results showing mean change in weight after 48 hours stratified by
                     baseline BNP values. B: Results showing mean change in creatinine level
                     stratified by baseline BNP values.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0417-40212-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>When stratified by intention-to-treat versus per-protocol analysis, the
               intention-to-treat studies demonstrated no benefit with regard to weight reduction
               with significant heterogeneity (p = 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure
                  5A</xref>). In addition, the per-protocol studies demonstrated significant weight
               reduction with virtually no heterogeneity (p = 0.46). Similarly, change in creatinine
               level was significantly higher in the intention-to-treat studies, but significantly
               lower in the per-protocol studies (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5B</xref>).
               The data remained heterogeneous and non-statistically significant after
               stratification by randomized versus non&#8209;randomized studies and larger versus smaller
               sample size.</p>
        <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A: Results showing mean change in weight after 48 hours stratified by
                     baseline BNP values. B: Results showing mean change in creatinine level
                     stratified by baseline BNP values.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0417-40212-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Sensitivity analysis, revealed no evidence of changing magnitude in the pooled
               estimates for weight change over time. However, there may have been trends toward the
               null for change in creatinine levels and over-all mortality outcome during the study
               period. Exclusion of studies published after 2008 resulted in varying differences in
               the pooled estimates for the WMD associated with change in creatinine levels and
               weight loss; however the exclusion did not have a significant impact on the pooled
               estimates given the overlapping 95% confidence intervals with full-pooled effects
               when data from all studies were included for analyzing the outcomes&#8212;weight change and
               change in creatinine levels.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present analysis evaluated the clinical responses of UF treatment for reducing
            volume overload in ADHF patients and have compared the outcomes with that of standard
            diuretic approach. Our study demonstrated that a significant difference existed for
            change in mean body weight between the two treatment groups, but no significant
            difference was observed with regard to change in creatinine levels. Additionally, the
            mortality rates were similar in the two groups during the follow-up period. Hence this
            meta-analysis does not support prior observations that UF treatment option may improve
            volume overload, renal dysfunction or mortality rate in comparison with standard therapy
            using diuretics.</p>
      <p>While some studies demonstrated that treatment with UF significantly reduced volume
            overload compared with traditional diuretic approach alone<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, findings
            from a more recent study contradicted these results<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. The latter study included patients with severe renal dysfunction, and
            suggested that the need for early discontinuation of UF treatment due to clinical and
            technical reasons other than volume reduction was responsible for its failure to provide
            any beneficial effect with respect to weight change and lowering of creatinine levels.
            The same study also demonstrated that UF treatment was associated with an increased rate
            of adverse events such as subsequent kidney failure, bleeding, and catheter-related
            complications. Our analysis contradicted previous findings on weight loss. However, this
            was mainly observed in the studies dealing with lower BNP concentration and per protocol
            analysis. While the studies with intention-to-treat analysis demonstrated no significant
            changes in weight reduction, we detected a small significant increase in the creatinine
            levels. In clinical practice, the benefit of UF was restricted to those who were able to
            tolerate this therapy. Not only was the weight reduction benefit small, any benefit from
            this therapy appears to be restricted only to those individuals, who could tolerate this
            therapy such as individuals in the per protocol analysis as well as individuals with
            lower BNPs, who are also less likely to need advanced support.</p>
      <p>The small change in weight detected in both groups can be explained in several ways.
            First, both therapies might not have been adequately fine-tuned to obtain maximum
            benefit. Second, patients might be too unstable or refractory to tolerate a more
            aggressive intervention. Lastly, patients might not be completely overloaded with fluid,
            as one would expect and as such not enough volume was lost in both groups. Although our
            meta-analysis is unable to fully answer this question, since the benefit was restricted
            to those studies that reported lower BNP values, it seems that the difference in weight
            loss was restricted to the less decompensated group of patients. Hence, we may suggest
            that severe cases of ADHF might not have tolerated more aggressive diuresis, regardless
            of the form of treatment applied.</p>
      <p>Interestingly, our study showed that the benefit achieved with regard to weight loss and
            favorable creatinine changes were also limited to those studies with lower baseline BNP
            levels. Since BNP is a surrogate marker of ADHF severity, it was elevated in all
            studies. Moreover,, we did not witness any intervention benefits in those studies where
            the mean baseline BNP level was above the median value as calculated from the studies
            included in the meta-analysis. This finding suggested that the benefit of UF therapy
            might be restricted to those individuals with less severe ADHF and who could tolerate
            this therapy. However, this was also the group in which patients could be adequately
            managed by treatment with diuretics, and they did not require any advanced specialized
            care such as UF.</p>
      <p>In addition, our study demonstrated that diuretics and UF therapeutic options had
            similar benefits with regard to overall mortality rate. This finding was not surprising
            since the most common causes of death in individuals with ADHF are sudden cardiac death
            due to arrhythmias, low-output states refractory to inotropic support, and infection;
            both interventions are intended for volume reductions and as such have no direct
            influence in reducing these outcomes.</p>
      <p>Although some of these subjects were addressed in the stratified analysis, residual
            confounding might still be present. Furthermore, just two of the nine total studies
            contributed 388 (63%) patients for analysis, although sensitivity analysis revealed that
            no single study had excessive influence on the results. Despite these limitations, our
            study has several strengths. First, our systematic literature search included all
            available scientific evidence and thereby reduces the likelihood of biased conclusions
            regarding clinical benefits of one treatment versus the other. Second, a homogeneous
            lack of all-cause mortality benefit was considered for both therapies. Finally, our work
            corroborated findings from existing literature by indicating that the benefits of UF
            might be limited to particular subgroups with favorable risk profiles.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Compared with standard therapy using diuretics, the use of UF in treating volume
