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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras.
					Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">6qDnjrhR9YzbdchRyRdRvkn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000500004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050026</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150026</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>4-Second Exercise Test: Reference Values for Ages 18&#8211;81
					Years</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Gil</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Lucia Barros de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franca</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Pl&#237;nio Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio &#8211; CLINIMEX,
					Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de
					Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad - Universidade
					Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de
					Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de
					Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga
					Filho</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho -
					Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ -
					Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de
					Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de de Juiz
					de Fora</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital e Maternidade Therezinha de
					Jesus</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Juiz de Fora</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital e Maternidade Therezinha de Jesus da
					Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de de Juiz de Fora &#8211; SUPREMA, Juiz de
					Fora, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo,</bold> Cl&#237;nica de Medicina
					do Exerc&#237;cio &#8211; CLINIMEX. Rua Siqueira Campos, 93/101, Copacabana. Postal Code
					22071-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil. E-mail:
						<email>cgaraujo@iis.com.br</email>, <email>cgil@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Ara&#250;jo CG, Castro CLB, Jo&#227;o Felipe
						Franca JF, Ramos PS.</p>
          <p>Acquisition of data: Ara&#250;jo CG, Castro CLB, Franca JF.</p>
          <p>Analysis and interpretation of the data: Ara&#250;jo CG, Castro CLB, Franca JF,
						Ramos PS.</p>
          <p>Statistical analysis: Ara&#250;jo CG, Ramos PS.</p>
          <p>Obtaining financing: Ara&#250;jo CG, Castro CLB.</p>
          <p>Writing of the manuscript: Ara&#250;jo CG, Castro CLB, Franca JF, Ramos PS.</p>
          <p>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ara&#250;jo CG,
						Franca JF, Ramos PS.</p>
          <p>Supervision / as the major investigador: Ara&#250;jo CG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>366</fpage>
      <lpage>374</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the
						Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits
						unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any
						medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Physiological reflexes modulated primarily by the vagus nerve allow the heart
						to decelerate and accelerate rapidly after a deep inspiration followed by
						rapid movement of the limbs. This is the physiological and pharmacologically
						validated basis for the 4-s exercise test (4sET) used to assess the vagal
						modulation of cardiac chronotropism.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To present reference data for 4sET in healthy adults.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>After applying strict clinical inclusion/exclusion criteria, 1,605 healthy
						adults (61% men) aged between 18 and 81 years subjected to 4sET were
						evaluated between 1994 and 2014. Using 4sET, the cardiac vagal index (CVI)
						was obtained by calculating the ratio between the duration of two RR
						intervals in the electrocardiogram: 1) after a 4-s rapid and deep breath and
						immediately before pedaling and 2) at the end of a rapid and resistance-free
						4-s pedaling exercise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>CVI varied inversely with age (r = -0.33, p &lt; 0.01), and the intercepts
						and slopes of the linear regressions between CVI and age were similar for
						men and women (p &gt; 0.05). Considering the heteroscedasticity and the
						asymmetry of the distribution of the CVI values according to age, we chose
						to express the reference values in percentiles for eight age groups (years):
						18&#8211;30, 31&#8211;40, 41&#8211;45, 46&#8211;50, 51&#8211;55, 56&#8211;60, 61&#8211;65, and 66+, obtaining
						progressively lower median CVI values ranging from 1.63 to 1.24.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The availability of CVI percentiles for different age groups should promote
						the clinical use of 4sET, which is a simple and safe procedure for the
						evaluation of vagal modulation of cardiac chronotropism.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Exercise Test/drug effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Adult</kwd>
        <kwd>Autonomic Nervous System</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="53"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The existence of vagal modulation of cardiac chronotropism has been known since the
				late 19th century. Studies conducted between 1900 and 1935<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> investigated the mechanisms of this
				modulation at rest and during exercise and were supplemented independently in 1966
				by clinical and physiological tests conducted by Jose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> and Robinson et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> In these
				studies, patients underwent consecutive or concurrent infusion of atropine and
				propranolol, which caused pharmacological denervation and allowed the intrinsic
				heart rate (HR) of each individual to be determined. However, the correlation
				between decreased vagal modulation and higher risk of ventricular fibrillation and
				cardiovascular death<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> stimulated the interest in the assessment
				of cardiac autonomic function. Since then, several strategies and techniques have
				been proposed to assess autonomic function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, particularly of the parasympathetic
				component, although assessment of this function has not become routine in clinical
				practice.</p>
      <p>In 1985, Ara&#250;jo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> showed that fast
				rest-exercise-rest HR transitions were strongly dependent on vagal activity. Later
					studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> found that in the first 4 s of a rapid
				exercise involving large muscle groups, the increase in HR was blocked by atropine
				but not influenced by propranolol and indicated vagal deactivation that is
				predominant at rest as the mechanism involved in this physiological response to
				exercise. These experiments validated the 4-s exercise test (4sET)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> as a simple and non-invasive technique for
				assessing vagal modulation of chronotropism in the rest-exercise transition, and it
				has been routinely applied in clinical practice since then<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. The aim of this study was to present the
				reference values for 4sET &#8203; which were generated over the last 20 years in a large
				sample of healthy adults.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample</title>
        <p>Data from 7,566 individuals evaluated between January 1994 and June 2014 in a
					private clinic specializing in exercise and sports medicine were revised.
					Individuals volunteered for assessment, almost always at the request of their
					doctors. This evaluation included anamnesis, physical examination,
					electrocardiography, resting spirometry, evaluation of aerobic and non-aerobic
					variables of physical ability, a cardiopulmonary exercise test, and 4sET. For
					the present study, only data from 4sET, anamnesis, and physical examination were
					included, with emphasis on the clinical conditions and regular or recent use of
					medications with potential effects on the autonomic nervous system. The
					inclusion criteria were as follows: a) age &#8805;18 years, b) absence of diseases or
					clinical abnormalities and/or regular or recent use of medications affecting the
					cardiopulmonary system and/or capable of interfering with the autonomic nervous
					system, as assessed by anamnesis and physical examination, c) absence of
					obesity, characterized by a body mass index &lt;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, d) normal
					blood pressure and normal HR at rest and/or before performing 4sET, e) not being
					registered as an athlete in any sports federations at the time of evaluation,
					and f) availability of data and history related to the proper execution of 4sET.
					After applying the above criteria, a large sample of 1,605 healthy adults (61.2%
					men) aged between 18 and 81 years was selected. All subjects signed a free and
					informed consent form prior to evaluation, and the retrospective data analysis
					was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Institution.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4-s exercise test</title>
        <p>After monitoring the CM5 or CC5 leads using a conventional electrocardiograph
					until 2001 (model TEC-7100K, Nihon Khoden, Japan) and a digital device since
					then (model Elite PC, Micromed, Brazil), each participant was properly seated on
					a lower-limb cycle ergometer (model Cateye EC-1600, Japan, or Inbrasport CG-04,
					Brazil), with the saddle and handlebar positions adjusted to increase comfort
					and efficiency during pedaling. Feet with adequate shoes were placed on pedals
					containing toe-clip strips for attachment and were positioned so that one foot,
					chosen by the participant, would be placed in a higher position to ensure better
					conditions to begin pedaling.</p>
        <p>After waiting for the HR to return to a level similar to that measured in the
					resting 12-lead ECG performed in the supine position, 4sET was performed. The
					procedure consisted of four steps performed at the verbal command of the
					examiner and followed clearly defined time intervals: 1) a quick maximal
					inspiratory apnea was performed and maintained for 12 s, 2) at the end of the
					4th second of apnea, the participant would pedal as fast as possible for 4 s
					(until the end of the 8th second) without any resistance being added to the
					cycle ergometer (powered off position), 3) at the end of the 8th second, leg
					movements would be interrupted rapidly and completely, with the patient still in
					apnea, and 4) at the end of the 12th second, the patient would exhale and
					breathe freely again. Before the exercise, the evaluator explained the procedure
					and emphasized two points: a) inspiration should be performed as quickly and
					deeply as possible through the mouth and b) the patient should attempt to pedal
					as soon as possible without getting up from the saddle during the 4-s exercise.
