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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras.
					Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">FPmWGd7DkLjqw3br6jCcK9v</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000500006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150012</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association Between Hemodynamic Profile, Physical Capacity and
					Quality of Life in Pulmonary Hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torres</surname>
            <given-names>Diego de Faria Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zin</surname>
            <given-names>Walter Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Agnaldo Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vig&#225;rio</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Iorio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Waetge5</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bandeira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bessa</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Gustavo Pignataro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">6</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de
					Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cl&#237;nica
					M&#233;dica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica da
					Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ- Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de
					Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de
					Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Biof&#237;sica Carlos Chagas
					Filho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia da
					Respira&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia da Respira&#231;&#227;o,
					Instituto de Biof&#237;sica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de
					Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ- Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de
					Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de
					Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro
					Ernesto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Fun&#231;&#227;o Pulmonar</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Fun&#231;&#227;o Pulmonar, Hospital
					Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de
					Janeiro, RJ- Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade do Estado do Rio de
					Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de
					Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga
					Filho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital Universit&#225;rio
					Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro,
					RJ- Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de
					Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de
					Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga
					Filho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o de Pneumologia, Ambulat&#243;rio de
					Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Pneumologia, Ambulat&#243;rio de
					Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho,
					Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ- Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de
					Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio Augusto Motta</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da
					Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da
					Reabilita&#231;&#227;o, Centro Universit&#225;rio Augusto Motta6, Rio de Janeiro, RJ-
					Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Centro Universit&#225;rio Augusto
					Motta</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Fernando Silva Guimar&#227;es</bold>, Hospital Universit&#225;rio
					Clementino Fraga Filho &#8211; Departamento de Fisioterapia - Rua Rodolpho Paulo
					Rocco, 255, 8&#186; andar, sala 3. Postal Code 21941-913. Cidade Universit&#225;ria - Ilha
					do Fund&#227;o - Rio de Janeiro &#8211; RJ - Brazil. E-mail:
						<email>fguimaufrj@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research:Torres DFM, Zin WA, Guimar&#227;es FS.
						Acquisition of data: Torres DFM, Lopes AJ, Vig&#225;rio PS, Garcia MI, Waetge D,
						Bandeira MLS, Bessa LGP. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Torres
						DFM, Zin WA, Lopes AJ, Vig&#225;rio PS, Garcia MI, Waetge D, Bandeira MLS, Bessa
						LGP, Guimar&#227;es FS. Statistical analysis: Torres DFM, Guimar&#227;es FS. Obtaining
						financing: Zin WA. Writing of the manuscript: Torres DFM, Guimar&#227;es FS.
						Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Zin WA, Lopes
						AJ, Vig&#225;rio PS, Garcia MI, Waetge D, Bandeira MLS, Bessa LGP, Guimar&#227;es
						FS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>387</fpage>
      <lpage>393</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the
						Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits
						unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any
						medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>No studies have described and evaluated the association between hemodynamics,
						physical limitations and quality of life in patients with pulmonary
						hypertension (PH) without concomitant cardiovascular or respiratory
						disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To describe the hemodynamic profile, quality of life and physical capacity of
						patients with PH from groups I and IV and to study the association between
						these outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional study of patients with PH from clinical groups I and IV and
						functional classes II and III undergoing the following assessments:
						hemodynamics, exercise tolerance and quality of life.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>This study assessed 20 patients with a mean age of 46.8 &#177; 14.3 years.
						They had pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 10.5 &#177; 3.7 mm Hg,
						6-minute walk distance test (6MWDT) of 463 &#177; 78 m, oxygen consumption
						at peak exercise of 12.9 &#177; 4.3 mLO2.kg-1.min-1 and scores of quality of
						life domains &lt; 60%. There were associations between cardiac index (CI)
						and ventilatory equivalent for CO2 (r=-0.59, p &lt;0.01), IC and ventilatory
						equivalent for oxygen (r=-0.49, p&lt;0.05), right atrial pressure (RAP) and
						'general health perception' domain (r=-0.61, p&lt;0.01), RAP and 6MWTD
						(r=-0.49, p&lt;0.05), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and 'physical
						functioning' domain (r=-0.56, p&lt;0.01), PVR and 6MWTD (r=-0.49, p&lt;0.05)
						and PVR index and physical capacity (r=-0.51, p&lt;0.01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Patients with PH from groups I and IV and functional classes II and III
						exhibit a reduction in physical capacity and in the physical and mental
						components of quality of life. The hemodynamic variables CI, diastolic
						pulmonary arterial pressure, RAP, PVR and PVR index are associated with
						exercise tolerance and quality of life domains.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension, Pulmonary</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Heart Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Quality of Life</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemodynamics / physiopathology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="24"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>In the follow-up of patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH), several aspects guide
				therapeutic decisions and prognostic determinants, such as clinical evidence of
				right heart failure, progression of signs and symptoms, occurrence of syncope,
				changes in functional class, in physical capacity and in quality of life (QOL),
				echocardiographic findings and hemodynamic changes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Physical limitation in PH is the cause of great clinical and investigative interest,
				being a marker of disease progression in the presence of a certain treatment or
				specific management<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">9</xref>. In addition, physical capacity has been
				shown to be one determinant of the QOL of patients with PH. Because QOL is
				influenced by several aspects related to the disease, its assessment has been
				recommended for the follow-up of patients with PH. In addition to being considered
				one of the most important outcomes to assess the impact of drug therapy, the QOL
				assessment indicates the self-perception of treatment, assessed within the
				sociocultural context, considering objectives, expectations and individual
					behaviors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Considering that few studies have assessed the association of physical capacity and
				QOL of patients with PH and that the clinical findings of those patients can vary
				according to the etiology and severity of disease, the present study is justified by
				the need to deepen the knowledge on those aspects in specific groups and functional
				classes. That has prevented the influence of other diseases that cause PH and the
				interference of extremes of functional classes with physical capacity and QOL. Thus,
				this study was aimed at assessing the associations between hemodynamics, physical
				capacity and QOL in patients with PH of clinical groups I and IV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and functional classes II and III (WHO/PH),
				followed up at a reference outpatient clinic in the Rio de Janeiro state.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Design and Sample</title>
        <p>This is a cross-sectional observational study, with a convenience sample of
					patients recruited from the outpatient clinic of Pulmonary Hypertension of the
					Pulmonology Service of the Clementino Fraga Filho university-affiliated
					Hospital, according to the following inclusion criteria: patients diagnosed with
					PH, with neither cardiovascular nor pulmonary disease (belonging to groups I or
						IV)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, functional class II and III
					(WHO/PH), and clinical and hemodynamic stability. In addition, the patients
					should be on drug treatment for PH (specific or not) for at least three
					consecutive months with the same drug and be at least 17 years of age.</p>
        <p>The exclusion criteria were as follows: patients with history of unstable angina
					and myocardial infarction within the last month before assessment;
					musculoskeletal lesion limiting the practice of physical assessment tests;
					comorbidities that could cause dyspnea on exertion; stable angina, severe
					arrhythmias or acute right ventricular failure with changes in the following
					variables at rest: heart rate (HR) &#8805; 120 bpm, systolic blood pressure
					(SBP) &#8805; 180 mmHg; diastolic blood pressure (DBP) &#8805; 110 mmHg.</p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Committee on Ethics and Research of the Hospital
					Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF) of the Rio de Janeiro Federal University, under
					the protocol number 033/2011. All participants provided written informed consent
					prior to beginning their participation in the study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocols and Measurements</title>
        <p>All patients underwent right cardiac catheterization in the Catheterization
					Laboratory of the HUCFF. The following data were obtained: systolic pulmonary
					artery pressure (sPAP), diastolic pulmonary artery pressure (dPAP), right atrial
					pressure (RAP), cardiac index (CI), cardiac output (CO), pulmonary vascular
					resistance (PVR), pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI), mean pulmonary
					artery pressure (mPAP). Systemic blood pressure was measured according to the
					recommendations of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>The 6-minute walk distance test (6MWDT) was performed at the Physical Therapy
					Service of the HUCFF, under blood pressure and HR monitoring, with modified BORG
					scale and oxygen saturation (SpO<sub>2</sub>), on a 50-meter flat corridor, with
					length marked every meter, according to the recommendations of the American
					Thoracic Society<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. The previously
					collected data regarding age, sex, height and weight were used to calculate the
					predicted distance walked during the test<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. At least two 6MWT were performed, respecting a minimum 30-minute
					interval between them, until returning to baseline measures at rest, and the
					best result was considered for analysis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. The&#160;data used were as follows: walked distance; SpO<sub>2</sub> at
					rest and at 6 minutes; oxygen desaturation during the test; HR; systolic and
					diastolic blood pressure at rest and at 6&#160;minutes; and dyspnea grade at rest and
					at 6 minutes.</p>
        <p>The cardiopulmonary exercise test (ergospirometry) was performed at the
					Ergospirometry and Cineanthropometry Laboratory of the School of Physical
					Education and Sports of the Rio de Janeiro Federal University, on a treadmill
					(ECAFIX EG700.2 - Brazil), using the Naugthon protocol and analysis of the
					expired gases with the VO2000 device (Inbrasport Ltda, RS, Brazil). The
					following criteria were considered for test interruption: significant chest
					pain; paleness and cold sweating; disorientation and coordination loss; vertigo
					and pre-lipothymia; intolerable dyspnea; cyanosis; significant ST-segment
					depression; T-wave inversion and appearance of Q wave; progressive and multiform
					ventricular ectopy; appearance of R wave on T wave; salvos of three or more
					ventricular extrasystoles; ventricular paroxysmal tachycardia; second- or
					third-degree atrioventricular block; SBP &gt; 250&#160;mmHg; DBP &gt; 120 mmHg; left
					bundle branch block; intense chronotropic incompetence; sustained
					supraventricular tachycardia; SpO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 80%; symptomatic
					claudication; and on patient's request<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.