            overload in ADHF was only moderately effective in reducing weight. However, we neither
            observed any significant reduction of serum creatinine level nor observed any
            improvement in the overall all-cause mortality rate. Though UF therapy might cause
            improvement in the fluid loss in selected populations, UF should not be universally
            recommended over standard therapy using diuretics in managing fluid status in ADHF
            patients particularly considering the lack of clear evidence supporting its beneficial
            effects coupled with the high cost associated with its use.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Meta-Analysis of Ultrafiltration versus Diuretics Treatment Option for
               Overload Volume Reduction in Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart
               Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ebrahim</surname>
            <given-names>Barkoudah</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sindhura</surname>
            <given-names>Kodali</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoroh</surname>
            <given-names>Juliet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sethi</surname>
            <given-names>Rosh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hulten</surname>
            <given-names>Edward</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Suemoto</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Sommer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">7</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Brigham and Womens Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston - MA -
               USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff09">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Harvard Medical School</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Harvard Medical School, Boston - MA -
               USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Michigan Medical School</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Ann Arbor</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ann Arbor</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MI</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor -
               MI - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">San Diego School of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">San Diego</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego - CA -
               USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Services University of Health Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Walter Reed National Military Medical Center and
               Uniformed Services</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Division of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bethesda</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MD</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiology Service, Division of Medicine, Walter
               Reed National Military Medical Center and Uniformed Services University of Health
               Sciences, Bethesda, MD - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical School</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Discipline of Geriatrics</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Discipline of Geriatrics, University of S&#227;o Paulo
               Medical School, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical School</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">University Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University Hospital, University of S&#227;o Paulo
               Medical School, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: M&#225;rcio Sommer Bittencourt</bold>, Hospital
               Universit&#225;rio - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 2565, Butant&#227;, CEP
               05412-003, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>msbittencourt@mail.harvard.edu</email>;
                  <email>mbittencourt@hu.usp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Barkoudah E, Kodali S, Okoroh J, Sethi R, Suemoto
                  C, Bittencourt MS. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Barkoudah E, Kodali S, Okoroh J, Sethi R,
                  Suemoto C, Bittencourt MS. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Barkoudah E, Kodali
                  S, Okoroh J, Sethi R, Hulten E, Suemoto C, Bittencourt MS. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica:
                  Barkoudah E, Kodali S, Okoroh J, Sethi R, Suemoto C, Bittencourt MS. Reda&#231;&#227;o do
                  manuscrito: Barkoudah E, Kodali S, Okoroh J, Sethi R, Suemoto C, Bittencourt MS.
                  Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Barkoudah
                  E, Kodali S, Okoroh J, Sethi R, Hulten E, Suemoto C, Bittencourt MS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Embora os diur&#233;ticos sejam utilizados como o principal tratamento na insufici&#234;ncia
                  card&#237;aca aguda descompensada, sua significativa taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es e respostas
                  inadequadas levou ao uso de ultrafiltra&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea como uma alternativa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Realizar uma meta-an&#225;lise de estudos de ultrafiltra&#231;&#227;o venosa extracorp&#243;rea e
                  diur&#233;ticos no tratamento de sobrecarga h&#237;drica na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda
                  descompensada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>MEDLINE, EMBASE e o banco de dados do Cochrane Central Register of Controlled
                  Trials foram pesquisados sistematicamente usando um crit&#233;rio pr&#233;-estabelecido.
                  Estimativas combinadas para os resultados na altera&#231;&#227;o de peso em 48 horas,
                  creatinina s&#233;rica e mortalidade por todas as causas foram calculados utilizando
                  modelos de efeitos aleat&#243;rios. As diferen&#231;as entre as m&#233;dias ponderadas combinadas
                  foram calculadas para a perda de peso e altera&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de creatinina e
                  rela&#231;&#227;o risco partilhado foi utilizada para o resultado bin&#225;rio de todas as causas
                  de mortalidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Nove estudos foram considerados eleg&#237;veis para a an&#225;lise, com inclus&#227;o de 613
                  pacientes. Pacientes submetidos a ultrafiltra&#231;&#227;o perderam em m&#233;dia 1,78kg
                  (intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC] 95% -2,65 a 0,91kg, p &lt; 0,001) quando comparados
                  com pacientes submetidos &#224; terapia diur&#233;tica padr&#227;o. Os n&#237;veis de creatinina
                  p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o, no entanto, n&#227;o diferiram entre os grupos (diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia de
                  -0,25 mg/dL CI 95% -0,56 a 0,06mg/dL p = 0,112). N&#227;o observamos evid&#234;ncias de
                  redu&#231;&#227;o de risco de mortalidade por todas as causas em pacientes submetidos &#224; UF
                  quando comparados &#224;queles tratados com terapia diur&#233;tica padr&#227;o (RR combinado =
                  1,00 CI 95% 0,64 1,56, p = 0,993).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Quando comparado &#224; terapia diur&#233;tica padr&#227;o, o uso de UF no tratamento de
                  sobrecarga h&#237;drica em ICAD resultou em uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de peso em 48
                  horas. No entanto, n&#227;o foi observada melhoria significativa na redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis
                  de creatinina ou na taxa de mortalidade por todas as causas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca / terapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemofiltra&#231;&#227;o, Ultrafiltra&#231;&#227;o, Diur&#233;ticos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda descompensada (ICAD) &#233; uma das principais causas de
               interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares nos EUA, sendo a grande maioria devido &#224; sobrecarga