					Because the exercise was performed with virtually free pedals and without adding
					resistance (cycle ergometer in the powered off position), pedaling quickly was
					quite simple. At least five pedaling motions (75 rpm or 1.25 Hz) should be
					performed in 4 s so that the physiological response could be determined
					correctly without the influence of higher rates of pedaling on the final result.
					This sequence was repeated until two technically correct exercise cycles had
					been performed and to ensure that the period between each cycle would be
					sufficient for the HR to return to a value similar to or equal to that observed
					before the first cycle, generally less than a minute. To minimize any
					anticipatory responses to the commands, subjects were positioned so they could
					not see the timer on the computer screen.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurement of Cardiac Vagal Index (CVI)</title>
        <p>The 35-s electrocardiographic recording was conducted at 25 mm/s and initiated 5
					s before the examiner&#8217;s first verbal command. The four verbal commands were
					given at 5, 9, 13, and 17 s after the initiation of the ECG recording,
					respectively. The measurement of cardiac vagal index (CVI), a dimensionless
					variable that reflects the loss of vagal tone induced by rapid exercise,
					corresponds to the ratio between the lengths of two RR intervals as follows: a)
					RRB interval: immediately before exercise (or the 1st RR interval of the
					exercise, whichever was longer) and b) RRC interval: the shortest interval
					during exercise, more typically the last.</p>
        <p>To quantify the duration of the RR intervals, the examiner opened the
					electrocardiogram or the computer screen with the electrocardiographic data and
					identified and measured the duration of the RRB and RRC intervals, with a
					resolution of 10 ms, using the electrocardiogram or the resources of the ECG
					recording software, for each 4sET cycle performed. The identification of RRB and
					RRC intervals is generally facilitated by the presence of artifacts in the
					electrocardiographic profile caused by the rapid movement of the legs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). The result with the highest CVI
					among the exercises performed was used for subsequent analysis. In approximately
					95% of the cases, the duration of RR intervals and consequently the CVI was
					identified and measured by only four physicians widely trained in 4sET protocols
					(five other physicians collected the remaining 5% of the data) over the 20-year
					study period.</p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Identification and measurement of the length of the RRB and RRC
							intervals and calculation of CVI (RRB/RRC) in a healthy adult.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0366-50026-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Four approaches were adopted: a) global descriptive analysis of the various data
					obtained, b) analysis of the distribution of CVI data according to age and
					gender, c) analysis of the correlation between the variables and linear
					regressions between CVI and age, and d) establishment of reference values with
					different cutoffs as percentiles for the different age groups. For statistical
					analysis, we considered only the highest CVI result observed in the exercises
					performed by each participant.</p>
        <p>Despite the availability of a relatively large number of cases for each age group
					evaluated and considering the biological aspects of the CVI measurement, with
					the theoretical limitation of a minimum value of 1 and with no limitation on the
					maximum value, distribution asymmetries tend to occur, and these asymmetries
					were assessed using specific tests (Shapiro&#8211;Wilk). Therefore, we opted to use
					non-parametric techniques for the inferential analysis; the Kruskal&#8211;Wallis test
					for the comparisons between medians, the Spearman&#8211;Rank test to evaluate the
					associations, and Fisher&#8217;s exact test or chi-square test to evaluate the
					frequencies, considering a value of 5% as the criterion for statistical
					significance. All statistical analyses were performed using Prism 6.02 software
					(GraphPad, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The adults evaluated were aged between 18 and 81 years, with a median of 42 years
				[5&#8211;95 percentiles (P5&#8211;P95) between 24 and 64 years]. Of these, 983 were men and 622
				were women, and the median height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were 176.3 cm,
				79.2 kg, and 25.36 kg/m<sup>2</sup> for men and 164.0 cm, 60.7 kg, and 22.62
					kg/m<sup>2</sup> for women, respectively. The median resting HR for the entire
				study group was 63 bpm (P5&#8211;P95 between 46 and 83 bpm).</p>
      <p>The CVI results correlated significantly with several variables evaluated in the
				study, such as resting HR (r = &#8722;0.310) and BMI (r = &#8722;0.168) (p &lt; 0.01). Notably,
				the CVI results correlated significantly but discretely with the duration of the RRC
				interval (r = 0.092), moderately with the duration of the RRB interval (r = 0.698),
				and strongly with the difference between the durations of the RRB and RRC intervals
				(r = 0.955).</p>
      <p>For the set of 1,605 healthy adults, CVI varied between 1.03 and 2.82, with a median
				of 1.52 (P5&#8211;P95 between 1.19 and 1.98), and these results showed a tendency to
				significantly decrease with age (r = &#8722;0.333; p &lt; 0.01). Linear regression
				analysis between CVI and age indicated a decrease of 0.0068 [95% CI = &#8722;0.078 to
				&#8722;0.0059] in CVI for each additional year of age, with a standard error of estimate
				of 0.2414 considering an intercept of 1.836 [95% CI= 1.793&#8211;1.878], and only 10% of
				the CVI variability was explained by age (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.10).</p>
      <p>Regression analysis was repeated after classifying the study group by gender. The
				comparison test between the regressions obtained between CVI and age for male and
				female adults indicated no differences in the slope (p = 0.132) and intercept (p =
				0.068). Therefore, for subsequent analysis, the sample was regrouped without any
				distinction for gender.</p>
      <p>Visual inspection of the dispersion and percentile ranges for the CVI and age
				suggested a significant degree of heteroscedasticity in the distribution, with a
				more pronounced variability in CVI among older individuals. Therefore, the study
				group was divided in age groups starting at 18&#8211;25 years and thereafter for every 5
				years until age 66, ending with the age group 71&#8211;75 years, which was the group with
				the lowest number of cases. The descriptive results for each age group were analyzed
				with emphasis on the values &#8203;&#8203;of the main percentiles (P5, P25, P50, P75, and P95),
				considering the abovementioned heteroscedasticity and the slightly asymmetric nature
				of the distribution of the CVI results, particularly among older patients. The
				analysis of the results indicated great similarity between the results of some
				contiguous age groups, which allowed us to group some of these age groups into wider
				ranges, including the groups 18&#8211;30 years and 31&#8211;40 years. To verify whether this new
				approach would generate artifacts or significant errors, the slopes of the linear
				regressions of the CVI values were tested for each age group. It was noted that the
				results included the value zero within the 95% confidence interval, indicating that
				the decreased modulation with age was not significant within that age range. After a
				new classification by age group, the differences between the CVI values &#8203;&#8203;for the
				different age groups were significant (p &lt; 0.01).</p>
      <p>Therefore, a total of eight age groups were used for the presentation of the CVI
				reference values &#8203;&#8203;obtained with 4sET according to age (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Fig. 2</xref>). A detailed presentation of these results with various
				percentiles for the total study group and for each age group is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>, including the traditional parametric
				descriptive values. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref> shows the CVI
				data according to age for all 1,605 adults evaluated.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Main cardiac vagal index results for each one of the nine
						age-groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th align="left">Age group (years)</th>
              <th align="center">18-81</th>
              <th align="center">18-30</th>
              <th align="center">31-40</th>
              <th align="center">41-45</th>
              <th align="center">46-50</th>
              <th align="center">51-55</th>
              <th align="center">56-60</th>
              <th align="center">61-65</th>
              <th align="center">&#8805;66</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Number of individuals</th>
              <th align="center">1605</th>
              <th align="center">282</th>
              <th align="center">449</th>
              <th align="center">260</th>
              <th align="center">239</th>
              <th align="center">128</th>
              <th align="center">110</th>
              <th align="center">76</th>
              <th align="center">61</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Minimum</td>
              <td align="center">1.030</td>
              <td align="center">1.130</td>
              <td align="center">1.110</td>
              <td align="center">1.080</td>
              <td align="center">1.030</td>
              <td align="center">1.160</td>
              <td align="center">1.090</td>
              <td align="center">1.060</td>
              <td align="center">1.050</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">P5</td>
              <td align="center">1.190</td>
              <td align="center">1.210</td>
              <td align="center">1.260</td>
              <td align="center">1.220</td>
              <td align="center">1.190</td>
              <td align="center">1.195</td>
              <td align="center">1.136</td>
              <td align="center">1.124</td>
              <td align="center">1.070</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">P10</td>
              <td align="center">1.240</td>
              <td align="center">1.293</td>
              <td align="center">1.300</td>