					The results were interpreted by using the equations for the Brazilian predicted
					values described by Neder et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. The
					following data were assessed: peak oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub> peak);
					peak HR and blood pressure during the test; oxygen pulse (VO<sub>2</sub>
					peak/HR); minute ventilation (VE); ventilatory reserve (VR); HR reserve (HRR);
					ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide (VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>); ventilatory
					equivalent for oxygen (VE/VO<sub>2</sub>) and respiratory coefficient (RQ).</p>
        <p>Quality of life was assessed by using a QOL questionnaire, the Short-Form 36
					Health Survey (SF-36)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, comprising 36
					items that assess eight domains (physical functioning, physical role, bodily
					pain, general health perceptions, vitality, social functioning, emotional role
					and mental health) and two components (physical and mental). The results of each
					item vary from 0 to 100, a score of 0 being equivalent to maximum disability and
					a score of 100 being equivalent to no disability. The participants were duly
					instructed by the interviewer, responding to 11 questions related to eight
					different QOL domains, and were scored according to the scale defined in each
					question. The scores and analysis of results followed the guidelines for SF-36
					scoring and its score calculation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. The
					questionnaire was applied to the patients included in the study on the same day
					and prior to the 6MWT.</p>
        <p>Data were collected on two non-consecutive days, within two weeks. On the first
					day, the patient's history was collected, the written informed consent provided,
					the SF-36 applied and 6MWT performed. The cardiopulmonary exercise test was
					performed on the second day of assessment.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Treatment</title>
        <p>All analyses were performed using the Sigmastat 3.1 software<italic> </italic>(SYSTAT Software Inc., Point Richmond, CA, USA). The distribution of
					the variables was assessed by using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and the results were
					presented as mean and standard deviation or median and maximum-minimum. The
					measures of association between the variables were assessed by using Spearman or
					Pearson correlation tests. The&#160;significance level adopted was p&lt;0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>This study assessed 20 patients (13 women) with a mean age of 46.8 &#177; 14.3 years,
				mean height of 162 &#177; 69 cm, mean weight of 73.4 &#177; 15.0 kg and mean body
				mass index (BMI) of 27.7 &#177; 5.2 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> shows the hemodynamic characterization of the
				sample.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Hemodynamic characterization</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Hemodynamic characteristics</th>
              <th>Mean (SD)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td> mPAP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">51 &#177; 9.11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> sPAP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">82.4 &#177; 19.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> dPAP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">30.5 &#177; 7.44</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> RAP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">10.1 &#177; 5.21</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> CO (L/min)</td>
              <td align="center">4.1 &#177; 1.18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> PVR (dyn.s/cm<sup>5</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">839.9 &#177; 327.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> PCWP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">10.5 &#177; 3.72</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> CI (L/min/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">2.31 &#177; 0.52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> PVRI (dyn.s/cm<sup>5</sup>.m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">1568.2 &#177; 639.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> HR at rest (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">76.6 &#177; 12.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> SBP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">115 &#177; 17.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td> DBP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">75.7 &#177; 9.21</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>SD: standard deviation; mPAP: mean pulmonary artery pressure; sPAP:
							systolic pulmonary artery pressure; dPAP: diastolic pulmonary artery
							pressure; RAP: right atrial pressure; CO: cardiac output; PVR: pulmonary
							vascular resistance; PCWP: pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; CI:
							cardiac index; PVRI: pulmonary vascular resistance index; HR: heart
							rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure at rest; DBP: diastolic blood
							pressure at rest.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The patients on specific drug treatment for PH for more than three months comprised
				55% of the sample (11 patients), of whom 35% (6 patients) were on sildenafil (type 5
				phosphodiesterase inhibitor) and 25% (5 patients) were on bosentan (endothelin
				receptor antagonist). Regarding the functional classification (WHO/PH), 80% of the
				patients were class II (6 men and 11 women) and 20% were class III (2 men and 2
				women). Considering clinical characterization, 65% belonged to group I (3 men and 10
				women) and 35% to group IV (4 men and 3 women).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> shows the mean values obtained in
				the physical capacity assessment related to cardiopulmonary exercise test and 6MWT,
				and the mean predicted values<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Physical capacity assessment</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center">Mean &#177; SD of the values obtained</th>
              <th align="center">Mean &#177; SD of the predicted values % </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>6MWDT (m)</td>
              <td align="center">463 &#177; 78</td>
              <td align="center">83 &#177; 11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>VO<sub>2peak</sub>
								(mLO<sub>2</sub>.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">12.9 &#177; 4.30</td>
              <td align="center">52.7 &#177; 22.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>
							</td>
              <td align="center">41.5 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center">88.1 &#177; 23.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>VE/VO<sub>2</sub>
							</td>
              <td align="center">43.7 &#177; 16</td>
              <td align="center">80.5 &#177; 34.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>VO<sub>2</sub>/HR</td>
              <td align="center">13.8 &#177; 3.6</td>
              <td align="center">77.3 &#177; 17.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HRR (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">43.8 &#177; 26.1</td>
              <td align="center">47.2 &#177; 14.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>VR (L)</td>
              <td align="center">54.1 &#177; 25.6</td>
              <td align="center">41.3 &#177; 16.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>RQ</td>
              <td align="center">1.07 &#177; 0.31</td>
              <td align="center">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">**</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SBP (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">148.7 &#177; 15.3</td>
              <td align="center">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">**</xref>
              </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>SD: standard deviation; 6MWDT: 6-minute walk distance test (prediction:
							Pereira, 2011); VO2peak: peak oxygen consumption; VE/VCO2:&#160;ventilatory
							equivalent for carbon dioxide; VE/VO2: ventilatory equivalent for
							oxygen; HR: heart rate; VO2/HR: oxygen pulse; HRR: heart rate reserve;
							VR:&#160;ventilatory reserve (prediction: Neder, 1999); RQ: respiratory
							coefficient; SBP: maximum systolic blood pressure during cardiopulmonary
							exercise testing;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>no predicted values described.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref> shows the scores obtained in QOL
				assessment.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Health domains and components of the quality of life questionnaire
							(SF-36)<xref rid="TFN02">*</xref>
					</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Domains</th>
              <th align="center">Median (Max &#8211; Min)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Physical functioning</td>
              <td align="center">30 (80 &#8211; 5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Role limitations due to physical health</td>
              <td align="center">0 (100 &#8211; 0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Bodily pain</td>
              <td align="center">43.5 (100 &#8211; 20)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>General health perceptions</td>
              <td align="center">53.5 (95 &#8211; 15)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Vitality</td>
              <td align="center">45 (75 &#8211; 10)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Social functioning</td>
              <td align="center">50 (100 -12.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Role limitations due to emotional problems</td>
              <td align="center">0 (100 &#8211; 0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mental health</td>
              <td align="center">48 (100 &#8211; 20)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Physical component</td>
              <td align="center">39.6 (76.2 &#8211; 19.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mental component</td>
              <td align="center">40.7 (78 &#8211; 19.6)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>The domains and components are assessed in a percentage scale ranging
							from 0 to 100.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> shows the only associations found
				when assessing the physical capacity and QOL measurements in the group studied.