                  h&#237;drica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Considerando-se a associa&#231;&#227;o da sobrecarga h&#237;drica com piores
               progn&#243;sticos em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), as diretrizes atuais
               recomendam interven&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gicas e farmacol&#243;gicas para o seu
               tratamento.</p>
        <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o de diur&#233;ticos intravenosos &#233; a principal interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica para
               reduzir o estado de sobrecarga na ICAD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. No entanto, o uso
               cr&#244;nico de tais medicamentos pode levar &#224; resist&#234;ncia diur&#233;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, e tamb&#233;m estar associado com efeitos neuro-hormonais
                  negativos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Essas sequelas est&#227;o
               relacionadas a pior progn&#243;sticos e grande morbidade em pacientes com IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Ultrafiltra&#231;&#227;o (UF) venosa extracorp&#243;rea &#233; uma interven&#231;&#227;o invasiva que tem sido
               sugerida como uma abordagem alternativa eficaz na redu&#231;&#227;o da sobrecarga h&#237;drica em
               pacientes resistentes aos diur&#233;ticos convencionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. No entanto, os
               benef&#237;cios da UF s&#227;o controversos. Um grande ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado realizado
               recentemente sugeriu que a UF n&#227;o conseguiu mostrar maior efic&#225;cia em compara&#231;&#227;o aos
               diur&#233;ticos mas est&#225; relacionada ao aumento da taxa de eventos adversos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Uma meta-an&#225;lise recente incluiu alguns
               desses estudos, e sugeriu que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de UF pode ser eficaz, embora alguns dos
               &#250;ltimos estudos n&#227;o tenham sido inclu&#237;dos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>Portanto, na presente meta-an&#225;lise, buscamos avaliar os estudos de UF e diur&#233;ticos
               intravenosos no tratamento da ICAD. Nosso principal objetivo &#233; comparar peso e
               altera&#231;&#245;es dos n&#237;veis de creatinina entre os dois tratamentos. O objetivo secund&#225;rio
               &#233; avaliar todas as poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as em mortalidade por qualquer causa.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>De acordo com um protocolo previamente estabelecido, MEDLINE, EMBASE e os bancos de
               dados do Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials foram examinados
               sistematicamente desde o in&#237;cio de cada um deles at&#233; o dia 08 de maio de 2013. A
               estrat&#233;gia de busca incluiu todos os artigos publicados em ingl&#234;s. Foram utilizadas
               palavras-chave relacionadas &#224; "ultrafiltra&#231;&#227;o", "insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca" e "ensaios
               cl&#237;nicos". As refer&#234;ncias encontradas e inclu&#237;das no estudo foram avaliadas
               manualmente em busca de publica&#231;&#245;es possivelmente relevantes. Os artigos foram
               avaliados independentemente por dois revisores (EB, MSB) e analisados atrav&#233;s de
               crit&#233;rios pr&#233;-estabelecidos. Discord&#226;ncias foram resolvidas por consenso. Todas os
               motivos para exclus&#227;o foram registrados sistematicamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 1</xref>). Esta presente abordagem segue as diretrizes dos Itens
               de Relat&#243;rio Preferidos para Revis&#245;es Sistem&#225;ticas e Meta-An&#225;lises (PRISMA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxograma mostrando o QUORUM e detalhes do processo de determina&#231;&#227;o de
                     ensaios cl&#237;nico randomizados [ECR] eleg&#237;veis (ECR) controle para inclus&#227;o na
                     meta-an&#225;lise</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0417-40212-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade</title>
          <p>Estudos realizados em todas as l&#237;nguas foram considerados eleg&#237;veis para an&#225;lise
                  se fossem 1) prospectivos, inclu&#237;dos pacientes com mais de 18 anos de idade
                  hospitalizados com evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda descompensada
                  (caracterizda pela presen&#231;a de ortopneia ou dispneia parox&#237;stica noturna [DPN],
                  press&#227;o venosa jugular [PVJ] &gt; 10 cm H20, edema pulmonar ou efus&#227;o mostrada na
                  radiografia de t&#243;rax, press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &gt; 20
                  mmHg, ascite, edema pr&#233;-sacral ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe III ou IV, de
                  acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da New York Heart Association, durante a
                  admiss&#227;o) ou s&#237;ndrome cardio-renal necessitando de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, 3) uso de
                  interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica com UF iniciada dentro de 48 horas de interna&#231;&#227;o, 4)
                  interven&#231;&#227;o com UF comparada &#224; assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica e de suporte padr&#227;o usando
                  terapia diur&#233;tica intravenosa ou oral e 5) resultados iniciais relatando perda de
                  peso, altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de creatinina e mortalidade por qualquer causa durante
                  o estudo. Foram exclu&#237;dos todos os estudos que n&#227;o foram realizados com humanos,
                  estudos sem grupo controle e os quais UF foi realizada como uma terapia adjuvante
                  ao m&#233;todo padr&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta de Dados</title>
          <p>Dois autores (CKS, JO), independentemente, obtiveram os dados de cada estudo
                  inclu&#237;do na an&#225;lise e todas as discrep&#226;ncias encontradas foram resolvidas por
                  consenso. Os dados obtidos inclu&#237;ram o ano de publica&#231;&#227;o, pa&#237;s de estudo, os
                  crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o, dados demogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes de cada grupo
                  (o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos em cada grupo, idade, ra&#231;a, sexo e comorbidades na linha
                  de base), indicadores de qualidade (detalhes da randomiza&#231;&#227;o, an&#225;lise de dados e
                  c&#225;lculos do tamanho da amostra), o peso m&#233;dio (expresso em quilogramas) no in&#237;cio
                  e no final do per&#237;odo de estudo, altera&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de peso (na aus&#234;ncia de valores
                  iniciais e finais), concentra&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia dos n&#237;veis de creatinina (expressa em
                  mg/dL) na linha de base, juntamente com o acompanhamento de sua altera&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de
                  creatinina (na aus&#234;ncia de valores iniciais e finais) e mortalidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Estimativas combinadas para os resultados de altera&#231;&#227;o de peso, altera&#231;&#227;o dos
                  n&#237;veis de creatinina e risco de mortalidade por qualquer causa foram calculados
                  utilizando modelos de efeitos aleat&#243;rios de Der Simonian e Laird<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Diferen&#231;as de m&#233;dias ponderadas (DMPs)
                  combinada foram calculadas para a perda de peso e altera&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de
                  creatinina enquanto uma rela&#231;&#227;o de risco partilhado foi derivada para o resultado
                  bin&#225;rio em mortalidade. A heterogeneidade entre os estudos foi avaliada pela
                  utiliza&#231;&#227;o do teste Q e estat&#237;stica I2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.
