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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras.
					Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZxLxkFJ4cyV3KktdGBZz5TB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000500007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Assessment of Myocardial Ischemia in Obese Individuals Undergoing
					Physical Stress Echocardiography (PSE)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Mara Graziele Maciel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Ant&#244;nio Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Irlaneide da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Stephanie Macedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Luiza Dantas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Loren Suyane Oliveira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Emmanuel Lima Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Joselina Luzia Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina da Universidade
					Federal de Sergipe (UFS), S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa e Laborat&#243;rio de
					Ecocardiografia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa e Laborat&#243;rio de
					Ecocardiografia da Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas, Aracaju, SE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de
					Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o
					Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de
					Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">American College of Cardiology</institution>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Fellow of the American College of
					Cardiology</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em
					Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina da UFS, S&#227;o
					Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE &#8722; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Mara Graziele Maciel Silveira</bold> Rua Riachuelo,
					1.180, S&#227;o Jos&#233;. Postal Code 49015160, Aracaju, SE &#8722; Brazil. E-mail:
						<email>mgraziem@gmail.com</email>,
						<email>mgraziele_maciel@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Silveira MGM, Oliveira JLM.
						Acquisition of data: Silveira MGM, Sousa ACS, Santos MAA, Tavares IS,
						Andrade SM, Melo LD, Andrade LSO, Santos ELA, Oliveira JLM. Analysis and
						interpretation of the data: Silveira MGM, Sousa ACS, Santos MAA, Andrade SM,
						Melo LD, Oliveira JLM. Statistical analysis: Silveira MGM, Melo LD, Santos
						MAA. Writing of the manuscript: Silveira MGM, Sousa ACS, Santos MAA,
						Oliveira JLM. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content:
						Silveira MGM, Sousa ACS, Santos MAA, Tavares IS, Andrade SM, Melo LD,
						Oliveira JLM, Andrade LSO, Santos ELA. Supervision / as principal
						investigator: Silveira MGM, Sousa ACS, Oliveira JLM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>394</fpage>
      <lpage>400</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the
						Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits
						unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any
						medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Physical stress echocardiography is an established methodology for diagnosis
						and risk stratification of coronary artery disease in patients with physical
						capacity. In obese (body mass index &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) the usefulness of
						pharmacological stress echocardiography has been demonstrated; however, has
						not been reported the use of physical stress echocardiography in this
						growing population group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the frequency of myocardial ischemia in obese and non-obese
						patients undergoing physical stress echocardiography and compare their
						clinical and echocardiographic differences.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>4,050 patients who underwent treadmill physical stress echocardiography were
						studied according to the Bruce protocol, divided into two groups: obese (n =
						945; 23.3%) and non-obese (n = 3,105; 76.6%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>There was no difference regarding gender. Obese patients were younger (55.4 &#177;
						10.9 vs. 57.56 &#177; 11.67) and had a higher frequency of hypertension (75.2%
						vs. 57, 2%; p &lt; 0.0001), diabetis mellitus (15.2% vs. 10.9%; p &lt;
						0.0001), dyslipidemia (59.5% vs 51.9%; p &lt; 0.0001), family history of
						coronary artery disease (59.3% vs. 55.1%; p = 0.023) and physical inactivity
						(71.4% vs. 52.9%, p &lt; 0.0001). The obese had greater aortic dimensions
						(3.27 vs. 3.14 cm; p &lt; 0.0001), left atrium (3.97 vs. 3.72 cm; p &lt;
						0.0001) and the relative thickness of the ventricule (33.7 vs. 32.8 cm; p
						&lt; 0.0001). Regarding the presence of myocardial ischemia, there was no
						difference between groups (19% vs. 17.9%; p = 0.41). In adjusted logistic
						regression, the presence of myocardial ischemia remained independently
						associated with age, female gender, diabetes and hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Obesity did not behave as a predictor of the presence of ischemia and the
						physical stress echocardiography. The application of this assessment tool in
						large scale sample demonstrates the feasibility of the methodology, also in
						obese.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Stress / methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease / mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="35"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) is currently the leading cause of mortality in Brazil,
				contributing to over 30% of deaths and has substantial impact on health care
					expenditures<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>The disease is caused by independent risk factors, such as systemic arterial
				hypertension (SAH), diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia and smoking. Obesity, a
				clinical condition that has extensively increased in Brazil, is considered a
				conditional risk factor in some publications, whereas others consider it an
				independent risk factor for CAD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. There is also epidemiological evidence
				that confers a protective or, at least a neutral role to obesity in patients with
				cardiovascular disease, which constitutes the paradox of obesity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
      <p>Obesity is characterized by the excess of adipose tissue, associated with several
				comorbidities. Among these are coronary atherosclerosis, which comprises a series of
				inflammatory responses at cellular and molecular level, of which reactions are
				further exacerbated in obese patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Physical stress echocardiography has been
				widely used in the noninvasive investigation of the CAD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Physical exertion is the triggering agent of cardiovascular
				stress of choice for individuals with preserved physical capacity, as it results in
				greater increase in inotropism and provides physiological information about the
				presence, location and extent of ischemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Some studies have demonstrated the
				feasibility, safety and diagnostic usefulness of pharmacological stress
