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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">XXbf33nDWwCXKj4kx6FYJHC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000500009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050028</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150028</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Male Gender and Arterial Hypertension are Plaque Predictors at Coronary
               Computed Tomography Angiography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Joselina Luzia Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hirata</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Hiroyuki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Guerra de Moraes Rego</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gabriel</surname>
            <given-names>Fab&#237;ola Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hirata</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Dominguez Crespo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Irlaneide da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Luiza Dantas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>D&#243;ria</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana de Santana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Ibraim Masciarelli Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE -
               Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de
               Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o
               Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de
               Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211;
               Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Joselina Luzia Menezes Oliveira</bold>, Pra&#231;a
               Graccho Cardoso, 76, 402, S&#227;o Jos&#233;. Postal Code 49015-180, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brazil.
               E-mail: <email>joselinamenezes@gmail.com</email>,
                  <email>joselinasergipe@ig.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Oliveira JLM, Hirata MH, Tavares IS, Pinto
                  IMF. Acquisition of data: Oliveira JLM, Gabriel FS, Hirata TDC, Tavares IS, Melo
                  LD, D&#243;ria FS. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Oliveira JLM, Gabriel FS,
                  Tavares IS, Melo LD, D&#243;ria FS. Statistical analysis: Oliveira JLM, Sousa ACS,
                  Pinto IMF. Obtaining financing: Oliveira JLM, Hirata MH, Pinto IMF. Writing of the
                  manuscript: Oliveira JLM, Hirata MH, Tavares IS, Pinto IMF. Critical revision of
                  the manuscript for intellectual content: Oliveira JLM, Hirata MH, Sousa AGMR,
                  Tavares IS, Sousa ACS, Pinto IMF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>409</fpage>
      <lpage>416</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH) is one of the main risk factors for Coronary
                  Artery Disease (CAD), in addition to male gender. Differences in coronary artery
                  lesions between hypertensive and normotensive individuals of both genders at the
                  Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA) have not been clearly
                  determined.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To Investigate the calcium score (CS), CAD extent and characteristics of coronary
                  plaques at CCTA in men and women with and without SAH.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Prospective cross-sectional study of 509 patients undergoing CCTA for CAD
                  diagnosis and risk stratification, from November 2011 to December 2012, at
                  Instituto de Cardiologia Dante Pazzanese. Individuals were stratified according to
                  gender and subdivided according to the presence (HT +) or absence (HT-) of
                  SAH.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>HT+ women were older (62.3 &#177; 10.2 vs 57.8 &#177; 12.8, p = 0.01). As for
                  the assessment of CAD extent, the HT+ individuals of both genders had significant
                  CAD, although multivessel disease is more frequent in HT + men. The regression
                  analysis for significant CAD showed that age and male gender were the determinant
                  factors of multivessel disease and CS &#8805; 100. Plaque type analysis showed that SAH
                  was a predictive risk factor for partially calcified plaques (OR = 3.9).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Hypertensive men had multivessel disease more often than women. Male gender was a
                  determinant factor of significant CAD, multivessel disease, CS &#8805; 100 and calcified
                  and partially calcified plaques, whereas SAH was predictive of partially calcified
                  plaques.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Plaque, Atherosclerotic</kwd>
        <kwd>Mens</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="12"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="21"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been considered a major risk to global health and,
            therefore it requires many economic and technological investments from governments
            around the world. The combined efforts of different countries aim to reduce 25% of the
            world CVD mortality by 2025. In most current programs, special attention is given to
            patients with risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD), particularly those with
            diabetes mellitus (DM) dyslipidemia and systemic arterial hypertension (SAH)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>SAH is an important risk factor for the onset of Major Cardiac Events (MACE), and its
            control is indicated in an attempt to improve prognosis in the middle and long term<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Regarding gender, the prevalence of SAH between
            men and women is similar; however, a higher rate is observed in men up to 50 years,
            which reverses after the fifth decade of life<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. </p>
      <p>The Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA) is a noninvasive technique that
            allows the identification of CAD and of subclinical lesions in the coronary arteries,
            thus improving the diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with suspected CAD or
            established disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, with or without SAH. The differences in coronary
            artery lesions between hypertensive and normotensive individuals of both genders at the
            CCTA have not yet been clearly determined. The study aims to investigate Calcium Score
            (CS), coronary artery disease extent and the characteristics of coronary plaques at the
            CCTA in male and female patients, with and without arterial hypertension.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is an observational, analytical, prospective study with 509 patients undergoing
            CCTA for CAD diagnosis and risk stratification.</p>
      <p>Patients aged &lt; 30 years were excluded, as well as those with malignant arrhythmias,
            pregnancy, renal failure, contraindication to beta-blocker or iodinated contrast use,
            cancer, decompensated heart failure, resistant SAH, cardiomyopathy and severe valvular
            heart diseases. The ethical principles governing human experimentation were followed,
            and all patients signed the free and informed consent form. The&#160;study was approved by
            the Ethics and Research Committee of Instituto de Cardiologia Dante Pazzanese.</p>
      <p>The CS and the CCTA were performed. Lesion size and characterization of atherosclerotic
            plaques were analyzed. The 17 arterial segment model described in the American Heart
            Association classification was used to analyze lesion size and a reduced 12-segment
            segmentation was used to characterize plaques<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>Clinical, sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics, habits/addictions,
            comorbidities, presence of symptoms such as typical and atypical angina, risk factors
            for CAD, medication use and laboratory data were analyzed.</p>
      <p>Hypercholesterolemia was defined as total serum cholesterol &gt; 200 mg/dL (after a
            12-hour fasting) and hypertriglyceridemia as serum triglycerides &gt; 150 mg/dL (after a
            12-hour fasting) or by the use of lipid-lowering agents (statins and/or fibrates).
            SAH&#160;was defined when the measurement of blood pressure at rest, in the sitting position,
            was &#8805; 140 x 90 mmHg or by the use of antihypertensive drugs. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was
            defined as fasting glucose levels &gt; 126 mg/dL or use of insulin or oral hypoglycemic
            agents. Laboratory tests were performed at the Laboratory of Instituto de Cardiologia
            Dante Pazzanese.</p>
      <p>The heart rate of all patients was measured one hour before the test. If it was &gt; 65
            beats/min, patients received 50&#8209;100 mg oral atenolol (atenolol 50 mg/tablet), or
            intravenous administration of metoprolol. In case of contraindications to the use of
            beta blockers, diltiazem was used, at a loading dose of 0.25 mg/kg and after 15 minutes,
            a maintenance dose of 0.35 mg/kg.</p>
      <p>Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). The CS protocol was performed through
            CCTA using a 64-channel multidetector tomograph manufactured by Toshiba Medical Systems,
            Otawara, Japan MDCT (Aquilion&#160;64) using a 64_0.5&#160;mm collimator; 9.8 to 11.2 detector;
            0.39_0.39 mm pixel; rotation time of 350, 375 or 400&#160;ms; 400 or 450 mA current and
            voltage of 100 or 120 kV (depending on the patient&#8217;s body mass index). For plaque
            detection, the images were reformatted with multiplanar and cross-sectional curves. The
            protocol included 03-mm thick sections to assess the CS. Then, 0.5&#160;mm sections were
            obtained to allow coronary assessment. Electrocardiogram modulation (60%-80% of the
            cardiac cycle) was used to minimize radiation exposure and voltage of 100 or 120 kV
            according to the patient&#8217;s BMI. After the acquisition, the images were transferred to a
            station for CS and coronary analysis.</p>
      <p>The analysis started with the CS calculation according to the method described by
            Agatston et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. At each 03 mm of thickness, the
            operator searched for areas with attenuation factor &#8805; 130 HU (Hounsfield units),
            considering the lesions to be calcified if they had an area of at least 1 mm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. The total score was calculated by adding the
            lesions. The&#160;result was adjusted for gender, ethnicity and age of the patient for
            classification in risk percentiles<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. The CS was
            stratified into four groups: score zero (none), score 1-99 (light), score 100-399
            (moderate), score &#8805; 400 (severe). CS was not performed in patients submitted to coronary
            artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous angioplasty.</p>
      <p>Using a multiplanar curve format, the operator assessed the coronary tree based on a
            computerized semi-objective analysis and described the presence or absence of lesions in
            each of the 17 arterial segments described in the American Heart Association
               classification<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Plaques were considered
            hemodynamically significant if they resulted in a reduction &#8805; 50% of the sectional area
            of the vessel lumen or if they were highly calcified and did not allow adequate lumen
            visualization.</p>
      <p>The plaques were divided according to their composition: noncalcified, if they were
            homogeneous and had an attenuation coefficient &lt; 70UH; partially calcified, if the
            attenuation coefficient ranged from 71 to 200 UH; and calcified, if the attenuation
            coefficient was &gt; 200 UH<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. When it was
            impossible to reduce the fluorescent artifact for a calcified plaque, it was interpreted
            as being a significant stenotic lesion. In case of multiple lesions, the segment
            analyzed was the one with the worst luminal narrowing.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Imaging Analysis</title>
        <p>The CS of the coronary arteries was measured for each calcified plaque using a
               software program (Vitrea 2, Vital Images, Minneapolis, MN, USA). Image processing,
               including vessel segmentation, was performed to create multiplanar images and to
               visualize the entire vessel segment with the narrowed lumen. The cross-sectional
               images of the vessels could be obtained from any point throughout its length by
               moving the mouse cursor. The quantitative evaluation of stenosis was based on the
               ratio between the lumen with minimum contrast and the unaffected proximal and distal
               lumens with the normal reference.</p>
        <p>Coronary stenosis was classified as follows: minimum stenosis: luminal diameter
               reduced by less than 25%; mild stenosis: luminal diameter reduced by less than 50%;
               moderate stenosis: luminal diameter reduced by &#8805; 50% and &lt; 70%; severe stenosis:
               luminal diameter reduced by &#8805; 70%. A&#160;significant reduction of the arterial lumen was
               considered moderate or severe. For the analysis of the 17 arterial segments,
               atherosclerotic coronary lesions were further classified into two groups: significant
               stenosis (&gt; 50% diameter reduction) and non-significant stenosis (&lt; 50%
               diameter reduction).</p>
        <p>The analysis of plaque configuration was performed primarily at the cross-sectional
               view, classifying them according to the composition: noncalcified plaques (plaques
               with low attenuation on CT compared with the contrasted lumen with no calcification);
               partially calcified (calcified and noncalcified elements in the same plate); and
               calcified plaques (plates with high attenuation on CT compared with the contrasted
               lumen).</p>
        <p>Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 17.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA).