                  tend&#234;ncia de publica&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada estatisticamente pelo uso de testes de Egger
                  e Begg e visualmente com gr&#225;ficos de Egger<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
          <p>Foram realizadas an&#225;lises de sensibilidade e em sequencia cada estudo foi exclu&#237;do
                  sistematicamente para determinar a contribui&#231;&#227;o de cada um deles &#224;s estimativas
                  combinadas e tend&#234;ncias avaliadas em estimativas de estudo ao longo do tempo. A
                  an&#225;lise estratificada foi realizada para se levar em conta a heterogeneidade entre
                  estudo para os resultados relacionados a perda de peso e altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de
                  creatinina. Outras an&#225;lises estratificadas tamb&#233;m foram realizadas de acordo com a
                  inten&#231;&#227;o de tratamento ou por an&#225;lise de protocolo, estudos randomizados ou
                  n&#227;o-randomizados, tamanho da amostra maior ou menor. A an&#225;lise estratificada foi
                  feita utilizando os seguintes fatores de risco: diabetes, doen&#231;a arterial
                  coronariana no in&#237;cio do estudo, idade, sexo e tipo B pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico (PND).
                  Os os estudos foram divididos em dois grupos com base no valor m&#233;dio de
                  preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco e fatores investigado dentro heterogeneidade do
                  grupo. Os estudos foram estratificados por creatinina mediana para examinar a
                  heterogeneidade e resultado na altera&#231;&#227;o de peso. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas
                  foram realizadas no Stata vers&#227;o 12 (College Station, TX). Foi empregado alfa de
                  0,05 para avaliar-se os riscos de meta&#8209;relativa (RMR) e as DMPs foram
                  significativamente diferentes entre os grupos de tratamento.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o dos Estudos</title>
          <p>Nove estudos alcan&#231;aram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o, e foram incorporados
                  na meta-an&#225;lise (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 1</xref>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. De todos os estudos eleg&#237;veis de acordo com o crit&#233;rio de busca
                  pr&#233;&#8209;definido (n = 36), 21 foram exclu&#237;dos devido a aus&#234;ncia de um grupo controle e
                  seis devido a presen&#231;a de dados incompletos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura
                     1</xref>). Um dos estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> apresentava
                  dados de uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que se sobrepunha &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o de um estudo
                     maior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Nesse caso, os dados foram
                  utilizados apenas quando n&#227;o reportados no estudo mais abrangente. Resultados
                  prim&#225;rios de mudan&#231;as de massa corp&#243;rea e n&#237;veis de creatinina em rela&#231;&#227;o aos
                  n&#237;veis basais foram demonstrados em sete estudos. Resultados secund&#225;rios de
                  mortalidade por todas as causas foram reportados em seis estudos. Foram inclu&#237;dos
                  613 pacientes: 306 no grupo controle e 307 no grupo UF.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t03">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos na
                        meta-an&#225;lise</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Primeiro autor</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Bart</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Costanzo</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Libetta</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Bartone</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Rogers</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Giglioli</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Bart</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Badawy</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Hanna</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ano</td>
                  <td align="center">2005</td>
                  <td align="center">2007</td>
                  <td align="center">2007</td>
                  <td align="center">2008</td>
                  <td align="center">2008</td>
                  <td align="center">2011</td>
                  <td align="center">2012</td>
                  <td align="center">2012</td>
                  <td align="center">2012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Revista</td>
                  <td align="center">JACC</td>
                  <td align="center">JACC</td>
                  <td align="center">NDT</td>
                  <td align="center">CHF</td>
                  <td align="center">JCF</td>
                  <td align="center">EJHF</td>
                  <td align="center">NEJM</td>
                  <td align="center">JCC</td>
                  <td align="center">CHF</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pa&#237;s</td>
                  <td align="center">USA</td>
                  <td align="center">USA</td>
                  <td align="center">Italy</td>
                  <td align="center">USA</td>
                  <td align="center">USA</td>
                  <td align="center">Italy</td>
                  <td align="center">USA</td>
                  <td align="center">Egypt</td>
                  <td align="center">USA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ensaios</td>
                  <td align="center">RAPID-CHF</td>
                  <td align="center">UNLOAD</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">UNLOAD</td>
                  <td align="center">ULTRADISCO</td>
                  <td align="center">CARESS-HF</td>
                  <td align="center">Un-named</td>
                  <td align="center">Un-named</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tamanho de amostra</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">200</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">188</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade - Controle</td>
                  <td align="center">69,5</td>
                  <td align="center">63 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">43,3 &#177; 11,6</td>
                  <td align="center">66,8 &#177; 14,3</td>
                  <td align="center">64 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">65,8 &#177; 18,4</td>
                  <td align="center">66</td>
                  <td align="center">62 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">59 &#177; 15,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade - UF</td>
                  <td align="center">67,5</td>
                  <td align="center">62 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">51,5 &#177; 9,4</td>
                  <td align="center">66,6 &#177; 14,4</td>
                  <td align="center">54 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">72,4 &#177; 14,1</td>
                  <td align="center">69</td>
                  <td align="center">64 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">60 &#177; 9,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Homens (%) - Controle</td>
                  <td align="center">70%</td>
                  <td align="center">70%</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">68%</td>
                  <td align="center">60%</td>
                  <td align="center">87%</td>
                  <td align="center">72%</td>
                  <td align="center">60%</td>
                  <td align="center">76%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Homens (%) &#8211; UF</td>
                  <td align="center">70%</td>