				echocardiography in obese individuals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Nevertheless, the use of physical stress
				echocardiography (PSE) in obese individuals has been rarely reported in the
				literature, perhaps due to the assumption that this population would not be able to
				exercise enough to achieve proper heart rate for the method to be carried out.</p>
      <p>In this study we speculate about the capacity of PSE to diagnose CAD in obese
				patients with preserved physical capacity. Therefore, the aim of this research is to
				verify the frequency of myocardial ischemia in obese and non-obese patients
				submitted to PSE and compare the clinical and echocardiographic differences.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients</title>
        <p>Between January 2000 and January 2012 8751 volunteers of both genders, with
					suspected or established CAD were included in the study. All subjects underwent,
					as recommended by their physicians, PSE on Hospital S&#227;o Lucas Echocardiography
					Service (ECOLAB), considered a cardiology center of reference in the state of
					Sergipe, Brazil, which has accreditation level three (Qualisa IQG-Instituto
					Qualisa de Gest&#227;o). Data from these patients, and the results of their
					examinations were standardized and stored in a digital database.</p>
        <p>The following exclusion criteria were used: refusal to participate in the study,
					patients with duplicate data in the database records (in patients who underwent
					annual tests, we selected the most recent one) and inappropriate indications of
					the examination (young patients with no risk factors for coronary
					atherosclerosis and no alterations in the clinical examination and resting
					electrocardiogram). Only 7 patients from the obese group could not undergo the
					examination, due to technical difficulties. Therefore, there were 4050 patients
					with suspected or established CAD, who were divided in two groups: (G1) obese
					(n&#160;=&#160;945) and (G2) non-obese patients (n = 3105).</p>
        <p>Dyslipidemia is characterized by the presence of serum levels (after 12-hour
					fasting) of total cholesterol &gt; 200 mg/dL and/or triglycerides &gt; 150 mg/dL
					or the use of lipid-lowering drugs (statins and/or fibrates). Diabetes mellitus
					was defined as fasting glucose levels &gt; 126 mg/dL or the use of insulin or
					oral hypoglycemic agents.</p>
        <p>The isolated or combined indications for PSE were: evaluation of chest pain;
					preoperative evaluation for non&#8209;cardiac surgery; presence of positive exercise
					test (ET) for myocardial ischemia in patients at low risk for CAD; Negative ET
					for myocardial ischemia in patients with intermediate risk of CAD; onset of
					arrhythmia during ET; previously established CAD stratification and post-acute
					coronary syndrome risk stratification.</p>
        <p>The ethical principles that guide human experimentation were followed, and all
					patients signed an informed consent form. The study was approved by the Research
					Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Sergipe (CAAE -
					0121.0.107.000-09).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Examination Protocol</title>
        <p>The echocardiographic assessment was performed in all study participants,
					following the classically described technical aspects<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. The Bruce protocol was used to carry out the exercise
					tests. The test was interrupted at the onset of the following symptoms and/or
					signs: chest pain, dyspnea, muscle fatigue, SAH (BP &#8805; 240&#160;x&#160;120 mmHg), arterial
					hypotension (non-elevation of BP during the ET or its decrease), pre&#8209;syncope and
					severe arrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia).
					During the test, the individuals were continuously monitored by three-lead ECG.
					Heart rate was monitored continuously and patients encouraged to exceed 85% of
					maximum heart rate for age were considered negative for myocardial ischemia. The
					exercise test load was expressed in metabolic equivalents (METs). The ET was
					considered positive for myocardial ischemia when a decrease in the ST&#8209;segment &#8805;
					1 mm for men and &#8805; 1.5 mm for women was observed at 0.08 seconds beyond J
						point<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>Echocardiographic recordings were carried out with Hewlett-Packard/Phillips SONOS
					5500 equipment, using a 2.5-mHz transducer also from Hewlett-Packard/Phillips.
					Two-dimensional echocardiographic images were obtained and recorded with the
					patient in the left decubitus position at 45&#176; (or adequate obliquity to obtain
					satisfactory echocardiographic images) in the parasternal (longitudinal and
					transverse) and apical acoustic windows (two and four&#8209;chamber) during rest,
					immediately after the exercise, while HR was still high, and in the recovery
					period.</p>
        <p>Segmental motion was evaluated by the same experienced, level-III
					echocardiographist, as recommended by the American Society of
						Echocardiography<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. The segmental
					parietal thickening of the LV was quantitatively assessed at rest and after
					exercise using the 16-segment model and classified as: 1&#160;(normal), 2
					(hypokinetic), 3 (akinetic) and 4 (dyskinetic). The left ventricular wall motion
					score index (LVWMSI) was obtained by adding the scores of each segment and
					dividing the value found for 16, the total number of LV segments. The
					development of stress-induced wall motion abnormalities was considered an
					indicator of myocardial ischemia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Test interpretation</title>
        <p>Both scanned and printed images were used for interpretation and report,
					immediately after the examination, by a single echocardiographist aware of the
					clinical conditions and previous history of the patient.</p>
        <p>The calculation of left ventricular wall motion score index (LVWMSI) was carried
					out using the standardized score by the American Society of
						Echocardiography<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, which attributes
					to each of the 16 segments the following values: 1 (normal); 2 (hypokinetic); 3
					(akinetic) and 4 (dyskinetic). The LVWMSI was obtained by adding the values
					obtained for each of the 16 segments divided by the number of studied
					segments.</p>
        <p>The myocardial motion score index 1 (normal) was obtained by adding the score of
					each visualized segment and dividing the value obtained by 16 (number of left
					ventricular segments). This evaluation was performed at rest and after
					exercising. The ventricular wall contractility was studied based on the LVWMSI:
					1 = Normal; Mild Ventricular Dysfunction = 1.1-1.6; Moderate Ventricular
					Dysfunction = 1.61 to 2.0; Severe Ventricular Dysfunction &#8805; 2.0.</p>
        <p>The physical stress echocardiographic assessment was defined as abnormal when in
					the presence of ischemic PSE, i.e., LVWMSI &gt; 1 at rest and/or under
					stress.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>Quantitative variables were described as mean and standard deviation (SD). The
					Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate normality of the studied sample.