              <td align="center">1.270</td>
              <td align="center">1.240</td>
              <td align="center">1.229</td>
              <td align="center">1.191</td>
              <td align="center">1.147</td>
              <td align="center">1.110</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">P25</td>
              <td align="center">1.350</td>
              <td align="center">1.420</td>
              <td align="center">1.420</td>
              <td align="center">1.380</td>
              <td align="center">1.360</td>
              <td align="center">1.320</td>
              <td align="center">1.278</td>
              <td align="center">1.245</td>
              <td align="center">1.170</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">P50 (median)</td>
              <td align="center">1.520</td>
              <td align="center">1.630</td>
              <td align="center">1.580</td>
              <td align="center">1.540</td>
              <td align="center">1.490</td>
              <td align="center">1.440</td>
              <td align="center">1.390</td>
              <td align="center">1.350</td>
              <td align="center">1.240</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">P75</td>
              <td align="center">1.700</td>
              <td align="center">1.810</td>
              <td align="center">1.770</td>
              <td align="center">1.688</td>
              <td align="center">1.670</td>
              <td align="center">1.570</td>
              <td align="center">1.523</td>
              <td align="center">1.470</td>
              <td align="center">1.405</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">P90</td>
              <td align="center">1.888</td>
              <td align="center">1.960</td>
              <td align="center">1.940</td>
              <td align="center">1.839</td>
              <td align="center">1.880</td>
              <td align="center">1.740</td>
              <td align="center">1.708</td>
              <td align="center">1.640</td>
              <td align="center">1.652</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">P95</td>
              <td align="center">1.980</td>
              <td align="center">2.117</td>
              <td align="center">2.075</td>
              <td align="center">1.929</td>
              <td align="center">1.950</td>
              <td align="center">1.890</td>
              <td align="center">1.840</td>
              <td align="center">1.717</td>
              <td align="center">1.788</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Maximum</td>
              <td align="center">2.820</td>
              <td align="center">2.710</td>
              <td align="center">2.480</td>
              <td align="center">2.820</td>
              <td align="center">2.460</td>
              <td align="center">2.210</td>
              <td align="center">2.050</td>
              <td align="center">1.990</td>
              <td align="center">2.150</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Average</td>
              <td align="center">1.545</td>
              <td align="center">1.637</td>
              <td align="center">1.608</td>
              <td align="center">1.547</td>
              <td align="center">1.524</td>
              <td align="center">1.468</td>
              <td align="center">1.416</td>
              <td align="center">1.379</td>
              <td align="center">1.314</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Standard deviation</td>
              <td align="center">0.2556</td>
              <td align="center">0.2804</td>
              <td align="center">0.2484</td>
              <td align="center">0.2298</td>
              <td align="center">0.2389</td>
              <td align="center">0.2033</td>
              <td align="center">0.2013</td>
              <td align="center">0.1884</td>
              <td align="center">0.2308</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>P: percentile.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG tracing (lead CM5) of 4sET with a 35-s duration, allowing
						visualization and identification of post-pedaling vagal rebound (RRF = 1180
						ms) approximately 8 s after the end of the exercise.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0366-50026-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f03">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Reference data of the 4-s exercise test: percentile curves of the cardiac
						vagal index for men and women aged between 18 and 81 years (N =
						1605).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0366-50026-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Considering the frequent use of adjectives in medical jargon, we suggest the
				following standard terms to express CVI results for a given age group, even though
				these terms do not have an objective clinical connotation and use only the tendency
				in the distribution of the results: for CVI values &lt;minimum: extremely decreased,
				CVI between minimum and P5: strongly decreased, CVI between P5 and P10: moderately
				decreased, CVI between P10 and P25: slightly decreased, CVI between P25 and P75 (50%
				of the mid-range cases): within normal limits, CVI between P75 and P90: slightly
				increased, CVI between P90 and P95: moderately increased, CVI between P95 and
				maximum: strongly increased, and CVI &gt;maximum: extremely increased.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Considerations about 4sET</title>
        <p>Since the late 1980s, 4sET has been used in &gt;10,000 individuals using diverse
					clinical conditions and age groups, without any recorded relevant clinical
					complication, demonstrating the safety of the procedure.</p>
        <p>To better reflect the vagal modulation over cardiac chronotropism, 4sET was based
					on well-established physiological mechanisms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>: a) respiratory-heart interaction:
					deep and rapid inspiration stimulates afferent pathways, which act on structures
					in the central nervous system and trigger a rapid increase in vagal activity on
					the sinus node, resulting in an abrupt decrease in HR, which is typically
					observed in a few seconds; b) movement-heart interaction: rapid movement of the
					extremities stimulates afferent pathways that act on the central nervous system,
					triggering a strong and fast (latency period probably &lt;1 s) inhibition of
					acetylcholine release in vagal efferent fibers of the sinus node, thereby
					causing an abrupt increase in HR; c) although the movement of large joints and
					the contraction of skeletal muscles also promotes sympathetic stimulation, this
					response has a latency &gt;4 s before cardiac stimulation can be observed.</p>
        <p>Therefore, although recent data suggest that the vagus is not completely
					inhibited even at maximal effort<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, deep
					and rapid inspiration followed by a 4-s rapid and resistance-free cycling
					activity during 4sET physiologically causes a sudden and significant
					inactivation of the vagus, stimulated by the deep breath that precedes pedaling,
					without sympathetic influence in this short period of evaluation of the HR<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. By quantifying the ratio between the
					lengths of RR intervals immediately before pedaling (RRB, the vagal activation
					point) and at the end of pedaling (RRC, the vagal inactivation point without
					sympathetic influence), the CVI allows isolated study of the vagal
					modulation.</p>
        <p>HR behavior in the first 4 s of the rest-exercise transition has been the subject
					of several studies aimed at standardizing 4sET, including the characteristics of
					the pre-pedal inspiration<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. We observed that the CVI results were
					similar when 4sET was performed with or without the addition of pedal
					resistance, when the legs or arms moved quickly<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, or when performed in a standing position (alternating a
					90-degree flexion and extension of the hip, simulating a race)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Similar CVI results were obtained when
					4sET was performed actively or passively<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> and CVI results were not affected even when a Valsalva exercise
					was performed concurrently with 4sET. Moreover, in addition to their validity,
					the CVI results proved reliable when nine 4sET exercise cycles were performed in
					1 day or in 5 consecutive days, thereby generating intraclass correlation
					coefficients of 0.92 and 0.77, respectively<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
        <p>In addition to the abovementioned primarily methodological studies, several other
					physiological and clinical studies have been published using 4sET both by our
						group<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> and by other groups in Brazil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> and abroad<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. This study will help consolidate 4sET
					as a protocol for assessing cardiac vagal modulation by providing reference
					values &#8203;&#8203;for the Brazilian adult population.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4sET reference values</title>
        <p>It is good scientific practice to publish reference values for evaluation
						protocols<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>. A detailed listing of
					the main methods and their reference values &#8203;&#8203;until 1992 is available in two
					review studies published in the Brazilian Archives of Cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> shows some of the main and/or more recently published
						studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> providing reference values &#8203;&#8203;for HR
					variability and shows that the study groups tended to include approximately 200
					cases (range: 120&#8211;657), which is significantly lower than the 1,605 cases
					evaluated in the present study. Our study group was significantly larger than
					those commonly presented in other related studies for the establishment of
					reference values for 4sET &#8203;&#8203;and was the only study group subjected to strict
					inclusion/exclusion criteria. Therefore, we attempted to reduce the likelihood
					that latent clinical abnormalities which may affect results were present,
					thereby stimulating the inclusion of healthy individuals in the study group.