                  <td align="center">68%</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">68%</td>
                  <td align="center">78%</td>
                  <td align="center">87%</td>
                  <td align="center">78%</td>
                  <td align="center">80%</td>
                  <td align="center">85%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ra&#231;a branca - Controle</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">52%</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">30%</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">71%</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">94%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ra&#231;a branca - UF</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">55%</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">56%</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">77%</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">73%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes Controle (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">53%</td>
                  <td align="center">49%</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">52%</td>
                  <td align="center">50%</td>
                  <td align="center">60%</td>
                  <td align="center">67%</td>
                  <td align="center">55%</td>
                  <td align="center">29%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes -UF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30%</td>
                  <td align="center">5%</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">68%</td>
                  <td align="center">78%</td>
                  <td align="center">40%</td>
                  <td align="center">65%</td>
                  <td align="center">60%</td>
                  <td align="center">37%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DAC (%) control</td>
                  <td align="center">30%</td>
                  <td align="center">48%</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">60%</td>
                  <td align="center">60%</td>
                  <td align="center">60%</td>
                  <td align="center">51%</td>
                  <td align="center">65%</td>
                  <td align="center">29%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DAC (%) UF</td>
                  <td align="center">30%</td>
                  <td align="center">56%</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">76%</td>
                  <td align="center">78%</td>
                  <td align="center">60%</td>
                  <td align="center">70%</td>
                  <td align="center">60%</td>
                  <td align="center">21%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Perda de peso controlel (Kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,9 &#177; 1,2</td>
                  <td align="center">3,1&#177;3,5</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">2,9 &#177; 3,4</td>
                  <td align="center">1,9 &#177; 2,2</td>
                  <td align="center">6,9 &#177; 1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">5,5 &#177; 5,1</td>
                  <td align="center">3,7 &#177; 3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 2,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Perda de peso UF (Kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,5 &#177; 1,2</td>
                  <td align="center">5 &#177; 3,1</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">7,1 &#177; 6,2</td>
                  <td align="center">2,7 &#177; 2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">9,1 &#177; 1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">5,7 &#177; 3,9</td>
                  <td align="center">6,3 &#177; 3,5</td>
                  <td align="center">4,7 &#177; 3,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina controle basal</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8 &#177; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6 &#177; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">1,9 &#177; 0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,4 &#177; 0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">1,7 &#177; 0,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina UF na linha basal</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">1,9 &#177; 1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">1,9 &#177; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8 &#177; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">2,2 &#177; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">1,9</td>
                  <td align="center">1,4 &#177; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6 &#177; 0,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Change em creatinina controle</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0 &#177; 0,41</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 &#177; 1,65</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11 &#177; 0,15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07 &#177; 0,63</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,04 &#177; 0,53</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2 &#177; 0,92</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0 &#177; 0,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Altera&#231;&#245;es em creatinina UF</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,3 &#177; 1,2</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,9 &#177; 0,96</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,01 &#177; 0,31</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,6 &#177; 0,75</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23 &#177; 0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,4 &#177; 0,71</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2 &#177; 0,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortalidade - controle</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (13%</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (24%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortalidade - UF</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (17%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (15%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (21%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PNB control</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">1309&#177; 1494</td>
                  <td align="center">370,6 &#177; 148,8</td>
                  <td align="center">826&#177;913</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">6707 &#177; 3597</td>
                  <td align="center">4007</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">8946 &#177; 5981</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PNB UF</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">1256&#177; 1203</td>
                  <td align="center">706,3 &#177; 205,6</td>
                  <td align="center">1066&#177;1196</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">5063&#177;3811</td>
                  <td align="center">5013</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">8256 &#177; 8580</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>UF: ultrafiltra&#231;&#227;o venosa extracorp&#243;rea; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial
                           coronariana; PNB: Pept&#237;deo antriur&#233;tico tipo B.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Todos os estudos analisados foram publicados em 2005 ou posteriormente. Oito a
                  cada nove estudos eram ensaios cl&#237;nicos e apenas um era estudo de observa&#231;&#227;o
                  retrospectiva. De seis estudos randomizados, tr&#234;s eram ensaios cl&#237;nicos
                  prospectivos com an&#225;lise de inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar. Os estudos eleg&#237;veis n&#227;o eram
                  cegos e n&#227;o foram usados m&#233;todos de sigilo de aloca&#231;&#227;o. O sistema de
                  ultrafiltra&#231;&#227;o Aquadex foi utilizado em tr&#234;s estudos e o sistema de ultrafiltra&#231;&#227;o
                  PRISMA em um. Os estudos remanescentes n&#227;o mencionaram qual o sistema utilizado.