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref> shows the correlations between
				the hemodynamic variables, the physical capacity measurements and the QOL domains
				and components.</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Associations between the SF-36 quality of life questionnaire domains and
						the functional variables of patients with pulmonary hypertension. 6MWDT (m):
						6-minute walk distance test; VO<sub>2peak</sub>: oxygen consumption at peak
						exercise; VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>: ventilatory equivalent for carbon
						dioxide.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0387-50012-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlation between the hemodynamic variables, the physical capacity
						measurements and the QOL domains and components of patients with pulmonary
						hypertension</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th colspan="3" align="center">Quality of life</th>
              <th colspan="3" align="center">Physical capacity</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">PhC</th>
              <th align="center">MC</th>
              <th align="center">GHP</th>
              <th align="center">6MWDT</th>
              <th align="center">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>
							</th>
              <th align="center">VE/VO<sub>2</sub>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>CI</td>
              <td align="center">0.28</td>
              <td align="center">0.34</td>
              <td align="center">0.008</td>
              <td align="center">0.12</td>
              <td align="center">-0.59<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.49<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>dPAP</td>
              <td align="center">-0.06</td>
              <td align="center">-0.54</td>
              <td align="center">-0.26 </td>
              <td align="center">-0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.15</td>
              <td align="center">0.15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>RAP</td>
              <td align="center">-0.33</td>
              <td align="center">-0.16</td>
              <td align="center">-0.61<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.49<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
              <td align="center">0.13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PVR</td>
              <td align="center">-0.56<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.30</td>
              <td align="center">-0.12</td>
              <td align="center">-0.49<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.35</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PVRI</td>
              <td align="center">-0.42</td>
              <td align="center">-0.43</td>
              <td align="center">-0.37</td>
              <td align="center">-0.40</td>
              <td align="center">-0.51<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.20</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>CI: cardiac index; dPAP: diastolic pulmonary artery pressure; RAP: right
							atrial pressure; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance; PVRI: pulmonary
							vascular resistance index; PhC: physical component; MC: mental
							component; GHP: general health perceptions; 6MWDT: 6-minute walk
							distance test; VE/VCO2: ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide;
							VE/VO2: ventilatory equivalent for oxygen. The associations were tested
							by using Pearson or Spearman correlation test.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p&lt;0.05;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>p&lt;0.01.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The group of patients with PH showed a physical capacity limitation, mainly evidenced
				by the reduced VO<sub>2peak</sub> (52.7% of the predicted value) and impact on QOL,
				in both physical and mental components (Table 3). Differently from other
				cross-sectional studies including patients with PH, the individuals assessed in the
				present study were restricted to the diagnostic groups I and IV, and to the
				functional classes II and III, avoiding the influence of other diseases that also
				cause PH, as well as the interference of the extremes of functional classes with
				physical capacity and QOL.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Associations with hemodynamics</title>
        <p>Taichman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> have found no association
					between QOL, 6MWT and the hemodynamic variables, which differs from our findings
					and might have resulted from the absence of group IV patients in their sample,
					in addition to having included a small number of patients with functional class
					I.</p>
        <p>In 2008, Zlupko et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> reported a
					correlation between RAP and the physical component (p=0.05; r=0.29) and the
					total value of QOL (p=0.01; r=0.36). Halank et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5 </xref>have reported associations between RAP and the domains
					'physical functioning' (p&lt;0.01; r=-0.40), 'role limitations due to physical
					health' (p&lt;0.05; r=-0.27) and 'general health perceptions' (p&lt;0.05;
					r=-0.29). Both studies have supported our results, confirming the important
					association between elevated RAP and a reduction in the physical component of
					QOL.</p>
        <p>The associations observed in our study between 6MWT and the hemodynamic variables
					(RAP and PVR, p&lt;0.05; r=-0.49) are similar to the results found by Miyamoto
					et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> in patients with idiopathic PH,
					in which 6MWT correlated significantly with CO, RAP and PVR (p&lt;0.001), but
					not with mPAP.</p>
        <p>We report new correlations obtained between hemodynamic and physical variables,
					such as IC <italic>versus</italic> V'E/V'CO<sub>2</sub> and V'E/V'O<sub>2</sub>
					(p &lt; 0.01; r = -0.59 and p &lt; 0.05; r = -0.49) and PVRI
						<italic>versus</italic> V'E/V'CO<sub>2</sub> (p &lt; 0.01; r = -0.51),
					indicating impaired physical capacity caused by PH.</p>
        <p>In addition, the unpublished association between PVR and the physical component
					of QOL (p &lt; 0.01; r = -0.56) was observed, suggesting that patients with
					lower PVR have better QOL regarding the physical component. This can justify the
					use of vasodilating therapy to improve the symptoms of patients with PH.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Physical capacity</title>
        <p>Walked distances shorter than 332 m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">19</xref> or
					250 m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> and desaturation greater than 10%
					have been reported as indicative of a worse prognosis associated with PH.
					Absolute values greater than 380 m during the three months of prostanoid
					treatment have been correlated with longer survival<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>In our study, the mean walked distance in the 6MWT was higher than the threshold
					indicated in the literature as having the worst prognosis (463 &#177; 78 m).</p>
        <p>Gr&#252;nig et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> have reported a mean
					walked distance in the 6MWT of 440 &#177; 90 m during the initial assessment of
					58 patients, four of whom belonged to functional class IV. Similarly, Halank et
						al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> have reported a mean distance
					walked in the 6MWT of 343.8 &#177; 114 m for a group including four patients in
					that functional class.</p>
        <p>Cicero et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> have assessed 34 patients
					in functional classes II and III, whose initial median walked distance was 399
					(117-564) m. However, the group studied included no group IV patient.</p>
        <p>According to Sun et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, patients with
					PH can safely undergo cardiopulmonary exercise testing, and the results obtained
					enlarge the possibilities of prognostic analysis. The group studied had a
						VO<sub>2peak</sub> &lt; 60% during exercise, ventilatory equivalents
						(V'E/V'O<sub>2</sub> and V'E/V'CO<sub>2</sub>) &lt; 55 L/L and extremely
					variable cardiopulmonary reserve parameters (HRR and VR), with no association
					with other hemodynamic or QOL variables.</p>
        <p>Five patients studied did not reach the anaerobic threshold, and those who did
					showed low VO<sub>2peak</sub> and VO<sub>2peak</sub> /HR values, with no
					significant oximetry change, but with substantial VR. Thus, physical unfitness
					was the major factor for physical limitation in the group studied (18 patients).