					Then Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic> test or Mann-Whitney was used for independent
					groups, according to the sample normality pattern. As for categorical variables,
					absolute frequency and percentages were used. To compare characteristics of
					categorical variables between the two groups, the chi-square test or Fisher's
					exact test was used, as appropriate. Logistic regression analysis was performed,
					of which outcomes were the presence of ischemia in PSE, adjusting for the
					variables: age, gender, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, SAH, sedentary
					lifestyle and family history. The hazard ratios, accompanied by 95% confidence
					intervals, were shown. The BioEstat software, version 5.0 was used to perform
					statistical calculations and logistic regression was carried out using Stata,
					version 13.0. A two-tailed p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically
					significant for all tests.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of 4050 patients that underwent PSE in the 12-year period (2000-2012), 945 obese
				individuals were analyzed and compared with 3105 non-obese ones. Individuals with
				BMI &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> were considered obese, which corresponded to 23.3% of the
				total sample. There were no differences regarding gender, but obese individuals were
				younger (55.4 &#177; 10.9 years vs 57.6 &#177; 11.7 years; p &lt; 0.0001), as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical characteristics of obese and non-obese patients submitted to
						PSE</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Obese (n = 945)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Non-obese (n = 3105)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (years)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">55.4 &#177; 10.9</td>
              <td align="center">57.6 &#177; 11.7</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Female gender</td>
              <td align="center">492 (52.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">1637 (52.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.738</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">711 (75.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">1775 (57.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">562 (59.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">1612 (51.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">144 (15.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">338 (10.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Family history of DAC</td>
              <td align="center">560 (59.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">1710 (55.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.023</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Waist circumference (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">108 &#177; 12.7</td>
              <td align="center">91.7 &#177; 9.95</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sedentary life style</td>
              <td align="center">675 (71.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">1644 (52.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">46 (4.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">135 (4.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.50</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Previous infarction</td>
              <td align="center">39 (4.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">118 (3.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.63</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Values expressed as mean and standard deviation. PSE: physical stress
							echocardiography.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>As for cardiovascular risk factors, obese individuals had significantly (p &lt;
				0.0001) higher incidence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, family
				history of CAD and physical inactivity (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table
					1</xref>). In the adjusted logistic regression analysis, myocardial ischemia
				remained independently associated to age, dyslipidemia, female gender, diabetes
				mellitus and hypertension (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Results of the logistic regression between risk factors for CAD, with the
						outcome variable myocardial Ischemia</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Adjusted OR</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>CI (95%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">2.02</td>
              <td align="center">1.69-2.42</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Family history</td>
              <td align="center">1.55</td>
              <td align="center">1.30-1.84</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">1.54</td>
              <td align="center">1.23-1.92</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">1.45</td>
              <td align="center">1.20-1.76</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">1.03</td>
              <td align="center">1.02-1.04</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Obesity</td>
              <td align="center">1.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.83-1.24</td>
              <td align="center">0.877</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Female gender</td>
              <td align="center">1.82</td>
              <td align="center">1.54-2.15</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Among the previous symptoms that motivated the examination indication, the obese
				individuals had more atypical chest pain (49.4%) and dyspnea (7.5%). During the
				examination, the presence of simple arrhythmia (isolated extrasystoles) prevailed in
				the non-obese group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Previous symptoms for physical stress echocardiography Indication</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Obese (n = 945)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Non-obese (n = 3105)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Asymptomatic</td>
              <td align="center">347 (36.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">1442 (36.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.97</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Typical chest pain</td>
              <td align="center">55 (5.82%)</td>
              <td align="center">179 (5.76%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.95</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Atypical chest pain</td>
              <td align="center">467 (49.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">1332 (42.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dyspnea</td>
              <td align="center">71 (7.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">143 (4.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Simple arrhythmia</td>
              <td align="center">253 (26.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">871 (28.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.44</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the heart rates achieved by the two groups, we observed that 251 obese
				individuals (26.6%) reached HR above the maximum value, which shows that some obese
				individuals have enough physical capacity to achieve high values of HR at the PSE
					(<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Heart rates achieved by obese and non-obese individuals during
						PSE</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Obese (n = 945)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Non-obese (n = 3105)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>HR &lt; submaximal value</td>
              <td align="center">110 (11.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">230 (7.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Submaximal HR</td>
              <td align="center">431 (45.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">1064 (34.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Maximal HR</td>
              <td align="center">154 (16.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">590 (19%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HR &gt; maximum value</td>
              <td align="center">251 (26.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">1219(39.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The analysis of the echocardiographic characteristics showed a significant difference
				(p &lt; 0.0001) in the size of the aorta, left atrium, left atrial volume and
				relative thickness of the left ventricle (LV). However, it was observed that there
				was no difference regarding left ventricular ejection fraction (p = 0.5), E/e' ratio