					More importantly, all data were collected over the 20-year period by a small
					number of physicians at a single laboratory.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Selection of eight studies with reference values for autonomic
							tests</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Authors(Year of publication)</th>
                <th align="center">Autonomic evaluation</th>
                <th align="center">Sample</th>
                <th align="center">Age group</th>
                <th align="center">Clinical Condition</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ziegler et al.<sup>50</sup> (1992)</td>
                <td align="center">HRV</td>
                <td align="center">120</td>
                <td align="center">15-67 years</td>
                <td align="center">Healthy</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Umetani et al.<sup>49</sup> (1998)</td>
                <td align="center">HRV 24 h</td>
                <td align="center">260 (112 M)</td>
                <td align="center">10-99 years</td>
                <td align="center">Healthy</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fagard<sup>47</sup> (2001)</td>
                <td align="center">HRV</td>
                <td align="center">614</td>
                <td align="center">25-89 years</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bonnemeier et al.<sup>45</sup> (2003)</td>
                <td align="center">HRV 24 h</td>
                <td align="center">166 (85 M)</td>
                <td align="center">20-70 years</td>
                <td align="center">Healthy</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Zulfiqar et al.<sup>51</sup> (2010)</td>
                <td align="center">HRV</td>
                <td align="center">344</td>
                <td align="center">10-99 years</td>
                <td align="center">Healthy</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Abhishekh et al.<sup>44</sup> (2013)</td>
                <td align="center">HRV</td>
                <td align="center">189 (114 M)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">Healthy</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">De Couck et al.<sup>46</sup> (2013)</td>
                <td align="center">HRV</td>
                <td align="center">657</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">Cancer (five types)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Farmer et al.<sup>48</sup> (2014)</td>
                <td align="center">HRV</td>
                <td align="center">200</td>
                <td align="center">18-59 years</td>
                <td align="center">Healthy</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>HRV: heart rate variability; M: male.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The results of the present study corroborate results from previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>, indicating that cardiac vagal
					modulation tends to decrease with age, at least until the 8th decade of life.
					However, while vagal modulation tends to be negatively influenced by age, this
					correlation was not mathematically strong, as evidenced by the low coefficient
					of explanation (r<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>), indicating the large
					variability among individuals of the same age or age group. In this respect,
					Zulfiqar et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> found an apparent
					reversal of the decreased modulation of vagal function with age in the analysis
					of HR variability starting at the age of 80 years and suggested that this could
					be related to longevity in this age group. Our study group was limited to
					individuals aged 81 years and therefore did not allow the analysis of this
					phenomenon. The study results add to the body of knowledge in this subject and
					indicate that the decreased vagal modulation in adults is very gradual and only
					seems to start from the age of 30.</p>
        <p>Analysis of the CVI results indicate that decreased vagal modulation with age was
					similar among men and women, as found by some other authors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> but not by others<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>. At present, it is not possible to
					explain whether these agreements or disagreements are due to sampling issues or
					distinct methods of autonomic assessment; however, at least for those who would
					clinically use 4sET, there is no need to include the gender variable when
					interpreting the results.</p>
        <p>The option of expressing vagal modulation during 4sET as CVI, i.e., as the ratio
					between the length of RR intervals, as performed in other autonomic tests,
					including expiration/inspiration, Valsalva, and orthostatism (rather than
					calculating the difference between the two intervals), did not influence the
					results, considering that the correlation between these two measures was
					extremely high (r = 0.955; p &lt; 0.01).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The large sample size and the care taken to characterize the participants as
					healthy and to ensure they were not using any medications that could affect the
					results are considered positive factors. On the other hand, the distinct
					demographic characteristics of the study group need to be addressed. Although
					athletes associated in various sports were purposely excluded, it was not
					feasible to precisely control the pattern of exercise and/or sports
					participation during the evaluation, and considerable variability was observed
					in this regard in the study group. However, this issue may not be so important,
					as suggested by the results from a previous study involving 4sET<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, which indicated very small differences
					and significant overlap between the distribution of CVI results for elite
					competitive athletes and young non-athletes. Another potential limitation of the
					study relates to the demographic characteristics of the study group,
					particularly the socio-cultural and ethnic profiles, which were typical of a
					population receiving care in a private clinic. These aspects should be
					considered when reference values are applied to populations with characteristics
					distinct from those of the present study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Implications</title>
        <p>Recent data from the literature suggest that the assessment of cardiac vagal
					modulation has important clinical potential not only in terms of longevity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> but also for understanding the
					pathophysiology of several diseases in other medical areas other than
						cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>, including
						gastroenterology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> and clinical
						oncology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref>. For example, Belgian
						researchers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref> recently found that the
					prognosis of patients diagnosed with cancer at late clinical stages depended on
					vagal modulation, and prognosis was better among those with high levels of the
					vagal component of HR variability. Therefore, these authors proposed that this
					type of autonomic evaluation should be included in the clinical management of
					patients with different types of cancer. This creates an interesting perspective
					for professionals involved with exercise testing and/or evaluation of autonomic
					activity.</p>
        <p>In summary, the present study provides reference values &#8203;&#8203;for the statistical
					interpretation of the CVI results, as assessed using 4sET in non-athletic men
					and women aged between 18 and 81 years. Considering the simplicity and safety of
					4sET and the increasing clinical relevance of assessing vagal modulation over
					cardiac chronotropism not only for cardiovascular diseases but also for several
					other prevalent diseases, the availability of such data could facilitate the
					incorporation of 4sET in the clinical setting.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CNPq and FAPERJ</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Teste de Exerc&#237;cio de 4 Segundos: Valores de Refer&#234;ncia dos 18 aos 81
					Anos de Idade</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Gil</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Lucia Barros de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franca</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Pl&#237;nio Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio &#8211; CLINIMEX,
					Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de
					Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad - Universidade
					Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de
					Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de
					Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga
					Filho</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho -
					Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ -
					Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de
					Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de de Juiz
					de Fora</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital e Maternidade Therezinha de
					Jesus</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Juiz de Fora</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital e Maternidade Therezinha de Jesus da
					Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de de Juiz de Fora &#8211; SUPREMA, Juiz de
					Fora, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo,</bold> Cl&#237;nica de Medicina
					do Exerc&#237;cio &#8211; CLINIMEX. Rua Siqueira Campos, 93/101, Copacabana. CEP 22071-030,
					Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>cgaraujo@iis.com.br</email>,
						<email>cgil@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Ara&#250;jo CG, Castro CLB, Jo&#227;o Felipe Franca
						JF, Ramos PS. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Ara&#250;jo CG, Castro CLB, Franca JF. An&#225;lise e
						interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Ara&#250;jo CG, Castro CLB, Franca JF, Ramos PS. An&#225;lise
						estat&#237;stica: Ara&#250;jo CG, Ramos PS. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Ara&#250;jo CG,
						Castro CLB. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Ara&#250;jo CG, Castro CLB, Franca JF, Ramos
						PS. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:
						Ara&#250;jo CG, Franca JF, Ramos PS. Supervis&#227;o / como investigador principal:
						Ara&#250;jo CG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Reflexos fisiol&#243;gicos modulados primariamente pelo vago permitem que a
						frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diminua e aumente rapidamente, ap&#243;s uma inspira&#231;&#227;o
						profunda seguida da movimenta&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida dos membros. Essa &#233; a base
						fisiol&#243;gica e farmacologicamente validada do teste de exerc&#237;cio de 4
						segundos (T4s) para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal sobre o cronotropismo
						card&#237;aco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Apresentar os dados de refer&#234;ncia do T4s em adultos saud&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s aplica&#231;&#227;o de r&#237;gidos crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos de inclus&#227;o/exclus&#227;o foram
						estudados 1.605 adultos saud&#225;veis (61% homens), entre 18 e 81 anos de idade,
						submetidos ao T4s, entre 1994 e 2014. No T4s, o &#205;ndice Vagal Card&#237;aco (IVC)
						foi obtido pela raz&#227;o entre as dura&#231;&#245;es de dois intervalos RR no tra&#231;ado
						eletrocardiogr&#225;fico: 1) ap&#243;s 4 segundos de inspira&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida e profunda e
						imediatamente antes da pedalada; e 2) ao final da pedalada livre e r&#225;pida de
						4 segundos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>IVC varia inversamente com a idade (r = - 0,33; p &lt; 0,01) e os interceptos
						e as inclina&#231;&#245;es das regress&#245;es lineares entre IVC e idade s&#227;o similares
						para homens e mulheres (p &gt; 0,05). Considerando a heterocedasticidade e a
						assimetria da distribui&#231;&#227;o de IVC em fun&#231;&#227;o da idade, optou-se por expressar
						os valores de refer&#234;ncia em percentis para oito faixas et&#225;rias (anos):
						18-30, 31-40, 41-45, 46-50, 51-55, 56-60, 61-65 e 66+, obtendo-se medianas
						de IVC progressivamente menores de 1,63 a 1,24.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o dos percentis de IVC por diferentes faixas et&#225;rias dever&#225;
						facilitar a maior utiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do T4s, um procedimento simples e
						seguro, para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal do cronotropismo card&#237;aco.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Teste de Esfor&#231;o/efeitos de drogas</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Adulto</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A exist&#234;ncia da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal sobre o cronotropismo card&#237;aco &#233; conhecida desde
					o final do s&#233;culo XIX. Pesquisas realizadas entre 1900 e 1935<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> estudaram os mecanismos dessa modula&#231;&#227;o
					em repouso e no exerc&#237;cio e foram complementadas, posterior e independentemente
					em 1966, pelos ensaios cl&#237;nico-fisiol&#243;gicos de Jose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> e de Robinson e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, Nestes, realizava-se infus&#227;o venosa consecutiva ou concomitante
					de atropina e propranolol, provocando denerva&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica e obtendo-se,
					assim, a Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (FC) intr&#237;nseca do indiv&#237;duo. Todavia, foi somente
					quando a redu&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal se associou a riscos maiores de fibrila&#231;&#227;o
					ventricular e de morte cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> que um maior interesse sobre a
					avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca foi retomado. Desde ent&#227;o, v&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias ou
					t&#233;cnicas foram propostas para a avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, especialmente do componente
					parassimp&#225;tico, sem que, contudo, sua aplica&#231;&#227;o tenha se tornado rotina na
					pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>Em 1985, Ara&#250;jo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> mostrou que os
					transientes r&#225;pidos repouso-exerc&#237;cio-repouso da FC eram fortemente dependentes
					da atua&#231;&#227;o vagal. Estudos posteriores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> identificaram que, nos primeiros
					quatro segundos de um exerc&#237;cio s&#250;bito envolvendo grandes grupos musculares, o
					incremento da FC era abolido pela atropina e n&#227;o influenciado pelo propranolol,
					caracterizando a desativa&#231;&#227;o do vago predominante em repouso, como o mecanismo
					dessa resposta fisiol&#243;gica ao exerc&#237;cio. Esses experimentos validaram o teste de
					exerc&#237;cio de 4 segundos (T4s)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> como uma t&#233;cnica simples e n&#227;o
					invasiva de avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal sobre o cronotropismo na transi&#231;&#227;o
					repouso-exerc&#237;cio, que, desde ent&#227;o, vem sendo rotineiramente aplicado em nossa
					atividade cl&#237;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. O objetivo do presente artigo &#233;
					apresentar os valores de refer&#234;ncia do teste de exerc&#237;cio de 4 segundos (T4s),
					gerados ao longo dos &#250;ltimos 20 anos, em uma ampla amostra de adultos
					saud&#225;veis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Amostra</title>
          <p>Foram revisados os dados de 7.566 indiv&#237;duos avaliados entre janeiro de 1994
						e junho de 2014, em uma cl&#237;nica privada especializada em Medicina do
						Exerc&#237;cio e do Esporte. Os indiv&#237;duos se apresentaram voluntariamente para
						as avalia&#231;&#245;es, quase sempre a pedido dos seus m&#233;dicos assistentes. Essa
						avalia&#231;&#227;o incluiu anamnese, exame f&#237;sico, eletrocardiograma e espirometria
						de repouso, avalia&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis aer&#243;bicas e n&#227;o aer&#243;bicas da aptid&#227;o
						f&#237;sica, teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio e o T4s. Para o presente estudo
						somente foram considerados os dados do T4s e da anamnese e exame f&#237;sico, com
						&#234;nfase em condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e uso regular ou recente de medica&#231;&#245;es com
						poss&#237;vel a&#231;&#227;o sobre o sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o
						foram: a) ter idade igual ou superior a 18 anos; b) aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as ou
						anormalidades cl&#237;nicas e/ou uso regular ou recente de medica&#231;&#245;es de a&#231;&#227;o
						cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e/ou capazes de interferir com o sistema nervoso
						aut&#244;nomo, conforme anamnese e exame f&#237;sico; c) aus&#234;ncia de obesidade,
						caracterizado por um &#237;ndice de massa corporal inferior a 30
						kg/m<sup>2</sup>; d) valores normais de press&#227;o arterial e de FC em repouso
						e/ou antes de realizar o T4s; e) n&#227;o estar inscrito como atleta em
						federa&#231;&#245;es de qualquer modalidade desportiva no momento da avalia&#231;&#227;o; e f)
						disponibilidade dos dados e de anota&#231;&#227;o sobre uma execu&#231;&#227;o adequada do T4s.
						Ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios acima, foi poss&#237;vel selecionar uma ampla
						amostra de 1.605 adultos saud&#225;veis (61,2% homens), com idade entre 18 e 81
						anos. Todos os indiv&#237;duos assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e
						esclarecido antes da avalia&#231;&#227;o e a an&#225;lise retrospectiva dos dados foi
						aprovada por um Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa institucional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste de exerc&#237;cio de 4 segundos</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a monitora&#231;&#227;o de uma deriva&#231;&#227;o &#8211; CM5 ou CC5 &#8211; em eletrocardi&#243;grafo
						convencional at&#233; 2001 (TEC-7100K, Nihon Khoden, Jap&#227;o) e digital desde ent&#227;o
						(Elite PC Micromed, Brasil), o indiv&#237;duo era devidamente sentado no
						cicloerg&#244;metro de membros inferiores (Cateye EC-1600, Jap&#227;o ou Inbrasport
						CG-04, Brasil) e as posi&#231;&#245;es do selim e do guidom eram ajustadas visando
						conforto e melhor efici&#234;ncia no ato de pedalar. Os p&#233;s, devidamente
						cal&#231;ados, eram colocados em pedais com pedaleiras (tiras para fixa&#231;&#227;o) e
						posicionados de modo que um dos p&#233;s, &#224; escolha do indiv&#237;duo, ficasse na
						posi&#231;&#227;o alta e em condi&#231;&#245;es mais adequadas para iniciar a pedalada.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s aguardar o suficiente para que a FC retornasse ao n&#237;vel pr&#243;ximo &#224;quele
						medido no ECG de repouso de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es realizado na posi&#231;&#227;o supina,
						passava-se &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o do T4s. A manobra consiste em quatro etapas
						executadas ao comando verbal do avaliador que seguem intervalos temporais
						claramente definidos: 1) realizar uma r&#225;pida apneia inspirat&#243;ria m&#225;xima, a
						qual ser&#225; mantida por 12 segundos; 2) ao final do 4&#186; segundo de apneia,
						pedalar o mais r&#225;pido poss&#237;vel por 4 segundos (at&#233; o final do 8&#186; segundo)
						sem qualquer resist&#234;ncia adicionada ao cicloerg&#244;metro (posi&#231;&#227;o desligada da
						energia); 3) ao final do 8&#186; segundo, interromper, de forma r&#225;pida e
						completa, o movimento das pernas e permanecer em apneia; e 4) ao final do
						12&#186; segundo, expirar e voltar a respirar livremente. Antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o, o
						avaliador explicava a manobra e enfatizava dois aspectos: a) que a
						inspira&#231;&#227;o seja feita o mais r&#225;pida e profundamente poss&#237;vel pela boca; e b)
						tentar pedalar o mais rapidamente poss&#237;vel, sem se levantar do selim,
						durante os 4 segundos de exerc&#237;cio. Como a manobra &#233; realizada com os pedais
						praticamente livres e sem a adi&#231;&#227;o de resist&#234;ncia (cicloerg&#244;metro na posi&#231;&#227;o
						desligada da energia), &#233; bastante simples a a&#231;&#227;o de pedalar r&#225;pido. Pelo
						menos cinco pedaladas (75 rpm ou 1,25 Hz) devem ser executadas no per&#237;odo de
						4 segundos para que a resposta fisiol&#243;gica seja corretamente observada, sem
						que taxas maiores de pedalada pare&#231;am influenciar significativamente o
						resultado final. Essa sequ&#234;ncia era repetida at&#233; que duas manobras
						tecnicamente corretas tivessem sido realizadas, observando-se um intervalo
						de tempo entre as manobras, suficiente para que a FC retornasse a um valor
						pr&#243;ximo ou igual ao existente antes da primeira manobra, em geral menos de
						um minuto. Para minimizar eventuais respostas antecipat&#243;rias aos comandos,
						os indiv&#237;duos eram posicionados de modo a n&#227;o poder visualizar o cron&#244;metro
						na tela do computador.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medida do &#205;ndice Vagal Card&#237;aco (IVC)</title>
          <p>O registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico a 25 mm/s e com 35 segundos de dura&#231;&#227;o era
						iniciado cinco segundos antes do primeiro comando verbal do avaliador.
						Assim, os quatro comandos verbais eram feitos com, respectivamente, 5, 9, 13
						e 17 segundos, ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do registro de ECG. A mensura&#231;&#227;o do &#205;ndice
						Vagal Card&#237;aco (IVC), uma vari&#225;vel adimensional que reflete a retirada do
						t&#244;nus vagal induzida pelo exerc&#237;cio s&#250;bito, corresponde &#224; raz&#227;o entre as
						dura&#231;&#245;es de dois intervalos RR assim caracterizados e denominados: a) RRB &#8211;
						imediatamente antes do exerc&#237;cio (ou o 1&#186; do exerc&#237;cio, o que for mais
						longo); e b) RRC &#8211; o mais curto durante o exerc&#237;cio, mais tipicamente o
						&#250;ltimo.</p>
          <p>Para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o das dura&#231;&#245;es dos intervalos RR, o m&#233;dico avaliador abria
						o tra&#231;ado em papel ou a tela de registro de ritmo e identificava e media as
						dura&#231;&#245;es dos intervalos RRB e RRC, com uma resolu&#231;&#227;o de 10 ms, utilizando a
						visualiza&#231;&#227;o no tra&#231;ado impresso ou os recursos do software de registro de
						ECG nos tra&#231;ados digitais, para cada uma das manobras de T4s realizadas. A
						identifica&#231;&#227;o de RRB e RRC &#233; habitualmente facilitada pela presen&#231;a de
						artefatos no tra&#231;ado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico provocados pelo movimento r&#225;pido
						das pernas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1</xref>). O resultado com
						maior IVC dentre as manobras realizadas era utilizado para as an&#225;lises
						subsequentes. Em aproximadamente 95% dos casos, as identifica&#231;&#245;es e medidas
						das dura&#231;&#245;es dos intervalos RR e, consequentemente, do IVC foram feitas por
						apenas quatro m&#233;dicos amplamente treinados no protocolo do T4s (outros cinco
						m&#233;dicos colheram os restantes 5% dos dados), ao longo dos vinte anos de
						dura&#231;&#227;o desse estudo.</p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Identifica&#231;&#227;o e medida da dura&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos RRB e RRC e do
								c&#225;lculo do IVC (RRB/RRC) em um adulto saud&#225;vel.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0366-50026-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Foram adotadas quatro abordagens: a) an&#225;lise descritiva global dos diversos
						dados obtidos; b) an&#225;lise da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados de IVC em fun&#231;&#227;o de
						idade e sexo; c) an&#225;lise das associa&#231;&#245;es entre as diversas vari&#225;veis e de
						regress&#245;es lineares entre IVC e idade; e d) estabelecimento dos valores de
						refer&#234;ncia com diversos pontos de cortes em percentis para as diferentes
						faixas et&#225;rias. Para efeito de an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foi considerado apenas o
						maior resultado de IVC observado nas duas manobras realizadas por um dado
						indiv&#237;duo.</p>
          <p>Apesar da disponibilidade de um n&#250;mero de casos relativamente alto para cada
						faixa et&#225;ria estudada e considerando os aspectos biol&#243;gicos da medida do
						IVC, com a limita&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica de um resultado m&#237;nimo de 1, mas sem limita&#231;&#227;o
						no valor m&#225;ximo, h&#225; uma tend&#234;ncia a assimetrias de distribui&#231;&#227;o, o que foi
						confirmado por testes espec&#237;ficos (Shapiro-Wilk). Sendo assim, optou-se pelo
						emprego de t&#233;cnicas n&#227;o param&#233;tricas para as an&#225;lises inferenciais &#8211; nas
						compara&#231;&#245;es entre as medianas, Kruskal-Wallis; nas associa&#231;&#245;es,
						Spearman-Rank &#8211; e nas frequ&#234;ncias o teste exato de Fisher ou qui-quadrado &#8211;,
						arbitrando-se 5% como crit&#233;rio de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Todas as
						an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com o software Prism 6.02 (GraphPad,
						Estados Unidos).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Os adultos avaliados tinham entre 18 e 81 anos de idade &#8211; mediana de 42 anos
					[percentis 5-95 (P5-P95) de 24 a 64 anos], sendo 983 homens e 622 mulheres, com
					medianas de alturas, pesos e &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) de, respectivamente,
					176,3 cm, 79,2 kg e 25,36 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, de 164,0 cm, 60,7 kg e 22,62
						kg/m<sup>2</sup>. A mediana da FC de repouso para o conjunto da amostra foi
					de 63 bpm [P5-P95 = 46 e 83 bpm].</p>
        <p>Os resultados de IVC se correlacionaram significativamente com diversas vari&#225;veis
					medidas no estudo, tais como FC de repouso (r = -0,310) e IMC (r = -0,168) (p
					&lt; 0,01). Vale ainda ressaltar que os resultados do IVC mostraram-se
					associados significativamente, por&#233;m de forma apenas discreta, com a dura&#231;&#227;o do
					RRC (r = 0,092), moderadamente com a dura&#231;&#227;o do RRB (r = 0,698) e de forma muito
					importante com a medida das diferen&#231;as entre as dura&#231;&#245;es de RRB e RRC (r =
					0,955).</p>
        <p>Para o conjunto dos 1.605 adultos saud&#225;veis, observou-se que o IVC variou entre