               Results were expressed as mean and standard deviation. Differences in continuous
               variables between groups were compared using the unpaired t-test when the variable
               had a normal distribution and the Mann-Whitney test when distribution was not normal.
               Categorical variables were summarized as percentages and comparisons between groups
               were carried out using the chi-square test. Statistical significance was set at p
               &lt;0.05. The logistic regression models were used to study the association between
               significant coronary lesions, multivessel involvement, CS &#8805; 100, plaque types and
               risk factors for CAD. The analysis was adjusted for age, gender, DM, SAH,
               dyslipidemia, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, smoking and family history of CAD.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of the 509 patients, 369 (72.5%) were hypertensive (HT&#160;+), of which 41.7% were males.
            Among the normotensive patients (HT-) (27.5%), 15.5% were males. The mean age in the
            HT&#160;+ group was 61.2 &#177; 10 years, while in the HT- was 58.9&#160;&#177;&#160;12&#160;years (p =
            0.051) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table. 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of clinical and biochemical characteristics according to
                  SAH</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Characteristics</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>HT+ Group</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>HT- Group</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N = 369 (72.5%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>N = 140 (27.5%)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Male gender</td>
              <td align="center">212 (41.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">79 (15.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Age</td>
              <td align="center">61.2 &#177; 10.3</td>
              <td align="center">58.9 &#177; 12.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">28.3 &#177; 4.7</td>
              <td align="center">26.0 &#177; 3.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Abdominal circumference (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">97.6 &#177; 10.7</td>
              <td align="center">90.6 &#177; 11.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Glycemia (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">112.1 &#177; 64.1</td>
              <td align="center">94.8 &#177; 19.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">175.4 &#177; 48.3</td>
              <td align="center">181.4 &#177; 51.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDLc (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">48.3 &#177; 13.2</td>
              <td align="center">55.8 &#177; 24.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LDLc (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">100.8 &#177; 35.6</td>
              <td align="center">107.2 &#177; 43.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">154.7 &#177; 168.2</td>
              <td align="center">111.5 &#177; 63.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Serum creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">1.30 &#177; 6.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0.70</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DM</td>
              <td align="center">105 (21.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (3.2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">255 (51.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">60 (1.2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Family history of CAD</td>
              <td align="center">200 (42.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">64 (13.6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sedentary life style</td>
              <td align="center">256 (55.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">86 (18.7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Previous AMI</td>
              <td align="center">68 (14.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (2.4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Angioplasty and stent</td>
              <td align="center">28 (5.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (1.2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CABG</td>
              <td align="center">60 (11.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (2.4%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDLc: low density lipoprotein
                     cholesterol; DM: diabetes mellitus; CAD: coronary artery disease; AMI: acute
                     myocardial infarction; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>After the classification by gender, which showed that 291 patients of 509 (57.2%) were
            males, new subgroups with and without SAH were defined. The mean age was higher among
            hypertensive women. As for anthropometric measurements, hypertensive individuals had
            higher body mass index and waist circumference in both genders. Dyslipidemia was more
            frequent in hypertensive individuals of both genders, while triglycerides were higher in
            hypertensive men and HDL was higher in normotensive ones. The presence of DM in the
            sample was 24.5%, being more frequent in male hypertensive patients, as well as family
            history of CAD.</p>
      <p>Hypertensive men are more sedentary, while athletes of both sexes are more normotensive.
            The women smokers are more hypertensive.</p>
      <p>As for symptoms, there was no difference between typical and atypical chest pain, and
            dyspnea between groups. However, asymptomatic individuals were more frequently observed
            in the group of normotensive patients of both genders. Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)
            was more frequent among hypertensive patients of both genders, as well as medication
            use. However, there was no difference between the groups regarding prior percutaneous
            angioplasty, but CABG was more frequent in hypertensive men (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of clinical and biochemical characteristics according to SAH and
                  gender</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Characteristics</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Men N = 291 (57.2%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>HT- N = 61 (12%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>HT+ N = 157 (30.8%)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>HT- N = 79 (15.5%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>HT+ N = 212 (41.7%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age</td>
              <td align="center">59.7 &#177; 12.5</td>
              <td align="center">60.4 &#177; 10.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.64</td>
              <td align="center">57.8 &#177; 12.8</td>
              <td align="center">62.3 &#177; 10.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Body mass index (Kg/m&#178;)</td>
              <td align="center">26.3 &#177; 3.8</td>
              <td align="center">27.8 &#177; 4.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">25.7 &#177; 3.78</td>
              <td align="center">29.1 &#177; 5.41</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Abdominal circumference (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">94.6 &#177; 10.9</td>
              <td align="center">98.9 &#177; 10.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
              <td align="center">85.04 &#177; 9.18</td>
              <td align="center">96 &#177; 11.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Glycemia (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">98.6 &#177; 22.4</td>
              <td align="center">114.8 &#177; 77</td>
              <td align="center">0.17</td>
              <td align="center">89.0 &#177; 10.89</td>
              <td align="center">108.2 &#177; 38.54</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Cholesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">172.1 &#177; 43</td>
              <td align="center">170.5 &#177; 51.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.85</td>
              <td align="center">196.2 &#177; 61.2</td>
              <td align="center">182.5 &#177; 43.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDLc (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">54.4 &#177; 29.8</td>
              <td align="center">44.2 &#177; 10.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">58.1 &#177; 14.5</td>
              <td align="center">54.2 &#177; 14.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LDLc (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">102.4 &#177; 34</td>
              <td align="center">99.5 &#177; 37</td>
              <td align="center">0.65</td>
              <td align="center">114.7 &#177; 55.5</td>
              <td align="center">102.6 &#177; 33.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">110.9 &#177; 62.9</td>
              <td align="center">15.5 &#177; 115.3</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              <td align="center">112.6 &#177; 66.9</td>
              <td align="center">125.7 &#177; 56.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Serum creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.7 &#177; 8.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.56</td>
              <td align="center">0.98 &#177; 1.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.81 &#177; 0.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DM</td>
              <td align="center">7 (9%)</td>
              <td align="center">65 (31.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              <td align="center">9 (15%)</td>
              <td align="center">40 (26.3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">32 (41%)</td>
              <td align="center">151 (75. 5%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              <td align="center">28 (46.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">104 (67.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Family history of CAD</td>
              <td align="center">35 (45.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">144 (62. 6%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">29 (49.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">86 (57%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sedentary life style</td>
              <td align="center">41 (53.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">138 (75%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              <td align="center">45 (78.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">118 (81.9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Previous AMI</td>
              <td align="center">8 (11%)</td>
              <td align="center">47 (25. 4%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">3 (5.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (15%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Angioplasty and stent</td>
              <td align="center">3 (3.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (9%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.14</td>
              <td align="center">3 (4.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (5.7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CABG</td>
              <td align="center">8 (10.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">41 (19.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
              <td align="center">4 (6.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (12.1%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <p>HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDLc: low density lipoprotein
                     cholesterol; DM: diabetes mellitus; CAD: coronary artery disease; AMI: acute
                     myocardial infarction; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The CS was studied in 386 patients without previous CAD. Moderate (&#8805; 100 and &#8804; 399) and
            severe CS (&#8805; 400) showed no differences between the HT+ and HT-, even when stratified by
            gender. The frequency of mild CS (&#8805; 1 and &#8804; 99) was higher in the HT + group in both