				(p = 0.5), LVMI at rest (p = 0.4) and LVMI at effort (p = 0.6), as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">table 5</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t05">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiographic characteristics of obese and non-obese patients
						submitted to PSE</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Variable</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Obese (n = 945)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Non-obese (n = 3105)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Aorta (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">3.27 &#177; 0.41</td>
              <td align="center">3.14 &#177; 0.39</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Left atrium (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">3.97 &#177; 0.43</td>
              <td align="center">3.72 &#177; 0.43</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ejection fraction</td>
              <td align="center">0.66 &#177; 0.06</td>
              <td align="center">0.70 &#177; 1.79</td>
              <td align="center">0.506</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LA volume index</td>
              <td align="center">23.65 &#177; 8.95</td>
              <td align="center">21.50 &#177; 7.75</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LV relative thickness</td>
              <td align="center">33.76 &#177; 5.31</td>
              <td align="center">32.80 &#177; 5.16</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LV mass index</td>
              <td align="center">90.88 &#177; 29.12</td>
              <td align="center">85.92 &#177; 22.50</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>E/e' ratio</td>
              <td align="center">8.95 &#177; 2.88</td>
              <td align="center">8.72 &#177; 3.06</td>
              <td align="center">0.510</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LVWMSI at rest</td>
              <td align="center">1.01 &#177; 0.076</td>
              <td align="center">1.01 &#177; 0.089</td>
              <td align="center">0.46</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LVWMSI at exercise</td>
              <td align="center">1.02 &#177; 0.091</td>
              <td align="center">1.02 &#177; 0.097</td>
              <td align="center">0.65</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>LVWMSI: left ventricular wall motion score index. I/E': ratio between the
							E-wave velocity obtained by conventional Doppler and e'-wave velocity,
							obtained by tissue Doppler; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; HR:
							heart rate; PSE: physical stress echocardiography.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the occurrence of myocardial ischemia, the frequency, in the total sample,
				was 18.1% CI (17.0 to 19.3), and both groups showed homogeneous behavior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of the frequency of myocardial ischemia on PSE between the
						obese and non-obese groups.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0394-50006-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study showed that PSE, an established methodology for diagnosis and risk
				stratification of CAD, can be used in myocardial ischemia assessment in obese
				patients with physical capacity to perform the test on a treadmill with no
				complications.</p>
      <p>Therefore, as it is a first-choice test for inducing ischemia in patients with
				preserved physical exercise capacity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, the
				exercise test can be incorporated in clinical practice also for the evaluation of
				the obese patients.</p>
      <p>Although lower exercise tolerance in obese individuals has been described <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, we could not identify, in this study,
				differences between the groups regarding the occurrence of myocardial ischemia on
				PSE: 19% in the obese and 17.9% in the non-obese patients.</p>
      <p>Several published studies have shown a protective effect of obesity, according to
				BMI, in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. In the CADILLAC study, Nikolski et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> found an association between high BMI and
				lower mortality. The "obesity paradox" has also been observed in patients undergoing
				coronary artery bypass surgery and in patients with congestive heart failure. It is
				believed that this protection occurs by the presence of higher coronary diameters
				and lower age-range groups observed in obese populations, and even the excessive use
				of anticoagulants in this popula&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
      <p>There is a scarcity in the medical literature of studies on stress echo in obese
				individuals; the few existing studies used only pharmacological stress.</p>
      <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Brazilian study using PSE in obese
				patients. Further studies are required to validate the results of this study in
				order to expand the use of this methodology in CAD assessment in obese
				individuals.</p>
      <p>The PSE has similar accuracy to the pharmacological test, with the advantage of its
				lower cost, a fact that certainly has importance considering the low purchasing
				power of the majority of Brazilian population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>.</p>
      <p>This study had the following limitations: (a) patients were selected at a single
				center, which does not belong to the reference system of the Brazilian Unified
				Health System (SUS) for PSE performance, which indirectly led to a larger sample
				differencing in relation to the target population; (b) it is a registry with
				non-probability sampling; (c) patients were not stratified into fixed and induced
				ischemia, which identifies those with established CAD; (d) obesity was not
				classified in degrees of severity, thus not allowing the evaluation of ischemia in
				the obese subgroups.</p>
      <p>The large sample volume, however, gives reliability to the results. It would be
				interesting to carry out studies to address the use of this methodology in obese
				patients with different degrees of obesity and compare the results with those of the
				pharmacological testing for further consolidation of its clinical use.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The findings of the present study show that there was no difference between the
				groups regarding the frequency and predictors of myocardial ischemia, demonstrating
				the feasibility of this methodology in obese individuals.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the course conclusion work submitted by Mara Graziele
					Maciel Silveira, from Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica em Obesos Submetidos &#224;
					Ecocardiografia sob Estresse F&#237;sico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Mara Graziele Maciel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Irlaneide da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Ant&#244;nio Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Stephanie Macedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Luiza Dantas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Loren Suyane Oliveira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Emmanuel Lima Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Joselina Luzia Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina da Universidade
					Federal de Sergipe (UFS), S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa e Laborat&#243;rio de
					Ecocardiografia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa e Laborat&#243;rio de
					Ecocardiografia da Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas, Aracaju, SE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de
					Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o
					Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff09">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">American College of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Fellow of the American College of
					Cardiology</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFS</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em
					Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina da UFS, S&#227;o
					Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE &#8722; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mara Graziele Maciel Silveira,</bold> Rua Riachuelo,
					1.180, S&#227;o Jos&#233;. CEP 49015160, Aracaju, SE &#8722; Brasil. E-mail:
						<email>mgraziem@gmail.com</email>
					<email>mgraziele_maciel@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Silveira MGM, Oliveira JLM. Obten&#231;&#227;o de
						dados: Silveira MGM, Sousa ACS, Santos MAA, Tavares IS, Andrade SM, Melo LD,
						Andrade LSO, Santos ELA, Oliveira JLM. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados:
						Silveira MGM, Sousa ACS, Santos MAA, Andrade SM, Melo LD, Oliveira JLM.