					In the two remaining patients, a cardiogenic origin (VO<sub>2peak</sub> /HR &lt;
					50%) was identified, and in the other, a pulmonary origin (VR&#160;&lt;&#160;11L). Those
					results suggest that our sample patients could benefit from a physical
					conditioning program to improve their physical capacity.</p>
        <p>Wensel et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> have reported that the
					physical capacity of patients with PH decreased according to the severity of the
					disease, and they have identified VO<sub>2peak</sub> &lt; 10.4 mL
						O<sub>2</sub>.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> and peak SBP during exercise
					&lt; 120 mm Hg as predictors of poor prognosis in PH.</p>
        <p>Considering the limits reported by Wensel et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> and the results by Sun et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, seven of our patients had VO<sub>2peak</sub> lower than the
					value associated with worse prognosis (mean of 12.9 &#177; 4.3
						mLO<sub>2</sub>.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>) and only one patient had a
					peak SBP during exercise of 120 mm Hg (mean of 148.7 &#177; 15.3 mm Hg).</p>
        <p>The patients studied by Gr&#252;nig et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					and Halank et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> have also undergone
					cardiopulmonary exercise testing, and had mean VO<sub>2peak</sub> values of
					12.5&#177;3.0 and 13.0&#177;4.2
					mLO<sub>2</sub>.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. They have
					provided neither data that could assess prognosis, such as peak SBP during
					exercise, nor detailed cardiopulmonary exercise test data that allowed the
					identification of the cause of physical limitation.</p>
        <p>Because VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> has been used as an indicator of ventilatory
					efficiency, its increase is associated with worsening of dyspnea and pulmonary
						hemodynamics<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. According to the results obtained,
					the group studied had mean VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 30, indicating greater
					severity of the chronic disease, such as PH, and showed association with
					hemodynamic variables (CI and IPVR) and QOL (vitality domain).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quality of life</title>
        <p>When assessing QOL, we observed that the patients perceived reduced values, and
					we used a generic questionnaire (SF-36) because of the lack of a specific
					questionnaire for PH validated in Portuguese<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>Zlupko et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> have reported a
					significant association between SF-36 and the Minnesota Living with Heart
					Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) adapted to PH (MLHF-PH), despite the
					considerations of Rubenfire et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> in a
					literature review, indicating that non-specific questionnaires could reflect
					neither clinical state nor prognosis in PH.</p>
        <p>Chen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> have assessed QOL at 6, 12
					and 24 months of clinical follow-up, using three different questionnaires:
					SF-36, Airways Questionnaire 20 (AQ 20) and MLHFQ. Those authors have reported a
					significant correlation between the questionnaires (p &lt; 0.01) and of them
					with functional class (p &lt; 0.001), 6MWT (p &lt; 0.002) and Borg scale (p &lt;
					0.001), considering them appropriate tools to assess QOL in PH.</p>
        <p>In 2013, Twiss et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> identified
					appropriate psychometric criteria of the domains 'physical functioning' and
					'general health perceptions' of the SF-36 when correlated with a specific
					questionnaire for PH (Cambridge Pulmonary Hypertension Outcome Review -
					CAMPHOR).</p>
        <p>In this study, the individuals who achieved the best performance in the 6MWT were
					those with the best results in the physical component assessment (p = 0.006; r =
					0.58) and the domain 'general health perceptions' of the SF-36 (p = 0.011; r =
					0.552). In addition, those with the worst assessment in the 'mental health'
					domain had the lowest VO<sub>2peak</sub> (p = 0.035; r = 0.473), indicating a
					possible psychic effect in patients with lower physical capacity.</p>
        <p>Similar results have been reported by Taichman<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, who have shown an association between the 6MWT and the SF-36
					physical component (p&lt;0.001; r=0.62). In addition, Halank et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> have reported that all domains of the
					questionnaire associated with the walked distance, mainly the 'general health
					perceptions' (p&lt;0.01; r=0.47) and 'physical functioning' (p&lt;0.01;
					r=0.73).</p>
        <p>In the last study, except for the 'mental health' domain (p=0.207), all others
					associated with VO<sub>2peak</sub> (p&lt;0.01), exactly the opposite to our
					findings, probably due to the different characteristic of the sample, with 80%
					of patients in functional class III and IV.</p>
        <p>Cicero et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> have also identified an
					association between the 'physical functioning' domain and the distance walked in
					the 6MWT in the initial assessment (p=0.01; r=0.44) of a group of patients on a
					12-month clinical follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Recommendations and Limitations</title>
        <p>This study had some limitations. The patients' daily life physical activity
					levels were not assessed, hindering the determination to which extent physical
					capacity influences daily life activities and vice-versa. Assessing gas exchange
					variables during the tests, by analyzing arterial blood, would also add
					important information to this study. In addition, despite the careful selection,
					the reduced size of the sample (20 patients) and the lack of a control group
					should be considered, mainly when assessing very heterogeneous results of some
					variables.</p>
        <p>Studies with a greater number of patients and maintaining each group
					specificities should complement the data obtained, in addition to the
					development and application of specific methods for the QOL assessment of
					patients with PH, comprising the particularities inherent in that disease.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Patients with PH of groups I and IV and functional classes II and III have a
				reduction in physical capacity and in the physical and mental components of QOL. The
				hemodynamic variables CI, dPAP, RAP, PVR and PVRI are associated with exercise
				tolerance and the QOL domains.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the dissertation of master submitted by Diego de Faria
					Magalh&#227;es Torres , from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B01">
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o Entre Perfil Hemodin&#226;mico, Capacidade F&#237;sica e Qualidade
					de Vida na Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torres</surname>
            <given-names>Diego de Faria Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zin</surname>
            <given-names>Walter Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Agnaldo Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vig&#225;rio</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Iorio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Waetge5</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bandeira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bessa</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Gustavo Pignataro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">6</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de
					Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cl&#237;nica
					M&#233;dica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica da
					Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ- Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de
					Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Biof&#237;sica Carlos Chagas
					Filho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia da
					Respira&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia da Respira&#231;&#227;o,
					Instituto de Biof&#237;sica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de
					Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ- Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff09">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de
					Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro
					Ernesto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Fun&#231;&#227;o Pulmonar</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Fun&#231;&#227;o Pulmonar, Hospital
					Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de
					Janeiro, RJ- Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de
					Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga
					Filho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital Universit&#225;rio
					Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro,
					RJ- Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de
					Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga
					Filho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o de Pneumologia, Ambulat&#243;rio de
					Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Pneumologia, Ambulat&#243;rio de
					Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho,
					Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ- Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio Augusto Motta</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da
					Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da
					Reabilita&#231;&#227;o, Centro Universit&#225;rio Augusto Motta6, Rio de Janeiro, RJ-
					Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Fernando Silva Guimar&#227;es</bold>, Hospital Universit&#225;rio
					Clementino Fraga Filho &#8211; Departamento de Fisioterapia - Rua Rodolpho Paulo
					Rocco, 255, 8&#186; andar, sala 3. CEP 21941-913. Cidade Universit&#225;ria - Ilha do
					Fund&#227;o - Rio de Janeiro &#8211; RJ - Brasil. E-mail:
						<email>fguimaufrj@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Torres DFM, Zin WA, Guimar&#227;es FS. Obten&#231;&#227;o
						de dados: Torres DFM, Lopes AJ, Vig&#225;rio PS, Garcia MI, Waetge D, Bandeira
						MLS, Bessa LGP. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Torres DFM, Zin WA, Lopes
						AJ, Vig&#225;rio PS, Garcia MI, Waetge D, Bandeira MLS, Bessa LGP, Guimar&#227;es FS.