            genders, but without statistical significance. However, it was observed that the male
            normotensive individuals more frequently had a CS = 0 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of CS according to SAH and gender</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>CS</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Men N = 209 (54.15%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>HT- N = 54 (13.98%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>HT+ N = 123 (31.89%)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>HT- N = 67 (17.35%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>HT+ N = 142 (36.78%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>None</td>
              <td align="center">31 (43.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">43 (30.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
              <td align="center">32 (59.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">56 (45.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mild</td>
              <td align="center">17 (25.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">50 (35.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.16</td>
              <td align="center">14 (25.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">43 (35%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Moderate</td>
              <td align="center">9 (13.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (16.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.52</td>
              <td align="center">6 (11.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (11.4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Severe</td>
              <td align="center">10 (14.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (17.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.63</td>
              <td align="center">2 (3.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (8.1%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <p>CS: calcium score.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>CCTA results were normal in 26% of hypertensive patients <italic>versus</italic> 45% of
            normotensive individuals. The calculated CS percentages were higher and the presence of
            significant lesions was more frequent in hypertensive patients, of both genders. The
            presence of triple-vessel disease and the number of segments with atherosclerotic
            plaques showed higher frequency in hypertensive men (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of CCTA findings according to SAH and gender</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Findings</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Men N = 291 (57.2%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>HT- N = 61 (12%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>HT+ N = 157 (30.8%)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>HT- N = 79 (15.5%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>HT+ N = 212 (41.7%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Normal results</td>
              <td align="center">29 (36.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (83.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              <td align="center">34 (55.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">61 (38.9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Percentiles</td>
              <td align="center">33.3 &#177; 35.8</td>
              <td align="center">47.6 &#177; 37.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">26.8 &#177; 37.6</td>
              <td align="center">41.7 &#177; 40.36</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Significant CAD</td>
              <td align="center">26 (32.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">107 (50.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">9 (14.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">45% (28.7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Multivessel (3 vessels)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (7.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">46 (21.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Number of normal segments</td>
              <td align="center">13.0 &#177; 2.0</td>
              <td align="center">11.4 &#177; 2.9</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">13.0 &#177; 1.9</td>
              <td align="center">12.9 &#177; 2.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Number of atherosclerotic segments</td>
              <td align="center">2.3 &#177; 1.7</td>
              <td align="center">3.7 &#177; 2.7</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">1.95 &#177; 1.52</td>
              <td align="center">2.24 &#177; 1.83</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <p>CAD: coronary artery disease.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>As for the multivariate logistic regression, the factors associated with significant
            lesions were dyslipidemia, male gender and age. Regarding disease involvement in two
            vessels, the factors were dyslipidemia, male gender and age. On the other hand,
            multivessel involvement (three vessels) was associated with dyslipidemia, male gender
            and age. Hypertensive men had a higher probability (OR = 2.3) for lesions in three
            vessels, but without statistical significance. CAD extent was independently associated
            with dyslipidemia (OR = 6.01), male gender (OR = 2.73) and age (OR = 1.03). High CS was
            associated with male gender and age (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table
            5</xref>).</p>
      <p>The presence of calcified plaque was independently associated with DM (OR = 2.33),
            dyslipidemia (OR&#160;=&#160;2.05), male gender (OR = 2.01) and age (OR = 1.08). For non-calcified
            plaque, age was the only associated factor (OR&#160;=&#160;1.05). Male gender and dyslipidemia had
            a higher probability, but without statistical significance. SAH was a predictive risk
            factor for the presence of partially calcified plaques (OR = 3.9), as well as male
            gender (OR&#160;=&#160;1.72) and age (OR = 1.08) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table
            6</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure&#160;1</xref> shows plaque composition at
            the CCTA.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t05">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>Multivariate logistic regression
                  for variables associated with coronary artery lesions</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Significant stenosis</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Multivessel involvement (2 vessels)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Multivessel involvement (3 vessels)</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>Odds Ratio</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Odds Ratio</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Odds Ratio</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Odds Ratio</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age</td>
              <td align="center">1.052 <break/> (1.027-1.076)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.039 <break/> (1.012-1.066)</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
              <td align="center">1.048 <break/> (1.014-1.084)</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
              <td align="center">1.087 <break/> (1.56-1.118)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male gender</td>
              <td align="center">2. 883 <break/> (1.763-4.714)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">2.732 <break/> (1.583-4.715)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">4.270 <break/> (2.011-9.069)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">2.840 <break/> (1.612-5.002)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">2.829 <break/> (1.661-4.816)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">6.017 <break/> (2.882-12.562)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">5.822 <break/> (1.994-16.997)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.635 <break/> (0.929-2.878)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Obesity</td>
              <td align="center">1.996 <break/> (1.149-3.468)</td>
              <td align="center">0.014</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HT+</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">2.317 <break/> (0.963-5.577)</td>
              <td align="center">0.061</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN05">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>Adjusted for age, gender, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia,
                     obesity, family history of CAD, physical activity and smoking; SAH: systemic
                     arterial hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; CAD: coronary artery disease.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t06">
        <label>Table 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref>Logistic regression for
                  variables associated with the types of plaques</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Calcified Plaque</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Non-Calcified Plaque</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>Odds Ratio</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Odds Ratio</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Odds Ratio</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age</td>
              <td align="center">1.091 (1.059-1.125)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.058 (1.023-1.095)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.085 (1.047-1.125)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male gender</td>
              <td align="center">2.015 (1.146-3.544)</td>
              <td align="center">0.015</td>
              <td align="center">1.951 (0.963-3.952)</td>
              <td align="center">0.064</td>
              <td align="center">1.712 (1.03-2.84)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">2.058 (1.159-3.655)</td>
              <td align="center">0.014</td>
              <td align="center">1.881 (0.904-3.914)</td>
              <td align="center">0.091</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DM</td>
              <td align="center">2.332 (1.194-4.557)</td>
              <td align="center">0.013</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HT+</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">3.979 (1.486-10.654)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN06">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>Adjusted for age, gender, SAH, DM, dyslipidemia, obesity, family history of
                     CAD, physical activity and smoking; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; DM:
                     diabetes mellitus; CAD: coronary artery disease.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography. (A) Calcified plaque; (B) Partially
                  calcified plaque</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0409-50028-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this study, the extent of CAD was assessed by high CS, presence of significant lesion
            and multivessel involvement. The main risk factors predictors of CAD were dyslipidemia
            and male gender. However, SAH was associated with the presence of partially calcified
            plaque (OR = 3.9). We&#160;emphasize the lack of difference between the groups with all
            levels of the CS, except for the important contribution of zero CS, more frequent in
            normotensive men. </p>
      <p>An association was observed between partially calcified plaque and SAH, male gender and
            age; moreover, the calcified plaque was associated with DM, dyslipidemia, male gender
            and age. Rivera et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, in a multivariate
            analysis, showed that SAH was predictive of any type of plaque in asymptomatic
            individuals, and as for the partially calcified plaque, they obtained similar results to
            those found in the present study, in which SAH (OR = 2.33; 95% CI = 1.10 to 4.95) and
            male gender (OR = 5.54; 95% CI = 1.84 to 16.68) were predictors of this type of plaque.