						An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Silveira MGM, Melo LD, Santos MAA. Reda&#231;&#227;o do
						manuscrito: Silveira MGM, Sousa ACS, Santos MAA, Oliveira JLM. Revis&#227;o
						cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Silveira
						MGM, Sousa ACS, Santos MAA, Tavares IS, Andrade SM, Melo LD, Oliveira JLM,
						Andrade LSO, Santos ELA. Supervis&#227;o/como investigador principal: Silveira
						MGM, Sousa ACS, Oliveira JLM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico &#233; a metodologia estabelecida para
						diagn&#243;stico e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria em
						pacientes com capacidade f&#237;sica preservada. Em obesos (&#237;ndice de massa
						coporal &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), j&#225; foi demonstrada a utilidade da
						ecocardiografia sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico. Todavia, n&#227;o tem sido relatado o
						uso da ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico nesse grupo crescente da
						popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a frequ&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em obesos e n&#227;o obesos submetidos
						&#224; ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico, e comparar suas diferen&#231;as cl&#237;nicas e
						ecocardiogr&#225;ficas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram estudados 4.050 pacientes, submetidos &#224; ecocardiografia sob estresse
						f&#237;sico em esteira ergom&#233;trica, segundo o protocolo de Bruce, divididos em
						dois grupos: obesos (n = 945; 23,3%) e n&#227;o obesos (n = 3.105; 76,6%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a quanto ao sexo. Os obesos foram mais jovens (55,4 &#177; 10,9
						anos vs. 57,56 &#177; 11,7 anos) e apresentaram maior frequ&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o
						arterial sist&#234;mica (75,2% vs. 57,2%; p &lt; 0,0001), diabetes melito (15,2%
						vs. 10,9%; p &lt; 0,0001), dislipidemia (59,5% vs. 51,9%; p &lt; 0,0001),
						antecedentes familiares para doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (59,3% vs. 55,1%; p =
						0,023) e de sedentarismo (71,4% vs. 52,9%; p &lt; 0,0001). Os obesos
						apresentaram maiores dimens&#245;es da aorta (3,27 vs. 3,14 cm; p &lt; 0,0001) do
						&#225;trio esquerdo (3,97 vs. 3,72 cm; p &lt; 0,0001) e da espessura relativa do
						ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (33,7cm vs. 32,8 cm; p &lt; 0,0001). Quanto &#224; presen&#231;a
						de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos (19% vs. 17,9%;
						p = 0,41). Na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica ajustada, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica permaneceu
						associada de maneira independente a idade, sexo feminino, diabetes melito e
						hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A obesidade n&#227;o se comportou como fator preditor de presen&#231;a de isquemia &#224;
						ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico. A aplica&#231;&#227;o desse instrumento de
						avalia&#231;&#227;o em amostra de larga escala demonstra a exequibilidade da
						metodologia, tamb&#233;m em obesos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia sob Estresse / m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana / mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Doen&#231;a Arterial Coron&#225;ria (DAC) constitui, atualmente, a principal causa de
					mortalidade no Brasil, contribuindo com mais de 30% dos &#243;bitos, al&#233;m de onerar,
					substancialmente, os sistemas de sa&#250;de<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>Trata-se de doen&#231;a causada por fatores de risco independentes, tais como
					Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica (HAS), Diabetes Melito (DM), dislipidemia e
					tabagismo. A obesidade, condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica que vem crescendo substancialmente em
					nosso meio, &#233; considerada, em algumas publica&#231;&#245;es, fator de risco condicional e,
					em outras, fator de risco independente, para DAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Existem ainda evid&#234;ncias
					epidemiol&#243;gicas conferindo &#224; obesidade um fator protetor ou, pelo menos, neutro,
					em portadores de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, constituindo o paradoxo da
						obesidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        <p>A obesidade &#233; caracterizada por excesso de tecido adiposo, associada a diversas
					comorbidades. Dentre estas, temos a aterosclerose coron&#225;ria, que compreende uma
					s&#233;rie de respostas inflamat&#243;rias em n&#237;vel celular e molecular, cujas rea&#231;&#245;es se
					encontram mais exacerbadas em pacientes obesos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. A ecocardiografia sob estresse tem
					sido largamente utilizada na investiga&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva da DAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. O esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico &#233; o agente provocador
					de estresse cardiovascular de primeira escolha para indiv&#237;duos com capacidade
					f&#237;sica preservada, por provocar maior aumento do inotropismo, fornecer
					informa&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas sobre a presen&#231;a, a localiza&#231;&#227;o e a extens&#227;o da
						isquemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Em obesos, alguns estudos j&#225;
					demonstraram viabilidade, seguran&#231;a e utilidade diagn&#243;stica da ecocardiografia
					sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.Todavia, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da
					Ecocardiografia sob Estresse F&#237;sico (EEF) em obesos tem sido pouco relatada na
					literatura, talvez em decorr&#234;ncia da suspeita de que esse grupo populacional n&#227;o
					teria capacidade de se exercitar o suficiente para obten&#231;&#227;o de Frequ&#234;ncia
					Card&#237;aca (FC) adequada para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, especula-se a capacidade da EEF para diagnosticar DAC, em obesos
					com capacidade f&#237;sica preservada. O objetivo da presente investiga&#231;&#227;o foi
					verificar a frequ&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em obesos e n&#227;o obesos submetidos
					&#224; EEF e comparar suas diferen&#231;as cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes</title>
          <p>Entre janeiro de 2000 a janeiro de 2012, foram inclu&#237;dos 8.751 volunt&#225;rios de
						ambos os g&#234;neros, com DAC estabelecida ou suspeita. Todos os indiv&#237;duos
						realizaram, por recomenda&#231;&#227;o de seus m&#233;dicos assistentes, EEF no Servi&#231;o de
						Ecocardiografia do Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, considerado refer&#234;ncia cardiol&#243;gica
						em Sergipe e possuidor de acredita&#231;&#227;o n&#237;vel 3 segundo o Instituto Qualisa de
						Gest&#227;o (IQG). Os dados desses pacientes, bem como os resultados de seus
						exames, foram padronizados e armazenados em um banco de registros
						digital.</p>
          <p>Os seguintes crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram adotados: recusa em participar da
						pesquisa, pacientes com dados duplicados no banco de registros (em pacientes
						que realizaram exames anuais, foi selecionado o exame mais recente) e
						indica&#231;&#245;es inapropriadas do exame (pacientes jovens, sem fatores de risco
						para doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana e sem altera&#231;&#245;es ao exame cl&#237;nico e
						ao eletrocardiograma &#8722; ECG de repouso). Em apenas sete pacientes do grupo de
						obesos n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel realizar o exame devido a dificuldades t&#233;cnicas.