                  Ademais, o c&#225;lculo do tamanho amostral foi realizado em tr&#234;s estudos. A avalia&#231;&#227;o
                  de qualidade dos estudos selecionados s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise de qualidade dos estudos inclu&#237;dos na meta-an&#225;lise</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Autor</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Randomiza&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Sigilo de aloca&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Estudo cego</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>An&#225;lise com inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>C&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Desenho</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bart 2005</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">ECR</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Constanzo</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">ECR</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Libetta</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Ensaio controlado n&#227;o randomizado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bartone</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Coorte retrospectiva</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rogers</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">ECR</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Giglioli</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">ECR</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bart 2012</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">ECR</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Badawy</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">ECR</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hanna</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">ECR</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>ECR: ensaios cl&#237;nico randomizados</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes variou de 43 a 70 anos no grupo controle e de 52 a 72
                  anos no grupo que sofreu a interven&#231;&#227;o. A maioria dos pacientes em ambos os grupos
                  de tratamento eram do sexo masculino (entre 60% e 88% no grupo controle, e entre
                  70% e 88% no grupo UF) e caucasoides (entre 30% e 94% no grupo controle, e entre
                  55% e 77% o grupo UF). A incid&#234;ncia de diabetes variou entre 29% e 67% no grupo
                  controle e 30% e 78% no grupo UF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela
                  1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Meta-an&#225;lise e avalia&#231;&#227;o de vi&#233;s</title>
          <p>Na an&#225;lise conjunta, houve aumento significativo da perda de massa corp&#243;rea entre
                  os dois grupos depois de 48 horas de tratamento (diferen&#231;a de 1,78 kg; intervalo
                  de confian&#231;a [IC] 95% -2,65, -0,91 kg; p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 2A</xref>). No entanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na
                  redu&#231;&#227;o de creatinina p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o entre os dois grupos (0.25 mg/dL; 95% CI
                  -0,56, 0,06 mg/dL; p = 0,112) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 2B</xref>).
                  Por fim, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre a mortalidade por todas as causas quando
                  pacientes tratados com UF foram comparados com aqueles tratados com diur&#233;ticos (RR
                  conjunto = 1,00; 95% CI 0,64, 1,56; p = 0,99) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 2C</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A: Gr&#225;fico floresta comparando diferen&#231;as de massa corp&#243;rea entre grupos
                        controle e que sofreram interven&#231;&#227;o. Quadrados representam diferen&#231;as de
                        m&#233;dia ponderada (kg) de massa corp&#243;rea de pacientes UF versus pacientes
                        submetidos &#224; terapia controle. B: Gr&#225;fico floresta comparando a diferen&#231;a
                        m&#233;dia de n&#237;veis de creatinina entre grupos controle e que sofreram
                        interven&#231;&#227;o. Quadrados representam a diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia ponderada (mg/dL) de
                        creatinina em pacientes UF versus pacientes submetidos &#224; terapia controle.
                        C: Gr&#225;ficos floresta comparando riscos relativos de mortalidade. Quadrados
                        representam os riscos relativos de morte para pacientes UF versus pacientes
                        controle. O tamanho do quadrado &#233; proporcional ao peso do estudo. Barras de
                        erro representam intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. Estimativa conjunta para
                        taxa de risco com intervalo de confian&#231;a 95% representada pelo
                        losango.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0417-40212-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Os resultados analisados sugerem heterogeneidade em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mudan&#231;a de massa
                  corp&#243;rea (teste Q p = 0,006; I<sup>2</sup> = 64%) e mudan&#231;a dos n&#237;veis de
                  creatinina (teste Q p = 0,0003; I<sup>2</sup> = 76%), mas n&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;
                  mortalidade por todas as causas (teste Q p = 0,827; I<sup>2</sup> = 0%).
                  Adicionalmente, n&#227;o encontramos vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o entre estimativas de perda de
                  massa corp&#243;rea (teste de Egger p = 0,09; teste de Begg p = 0,45). No entanto,
                  houve evidencia visual de vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o baseada em distribui&#231;&#227;o sim&#233;trica de
                  estimativas de estudos no gr&#225;fico de funil (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura
                     3A</xref>). Apesar de n&#227;o haver evidencia estat&#237;stica de vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o em
                  rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis de creatinina (teste de Egger p = 0,083, teste de Begg p =
                  0,453), a inspe&#231;&#227;o visual revelou distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica de estimativas de
                  estudos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 3B</xref>). O mesmo foi observado
                  para os resultados de mortalidade por todas as causas (teste Egger p = 0,083,
                  teste Begg p = 0,453) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 3C</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A: Gr&#225;fico funil para avalia&#231;&#227;o da tend&#234;ncia de publica&#231;&#227;o entre os
                        estudos e o resultado em perda de peso. B: Gr&#225;fico funil para avalia&#231;&#227;o da
                        tend&#234;ncia de publica&#231;&#227;o entre os estudos e o resultado em altera&#231;&#227;o de
                        creatinina. C: Gr&#225;fico funil para avalia&#231;&#227;o da tend&#234;ncia de publica&#231;&#227;o entre
                        os estudos e o resultado em mortalidade.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0417-40212-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estratificada</title>
          <p>Os resultados mantiveram-se heterog&#234;neos para mudan&#231;a de massa corp&#243;rea sob