            However, the study population was different from the sample by excluding previous DAC. </p>
      <p>In a study that analyzed the type of plaque at CCTA between the group with and without
            metabolic syndrome (MS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, it was observed that
            among the types of plaque, the highest frequency of partially calcified plaque was found
            in patients with MS. Older age and male gender were associated with both the presence of
            calcified and noncalcified plaque. At the adjusted analysis, MS was associated with
            partially calcified plaque, as well as male gender and age, data consistent with our
            results.</p>
      <p>In a study carried out in 2008 with a population with no prior CAD at CCTA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, there were similarities in the results in
            comparison with this study, as the partially calcified plaque was associated to SAH and
            age.</p>
      <p>Additionally, the multivariate analysis showed the highest association of partially
            calcified plaque with SAH, followed by male gender and age.</p>
      <p>In this study, the calcified plaque was associated with DM, dyslipidemia and male
            gender, with similar odds ratio. Studies have shown that calcification of the coronary
            arteries is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Most significant stenotic
            lesions are calcified and 90% of CAD patients have calcification<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. It can be
            inferred that these risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and male gender
            are important for the presence of CAD and increased cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p>In the classical literature, SAH is shown as an important cardiovascular risk factor.
            There are, however, recent studies showing this association of SAH and coronary heart
            disease, but with questionable impact on clinical practice. A follow&#8209;up study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> showed that there was no significant difference
            in MACE rates between normotensive and hypertensive patients, although the hypertensive
            patients submitted to CCTA had a higher prevalence of obstructive CAD and more extensive
            atherosclerotic lesions. It thus suggests that patients without obstructive CAD have an
            excellent prognosis, regardless of the presence of SAH. </p>
      <p>In this study, male gender was associated with the presence of calcified and partially
            calcified plaques, in addition to CAD extent as demonstrated by the high CS and presence
            of triple-vessel disease, and the number of segments with atherosclerotic plaques with
            greater frequency in the male HT + group. In Brazil, CAD is the leading cause of death
            in both genders, in all regions of the country<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,
            and is the first cause of morbidity and mortality in hypertensive patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      <p>The difference between the CAD mortality rates between men and women in Brazil is one of
            the lowest in the world, both due to high rates of death among women as well as a
            steeper decline in mortality rates and risk factors among men<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
      <p>By the age of 40 women have lower risk of CAD compared to men. The male gender has a 49%
            chance, whereas females have 32%. In men, the first event occurs around age 65; while in
            women the first event usually occurs five to ten years later. However, this increase
            occurs in different ways for both sexes, with the female gender showing a remarkable
            increase at older ages, thus decreasing the difference between the genders<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. These data corroborate those of present study,
            as the mean age of the sample was not advanced age; among hypertensive patients it was
            61.2 &#177; 10.3 and for normotensive patients, 58.9 &#177; 12.6 years, with men
            showing a higher frequency of CAD at this age range. This showed an association with CAD
            extent assessed by the presence of significant lesion, multivessel involvement and high
            CS, and with calcified and partially calcified plaques. </p>
      <p>In a multicenter study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, the data analysis of
            8,737 patients with suspected or known CAD, followed for a mean of 25&#160;months for the
            occurrence of all-cause mortality or nonfatal myocardial infarction, in the subgroup of
            female patients with known CAD and positive test for myocardial ischemia, the event rate
            was higher in women (p = 0.01) and no gender differences were observed in patients with
            negative test for induced ischemia (p = 0.3). In&#160;the group of non-ischemic individuals,
            the annual event rate was worse in men than in women aged less than 65&#160;years (p
            &lt;0.0001) and older than 65 years (p =&#160;0.04). One can infer that the data related to
            the study are similar to this one, as it shows the male gender as a predictor of major
            cardiac events and death, since in this research it is associated with CAD extension.
            However, these data suggest analyzing a cohort of our population for assessment of
            cardiac outcomes aiming at more precise comparisons. </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>This study has internal validity, as all patients undergoing this methodology at
               IDPC, from November 2011 to December 2012 were included; due to limited availability
               of coronary angiography method in most public hospitals in the country to date, it
               has a low external validity. Additionally, CCTA findings were not compared with other
               methods such as coronary ultrasound for validation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Hypertensive men more frequently have multivessel disease. Male gender was the
            determining factor of significant CAD, multivessel disease, high calcium score and
            calcified and partially calcified plaques, while SAH was a predictor of the presence of
            partially calcified plaque.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Post-Doctoral submitted by Joselina Luzia
               Menezes Oliveira, from Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sexo Masculino e Hipertens&#227;o Arterial S&#227;o Preditores de Placa &#224;
               Angiotomografia das Coron&#225;rias</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Joselina Luzia Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hirata</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Hiroyuki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Guerra de Moraes Rego</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gabriel</surname>
            <given-names>Fab&#237;ola Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hirata</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Dominguez Crespo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Irlaneide da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Luiza Dantas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>D&#243;ria</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana de Santana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Ibraim Masciarelli Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju,
               SE</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de
               Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o
               Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211;
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Joselina Luzia Menezes Oliveira</bold>, Pra&#231;a
               Graccho Cardoso, 76, 402, S&#227;o Jos&#233;. CEP: 49015-180, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>joselinamenezes@gmail.com</email>,
               <email>joselinasergipe@ig.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Oliveira JLM, Hirata MH, Tavares IS, Pinto IMF.
                  Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Oliveira JLM, Gabriel FS, Hirata TDC, Tavares IS, Melo LD,
                  D&#243;ria FS. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Oliveira JLM, Gabriel FS, Tavares IS,
                  Melo LD, D&#243;ria FS. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Oliveira JLM, Sousa ACS, Pinto IMF.