						An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Torres DFM, Guimar&#227;es FS. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento:
						Zin WA. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Torres DFM, Guimar&#227;es FS. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do
						manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Zin WA, Lopes AJ,
						Vig&#225;rio PS, Garcia MI, Waetge D, Bandeira MLS, Bessa LGP, Guimar&#227;es FS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; estudos que tenham descrito e avaliado a associa&#231;&#227;o entre
						hemodin&#226;mica, limita&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas e qualidade de vida em pacientes com
						hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP) sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular ou respirat&#243;ria
						concomitante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Descrever o perfil hemodin&#226;mico, a qualidade de vida e a capacidade f&#237;sica de
						pacientes com HP dos grupos I e IV e estudar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre esses
						desfechos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal em que foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com HP dos grupos
						cl&#237;nicos I e IV e classes funcionais II e III, submetidos a avalia&#231;&#245;es
						hemodin&#226;mica (cateterismo), de toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e de qualidade de
						vida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram avaliados 20 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 46,8&#177;14,3 anos. Eles
						apresentaram press&#227;o de encunhamento arterial pulmonar de 10,5&#177;3,7
						mmHg, dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (DTC6M) de
						463&#177;78 m, consumo de oxig&#234;nio no pico do exerc&#237;cio de 12,9&#177;4,3
						mLO2.kg-1.min-1 e dom&#237;nios de qualidade de vida com escores &lt; 60%. Houve
						associa&#231;&#227;o entre &#237;ndice card&#237;aco (IC) e equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de CO2
						(r=-0,59; p&lt;0,01), IC e equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de oxig&#234;nio (r=-0,49;
						p&lt;0,05), press&#227;o atrial direita (PAD) e dom&#237;nio 'estado geral de sa&#250;de'
						(r=-0,61; p&lt;0,01), PAD e DTC6M (r=-0,49; p&lt;0,05), resist&#234;ncia vascular
						pulmonar (RVP) e dom&#237;nio 'capacidade funcional' (r=-0,56; p&lt;0,01), RVP e
						DTC6M (r=-0,49, p&lt;0,05) e &#237;ndice de RVP e capacidade f&#237;sica (r=-0,51;
						p&lt;0,01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Pacientes com HP dos grupos I e IV e classes funcionais II e III apresentam
						redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade f&#237;sica e dos componentes f&#237;sico e mental de qualidade
						de vida. As vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas IC, press&#227;o arterial pulmonar
						diast&#243;lica, PAD, RVP e &#237;ndice de RVP associam-se com a toler&#226;ncia ao
						exerc&#237;cio e dom&#237;nios da qualidade de vida.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Cardiopulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Qualidade de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemodin&#226;mica / fisiopatologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>No acompanhamento de pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP), diversos aspectos
					s&#227;o norteadores de decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas e determinantes do progn&#243;stico,
					incluindo evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita, progress&#227;o de
					sinais e sintomas, ocorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope, mudan&#231;as na classe funcional, na
					capacidade f&#237;sica e na qualidade de vida (QV), achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e
					altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas na HP s&#227;o motivo de grande interesse cl&#237;nico e
					investigativo, sendo utilizadas como marcadores da evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a na
					vig&#234;ncia de determinado tratamento ou conduta espec&#237;fica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, foi demonstrado que a
					capacidade f&#237;sica &#233; um dos fatores determinantes da QV de pacientes com HP. Por
					sofrer influ&#234;ncia de v&#225;rios aspectos relacionados &#224; doen&#231;a, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV
					tamb&#233;m tem sido recomendada para o acompanhamento de pacientes com HP. Al&#233;m de
					ser considerada um dos desfechos mais importantes para avalia&#231;&#227;o do impacto da
					terapia farmacol&#243;gica, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV retrata a autopercep&#231;&#227;o quanto ao
					tratamento, avaliada no contexto sociocultural, considerando os objetivos,
					expectativas e comportamentos individuais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>Uma vez que poucos estudos avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a capacidade f&#237;sica e a
					QV de pacientes com HP e que o quadro cl&#237;nico desses pacientes pode variar de
					acordo com a etiologia e a gravidade da doen&#231;a, o presente estudo justificou-se
					pela necessidade de aprofundar o conhecimento sobre esses aspectos em grupos e
					classes funcionais espec&#237;ficos. Dessa forma evitou-se a influ&#234;ncia de outras
					doen&#231;as que provocam HP e a interfer&#234;ncia dos extremos das classes funcionais na
					capacidade f&#237;sica e na QV. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as
					associa&#231;&#245;es entre hemodin&#226;mica, capacidade f&#237;sica e QV de pacientes com HP dos
					grupos cl&#237;nicos I e IV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e classes
					funcionais II e III (OMS/HP), acompanhados em um ambulat&#243;rio de refer&#234;ncia no
					estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do Estudo e Amostra</title>
          <p>Estudo observacional do tipo transversal, incluindo uma amostra de
						conveni&#234;ncia de pacientes recrutados no ambulat&#243;rio de Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar
						do Servi&#231;o de Pneumologia do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho,
						de acordo com os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: pacientes com diagn&#243;stico
						de HP, sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular e/ou pulmonar concomitante (pertencentes
						aos grupos I ou IV)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, apresentando
						classe funcional II ou III (OMS/HP), com estabilidade cl&#237;nica e
						hemodin&#226;mica. Al&#233;m disso, esses pacientes deveriam estar em tratamento
						farmacol&#243;gico para HP (espec&#237;fico ou n&#227;o) por pelo menos tr&#234;s meses
						consecutivos com o mesmo f&#225;rmaco e ter 17 ou mais anos de idade.</p>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: pacientes com hist&#243;rico de angina inst&#225;vel e
						infarto mioc&#225;rdico no m&#234;s anterior &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o; les&#227;o musculoesquel&#233;tica que
						limitasse a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos testes de avalia&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica; comorbidades que
						pudessem provocar dispneia durante o esfor&#231;o; angina est&#225;vel, arritmias
						graves ou fal&#234;ncia aguda do ventr&#237;culo direito com altera&#231;&#227;o das seguintes
						vari&#225;veis em repouso: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) &#8805; 120 bpm, press&#227;o
						arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) &#8805; 180 mmHg; press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica
						(PADiast) &#8805; 110 mmHg.</p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CEP) do
						Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF) da Universidade
						Federal do Rio de Janeiro, sob o n&#250;mero 033/2011. Todos os participantes
						assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido (TCLE) antes do
						in&#237;cio de sua participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolos e Medidas</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao cateterismo card&#237;aco direito no Setor
						de Hemodin&#226;mica do HUCFF. Os dados obtidos foram: press&#227;o arterial pulmonar
						sist&#243;lica (PAPs), press&#227;o arterial pulmonar diast&#243;lica (PAPd), press&#227;o
						atrial direita (PAD), &#237;ndice card&#237;aco (IC), d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (DC),
						resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar (RVP), &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar
						(IRVP), press&#227;o arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia (PAPm). A press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica
						foi aferida de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Brasileira de
							Cardiologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
          <p>O teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6M) foi realizado no Servi&#231;o de
						Fisioterapia do HUCFF, com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, FC, escala
						modificada de BORG e satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio (SpO<sub>2</sub>), em um corredor
						de 50 m, plano, com dist&#226;ncias demarcadas metro a metro, seguindo as
						recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Thoracic Society</italic>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Os dados coletados previamente,
						referentes a idade, sexo, altura e peso, foram utilizados para c&#225;lculo do
						valor previsto da dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Foram realizados no m&#237;nimo dois testes,
						respeitando-se um per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de 30 minutos entre eles, at&#233; o retorno &#224;s
						medidas basais de repouso, sendo considerado para an&#225;lise o melhor resultado
						do exame<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Os dados utilizados
						foram: dist&#226;ncia percorrida, SpO<sub>2</sub> em repouso e aos 6 minutos,
						dessatura&#231;&#227;o durante o teste, FC, press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica sist&#243;lica e
						diast&#243;lica em repouso e aos 6 minutos e n&#237;vel de dispneia em repouso e aos 6
						minutos.</p>
          <p>O teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar (ergoespirometria) foi realizado no
						Laborat&#243;rio de Ergoespirometria e Cineantropometria (LErC) da Escola de
						Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Desporto da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, em
						esteira rolante (ECAFIX EG700.2 - Brasil), com utiliza&#231;&#227;o do protocolo de
						Naugthon e an&#225;lise dos gases expirados por meio do equipamento VO2000
						(Inbrasport Ltda, RS, Brasil). Foram considerados os seguintes crit&#233;rios
						para interrup&#231;&#227;o do teste: dor tor&#225;cica importante; palidez e sudorese fria;
						desorienta&#231;&#227;o e perda da coordena&#231;&#227;o; tonturas e pr&#233;&#8209;lipotimia; dispneia
						intoler&#225;vel; cianose; depress&#227;o significante do segmento ST; invers&#227;o de
						ondas T e surgimento de onda Q; ectopia ventricular progressiva e
						multiforme; aparecimento de onda R sobre onda T; salvas de tr&#234;s ou mais
						extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares; taquicardia parox&#237;stica ventricular; bloqueio
						atrioventricular de segundo ou terceiro grau; PAS&#160;&gt;&#160;250&#160;mmHg; PADiast
						&gt; 120 mmHg; padr&#227;o de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; insufici&#234;ncia
						cronotr&#243;pica intensa; taquicardia supraventricular sustentada;
							SpO<sub>2</sub>&#160;&lt;&#160;80%; claudica&#231;&#227;o sintom&#225;tica; e solicita&#231;&#227;o do
							paciente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Para interpreta&#231;&#227;o
						dos resultados foram utilizadas as equa&#231;&#245;es para preditos brasileiros
						descritas por Neder e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Os
						dados avaliados foram: pico de consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub> pico),
						pico de FC e press&#227;o arterial durante o teste, pulso de oxig&#234;nio
							(VO<sub>2</sub> pico/FC), ventila&#231;&#227;o-minuto (VE), reserva ventilat&#243;ria
						(RV), reserva da FC (RFC), equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de g&#225;s carb&#244;nico
							(VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>), equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de oxig&#234;nio
							(VE/VO<sub>2</sub>) e coeficiente respirat&#243;rio (RER).</p>
          <p>A QV foi avaliada por meio do Question&#225;rio de Qualidade de Vida Relacionada &#224;
						Sa&#250;de Short-Form 36 (SF-36)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,
						composto por 36 itens que avaliam oito dom&#237;nios (capacidade funcional,
						aspectos f&#237;sicos, dor, estado geral de sa&#250;de, vitalidade, aspectos sociais,
						aspectos emocionais e sa&#250;de mental) e dois componentes (f&#237;sico e mental). Os
						resultados de cada item variam de 0 a 100, sendo 0 equivalente ao maior
						comprometimento e 100, a nenhum comprometimento. Os&#160;sujeitos da pesquisa
						receberam as devidas instru&#231;&#245;es pelo entrevistador, respondendo &#224;s 11
						quest&#245;es relacionadas aos oito diferentes dom&#237;nios de QV, pontuando-os de
						acordo com a escala definida em cada quest&#227;o. As medidas dos escores e a
						an&#225;lise dos resultados foram estritamente seguidas de acordo com as
						Diretrizes de Pontua&#231;&#227;o do Question&#225;rio SF-36 e C&#225;lculo dos escores para o
						Question&#225;rio SF-36<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. O&#160;question&#225;rio
						foi aplicado aos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo no mesmo dia e precedendo a
						realiza&#231;&#227;o do TC6M.</p>
          <p>A coleta de dados foi realizada em dois dias n&#227;o consecutivos, no prazo
						m&#225;ximo de duas semanas. No primeiro dia, foi realizada anamnese e
						apresentado o TCLE, aplicado o question&#225;rio de QV SF-36 e realizado o TC6M.