						Desse modo, restaram 4.050 pacientes com DAC suspeita ou estabelecida,
						divididos em dois grupos: (G1) obesos (n = 945) e (G2) n&#227;o obesos (n =
						3105).</p>
          <p>Dislipidemia foi caracterizada pela presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos (ap&#243;s jejum de
						12 horas) de colesterol total &gt; 200 mg/dL e/ou de triglicer&#237;deos maiores
						que 150 mg/dL ou pelo uso de agentes hipolipemiantes (estatinas e/ou
						fibratos). DM foi definido como n&#237;veis de glicemia de jejum &gt; 126 mg/dL
						ou pelo uso de insulina ou agentes hipoglicemiantes orais.</p>
          <p>As indica&#231;&#245;es isoladas ou combinadas para a EEF foram avalia&#231;&#227;o de
						precordialgia; avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria para cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca; presen&#231;a
						de teste ergom&#233;trico (TE) positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com
						baixo risco para DAC; TE negativo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com
						risco intermedi&#225;rio para DAC; surgimento de arritmia durante o TE;
						estratifica&#231;&#227;o de DAC previamente estabelecida e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco
						p&#243;s-s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda.</p>
          <p>Os princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos que regem a experimenta&#231;&#227;o humana foram seguidos, e
						todos os pacientes assinaram Termo de Consentimento informado. O trabalho
						foi autorizado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de
						Sergipe (CAAE: 0121.0.107.000-09).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo do exame</title>
          <p>O exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi realizado em todos os participantes desta
						investiga&#231;&#227;o, observando-se os aspectos t&#233;cnicos classicamente
							descritos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Utilizou-se o
						protocolo de Bruce para realiza&#231;&#227;o dos testes ergom&#233;tricos. O esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico
						foi interrompido se surgissem os seguintes sintomas e/ou sinais: dor
						precordial, dispneia, fadiga muscular, HAS (Press&#227;o Arterial &#8722; PA &#8805; 240 x
						120 mmHg), hipotens&#227;o arterial (n&#227;o eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o no decorrer do
						esfor&#231;o ou queda da mesma), pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope e arritmias graves (fibrila&#231;&#227;o
						ventricular e taquicardia ventricular). Durante a prova, os indiv&#237;duos eram
						mantidos monitorizados continuadamente, mediante ECG de tr&#234;s deriva&#231;&#245;es. A
						FC foi continuamente monitorada e os pacientes foram encorajados a
						ultrapassar 85% da FC m&#225;xima preconizada para a idade, sendo considerados
						negativos para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. A carga de esfor&#231;o foi expressa em
						Equivalentes Metab&#243;licos (METs). O TE foi considerado positivo para isquemia
						mioc&#225;rdica quando se constatava infradesnivelamento horizontal ou
						descendente do segmento ST &#8805; 1 mm para homens e &#8805;&#160;1,5&#160;mm para mulher, a 0,08
						segundos do ponto J<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
          <p>Os registros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram efetuados com aparelhos
						Hewlett-Packard/Phillips SONOS 5500, Estados Unidos (EUA), mediante
						transdutor de 2,5 mHz tamb&#233;m da Hewlett-Packard/Phillips. As imagens
						ecocardiogr&#225;ficas bidimensionais foram obtidas e gravadas, com o paciente em
						dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo a 45&#176; (ou obliquidade adequada &#224; obten&#231;&#227;o de
						imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas satisfat&#243;rias), nas janelas ac&#250;sticas
						paraesternais (longitudinal e transversal) e apicais (duas e quatro c&#226;maras)
						durante o repouso, imediatamente ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o, ainda com a FC elevada, e
						no per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>A motilidade segmentar foi avaliada por um mesmo ecocardiografista
						experiente, com n&#237;vel III, conforme preconizado pela <italic>American
							Society of Echocardiograph</italic>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. O espessamento parietal segmentar
						do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (VE) foi avaliado quantitativamente no repouso e ap&#243;s
						o esfor&#231;o, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do modelo de 16 segmentos e graduado em 1 se
						normal, 2 se hipocin&#233;tico, 3 se acin&#233;tico e 4 se discin&#233;tico. O &#205;ndice de
						Escore da Motilidade Ventricular Esquerda (IEMVE) foi obtido somando-se o
						escore de cada segmento e dividindo-se o valor encontrado por 16 &#8722; n&#250;mero
						total de segmentos do VE. O desenvolvimento de altera&#231;&#245;es de motilidade
						segmentar induzida pelo esfor&#231;o foi considerado indicador de isquemia
						mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Interpreta&#231;&#227;o do exame</title>
          <p>Tanto as imagens digitalizadas quanto as impressas foram utilizadas para
						interpreta&#231;&#227;o e laudo imediatamente ap&#243;s o exame, por um &#250;nico
						ecocardiografista, ciente das condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via do
						paciente.</p>
          <p>Para o c&#225;lculo do IEMVE, foi utilizado o escore padronizado pela
							<italic>American Society of Echocardiograph</italic>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, conferindo, para cada um dos 16
						segmentos, os seguintes valores: 1 se normal, 2 se hipocin&#233;tico, 3 se
						acin&#233;tico e 4 se discin&#233;tico. O IEMVE foi obtido pela soma dos valores
						obtidos para cada um dos 16 segmentos, divididos pelo n&#250;mero de segmentos
						estudados.</p>
          <p>O &#237;ndice de escore da motilidade do mioc&#225;rdio 1 (normal) foi obtido
						somando-se o escore de cada segmento visualizado e dividindo-se o valor
						encontrado por 16 (n&#250;mero de segmentos do VE). Essa avalia&#231;&#227;o foi realizada
						em repouso e ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o. A contratilidade da parede ventricular foi
						estudada, com base no IEMVE: normal se igual a 1; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular leve
						se entre 1,1 e 1,6; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular moderada se entre 1,61 e 2,0;
						disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave se &#8805; 2,0.</p>
          <p>O exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico sob estresse f&#237;sico foi definido como anormal quando
						na presen&#231;a de EEF isqu&#234;mica, ou seja, IEMVE &gt; 1 no repouso e /ou no
						esfor&#231;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram descritas como m&#233;dia e Desvio Padr&#227;o (DP).