                  Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Oliveira JLM, Hirata MH, Pinto IMF. Reda&#231;&#227;o do
                  manuscrito: Oliveira JLM, Hirata MH, Tavares IS, Pinto IMF. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do
                  manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Oliveira JLM, Hirata MH,
                  Sousa AGMR, Tavares IS, Sousa ACS, Pinto IMF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana (DAC) tem como um dos principais fatores de risco a
                  Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica (HAS), al&#233;m do sexo masculino. As diferen&#231;as nas
                  les&#245;es de art&#233;rias coronarianas entre hipertensos e normotensos de ambos os sexos
                  pela Angiotomografia Computadorizada Coronariana (ATC) ainda n&#227;o foram claramente
                  determinadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar Escore de C&#225;lcio (EC), extens&#227;o da DAC e as caracter&#237;sticas de placas
                  coronarianas &#224; ATC em homens e mulheres com e sem HAS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal prospectivo com 509 pacientes submetidos a ATC para diagn&#243;stico
                  e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de DAC, de novembro de 2011 a dezembro de 2012, no
                  Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. Foram estratificados segundo o g&#234;nero e
                  subdivididos de acordo com a presen&#231;a (HT+) ou aus&#234;ncia (HT-) de HAS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>As mulheres HT+ apresentaram maior idade (62,3 &#177; 10,2 vs 57,8 &#177;
                  12,8, p = 0,01). Quanto &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de extens&#227;o da DAC, os HT+ de ambos os sexos
                  apresentaram DAC significativa, por&#233;m a doen&#231;a multiarterial &#233; mais frequente nos
                  homens HT+. A an&#225;lise da regress&#227;o para DAC significativa mostrou que idade e sexo
                  masculino foram fatores determinantes de doen&#231;a multiarterial e EC &#8805; 100. J&#225; a
                  an&#225;lise para os tipos de placas mostrou que a HAS se comportou como fator de risco
                  preditor para placas parcialmente calcificadas (<italic>OR</italic> = 3,9).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Homens hipertensos apresentaram mais frequentemente doen&#231;a multiarterial. O sexo
                  masculino foi fator determinante de DAC significativa, doen&#231;a multiarterial, EC &#8805;
                  100 e placas calcificadas e parcialmente calcificadas. Enquanto a HAS foi
                  preditora de placas parcialmente calcificadas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Placa Ateroscler&#243;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Homens</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular apresenta importantes implica&#231;&#245;es para a sa&#250;de mundial, e,
               portanto, demanda muitos investimentos econ&#244;micos e tecnol&#243;gicos dos governos ao
               redor do mundo. Os esfor&#231;os conjuntos de diferentes pa&#237;ses t&#234;m o objetivo de reduzir
               25% da mortalidade mundial por DCV at&#233; 2025. Na maioria dos programas atuais, uma
               especial aten&#231;&#227;o &#233; dada a pacientes com fatores de risco para DAC, particularmente
               aqueles com Diabete Melito (DM), dislipidemia e Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica
                  (HAS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>A HAS &#233; um importante fator de risco para o aparecimento de Eventos Card&#237;acos Maiores
               (ECM), e o seu controle &#233; indicado na tentativa de melhorar o progn&#243;stico em m&#233;dio e
               longo prazos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Quanto ao sexo, a preval&#234;ncia
               de HAS entre homens e mulheres &#233; semelhante; entretanto, nota-se uma taxa mais
               elevada nos homens at&#233; os 50 anos, invertendo-se a partir da quinta d&#233;cada de
                  vida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>A Angiotomografia Computadorizada Coronariana (ATC) &#233; uma t&#233;cnica n&#227;o invasiva que
               permite o rastreamento da DAC e identificar les&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas nas art&#233;rias
               coronarianas, melhorando assim o diagn&#243;stico e a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de pacientes
               com suspeita de DAC ou doen&#231;a estabelecida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, com ou sem HAS. As
               diferen&#231;as nas les&#245;es de art&#233;rias coronarianas entre hipertensos e normotensos de
               ambos os sexos pela ATC ainda n&#227;o foram claramente determinadas. O estudo objetiva
               investigar Escore de C&#225;lcio (EC), extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e as
               caracter&#237;sticas de placas coronarianas, &#224; ATC, em pacientes dos g&#234;neros masculino e
               feminino, com e sem hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo observacional e anal&#237;tico, prospectivo, com 509 pacientes
               submetidos a ATC para diagn&#243;stico e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de DAC.</p>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com idade abaixo de 30 anos, arritmia maligna, gravidez,
               insufici&#234;ncia renal, contraindica&#231;&#227;o ao uso de betabloqueador ou de contraste iodado,
               pacientes oncol&#243;gicos, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, HAS resistente,
               cardiomiopatias e valvopatias graves. Os princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos que regem a experimenta&#231;&#227;o
               humana foram seguidos, e todos os pacientes assinaram termo de consentimento
               informado. O trabalho foi autorizado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa do Instituto
               Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</p>
        <p>Foram realizados o EC e a ATC. Analisaram-se os tamanhos das les&#245;es e a
               caracteriza&#231;&#227;o das placas ateroscler&#243;ticas. O modelo de 17 segmentos arteriais
               descritos na classifica&#231;&#227;o da American Heart Association foi utilizado para analisar
               o tamanho das les&#245;es, e uma segmenta&#231;&#227;o reduzida de 12 segmentos foi utilizada para
               caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da placa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Foram analisadas as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, sociodemogr&#225;ficas e antropom&#233;tricas,
               h&#225;bitos/v&#237;cios, comorbidades, presen&#231;a de sintomas como angina t&#237;pica e at&#237;pica,
               fatores de risco para DAC, medicamentos e dados laboratoriais.</p>
        <p>Hipercolesterolemia foi definida como n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol total maiores que
               200 mg/dL (ap&#243;s 12 horas de jejum) e hipertrigliceridemia como n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de
               triglic&#233;rides maiores que 150 mg/dL (ap&#243;s 12 horas de jejum) ou pelo uso de agentes
               hipolipemiantes (estatinas e/ou fibratos). HAS foi definida quando a medida da
               press&#227;o arterial em repouso sentado foi &#8805; 140 x 90 mmHg, ou pelo uso de
               anti-hipertensivos. DM foi definida como n&#237;veis de glicose de jejum acima de 126
               mg/dL ou pelo uso de insulina ou hipoglicemiantes orais. Exames laboratoriais foram
               realizados no Laborat&#243;rio do Instituto de Cardiologia Dante Pazzanese. A frequ&#234;ncia
               card&#237;aca de todos os pacientes foi medida uma hora antes do exame. Se acima de 65
               batimentos/min, era administrado aos pacientes 50-100 mg de atenolol oral (atenolol
               50 mg/comprimido) ou uso venoso do metoprolol. Em caso de contraindica&#231;&#227;o ao uso de
               betabloqueadores, utilizou&#8209;se o diltiazem, com dose de ataque de 0,25 mg/Kg, e ap&#243;s
               15 minutos dose de manuten&#231;&#227;o de 0,35 mg/Kg. </p>
        <p><italic>ATC</italic>: O protocolo do EC foi realizado pela ATC utilizando-se o
               tom&#243;grafo multidetectores 64 canais Toshiba Medical Systems, Otawara, Japan MDCT
               (Aquilion 64) com uso de colimador 64_0,5 mm; detector 9,8 a 11,2; pixel 0,39_0,39
               mm; tempo de rota&#231;&#227;o de 350, 375 ou 400 ms; corrente 400 ou 450 mA e voltagem de 100
               ou 120 Kv (dependente do &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea do paciente). Para a detec&#231;&#227;o da
               placa, as imagens utilizadas foram reformatadas com curvas multiplanares e de sec&#231;&#227;o
               transversal. O protocolo incluiu cortes de 03 mm de espessura para avalia&#231;&#227;o do EC.
               Depois, cortes de 0,5&#160;mm foram obtidos para permitir a avalia&#231;&#227;o coronariana.
               A&#160;modula&#231;&#227;o do eletrocardiograma (60%-80% do ciclo card&#237;aco) foi utilizada de modo a
               minimizar a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o e voltagem de 100 ou 120 kV de acordo com o &#237;ndice
               de massa corp&#243;rea do paciente. Depois da aquisi&#231;&#227;o, as imagens foram transferidas
               para uma esta&#231;&#227;o para an&#225;lise do EC e coron&#225;rias.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise se iniciou com o c&#225;lculo do EC de acordo com o m&#233;todo descrito por Agatston
               e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. A cada 03&#160;mm de espessura, o
               operador procurou por &#225;reas com fator de atenua&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 130 UH (Unidades Hounsfield),
               consideradas les&#245;es calcificadas se possu&#237;ssem a &#225;rea de pelo menos 1 mm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. O escore total foi calculado atrav&#233;s da soma
               das les&#245;es. O resultado foi adequado para o g&#234;nero, etnia e idade do paciente para
               classifica&#231;&#227;o em percentis de risco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. O EC
               foi estratificado em quatro grupos: escore zero (nenhum), escore 1-99 (leve), escore
               100-399 (moderado), escore &#8805; 400 (grave). N&#227;o se realizou EC em pacientes submetidos
               &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e angioplastia percut&#226;nea.</p>
        <p>Utilizando uma curva de formata&#231;&#227;o multiplanar, o&#160;operador reviu a &#225;rvore coronariana
               baseada em uma an&#225;lise semiobjetiva computadorizada e descreveu a presen&#231;a ou
               aus&#234;ncia de les&#227;o em cada um dos 17 segmentos arteriais descritos na classifica&#231;&#227;o da
               American Heart Association<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. As&#160;placas foram
               consideradas hemodinamicamente significantes se produzissem uma redu&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 50% da &#225;rea
               seccional do l&#250;men do vaso ou se fossem muito calcificadas e n&#227;o permitissem uma
               visualiza&#231;&#227;o adequada do l&#250;men.</p>
        <p>As placas foram divididas de acordo com sua composi&#231;&#227;o: n&#227;o calcificadas, se fossem
               homog&#234;neas e tivessem coeficiente de atenua&#231;&#227;o &lt; 70UH; parcialmente calcificadas,
               se o coeficiente de atenua&#231;&#227;o variasse de 71 a 200 UH; e calcificadas, se o
               coeficiente de atenua&#231;&#227;o fosse &gt; 200 UH<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.