						A&#160;ergoespirometria foi realizada no segundo dia de avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando-se o programa <italic>Sigmastat
							3.1</italic> (<italic>SYSTAT Software Inc., Point Richmond, CA,
							EUA</italic>). A distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis foi analisada por meio do
						teste de Shapiro-Wilk e os resultados foram apresentados por m&#233;dia e desvio
						padr&#227;o ou mediana e m&#225;ximo-m&#237;nimo. As medidas de associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis
						foram analisadas por meio dos testes de correla&#231;&#227;o de
							<italic>Spearman</italic> ou <italic>Pearson</italic>. As correla&#231;&#245;es
						foram consideradas significativas quando p&lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram avaliados 20 pacientes (13 mulheres) apresentando m&#233;dia de idade de 46,8
					&#177; 14,3 anos, estatura m&#233;dia de 162 &#177; 69 cm, peso m&#233;dio de 73,4 &#177;
					15,0 kg e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) m&#233;dio de 27,7 &#177; 5,2
						kg/m<sup>2</sup>. A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica da amostra est&#225; demonstrada
					na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Hemodynamic characterization</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas hemodin&#226;micas</th>
                <th>M&#233;dia (DP)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td> PAPm (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">51 &#177; 9,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> PAPs (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">82,4 &#177; 19,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> PAPd (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">30,5 &#177; 7,44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">10,1 &#177; 5,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> DC (L/min)</td>
                <td align="center">4,1 &#177; 1,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> RVP (dyn,s/cm5)</td>
                <td align="center">839,9 &#177; 327,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> PCAP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">10,5 &#177; 3,72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> IC (l/min/m2)</td>
                <td align="center">2,31 &#177; 0,52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> IRVP (dyn,s/cm<sup>5</sup>,m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1568,2 &#177; 639,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> FC repouso (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">76,6 &#177; 12,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">115 &#177; 17,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> PADiast (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">75,7 &#177; 9,21</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; PAPm: press&#227;o arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia; PAPs:
								press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica; PAPd: press&#227;o arterial pulmonar
								diast&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o atrial direita; DC: d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. RVP:
								resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar; PCAP: press&#227;o capilar da art&#233;ria
								pulmonar; IC: &#237;ndice card&#237;aco; IRVP: &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia vascular
								pulmonar; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica
								sist&#243;lica em repouso; PADiast: press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica diast&#243;lica
								em repouso.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os pacientes que estavam em tratamento com medicamento espec&#237;fico para HP por
					pelo menos tr&#234;s meses corresponderam a 55% da amostra (11 pacientes), dos quais
					35% (6 pacientes) utilizavam Sildenafila (inibidor da fosfodiesterase tipo 5) e
					25% (5 pacientes) utilizavam Bosentana (antagonista do receptor da endotelina).
					Quanto &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional (OMS/HP), 80% dos pacientes pertenciam &#224; classe
					II (6M/11F) e 20% &#224; classe III (2M/2F). Considerando a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica,
					65% pertenciam ao grupo I (3M/10F) e 35% ao grupo IV (4M/3F).</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta as m&#233;dias dos
					valores obtidos na avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade f&#237;sica, considerando-se a
					ergoespirometria e o TC6M, assim como a m&#233;dia dos valores preditos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade f&#237;sica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia &#177; DP dos valores obtidos</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia &#177; DP dos valores preditos %</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Dist&#226;ncia no TC6M (m)</td>
                <td align="center">463 &#177; 78</td>
                <td align="center">83 &#177; 11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VO<sub>2pico</sub>
										(mLO<sub>2</sub>.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">12,9 &#177; 4,30</td>
                <td align="center">52,7 &#177; 22,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">41,5 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">88,1 &#177; 23,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VE/VO<sub>2</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">43,7 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">80,5 &#177; 34,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VO<sub>2</sub>/FC</td>
                <td align="center">13,8 &#177; 3,6</td>
                <td align="center">77,3 &#177; 17,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RFC (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">43,8 &#177; 26,1</td>
                <td align="center">47,2 &#177; 14,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RV (L)</td>
                <td align="center">54,1 &#177; 25,6</td>
                <td align="center">41,3 &#177; 16,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RER</td>
                <td align="center">1,07 &#177; 0,31</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">148,7 &#177; 15,3</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; TC6M: teste de caminhada dos 6 minutos (predito:
									<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Pereira, 2011</xref>);
									VO<sub>2pico</sub>: pico de consumo de oxig&#234;nio;
									VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>: equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de g&#225;s carb&#244;nico;
									VE/VO<sub>2</sub>: equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de oxig&#234;nio;
									VO<sub>2</sub>/FC: pulso de oxig&#234;nio; RFC: reserva de frequ&#234;ncia
								card&#237;aca; RV: reserva ventilat&#243;ria (predito: Neder, 1999); RER:
								coeficiente respirat&#243;rio; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica sist&#243;lica
								m&#225;xima durante a ergoespirometria;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>n&#227;o h&#225; valores preditos descritos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os escores obtidos na avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV est&#227;o dispostos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Escala dos dom&#237;nios e componentes da Qualidade de Vida (SF-36)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref>
						</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Dom&#237;nios</th>
                <th align="center">Mediana (M&#225;x &#8211; M&#237;n)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Capacidade funcional</td>
                <td align="center">30 (80 &#8211; 5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Limita&#231;&#227;o por aspectos f&#237;sicos</td>
                <td align="center">0 (100 &#8211; 0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dor</td>
                <td align="center">43.5 (100 &#8211; 20)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estado geral de sa&#250;de</td>
                <td align="center">53,5 (95 &#8211; 15)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vitalidade</td>
                <td align="center">45 (75 &#8211; 10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aspectos sociais</td>
                <td align="center">50 (100 -12.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Limita&#231;&#227;o por aspectos emocionais</td>
                <td align="center">0 (100 &#8211; 0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sa&#250;de mental</td>
                <td align="center">48 (100 &#8211; 20)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Componente F&#237;sico</td>
                <td align="center">39,6 (76,2 &#8211; 19,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Componente Mental</td>
                <td align="center">40,7 (78 &#8211; 19,6)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>os dom&#237;nios e componentes s&#227;o avaliados em escala percentual vari&#225;vel
								de 0 a 100.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ao analisar as medidas de capacidade f&#237;sica e as medidas de QV no grupo estudado,
					foram encontradas apenas as associa&#231;&#245;es apresentadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>. As correla&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas,
					as medidas de capacidade f&#237;sica e os dom&#237;nios e componentes da QV est&#227;o
					dispostos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#245;es entre os dom&#237;nios do question&#225;rio de qualidade de vida
							SF-36 e vari&#225;veis funcionais de pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.