						Foi aplicado o teste de Kolmogorov&#8209;Smirnov para avaliar o pressuposto de
						normalidade da amostra estudada. Em seguida, utilizou-se o teste
							<italic>t</italic> de Student ou o de Mann-Whitney para grupos
						independentes, de acordo com padr&#227;o de normalidade da amostra. Quanto &#224;s
						vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, utilizaram&#8209;se frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e percentagem. Para
						comparar caracter&#237;sticas das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas entre os dois grupos,
						utilizou-se o teste qui quadrado ou exato de Fisher, quando mais adequado.
						Realizou-se uma regress&#227;o log&#237;stica tendo como desfecho a presen&#231;a de
						isquemia no EEF, com ajustes para as vari&#225;veis: idade, sexo, DM,
						dislipidemia, HAS, sedentarismo e antecedentes familiares. Foram
						apresentados os valores de <italic>hazard ratio</italic>, acompanhados do
						Intervalo de Confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%). Para realizar os c&#225;lculos
						estat&#237;sticos, recorreu&#8209;se ao <italic>software</italic> BioEstat, vers&#227;o 5.0,
						e, para a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, foi utilizado o Stata, vers&#227;o 13,0. Foi
						considerado como signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para todos os testes um
						p&#160;&lt;&#160;0,05, bicaudal.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>De 4.050 pacientes que realizaram EEF no per&#237;odo de 12 anos (2000 a 2012), 945
					obesos foram analisados e comparados com 3.105 n&#227;o obesos. Foram considerados
					obesos os pacientes com IMC &#8805; 30 kg/m&#178;, o que correspondeu a 23,3% da amostra
					total. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a quanto ao sexo, por&#233;m os obesos foram mais jovens
					(55,4 &#177; 10,9 anos vs. 57,6 &#177; 11,7 anos; p &lt; 0,0001), conforme a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de obesos e n&#227;o obesos submetidos &#224;
							ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Obesos (n = 945)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N&#227;o obesos (n = 3.105)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">55,4 &#177; 10,9</td>
                <td align="center">57,6 &#177; 11,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo feminino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">492 (52,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">1637 (52,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,738</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">711 (75,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">1775 (57,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">562 (59,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1612 (51,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes melito, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">144 (15,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">338 (10,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">560 (59,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1710 (55,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (cm)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">108 &#177; 12,7</td>
                <td align="center">91,7 &#177; 9,95</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sedentarismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">675 (71,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">1644 (52,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (4,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">135 (4,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infarto pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (4,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">118 (3,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,63</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Valores expressos em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. DAC: doen&#231;a arterial
								coron&#225;ria.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quanto aos fatores de risco cardiovascular, os obesos apresentaram
					significativamente (p &lt; 0,0001) maior frequ&#234;ncia de HAS, DM, dislipidemia,
					antecedentes familiares para DAC e de sedentarismo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 1</xref>). Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica ajustada, a
					isquemia mioc&#225;rdica permaneceu associada de maneira independente &#224; idade &#224;
					dislipidemia ao g&#234;nero feminino, ao DM e &#224; HAS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resultados da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica entre fatores de risco para doen&#231;a
							arterial coron&#225;ria, tendo como vari&#225;vel de desfecho a isquemia
							mioc&#225;rdica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>OR ajustado</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>IC95%</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">2,02</td>
                <td align="center">1,69-2,42</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Antecedente familiar</td>
                <td align="center">1,55</td>
                <td align="center">1,30-1,84</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes melito</td>
                <td align="center">1,54</td>
                <td align="center">1,23-1,92</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">1,45</td>
                <td align="center">1,20-1,76</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">1,03</td>
                <td align="center">1,02-1,04</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">1,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,83-1,24</td>
                <td align="center">0,877</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo feminino</td>
                <td align="center">1,82</td>
                <td align="center">1,54-2,15</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>OR: odds ratio; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Dentre os sintomas pr&#233;vios que motivaram a indica&#231;&#227;o do exame, os obesos
					apresentavam mais precordialgia at&#237;pica (49,4%) e dispneia (7,5%). Durante a
					realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, a presen&#231;a de arritmias simples (extrass&#237;stoles isoladas)
					predominou no grupo de n&#227;o obesos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela
						3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sintomas pr&#233;vios para indica&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia sob estresse
							f&#237;sico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Obesos (n = 945)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N&#227;o Obesos (n = 3105)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Assintom&#225;ticos, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">347 (36,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">1442 (36,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Precordialgia t&#237;pica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (5,82%)</td>
                <td align="center">179 (5,76%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Precordialgia at&#237;pica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">467 (49,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">1332 (42,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dispneia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (7,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">143 (4,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Arritmia simples, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">253 (26,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">871 (28,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,44</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quanto ao comportamento das FC atingidas pelos dois grupos, verificamos que 251
					obesos (26,6%) atingiram frequ&#234;ncia acima da m&#225;xima, o que demonstrou que alguns
					deles possu&#237;am capacidade f&#237;sica suficiente para atingir valores elevados de FC
					&#224; EEF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t09">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas (FC) atingidas por obesos e n&#227;o obesos durante
							a ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Obesos (n = 945)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N&#227;o Obesos (n = 3.105)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>FC abaixo da subm&#225;xima</td>