               Quando foi imposs&#237;vel reduzir o artefato florescente para uma placa calcificada,
               interpretou-se como uma les&#227;o esten&#243;tica significante. Em caso de m&#250;ltiplas les&#245;es, o
               segmento analisado foi aquele com pior estreitamento luminal.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise da imagem</title>
          <p>O EC das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias foi medido para cada placa calcificada utilizando-se
                  um software (V&#237;trea 2, Vital Imagens, USA). O trabalho de processamento incluindo
                  a segmenta&#231;&#227;o do vaso foi realizado para criar imagens multiplanares e vis&#227;o de
                  todo o segmento do vaso com o l&#250;men estreitado. As imagens de sec&#231;&#227;o transversal
                  dos vasos podiam ser obtidas de qualquer ponto de sua extens&#227;o movendo-se o cursor
                  do mouse. A avalia&#231;&#227;o quantitativa da estenose foi baseada na raz&#227;o entre o l&#250;men
                  com m&#237;nimo de contraste com os l&#250;mens proximais e distais n&#227;o afetados com a
                  refer&#234;ncia normal.</p>
          <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o de estenose coronariana foi realizada da seguinte forma: estenose
                  m&#237;nima: di&#226;metro luminal reduzido menos de 25%; estenose leve: di&#226;metro luminal
                  reduzido menos de 50%; estenose moderada: di&#226;metro luminal reduzido a maior ou
                  igual a 50% e menor que 70%; estenose severa: di&#226;metro luminal reduzido a maior ou
                  igual a 70%. Uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do l&#250;men arterial era considerada moderada
                  ou severa. Pela an&#225;lise dos 17 segmentos arteriais, as les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas das
                  coron&#225;rias ainda foram classificadas em dois grupos: estenose significativa (&gt;
                  50% de redu&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro) e estenose n&#227;o significativa (&lt; 50% de redu&#231;&#227;o do
                  di&#226;metro).</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise da configura&#231;&#227;o das placas foi realizada primariamente na vis&#227;o
                  transversal, classificando-se de acordo com a composi&#231;&#227;o: placas n&#227;o calcificadas
                  (placas com atenua&#231;&#227;o baixa na TC comparada com o l&#250;men contrastado sem nenhuma
                  calcifica&#231;&#227;o); parcialmente calcificada (elementos calcificados e n&#227;o calcificados
                  em uma mesma placa); e placas calcificadas (placas com alta atenua&#231;&#227;o na TC
                  comparada com o l&#250;men contrastado).</p>
          <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic>: Realizada com o uso do programa SPSS 17.0
                  (SPSS, Chicago,IL). Os resultados foram expressos como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o.
                  Diferen&#231;as nas vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas entre grupos foram comparadas utilizando-se o
                  test-t n&#227;o pareado quando a vari&#225;vel apresentava uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, e o de
                  Mann-Whitney, quando isso n&#227;o acontecia. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram
                  sumarizadas como porcentagens e as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram baseadas no
                  teste qui-quadrado. Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi considerada quando p &lt; 0,05.
                  Os modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foram utilizados para estudar associa&#231;&#227;o entre
                  les&#245;es significativas de coron&#225;ria, envolvimento de multivasos, EC &#8805; 100, tipos de
                  placa e fatores de risco para DAC. A an&#225;lise foi ajustada para idade, g&#234;nero, DM,
                  HAS, dislipidemia, sedentarismo, obesidade, tabagismo e hist&#243;ria familiar de
                  DAC.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Dos 509 pacientes, 369 (72,5%) eram hipertensos (HT+), dos quais 41,7% eram do sexo
               masculino. Entre os normotensos (HT-) (27,5%), 15,5% eram do sexo masculino. A m&#233;dia
               de idade dos HT+ foi de 61,2 &#177; 10 anos, enquanto dos HT- foi de 58,9 &#177;
               12 anos (p = 0,051) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e bioqu&#237;micas de acordo com
                     HAS</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Grupo HT+</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Grupo HT-</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N = 369 (72,5%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N = 140 (27,5%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">212 (41,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (15,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">61,2 &#177; 10,3</td>
                <td align="center">58,9 &#177; 12,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de massa corporal (Kg/m&#178;)</td>
                <td align="center">28,3 &#177; 4,7</td>
                <td align="center">26,0 &#177; 3,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">97,6 &#177; 10,7</td>
                <td align="center">90,6 &#177; 11,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicemia (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">112,1 &#177; 64,1</td>
                <td align="center">94,8 &#177; 19,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">175,4 &#177; 48,3</td>
                <td align="center">181,4 &#177; 51,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDLc (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">48,3 &#177; 13,2</td>
                <td align="center">55,8 &#177; 24,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDLc (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">100,8 &#177; 35,6</td>
                <td align="center">107,2 &#177; 43,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">154,7 &#177; 168,2</td>
                <td align="center">111,5 &#177; 63,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina s&#233;rica (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,30 &#177; 6,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM</td>
                <td align="center">105 (21,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (3,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">255 (51,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (1,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC</td>
                <td align="center">200 (42,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (13,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sedentarismo</td>
                <td align="center">256 (55,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (18,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">68 (14,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (2,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angioplastia e <italic>stent</italic></td>
                <td align="center">28 (5,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (1,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">60 (11,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (2,4%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <p>HDLc: colesterol lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDLc: colesterol
                        lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; DM: diabete melito; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial
                        coron&#225;ria; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a classifica&#231;&#227;o por g&#234;nero, na qual dos 509&#160;pacientes 291(57,2%) eram do sexo
               masculino, novos subgrupos com e sem HAS foram definidos. A m&#233;dia de idade foi maior
               entre as hipertensas. Quanto &#224;s medidas antropom&#233;tricas, os hipertensos apresentaram
               maior &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea e circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, em ambos os sexos. A
               dislipidemia foi mais frequente nos hipertensos em ambos os sexos, enquanto os
               triglicer&#237;deos foram maiores nos homens hipertensos e o HDL, mais elevado nos
               normotensos. A presen&#231;a de DM na amostra &#233; de 24,5%, sendo mais frequente nos
               hipertensos do sexo masculino, assim como a hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC. Os homens
               hipertensos s&#227;o mais sedent&#225;rios , enquanto os atletas de ambos os sexos s&#227;o mais
               normotensos. As mulheres tabagistas s&#227;o mais hipertensas.</p>
        <p>Quanto aos sintomas, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre precordialgia t&#237;pica, at&#237;pica e
               dispneia entre os grupos. Contudo, os assintom&#225;ticos foram mais frequentes entre os
               normotensos de ambos os sexos. O Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) pr&#233;vio foi mais
               frequente entre os hipertensos de ambos os sexos, assim como o uso de medicamentos.