					1,03 e 2,82, com uma mediana de 1,52 [P5-P95 = 1,19 e 1,98], com os resultados
					tendendo a diminuir significativamente com a idade (r = -0,333; p &lt; 0,01). A
					an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear entre essas duas vari&#225;veis identificou uma redu&#231;&#227;o
					de 0,0068 [IC 95% = -0,078 a -0,0059] no IVC para ano a mais na idade, com um
					erro m&#233;dio da estimativa de 0,2414 e partindo de um intercepto de 1,836 [IC 95%
					= 1,793 a 1,878] e com apenas 10% da variabilidade do IVC sendo explicada pela
					idade &#8211; r<sup>2</sup> = 0,10. </p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o foi ent&#227;o repetida com a amostra dividida pelos sexos
					masculino e feminino. O teste de compara&#231;&#227;o entre as regress&#245;es obtidas entre
					IVC e idade para os adultos dos dois sexos evidenciou que n&#227;o havia diferen&#231;as
					para a inclina&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,132) nem para o intercepto (p = 0,068). Dessa forma,
					para as an&#225;lises subsequentes, a amostra foi novamente reagrupada sem qualquer
					distin&#231;&#227;o por sexo.</p>
        <p>A inspe&#231;&#227;o visual da dispers&#227;o e das faixas de percentis para os dados de IVC e
					idade sugeriu que havia um grau importante de heterocedasticidade na
					distribui&#231;&#227;o, com uma variabilidade do IVC bem mais acentuada nos indiv&#237;duos
					mais velhos. Optou-se, ent&#227;o, por dividir a amostra iniciando por 18 a 25 anos e
					da&#237; por diante, a cada cinco anos, at&#233; 66 anos de idade, terminando com o grupo
					dos idosos com idade superior a esta &#250;ltima, o grupo com o n&#250;mero menor de
					casos. Os resultados descritivos para cada uma das faixas et&#225;rias foram ent&#227;o
					inspecionados com &#234;nfase nos valores dos principais percentis (P5, P25, P50, P75
					e P95), corroborando a heterocedasticidade acima mencionada e a natureza
					discretamente assim&#233;trica da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos resultados do IVC, especialmente
					nos mais velhos. A inspe&#231;&#227;o dos resultados permitiu ainda observar que havia
					muita similaridade entre os resultados de algumas faixas et&#225;rias cont&#237;guas,
					permitindo, assim, agrupar algumas delas em faixas um pouco mais amplas &#8211; 18 a
					30 anos e 31 a 40 anos. Para verificar se essa nova abordagem inseria algum
					artefato ou erro significativo, foram testadas as inclina&#231;&#245;es das regress&#245;es
					lineares de IVC com a idade para cada uma das faixas et&#225;rias e observado que os
					resultados inclu&#237;am o valor zero dentro do intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%, isto
					&#233;, ratificando que dentro daquela faixa et&#225;ria a redu&#231;&#227;o com idade era n&#227;o
					significativa. Ap&#243;s uma nova divis&#227;o, evidenciou-se diferen&#231;a entre os valores
					de IVC para as distintas faixas et&#225;rias (p &lt; 0,01).</p>
        <p>Ficou-se ent&#227;o com um total de oito faixas et&#225;rias para a apresenta&#231;&#227;o dos
					valores de refer&#234;ncia do IVC obtidos com o T4s em fun&#231;&#227;o da idade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura&#160;2</xref>). A apresenta&#231;&#227;o detalhada desses
					resultados com diversos percentis para o total da amostra e para cada uma das
					faixas et&#225;rias &#233; feita na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela&#160;1</xref>,
					incluindo, tamb&#233;m, apenas a t&#237;tulo de informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, os valores
					descritivos param&#233;tricos tradicionais. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura
						3</xref> apresenta os dados de IVC em fun&#231;&#227;o da idade para todos os 1.605
					adultos estudados.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Principais resultados do &#237;ndice vagal card&#237;aco para cada uma das nove
							faixas et&#225;rias</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left">Faixa et&#225;ria (anos)</th>
                <th align="center">18 a 81</th>
                <th align="center">18 a 30</th>
                <th align="center">31 a 40</th>
                <th align="center">41 a 45</th>
                <th align="center">46 a 50</th>
                <th align="center">51 a 55</th>
                <th align="center">56 a 60</th>
                <th align="center">61 a 65</th>
                <th align="center">66+</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">N&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos</th>
                <th align="center">1605</th>
                <th align="center">282</th>
                <th align="center">449</th>
                <th align="center">260</th>
                <th align="center">239</th>
                <th align="center">128</th>
                <th align="center">110</th>
                <th align="center">76</th>
                <th align="center">61</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#237;nimo</td>
                <td align="center">1,030</td>
                <td align="center">1,130</td>
                <td align="center">1,110</td>
                <td align="center">1,080</td>
                <td align="center">1,030</td>
                <td align="center">1,160</td>
                <td align="center">1,090</td>
                <td align="center">1,060</td>
                <td align="center">1,050</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">P5</td>
                <td align="center">1,190</td>
                <td align="center">1,210</td>
                <td align="center">1,260</td>
                <td align="center">1,220</td>
                <td align="center">1,190</td>
                <td align="center">1,195</td>
                <td align="center">1,136</td>
                <td align="center">1,124</td>
                <td align="center">1,070</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">P10</td>
                <td align="center">1,240</td>
                <td align="center">1,293</td>
                <td align="center">1,300</td>
                <td align="center">1,270</td>
                <td align="center">1,240</td>
                <td align="center">1,229</td>
                <td align="center">1,191</td>
                <td align="center">1,147</td>
                <td align="center">1,110</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">P25</td>
                <td align="center">1,350</td>
                <td align="center">1,420</td>
                <td align="center">1,420</td>
                <td align="center">1,380</td>
                <td align="center">1,360</td>
                <td align="center">1,320</td>
                <td align="center">1,278</td>
                <td align="center">1,245</td>
                <td align="center">1,170</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">P50 (mediana)</td>
                <td align="center">1,520</td>
                <td align="center">1,630</td>
                <td align="center">1,580</td>
                <td align="center">1,540</td>
                <td align="center">1,490</td>
                <td align="center">1,440</td>
                <td align="center">1,390</td>
                <td align="center">1,350</td>
                <td align="center">1,240</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">P75</td>
                <td align="center">1,700</td>
                <td align="center">1,810</td>
                <td align="center">1,770</td>
                <td align="center">1,688</td>
                <td align="center">1,670</td>
                <td align="center">1,570</td>
                <td align="center">1,523</td>
                <td align="center">1,470</td>
                <td align="center">1,405</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">P90</td>
                <td align="center">1,888</td>
                <td align="center">1,960</td>
                <td align="center">1,940</td>
                <td align="center">1,839</td>
                <td align="center">1,880</td>
                <td align="center">1,740</td>
                <td align="center">1,708</td>
                <td align="center">1,640</td>
                <td align="center">1,652</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">P95</td>
                <td align="center">1,980</td>
                <td align="center">2,117</td>
                <td align="center">2,075</td>
                <td align="center">1,929</td>
                <td align="center">1,950</td>
                <td align="center">1,890</td>
                <td align="center">1,840</td>
                <td align="center">1,717</td>
                <td align="center">1,788</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#225;ximo</td>
                <td align="center">2,820</td>
                <td align="center">2,710</td>
                <td align="center">2,480</td>
                <td align="center">2,820</td>
                <td align="center">2,460</td>
                <td align="center">2,210</td>
                <td align="center">2,050</td>
                <td align="center">1,990</td>
                <td align="center">2,150</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dia</td>
                <td align="center">1,545</td>
                <td align="center">1,637</td>
                <td align="center">1,608</td>
                <td align="center">1,547</td>