                <td align="center">110 (11,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">230 (7,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC subm&#225;xima</td>
                <td align="center">431 (45,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">1064 (34,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC m&#225;xima</td>
                <td align="center">154 (16,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">590 (19%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC acima da m&#225;xima</td>
                <td align="center">251 (26,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">1219(39,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A an&#225;lise das caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa
					(p &lt; 0,0001) nas dimens&#245;es da aorta, &#225;trio esquerdo, volume do &#225;trio esquerdo
					e espessura relativa do VE. No entanto, constatou-se que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a
					quanto &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (p = 0,5), &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; (p= 0,5), ao IMVE de
					repouso (p = 0,4) e ao IMVE de esfor&#231;o (p = 0,6), conforme visto na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de obesos e n&#227;o obesos submetidos &#224;
							ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Obesos (n = 945)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>N&#227;o Obesos (n = 3105)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Aorta (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">3,27 &#177; 0,41</td>
                <td align="center">3,14 &#177; 0,39</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;trio esquerdo (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">3,97 &#177; 0,43</td>
                <td align="center">3,72 &#177; 0,43</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,66 &#177; 0,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,70 &#177; 1,79</td>
                <td align="center">0,506</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de volume do AE</td>
                <td align="center">23,65 &#177; 8,95</td>
                <td align="center">21,50 &#177; 7,75</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espessura relativa do VE</td>
                <td align="center">33,76 &#177; 5,31</td>
                <td align="center">32,80 &#177; 5,16</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de massa do VE</td>
                <td align="center">90,88 &#177; 29,12</td>
                <td align="center">85,92 &#177; 22,50</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e'</td>
                <td align="center">8,95 &#177; 2,88</td>
                <td align="center">8,72 &#177; 3,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,510</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IEMVE repouso</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 &#177; 0,076</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 &#177; 0,089</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IEMVE repouso</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 &#177; 0,091</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 &#177; 0,097</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; E/e': Rela&#231;&#227;o entre a
								velocidade da onda "E" obtida pelo Doppler convencional e a
								velocidade da onda e', obtida pelo Doppler tecidual; IEMVE: &#237;ndice
								do escore de motilidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, a frequ&#234;ncia, na amostra total, foi
					de 18,1% (IC95%: 17,0-19,3) e ambos os grupos tiveram comportamento homog&#234;neo
						(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; ecocardiografia sob
							estresse f&#237;sico entre os grupos de obesos e de n&#227;o obesos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0394-50006-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo, observou-se que a EEF, uma metodologia estabelecida para
					diagn&#243;stico e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de DAC, pode ser utilizada em investiga&#231;&#227;o
					de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em obesos com capacidade f&#237;sica de realizar o teste em
					esteira, sem apresentar complica&#231;&#245;es. Portanto, por se constituir como indutor
					de isquemia de primeira escolha em indiv&#237;duos com capacidade de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico
						preservada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, o esfor&#231;o pode ser
					incorporado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica tamb&#233;m para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes obesos.</p>
        <p>Apesar da descrita menor toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o em obesos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, n&#227;o logramos identificar, na presente investiga&#231;&#227;o,
					diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; EEF: 19%
					nos obesos e 17,9% nos n&#227;o obesos.</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios trabalhos publicados evidenciam o efeito protetor da obesidade, de acordo
					com o IMC, nos pacientes submetidos &#224; Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea
						(ICP)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. No estudo CADILLAC, Nikolski
					e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> encontraram rela&#231;&#227;o entre IMC
					elevado e menor mortalidade. O &#8220;paradoxo da obesidade&#8221; tamb&#233;m tem sido observado
					em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e em
					portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva. Acredita-se que essa prote&#231;&#227;o
					decorra da presen&#231;a, em obesos, de maior di&#226;metro coronariano e de faixas
					et&#225;rias mais baixas, e at&#233; mesmo do uso excessivo de anticoagulantes nessa
						popula&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
        <p>Existe escassez, na literatura m&#233;dica, de estudos sobre ecoestresse em obesos; os
					poucos existentes utilizaram somente o estresse farmacol&#243;gico.</p>
        <p>Segundo nosso conhecimento, esta foi a primeira investiga&#231;&#227;o brasileira que
					utilizou EEF em obesos. Novas pesquisas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para corroborar o
					resultado deste estudo, a fim de expandir o uso dessa metodologia, na
					investiga&#231;&#227;o de DAC em obesos.</p>
        <p>A EEF exibe acur&#225;cia semelhante &#224; da modalidade farmacol&#243;gica, com o atrativo de
					apresentar custo mais baixo, fato que, seguramente, tem import&#226;ncia,
					considerando-se o baixo poder aquisitivo da maioria da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>.</p>
        <p>Este estudo apresentou as seguintes limita&#231;&#245;es: (1) os pacientes foram
					selecionados em um &#250;nico centro, que n&#227;o pertence ao sistema de refer&#234;ncia do
					Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de EEF, o que indiretamente levou
					a um maior diferencia&#231;&#227;o amostral em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o-alvo; (2) trata-se de
					uma amostragem n&#227;o probabil&#237;stica sob a forma de registro; (3) os pacientes n&#227;o
					foram estratificados em isquemia fixa e induzida, o que identifica aqueles com
					DAC estabelecida; (4) a obesidade n&#227;o foi classificada em graus de severidade,
					n&#227;o permitindo, portanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de isquemia nos subgrupos de
					obesos.</p>
        <p>O grande volume amostral, todavia, conferiu confiabilidade aos resultados
					encontrados. Como perspectivas futuras, seria interessante a realiza&#231;&#227;o de
					estudos que abordassem o uso desta metodologia em obesos com diferentes graus de
					obesidade e que ela seja comparada com a t&#233;cnica farmacol&#243;gica, para maior
					consolida&#231;&#227;o de sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos obesos e n&#227;o obeso quanto aos preditores e a
					frequ&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica,</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte do trabalho de conclu&#231;&#227;o de curso de Mara Graziele Maciel
						Silveira pela Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