               Por&#233;m, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto a angioplastia percut&#226;nea pr&#233;via,
               por&#233;m a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio foi mais frequente nos homens hipertensos
                  (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e bioqu&#237;micas de acordo com HAS e
                     sexo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Homens N = 291 (57,2%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>HT- N = 61 (12%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>HT+ N = 157 (30,8%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>HT- N = 79 (15,5%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>HT+ N = 212 (41,7%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">59,7 &#177; 12,5</td>
                <td align="center">60,4 &#177; 10,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,64</td>
                <td align="center">57,8 &#177; 12,8</td>
                <td align="center">62,3 &#177; 10,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de massa corporal (Kg/m&#178;)</td>
                <td align="center">26,3 &#177; 3,8</td>
                <td align="center">27,8 &#177; 4,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">25,7 &#177; 3,78</td>
                <td align="center">29,1 &#177; 5,41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">94,6 &#177; 10,9</td>
                <td align="center">98,9 &#177; 10,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
                <td align="center">85,04 &#177; 9,18</td>
                <td align="center">96 &#177; 11,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicemia (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">98,6 &#177; 22,4</td>
                <td align="center">114,8 &#177; 77</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
                <td align="center">89,0 &#177; 10,89</td>
                <td align="center">108,2 &#177; 38,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">172,1 &#177; 43</td>
                <td align="center">170,5 &#177; 51,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
                <td align="center">196,2 &#177; 61,2</td>
                <td align="center">182,5 &#177; 43,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDLc (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">54,4 &#177; 29,8</td>
                <td align="center">44,2 &#177; 10,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">58,1 &#177; 14,5</td>
                <td align="center">54,2 &#177; 14,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDLc (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">102,4 &#177; 34</td>
                <td align="center">99,5 &#177; 37</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
                <td align="center">114,7 &#177; 55,5</td>
                <td align="center">102,6 &#177; 33,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">110,9 &#177; 62,9</td>
                <td align="center">15,5 &#177; 115,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">112,6 &#177; 66,9</td>
                <td align="center">125,7 &#177; 56,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina s&#233;rica (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,7 &#177; 8,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
                <td align="center">0,98 &#177; 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,81 &#177; 0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM</td>
                <td align="center">7 (9%)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (31,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">9 (15%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (26,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">32 (41%)</td>
                <td align="center">151 (75, 5%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">28 (46,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">104 (67,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC</td>
                <td align="center">35 (45,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">144 (62, 6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">29 (49,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (57%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sedentarismo</td>
                <td align="center">41 (53,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">138 (75%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">45 (78,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">118 (81,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">8 (11%)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (25, 4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">3 (5,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (15%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angioplastia e <italic>stent</italic></td>
                <td align="center">3 (3,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (5,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">8 (10,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (19,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
                <td align="center">4 (6,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (12,1%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <p>HDLc: colesterol lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDLc: colesterol
                        lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; DM: diabete melito; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial
                        coron&#225;ria; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O EC foi estudado em 386 pacientes sem DAC pr&#233;via. O EC moderado (&#8805; 100 e &#8804; 399) e o
               grave (&#8805; 400) n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as entre os HT+ e HT-, mesmo quando
               estratificados pelo g&#234;nero. A frequ&#234;ncia de EC leve (&#8805; 1 e &#8804; 99) foi maior no grupo
               HT+ em ambos os sexos, por&#233;m sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Entretanto, observou-se
               que os normotensos do sexo masculino apresentaram mais frequentemente EC = 0 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t09">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o do EC de acordo com HAS e sexo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>EC</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Homens N = 209 (54,15%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>HT- N = 54 (13,98%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>HT+ N = 123 (31,89%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>HT- N = 67 (17,35%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>HT+ N = 142 (36,78%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Nenhum</td>
                <td align="center">31 (43,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (30,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">32 (59,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (45,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leve</td>
                <td align="center">17 (25,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (35,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
                <td align="center">14 (25,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (35%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Moderado</td>
                <td align="center">9 (13,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (16,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,52</td>
                <td align="center">6 (11,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (11,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Severo</td>
                <td align="center">10 (14,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (17,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,63</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (8,1%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN09">
              <p>EC: escore de c&#225;lcio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As ATC foram normais em 26% dos pacientes hipertensos <italic>versus</italic> 45% dos
               indiv&#237;duos normotensos. Os percentis calculados no EC foram mais elevados, assim como
               a presen&#231;a de les&#245;es significativas s&#227;o mais frequentes nos hipertensos, em ambos os
               sexos. A presen&#231;a de les&#245;es triarteriais e o n&#250;mero de segmentos com placas
               ateroscler&#243;ticas apresentaram frequ&#234;ncia maior nos homens hipertensos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos Achados da ATC de acordo com HAS e sexo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Achados</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Homens N = 291 (57,2%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>HT- N = 61 (12%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>HT+ N = 157 (30,8%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>HT- N = 79 (15,5%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>HT+ N = 212 (41,7%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Exame normal</td>
                <td align="center">29 (36,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (83,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">34 (55,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (38,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Percentis</td>
                <td align="center">33,3 &#177; 35,8</td>
                <td align="center">47,6 &#177; 37,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">26,8 &#177; 37,6</td>
                <td align="center">41,7 &#177; 40,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAC significativa</td>
                <td align="center">26 (32,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">107 (50,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">9 (14,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">45% (28,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Multivasos (3 vasos)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (7,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (21,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#250;mero de segmentos normais</td>
                <td align="center">13,0 &#177; 2,0</td>
                <td align="center">11,4 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">13,0 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">12,9 &#177; 2,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#250;mero de segmentos ateroscler&#243;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">2,3 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">3,7 &#177; 2,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">1,95 &#177; 1,52</td>
                <td align="center">2,24 &#177; 1,83</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quanto &#224; regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, os fatores associados &#224; les&#227;o
               significativa foram dislipidemia, sexo masculino e idade. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao envolvimento
               da doen&#231;a em dois vasos, os fatores foram dislipidemia, sexo masculino e idade. Por
               outro lado, o envolvimento de multivasos (tr&#234;s vasos) associou-se a dislipidemia,
               sexo masculino e idade. Os homens hipertensos apresentaram uma maior chance
                  (<italic>OR</italic> = 2,3) para les&#245;es em tr&#234;s vasos, por&#233;m sem signific&#226;ncia
               estat&#237;stica. A extens&#227;o da DAC esteve associada, independentemente, a dislipidemia
                  (<italic>OR&#160;</italic>=&#160;6,01), sexo masculino (<italic>OR</italic> = 2,73) e idade
                  (<italic>OR</italic>&#160;=&#160;1,03). EC elevado associou-se ao g&#234;nero masculino e a idade
                  (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t11">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref> para vari&#225;veis associadas com les&#245;es arteriais
                     coronarianas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Estenose significativa</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Envolvimento de multivasos (2 vasos)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Envolvimento de multivasos (3 vasos)</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>
                    <italic>Odds Ratio</italic>
                  </bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>
                    <italic>Odds Ratio</italic>
                  </bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>
                    <italic>Odds Ratio</italic>
                  </bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>
                    <italic>Odds Ratio</italic>
                  </bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,052 <break/> (1,027-1,076)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,039 <break/> (1,012-1,066)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
                <td align="center">1,048 <break/> (1,014-1,084)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