                  estratifica&#231;&#227;o por sexo, idade, diabetes, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) e
                  creatinina. Ap&#243;s estratifica&#231;&#227;o por BNP, apenas o grupo de estudos com maiores
                  valores de BNP manteve-se heterog&#234;neo. Estudos com baixo BNP apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o
                  significativa na massa corp&#243;rea sem heterogeneidade observ&#225;vel. Resultados
                  similares foram observados em estudos nos quais o BNP n&#227;o foi mensurado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f09" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A: Resultados na altera&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de peso ap&#243;s 48 horas e valores de PND
                        de base. B: Resultados para a varia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da creatinina e valores de PND
                        de base.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0417-40212-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Na estratifica&#231;&#227;o por inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar versus an&#225;lise conforme o protocolo, os
                  estudos com inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar n&#227;o demonstraram benef&#237;cio na redu&#231;&#227;o de massa
                  corp&#243;rea e heterogeneidade significativa (p = 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5A</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, estudos com an&#225;lise conforme o
                  protocolo demonstraram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de massa corp&#243;rea virtualmente sem
                  heterogeneidade (p = 0,46). Similarmente, a mudan&#231;a nos n&#237;veis de creatinina foram
                  significativamente maiores em estudos com inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar e significativamente
                  menores em estudos com an&#225;lise de acordo com o protocolo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5B</xref>). Os dados mantiveram-se heterog&#234;neos e sem
                  signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica depois da estratifica&#231;&#227;o por randomiza&#231;&#227;o versus
                  n&#227;o-randomiza&#231;&#227;o e por tamanho amostral pequeno versus tamanho amostral
                  grande.</p>
          <fig id="f10" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A: Resultados em altera&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de peso ap&#243;s 48 horas e inten&#231;&#227;o de
                        tratamento e an&#225;lise por protocolo. B: Resultados em altera&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de
                        creatinina e inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar e an&#225;lise por protocolo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0417-40212-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de sensibilidade</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o de an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, n&#227;o houve evid&#234;ncia de mudan&#231;a de
                  magnitude nas estimativas conjuntas de efeito para mudan&#231;a de massa corp&#243;rea no
                  tempo. No entanto, possivelmente houver tend&#234;ncias para a anula&#231;&#227;o de resultados
                  de mudan&#231;a de creatinina e de mortalidade durante o per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o do
                  estudo. A exclus&#227;o de estudos publicados ap&#243;s 2008 resultou em diferen&#231;as
                  vari&#225;veis nas estimativas conjuntas de DMPs combinadas para mudan&#231;a de creatinina
                  e redu&#231;&#227;o de massa corp&#243;rea. No entanto, a exclus&#227;o n&#227;o teve impacto significativo
                  nas estimativas combinadas, dada a sobreposi&#231;&#227;o de 95% de intervalos de confian&#231;a
                  com combina&#231;&#227;o total de efeitos quando todos os estudos foram inclu&#237;dos em ambos
                  os resultados.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise presente avaliou resultados cl&#237;nicos de UF em rela&#231;&#227;o a abordagem da
               terapia diur&#233;tica padr&#227;o no tratamento de sobrecarga de hidrica em ICAD. O presente
               estudo demonstrou que, apesar de uma diferen&#231;a significativa na altera&#231;&#227;o de peso
               corporal ser observada, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a e altera&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de creatinina
               durante a admiss&#227;o entre os dois grupos de tratamento. Al&#233;m disso, as taxas de
               mortalidade foram semelhantes nos dois grupos durante o acompanhamento. Assim, esta
               meta-an&#225;lise n&#227;o apoia observa&#231;&#245;es anteriores que UF pode melhorar a sobrecarga de
               hidrica, disfun&#231;&#227;o renal ou mortalidade quando comparada &#224; terapia com
               diur&#233;ticos.</p>
        <p>Enquanto alguns estudos demonstraram que a UF reduz significativamente a sobrecarga
               de hidrica em compara&#231;&#227;o com a abordagem tradicional somente de diur&#233;ticos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, estudo mais recentes n&#227;o relataram resultados semelhantes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. O estudo seguinte incluiu pacientes com
               disfun&#231;&#227;o renal grave e sugeriu que uma das principais raz&#245;es para a falta de
               benef&#237;cios na altera&#231;&#227;o de peso ou niveis de creatinina na UF foi a necessidade de
               interrup&#231;&#227;o precoce devido a raz&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e t&#233;cnicas al&#233;m da redu&#231;&#227;o de
               volum&#233;trica. O mesmo estudo tamb&#233;m demonstrou um aumento da taxa de eventos adversos
               com UF, principalmente altas taxas de insufici&#234;ncia renal posterior, sangramento e
               complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao cateter, incluindo outras complica&#231;&#245;es. Nossa an&#225;lise
               contradiz as conclus&#245;es anteriores sobre perda de peso. No entanto, tal fato &#233;
               observado principalmente pelos estudos com baixo PNDs e por an&#225;lise de protocolo.
               Embora os estudos com an&#225;lise de inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar n&#227;o demonstraram nenhuma mudan&#231;a
               significativa na redu&#231;&#227;o de peso, detectamos um pequeno aumento, por&#233;m significante,
               nos niveis de creatinina. No entanto, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, o benef&#237;cio de UF foi
               restrita &#224;queles que s&#227;o capazes de tolerar esta terapia. A redu&#231;&#227;o de peso n&#227;o s&#243;
               foi um benef&#237;cio pequeno mas tambem parece estar restrita apenas aos indiv&#237;duos na
               an&#225;lise por protocolo, sendo os os &#250;nicos capazes de tolerar a mesma; e para aqueles
               com baixo PNDs, sendo menos propensos a precisar de tal m&#233;todo avan&#231;ado. Esta
               constata&#231;&#227;o de pequena alteracao peso total em ambos os grupos pode ter v&#225;rias
               explica&#231;&#245;es. Em primeiro lugar, ambas as terapias podem n&#227;o ter sido adequadamente
               ajustadas para aumentar o benef&#237;cio. Em segundo lugar, os pacientes poderiam estar
               muito inst&#225;veis ou refrat&#225;rios &#224; terapia para tolerar uma interven&#231;&#227;o mais agressiva.