							TC6M: dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, VO2pico:
							consumo de oxig&#234;nio no pico de exerc&#237;cio, VE/VCO2: rela&#231;&#227;o volume
							minuto-produ&#231;&#227;o de CO2.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0387-50012-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre hemodin&#226;mica, capacidade f&#237;sica e qualidade de vida
							de pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center">Qualidade de vida</th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center">Capacidade f&#237;sica</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">CF</th>
                <th align="center">CM</th>
                <th align="center">EGS</th>
                <th align="center">TC6M</th>
                <th align="center">VE/VCO<sub>2</sub>
								</th>
                <th align="center">VE/VO<sub>2</sub>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>IC</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
                <td align="center">-0,59<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0,49<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAPd</td>
                <td align="center">-0,06</td>
                <td align="center">-0,54</td>
                <td align="center">-0,26</td>
                <td align="center">-0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD</td>
                <td align="center">-0,33</td>
                <td align="center">-0,16</td>
                <td align="center">-0,61<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0,49<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RVP</td>
                <td align="center">-0,56<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0,30</td>
                <td align="center">-0,12</td>
                <td align="center">-0,49<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,35</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IRVP</td>
                <td align="center">-0,42</td>
                <td align="center">-0,43</td>
                <td align="center">-0,37</td>
                <td align="center">-0,40</td>
                <td align="center">-0,51<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>IC: &#237;ndice card&#237;aco; PAPd: press&#227;o arterial pulmonar diast&#243;lica; PAD:
								press&#227;o atrial direita; RVP: resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar; IRVP:
								&#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar; CF: componente f&#237;sico; CM:
								componente mental; EGS: estado geral de sa&#250;de; TC6M: teste da
								caminhada dos seis minutos; VE/VCO2: equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de g&#225;s
								carb&#244;nico; VE/VO2: equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de oxig&#234;nio. As
								associa&#231;&#245;es foram testadas por meio do teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de
								Pearson ou de Spearman.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p&lt;0,05;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>p&lt;0,01.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O grupo de pacientes com HP estudado apresentou limita&#231;&#227;o da capacidade f&#237;sica,
					evidenciada principalmente pelo reduzido VO<sub>2pico</sub> (52,7% do predito) e
					impacto na QV, tanto no componente f&#237;sico quanto mental (Tabela 3).
					Diferentemente de outros estudos transversais incluindo pacientes com HP, os
					indiv&#237;duos avaliados no presente estudo foram restritos aos grupos diagn&#243;sticos
					I e IV, e &#224;s classes funcionais II e III, evitando influ&#234;ncia de outras doen&#231;as
					que tamb&#233;m provocam HP e a interfer&#234;ncia dos extremos das classes funcionais na
					capacidade f&#237;sica e QV.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Associa&#231;&#245;es com Hemodin&#226;mica</title>
          <p>Taichman e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> n&#227;o encontraram
						nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o entre QV, TC6M e vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas, o que difere
						dos nossos resultados provavelmente por n&#227;o terem avaliado pacientes do
						grupo IV, al&#233;m de terem inclu&#237;do um pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes com classe
						funcional I.</p>
          <p>Em 2008, Zlupko e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> apresentaram
						correla&#231;&#227;o entre a PAD e o componente f&#237;sico (p=0,05; r=0,29) e o valor
						total referido de QV (p=0,01; r=0,36). Associa&#231;&#245;es entre PAD e os dom&#237;nios
						'capacidade f&#237;sica' (p&lt;0,01; r=-0,40), 'limita&#231;&#227;o por aspectos f&#237;sicos'
						(p&lt;0,05; r=-0,27) e 'estado geral de sa&#250;de' (p&lt;0,05; r=-0,29) foram
						observadas por Halank e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Ambos
						os estudos corroboram nossos resultados, ratificando a importante associa&#231;&#227;o
						entre elevada PAD e redu&#231;&#227;o no componente f&#237;sico da QV.</p>
          <p>As associa&#231;&#245;es observadas no nosso estudo entre o TC6M e as vari&#225;veis
						hemodin&#226;micas (PAD e RVP), p&lt;0,05; r=-0,49] aproximam-se dos resultados
						encontrados por Miyamoto e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> em
						pacientes com HP idiop&#225;tica, onde o TC6M correlacionou-se de forma
						significativa com DC, PAD e RVP (p &lt; 0,001), mas n&#227;o apresentou a mesma
						correla&#231;&#227;o com os valores de PAPm.</p>
          <p>Apresentamos novas correla&#231;&#245;es obtidas entre vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas e
						f&#237;sicas, como: IC <italic>versus</italic> V'E/V'CO<sub>2</sub> e
							V'E/V'O<sub>2</sub> (p &lt; 0,01; r = -0,59 e p &lt; 0,05; r = -0,49) e
						IRVP <italic>versus</italic> V'E/V'CO<sub>2</sub> (p &lt; 0,01; r = -0,51),
						indicativos do preju&#237;zo na capacidade f&#237;sica provocado pela HP.</p>
          <p>Tamb&#233;m foi observada a in&#233;dita associa&#231;&#227;o entre a RVP e o componente f&#237;sico
						(p &lt; 0,01; r = -0,56), sugerindo que os pacientes com menores RVP
						apresentam uma melhor QV no aspecto f&#237;sico. Esse achado pode justificar o
						uso da terapia vasodilatadora para melhora sintom&#225;tica dos pacientes com
						HP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Capacidade f&#237;sica</title>
          <p>Dist&#226;ncias percorridas menores que 332 m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> ou 250&#160;m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> e
						dessatura&#231;&#227;o maior do que 10% foram relatadas como indicativas de pior
						progn&#243;stico associado &#224; HP. Valores absolutos acima de 380 m durante tr&#234;s
						meses de tratamento com prostanoides foram correlacionados com maior
							sobrevida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
          <p>Em nosso estudo, os pacientes apresentaram m&#233;dia de dist&#226;ncia percorrida no
						TC6M acima do limiar apontado pela literatura como pior progn&#243;stico (463
						&#177; 78 m).</p>
          <p>Gr&#252;nig e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> obtiveram m&#233;dia de
						440 &#177; 90 m no TC6M durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial de 58 pacientes;
						entretanto, quatro deles pertenciam &#224; classe funcional IV. O grupo estudado
						por Halank e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> apresentou m&#233;dia
						de 343,8 &#177; 114 m, mas tamb&#233;m incluiu quatro pacientes naquela classe
						funcional.</p>
          <p>Cicero e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> avaliaram 34
						pacientes de classe funcional II e III, que apresentaram inicialmente
						mediana de 399 (117-564) m de dist&#226;ncia percorrida; entretanto, n&#227;o havia
						entre seus pacientes indiv&#237;duos classificados no grupo IV.</p>
          <p>Segundo Sun e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, a
						ergoespirometria pode ser realizada com seguran&#231;a nos pacientes com HP, e os
						resultados obtidos por esse m&#233;todo ampliam as possibilidades de an&#225;lise
						progn&#243;stica. O grupo estudado apresentou VO<sub>2pico</sub> &lt; 60% durante
						o exerc&#237;cio, equivalentes ventilat&#243;rios (V'E/V'O<sub>2</sub> e
							V'E/V'CO<sub>2</sub>)&#160;&lt;&#160;55 L/L e par&#226;metros de reserva cardiopulmonar
						(RFC e RV) extremamente vari&#225;veis, sem associa&#231;&#227;o com outras vari&#225;veis
						hemodin&#226;micas ou de QV.</p>
          <p>Cinco pacientes estudados n&#227;o atingiram o limiar anaer&#243;bio e aqueles que o
						fizeram, apresentaram baixos valores de VO<sub>2pico</sub> e