                <td align="center">1,087 <break/> (1,56-1,118)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">2, 883 <break/> (1,763-4,714)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2,732 <break/> (1,583-4,715)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">4,270 <break/> (2,011-9,069)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2,840 <break/> (1,612-5,002)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">2,829 <break/> (1,661-4,816)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">6,017 <break/> (2,882-12,562)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">5,822 <break/> (1,994-16,997)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,635 <break/> (0,929-2,878)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">1,996 <break/> (1,149-3,468)</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HT+</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">2,317 <break/> (0,963-5,577)</td>
                <td align="center">0,061</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>Ajustado para idade, sexo, HAS, DM, dislipidemia, obesidade, hist&#243;ria
                        familiar de DAC, atividade f&#237;sica e tabagismo; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial
                        sist&#234;mica; DM: diabete melito; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de placa calcificada esteve associada de maneira independente ao DM
                  (<italic>OR</italic> = 2,33), &#224; dislipidemia (<italic>OR</italic> = 2,05), ao sexo
               masculino (<italic>OR</italic> = 2,01) e &#224; idade (<italic>OR</italic>&#160;=&#160;1,08). Para a
               placa n&#227;o calcificada, a idade foi o &#250;nico fator associado (<italic>OR</italic> =
               1,05). O sexo masculino e a dislipidemia apresentaram uma maior chance, por&#233;m sem
               signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. A HAS foi fator de risco preditor para presen&#231;a de placas
               parcialmente calcificadas (<italic>OR</italic> =&#160;3,9), assim como o sexo masculino
                  (<italic>OR</italic> = 1,72) e a idade (<italic>OR</italic>&#160;=&#160;1,08) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela&#160;6</xref>). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">figura 1</xref> mostra a composi&#231;&#227;o das placas &#224; ATC.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t12">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref> para
                     vari&#225;veis associadas com os tipos de placas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Placa Calcificada</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Placa n&#227;o Calcificada</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>
                    <italic>Odds Ratio</italic>
                  </bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>
                    <italic>Odds Ratio</italic>
                  </bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>
                    <italic>Odds Ratio</italic>
                  </bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,091 (1,059-1,125)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,058 (1,023-1,095)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,085 (1,047-1,125)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">2,015 (1,146-3,544)</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
                <td align="center">1,951 (0,963-3,952)</td>
                <td align="center">0,064</td>
                <td align="center">1,712 (1,03-2,84)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">2,058 (1,159-3,655)</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
                <td align="center">1,881 (0,904-3,914)</td>
                <td align="center">0,091</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM</td>
                <td align="center">2,332 (1,194-4,557)</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HT+</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">3,979 (1,486-10,654)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>Ajustado para idade, sexo, HAS, DM, dislipidemia, obesidade, hist&#243;ria
                        familiar de DAC, atividade f&#237;sica e tabagismo; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial
                        sist&#234;mica; DM: diabete melito; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias. (A) Placa calcificada; (B) Placa n&#227;o
                     calcificada; (C) Placa parcialmente calcificada.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0409-50028-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo, a extens&#227;o da DAC foi avaliada pelo EC elevado, pela presen&#231;a de les&#227;o
               significativa e envolvimento multiarterial. Os principais fatores de risco preditores
               de DAC foram dislipidemia e sexo masculino. No entanto, a HAS associou-se &#224; presen&#231;a
               de placa parcialmente calcificada (<italic>OR</italic>&#160;= 3,9). Ressalta-se a aus&#234;ncia
               de diferen&#231;a entre os grupos em todos os graus do EC, excetuando-se a importante
               contribui&#231;&#227;o do EC zero, mais frequente nos homens normotensos.</p>
        <p>Foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o entre placa parcialmente calcificada e HAS, sexo masculino e
               idade, e, al&#233;m disso, a placa calcificada esteve associada &#224; presen&#231;a de DM, de
               dislipidemia, ao sexo masculino e &#224; idade. Rivera e cols. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, em an&#225;lise multivariada, demonstraram que a HAS foi preditora
               de qualquer tipo de placa em indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos, e em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; placa
               parcialmente calcificada, obteve resultados semelhantes a este trabalho, no qual HAS
                  (<italic>OR</italic> = 2,33; 95% IC = 1,10 - 4,95) e sexo masculino
                  (<italic>OR</italic> = 5,54; 95% IC = 1,84-16,68) foram preditores desse tipo de
               placa. No entanto, a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo se diferenciou da amostra por exclus&#227;o de
               DAC pr&#233;via.</p>
        <p>Em estudo que analisou o tipo de placa &#224; ATC entre grupo com e sem S&#237;ndrome
               Metab&#243;lica (SM)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> foi poss&#237;vel observar que,
               entre os tipos de placa, a maior frequ&#234;ncia de placa parcialmente calcificada foi nos
               portadores de SM. Idade mais avan&#231;ada e sexo masculino estiveram associados tanto com
               a presen&#231;a de placa calcificada como n&#227;o calcificada. E pela an&#225;lise ajustada, a SM
               esteve associada &#224; placa parcialmente calcificada, assim como sexo masculino e idade
               avan&#231;ada, dados concordantes com a presente pesquisa.</p>
        <p>Em pesquisa realizada em 2008 com uma popula&#231;&#227;o sem DAC pr&#233;via pela ATC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, houve semelhan&#231;as nos resultados em
               compara&#231;&#227;o com este estudo, j&#225; que a placa parcialmente calcificada foi relacionada a
               HAS e idade. Al&#233;m disso, na an&#225;lise multivariada, a maior associa&#231;&#227;o da placa
               parcialmente calcificada foi tamb&#233;m com a HAS, seguido do sexo masculino e idade.</p>
        <p>Neste trabalho, a placa calcificada associou-se a DM, dislipidemia e sexo masculino
               com raz&#227;o de chance semelhante. Estudos mostram que a calcifica&#231;&#227;o de art&#233;rias
               coronarianas &#233; associada com risco cardiovascular aumentado. A maioria das les&#245;es
               esten&#243;ticas significativas &#233; calcificada, e&#160;90% dos pacientes com DAC apresentam
                  calcifica&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Infere-se que esses fatores de risco como DM,
               dislipidemia e sexo masculino s&#227;o importantes para presen&#231;a de DAC e aumento do risco
               cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Na literatura cl&#225;ssica a HAS &#233; demonstrada como importante fator de risco
               cardiovascular. H&#225;, no entanto, recentes estudos que mostraram essa associa&#231;&#227;o de HAS
               e DAC, por&#233;m com impacto question&#225;vel na cl&#237;nica. Em estudo de seguimento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, mostrou-se que n&#227;o havia diferen&#231;a
               significativa na taxa de ECM entre normotensos e hipertensos, apesar de pacientes
               hipertensos submetidos a ATC tivessem maior preval&#234;ncia de DAC obstrutiva e maior
               n&#250;mero de les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas extensas. Sugeriu assim que pacientes sem DAC
               obstrutiva t&#234;m um excelente progn&#243;stico, independentemente da presen&#231;a de HAS.</p>
        <p>No estudo, o sexo masculino esteve associado &#224; presen&#231;a de placas calcificadas e
               parcialmente calcificadas, al&#233;m de extens&#227;o da DAC, demonstrada pelo EC elevado e
               presen&#231;a de les&#245;es triarteriais, e o n&#250;mero de segmentos com placas ateroscler&#243;ticas
               com frequ&#234;ncia maior no grupo HT+ do sexo masculino. No Brasil, a DAC &#233; a maior causa
               de morte em ambos os sexos, em todas as regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, e a primeira causa de morbimortalidade em pacientes
                  hipertensos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. A diferen&#231;a entre as taxas
               de mortalidade por DAC entre homens e mulheres no Brasil &#233; uma das menores em todo o
               mundo, tanto em decorr&#234;ncia de altas taxas de morte entre as mulheres como de um
               decl&#237;nio mais acentuado nas taxas de mortalidade e fatores de risco entre os
                  homens<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>Por volta dos 40 anos de idade a mulher apresenta menor risco de desenvolver DAC em
               rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens. O sexo masculino apresenta 49% de chance, e o sexo feminino, 32%.
               Nos homens, o primeiro evento ocorre em torno dos 65 anos de idade; enquanto nas
               mulheres o primeiro evento geralmente ocorre cinco a dez anos depois. Entretanto,
               esse aumento se processa de forma distinta para ambos os sexos, apresentando no sexo
               feminino um aumento not&#225;vel nas idades mais avan&#231;adas, diminuindo a diferen&#231;a de
               incid&#234;ncia entre os sexos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Esses dados
               corroboram os da presente pesquisa, j&#225; que a idade m&#233;dia da amostra n&#227;o apresentava
               idade avan&#231;ada; entre os hipertensos foi de 61,2 &#177; 10,3 e entre os
               normotensos, de 58,9 &#177; 12,6 anos, apresentando os homens nessa faixa et&#225;ria
               maior frequ&#234;ncia de DAC. Essa evidenciada por associa&#231;&#227;o com extens&#227;o da DAC avaliada
               pela presen&#231;a de les&#227;o significativa, envolvimentos multivasos e EC elevado, e com
               placas calcificadas e parcialmente calcificadas.</p>
        <p>Em estudo multic&#234;ntrico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, a an&#225;lise de dados
               de 8.737 pacientes com DAC suspeita ou conhecida, acompanhados em uma m&#233;dia de 25
               meses para a ocorr&#234;ncia de mortalidade geral ou infarto mioc&#225;rdico n&#227;o fatal, no
               subgrupo das mulheres com DAC conhecida e teste positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, a
               taxa de eventos foi maior em mulheres (p = 0,01) e nenhuma diferen&#231;a de g&#234;nero foi
               observada em pacientes com teste negativo para isquemia induzida (p = 0,3). No grupo
               de n&#227;o isqu&#234;micos, a taxa de evento anual foi pior em homens que em mulheres com
               idades menor que 65 anos (p &lt; ,0001) e maior que 65&#160;anos (p = ,04). Podemos
               inferir que os dados referentes ao trabalho s&#227;o semelhantes a este por mostrarem o
               sexo masculino como preditor de eventos card&#237;acos maiores e morte, j&#225; que nesta
               pesquisa est&#225; associado &#224; extens&#227;o de DAC. No entanto, esses dados suscitam a
               realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma coorte da nossa popula&#231;&#227;o para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos card&#237;acos
               para mais adequada compara&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Esse estudo apresenta baixa validade externa devido a pouca disponibilidade do
                  m&#233;todo angiotomografia coronariana na maioria dos hospitais do SUS no pa&#237;s. Al&#233;m
                  disso, os achados da ATC n&#227;o foram comparados com outros m&#233;todos como
                  ultrassonografia coronariana para valida&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Homens hipertensos t&#234;m mais frequentemente doen&#231;a multiarterial. O sexo masculino foi
               fator determinante de DAC significativa, doen&#231;a multiarterial, escore de c&#225;lcio
               elevado e placas calcificadas e parcialmente calcificadas. Enquanto a HAS foi
               preditora da presen&#231;a de placas parcialmente calcificadas.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de P&#243;s-Doutorado de Joselina Luzia Menezes Oliveira
                  pelo Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