               E finalmente, os pacientes poderiam n&#227;o estar sobrecarregados com fluidos
               suficientes, como seria de esperar. Neste caso, o volume poderia n&#227;o ter sido
               suficiente e perdido sem ter apresentado complica&#231;&#245;es em ambos os grupos. Embora a
               nossa meta-an&#225;lise seja incapaz de responder plenamente a essa quest&#227;o, uma vez que o
               inicio foi restrito aos estudos com valores mais baixos de PND, parece que a
               diferen&#231;a na perda de peso seja restrita ao grupo dos pacientes menos descompensados.
               Assim, isto sugere outros casos mais graves pode n&#227;o ter tolerado uma diurese mais
               agressiva, independentemente da estrat&#233;gia aplicada.</p>
        <p>Curiosamente, nosso estudo tamb&#233;m mostrou que benef&#237;cios em peso e alteracoes
               favor&#225;vel em creatinina foram limitadas aos estudos com n&#237;vel de base de PND menor.
               Sendo o PND um marcador de gravidade ICAD, foi encontrado elevado em todos os
               estudos. No entanto, nesses estudos, onde a m&#233;dia da linha de base PND estava acima
               da mediana dos estudos inclu&#237;dos nesta meta-an&#225;lise, nenhum benef&#237;cio da interven&#231;&#227;o
               foi observado. Esta observa&#231;&#227;o sugere que o benef&#237;cio da UF pode estar restrito a
               indiv&#237;duos com ICAD com quadro cl&#237;nico menos grave e aqueles que s&#227;o capazes de
               tolerar a terapia de UF. Embora este tamb&#233;m seja o grupo em que os pacientes podem
               ser adequadamente acompanhados usando diur&#233;ticos sem a necessidade de um atendimento
               especializado avan&#231;ado como a UF.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, nosso estudo demonstrou que diur&#233;ticos e as op&#231;&#245;es de terap&#234;uticas de UF
               t&#234;m semelhante benef&#237;cio na mortalidade em geral. Esta constata&#231;&#227;o, entretanto, n&#227;o &#233;
               surpreendente uma vez que as causas de morte mais comuns em indiv&#237;duos com ICAD s&#227;o a
               morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca devido a arritmias, estados de baixo d&#233;bito refrat&#225;rios
               inotropes e infec&#231;&#227;o; ambas as interven&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o t&#234;m nenhum benef&#237;cio significativo
               direto na redu&#231;&#227;o destes resultados al&#233;m da redu&#231;&#227;o de volume observada.</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo possui v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Em primeiro lugar, a heterogeneidade nos
               resultados de peso e altera&#231;&#245;es de creatinina foram apenas parcialmente explicados
               pela an&#225;lise estratificada: outras caracter&#237;sticas do estudo podem explicar os nossos
               resultados atuais. Em segundo lugar, nosso estudo n&#227;o s&#227;o considerou as varia&#231;&#245;es na
               dose de diur&#233;ticos ou dura&#231;&#227;o de UF, o que podem estar associados com o progn&#243;stico
               geral. E finalmente, existem limita&#231;&#245;es nos estudos que foram selecionados, tais como
               nenhum deles utilizou randomiza&#231;&#227;o oculta (ou cega) e poucos foram analisados como
               inten&#231;&#227;o de tratamento.</p>
        <p>Embora alguns desses assuntos tenham sido abordados na an&#225;lise estratificada, uma
               mistura residual de dados ainda pode estar presente e ser levada em consideracao.
               Al&#233;m disso, apenas dois dos nove estudos totais 388 (63%) pacientes contribu&#237;ram para
               a an&#225;lise, embora a an&#225;lise de estudo, embora a sensibilidade n&#227;o tenha demonstrado
               um &#250;nico estudo que possa influenciar excessivamente os resultados. Apesar dessas
               limita&#231;&#245;es, o nosso estudo tem v&#225;rios pontos fortes. Em primeiro lugar, a busca
               sistem&#225;tica da literatura, possivelmente, reduziu a probabilidade de conclus&#245;es
               influenciadas sobre o benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico de um tratamento contra o outro, com a
               inclus&#227;o de todas as evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas dispon&#237;veis. Em segundo lugar, houve uma
               not&#225;vel consist&#234;ncia na falta de benef&#237;cios em mortalidade por todas as causas em
               ambas as terapias. Finalmente, o nosso trabalho apoia a literatura existente,
               indicando que os benef&#237;cios da UF pode estar limitado a subgrupos particulares com
               perfis favor&#225;veis de risco.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O uso de UF no tratamento de sobrecarga h&#237;drica em ICAD demonstrou benef&#237;cios
               significativos somente na perda de peso, n&#227;o sendo observadas diferen&#231;as na redu&#231;&#227;o
               dos n&#237;veis de creatinina s&#233;rica e na taxa de mortalidade por todas as causas quando
               comparada &#224; terapia diur&#233;tica padr&#227;o. Embora seja observada uma melhoria na perda de
               fluido em certas popula&#231;&#245;es, a UF n&#227;o deve ser considerada como uma recomenda&#231;&#227;o
               universal em substitui&#231;&#227;o aos diur&#233;ticos convencionais no tratamento e manuten&#231;&#227;o do
               estado de hidrata&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com ICAD devido &#224; falta de evid&#234;ncias mais
               esclarecidas e assim como o alto custo associado ao seu uso. Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos
               autores</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