							VO<sub>2pico</sub> /FC, sem significativa altera&#231;&#227;o na oximetria e com
						substancial RV. Dessa forma, classificamos como principal fator da limita&#231;&#227;o
						f&#237;sica do grupo estudado o descondicionamento f&#237;sico (18 pacientes). Dos
						demais pacientes, um apresentou origem cardiog&#234;nica (VO<sub>2pico</sub> /FC
						&lt; 50%) e o outro, origem pulmonar (RV &lt; 11L). Esses resultados sugerem
						que os pacientes de nossa amostra poderiam se beneficiar de um programa de
						condicionamento f&#237;sico para melhorar sua capacidade f&#237;sica.</p>
          <p>Wensel e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> relataram que a
						capacidade f&#237;sica de pacientes com HP diminui em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; gravidade da
						doen&#231;a, e identificaram o VO<sub>2pico</sub> &lt; 10,4 mL
							O<sub>2</sub>.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> e o pico de PAS durante o
						exerc&#237;cio &lt; 120 mmHg como preditores de mau progn&#243;stico na HP.</p>
          <p>Considerando os limites apresentados por Wensel e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> e os resultados de Sun e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, sete pacientes de nosso estudo apresentaram
							VO<sub>2pico</sub> inferior ao valor associado a um pior progn&#243;stico
						(m&#233;dia 12,9 &#177; 4,3 mLO<sub>2</sub>.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>) e
						apenas um paciente apresentou valor de PAS no pico do exerc&#237;cio igual a 120
						mmHg (m&#233;dia 148,7 &#177; 15,3 mmHg).</p>
          <p>Os pacientes estudados por Gr&#252;nig e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> e Halank e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
						tamb&#233;m foram submetidos &#224; ergoespirometria e apresentaram valores m&#233;dios de
							VO<sub>2pico</sub> de 12,5&#177;3,0 e 13,0&#177;4,2
							mLO<sub>2</sub>.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>, respectivamente. N&#227;o
						foram apresentados outros dados que pudessem avaliar o progn&#243;stico, como a
						PAS no pico do exerc&#237;cio, ou dados detalhados da ergoespirometria que
						permitissem identificar o motivo da limita&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica.</p>
          <p>Uma vez que a rela&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> tem sido utilizada como indicador de
						efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria, seu aumento est&#225; associado &#224; piora da dispneia e da
						hemodin&#226;mica pulmonar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Conforme os resultados obtidos, o
						grupo estudado possui m&#233;dia de VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> &gt; 30, indicando maior
						gravidade em doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica como a HP, al&#233;m de apresentar associa&#231;&#227;o com
						vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas (IC e IRVP) e de QV (dom&#237;nio vitalidade).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Qualidade de vida</title>
          <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV, observamos reduzidos valores percebidos pelos pacientes e
						utilizamos um question&#225;rio gen&#233;rico (SF-36) em fun&#231;&#227;o da falta de um
						espec&#237;fico para HP validado na l&#237;ngua portuguesa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
          <p>Zlupko e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> encontraram
						associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o SF-36 e o <italic>Minnesota Living with
							Heart Failure </italic>
						<italic>Questionnaire</italic> (MLHFQ) adaptado para HP (MLHF-HP), apesar
						das considera&#231;&#245;es apresentadas por Rubenfire e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> em revis&#227;o da literatura, que indicou a incapacidade
						dos question&#225;rios n&#227;o espec&#237;ficos em refletir o estado cl&#237;nico ou o
						progn&#243;stico na HP.</p>
          <p>Chen e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> avaliaram a QV aos 6, 12
						e 24 meses de acompanhamento cl&#237;nico, utilizando tr&#234;s question&#225;rios
						distintos: SF 36, <italic>Airways Questionnaire</italic> 20 (AQ 20) e MLHFQ.
						Os autores constataram correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os question&#225;rios (p
						&lt; 0,01) e dos mesmos com classe funcional (p &lt; 0,001), TC6M (p &lt;
						0,002) e escala de Borg (p &lt; 0,001), considerando-os ferramentas
						apropriadas para avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV na HP.</p>
          <p>Em 2013, Twiss e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> identificaram
						crit&#233;rios psicom&#233;tricos adequados entre os dom&#237;nios 'capacidade funcional' e
						'estado geral de sa&#250;de' do SF-36 quando correlacionado a um question&#225;rio
						espec&#237;fico para HP (<italic>Cambridge Pulmonary </italic>
						<italic>Hypertension Outcome Review</italic> - CAMPHOR).</p>
          <p>Os indiv&#237;duos avaliados neste trabalho com melhor desempenho no TC6M foram os
						que obtiveram melhores resultados na avalia&#231;&#227;o do componente f&#237;sico (p =
						0,006; r = 0,58) e no dom&#237;nio 'estado geral de sa&#250;de' do SF-36 (p = 0,011; r
						= 0,552). Al&#233;m disso, os que obtiveram pior avalia&#231;&#227;o do dom&#237;nio 'sa&#250;de
						mental' foram os com VO<sub>2pico</sub> mais baixo (p = 0,035; r = 0,473),
						indicando um poss&#237;vel efeito ps&#237;quico nos pacientes com menor capacidade
						f&#237;sica.</p>
          <p>Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos por Taichman e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, apresentando associa&#231;&#227;o entre TC6M e
						o componente f&#237;sico do SF-36 (p&lt;0,001; r=0,62) e por Halank e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, que relataram que todos os dom&#237;nios
						do question&#225;rio se associaram &#224; dist&#226;ncia percorrida, principalmente o
						'estado geral de sa&#250;de' (p&lt;0,01; r=0,47) e a 'capacidade funcional'
						(p&lt;0,01; r=0,73).</p>
          <p>Nesse &#250;ltimo estudo, com exce&#231;&#227;o do dom&#237;nio 'sa&#250;de mental' (p=0,207), todos
						os demais associaram-se com VO<sub>2pico</sub> (p&lt;0,01), exatamente o
						inverso dos nossos achados, provavelmente devido &#224; diferente caracter&#237;stica
						da amostra, com 80% dos pacientes com classe funcional III e IV.</p>
          <p>Cicero e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> tamb&#233;m identificaram
						associa&#231;&#227;o entre o dom&#237;nio 'capacidade funcional' e a dist&#226;ncia percorrida
						no TC6M na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial (p = 0,01; r = 0,44) de um grupo submetido a
						acompanhamento cl&#237;nico durante 12&#160;meses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es e Limita&#231;&#245;es do Estudo</title>
          <p>Este estudo apresentou algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. N&#227;o foram avaliados os n&#237;veis de
						atividade f&#237;sica da vida di&#225;ria dos pacientes, impedindo a determina&#231;&#227;o de
						quanto a capacidade f&#237;sica influencia nas atividades da vida di&#225;ria ou
						vice-versa. A observa&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis de troca gasosa durante os testes,
						pela an&#225;lise do sangue arterial, tamb&#233;m adicionaria importantes informa&#231;&#245;es
						ao estudo. Apesar da sele&#231;&#227;o criteriosa, a amostra reduzida (20&#160;pacientes) e
						a aus&#234;ncia de um grupo controle tamb&#233;m devem ser consideradas,
						principalmente ao analisarmos resultados muito heterog&#234;neos em algumas
						vari&#225;veis.</p>
          <p>Estudos com maior n&#250;mero de pacientes investigados e mantendo a
						especificidades de cada grupo devem complementar os dados obtidos at&#233; o
						presente, assim como o desenvolvimento e aplica&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos espec&#237;ficos
						para avalia&#231;&#227;o da QV de pacientes com HP, entendendo suas particularidades
						inerentes &#224; doen&#231;a.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Pacientes com HP dos grupos I e IV e classes funcionais II e III apresentam
					redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade f&#237;sica e dos aspectos f&#237;sicos e mentais da QV. As
					vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas IC, PAPd, PAD, RVP e IRVP associam-se com a toler&#226;ncia
					ao exerc&#237;cio e dom&#237;nios da QV.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Diego de Faria Magalh&#227;es
						Torres pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