                <td align="center">1,524</td>
                <td align="center">1,468</td>
                <td align="center">1,416</td>
                <td align="center">1,379</td>
                <td align="center">1,314</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desvio padr&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,2556</td>
                <td align="center">0,2804</td>
                <td align="center">0,2484</td>
                <td align="center">0,2298</td>
                <td align="center">0,2389</td>
                <td align="center">0,2033</td>
                <td align="center">0,2013</td>
                <td align="center">0,1884</td>
                <td align="center">0,2308</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>P: percentil</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores de refer&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica para o teste de exerc&#237;cio de 4
							segundos: curvas de percentis do &#237;ndice vagal card&#237;aco para homens e
							mulheres entre 18 e 81 anos de idade (N = 1605).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0366-50026-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos resultados do IVC de homens (n = 983) e mulheres (n
							= 682) aparentemente saud&#225;veis em fun&#231;&#227;o da idade.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0366-50026-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Considerando o uso frequente de adjetivos no linguajar m&#233;dico, para a express&#227;o
					de resultados do IVC para uma dada faixa et&#225;ria, ainda que sem uma conota&#231;&#227;o
					cl&#237;nica objetiva e apenas utilizando a natureza da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos resultados,
					sugere-se a seguinte padroniza&#231;&#227;o: se &lt; m&#237;nimo &#8211; extremamente diminu&#237;do;
					entre m&#237;nimo e P5 &#8211; muito diminu&#237;do; entre P5 e P10 &#8211; diminu&#237;do; entre P10 e P25
					&#8211; algo diminu&#237;do; entre P25 e P75 (50% dos casos com resultados mais centrais) &#8211;
					dentro dos limites da normalidade; entre P75 e P90&#160;&#8211; algo aumentado; entre P90 e
					P95 &#8211; aumentado; entre P95 e m&#225;ximo &#8211; muito aumentado e se &gt; m&#225;ximo &#8211;
					extremamente aumentado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es sobre o teste de exerc&#237;cio de 4 segundos (T4s)</title>
          <p>Desde o final dos anos 1980, o T4s j&#225; foi realizado em mais de dez mil
						avalia&#231;&#245;es em indiv&#237;duos com as mais diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e faixas
						et&#225;rias, sem que nenhuma complica&#231;&#227;o ou intercorr&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica relevante
						tenha sido registrada, caracterizando a seguran&#231;a do procedimento.</p>
          <p>Para que possa melhor refletir a modula&#231;&#227;o vagal sobre o cronotropismo
						card&#237;aco, o T4s fundamentou-se em alguns mecanismos fisiol&#243;gicos bem
							estabelecidos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>: a) inter-rela&#231;&#227;o
						respira&#231;&#227;o-cora&#231;&#227;o: a inspira&#231;&#227;o profunda e r&#225;pida estimula vias aferentes
						que v&#227;o atuar sobre estruturais centrais determinando um incremento r&#225;pido
						da atividade vagal sobre o n&#243;dulo sinusal e, consequentemente, uma
						desacelera&#231;&#227;o abrupta da FC, tipicamente observada em alguns poucos
						segundos; b) a intera&#231;&#227;o locomotor-cora&#231;&#227;o: a movimenta&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida das
						extremidades corporais estimula vias aferentes que atuam no sistema nervoso
						central, desencadeando uma forte e r&#225;pida (lat&#234;ncia provavelmente inferior a
						1 segundo) inibi&#231;&#227;o da libera&#231;&#227;o de acetilcolina nas fibras eferentes vagais
						da regi&#227;o do n&#243;dulo sinusal, provocando uma abrupta acelera&#231;&#227;o da FC; e c)
						muito embora o movimento das grandes articula&#231;&#245;es e a contra&#231;&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos
						esquel&#233;ticos tamb&#233;m acabe por gerar uma estimula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica, essa resposta
						possui uma lat&#234;ncia maior do que quatro segundos, antes que os seus efeitos
						cardioaceleradores possam ser observados.</p>
          <p>Dessa forma, em s&#237;ntese, ainda que dados recentes sugiram que o vago n&#227;o seja
						totalmente inibido nem em esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, em fun&#231;&#227;o da inspira&#231;&#227;o profunda e r&#225;pida que &#233; seguida por
						4 segundos de pedalada r&#225;pida e sem carga, fisiologicamente, o que ocorre
						durante o T4s &#233; uma brusca e significativa inativa&#231;&#227;o de um vago
						potencializado pela inspira&#231;&#227;o profunda, que antecede a pedalada, sem que
						haja influ&#234;ncia simp&#225;tica nesse curto per&#237;odo de an&#225;lise da FC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. O IVC, ao quantificar a raz&#227;o entre
						as dura&#231;&#245;es dos intervalos RR imediatamente antes da pedalada (RRB) &#8211; ponto
						de ativa&#231;&#227;o vagal &#8211; e (RRC) ao final da pedalada &#8211; ponto de inativa&#231;&#227;o vagal
						sem influ&#234;ncia simp&#225;tica &#8211;, permite estudar, isoladamente, a modula&#231;&#227;o
						vagal.</p>
          <p>O comportamento da FC nos primeiros 4 segundos da transi&#231;&#227;o repouso-exerc&#237;cio
						foi objeto de diversos estudos para a padroniza&#231;&#227;o do T4s, incluindo
						caracter&#237;sticas da inspira&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-pedalada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Observou-se ainda que os
						resultados do IVC s&#227;o similares quando o T4s &#233; feito com ou sem a adi&#231;&#227;o de
						resist&#234;ncia aos pedais, movendo rapidamente as pernas ou os bra&#231;os<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> ou quando realizado na posi&#231;&#227;o
						ortost&#225;tica (alternando flex&#227;o e extens&#227;o de 90 graus dos quadris, simulando
						uma corrida no mesmo lugar)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. No
						mesmo sentido, resultados similares de IVC s&#227;o obtidos quando o T4s &#233;
						realizado de forma ativa ou passiva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
						e nem mesmo quando uma manobra de Valsalva &#233; realizada concomitantemente ao
						T4s, os resultados do IVC s&#227;o afetados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Ademais, al&#233;m de v&#225;lidos, os resultados do IVC mostraram-se
						fidedignos quando nove manobras de T4s foram realizadas em um &#250;nico dia ou
						em cinco dias consecutivos, com coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse de,
						respectivamente, 0,92 e 0,77<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m dos estudos de natureza primariamente metodol&#243;gicos acima mencionados,
						diversos outros estudos fisiol&#243;gicos e cl&#237;nicos foram publicados com o T4s
						tanto pelo nosso grupo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> como por outros pesquisadores
							brasileiros<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> e estrangeiros<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. O presente estudo representa um
						passo &#224; frente e importante na consolida&#231;&#227;o do T4s como um protocolo de
						avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca ao disponibilizar valores de
						refer&#234;ncia para a popula&#231;&#227;o adulta brasileira.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Valores de refer&#234;ncia do T4s</title>
          <p>&#201; boa praxe cient&#237;fica a publica&#231;&#227;o de valores de refer&#234;ncia para protocolos
						de avalia&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>. Uma listagem
						detalhada dos principais m&#233;todos e seus valores de refer&#234;ncia at&#233; 1992 &#233;
						dispon&#237;vel em dois artigos de revis&#227;o publicados nos <italic>Arquivos
							Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 2</xref> mostra alguns dos principais e/ou mais
						recentes estudos publicados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> com valores de refer&#234;ncia de
						variabilidade da FC e permite observar que as amostras tendem a ter ao redor
						de 200 casos e que variaram entre 120 a 657 casos, portanto, muito menos do
						que os 1.605 casos do presente estudo. N&#227;o somente a nossa amostra para
						estabelecimento dos valores de refer&#234;ncia do T4s foi expressivamente maior
						do que as habitualmente apresentadas em estudos da mesma natureza, mas foi
						tamb&#233;m a &#250;nica que foi submetida a crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o/exclus&#227;o t&#227;o
						r&#237;gidos. Com isso procurou-se reduzir a chance da presen&#231;a de anormalidades
						cl&#237;nicas ainda n&#227;o manifestas que pudessem afetar os resultados e, assim,
						valorizar o conceito de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis aplicados &#224; nossa amostra. Vale
						ainda destacar que todos os dados foram colhidos ao longo dos vinte anos por
						um n&#250;mero muito pequeno de m&#233;dicos e em um &#250;nico laborat&#243;rio.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de oito estudos com valores de refer&#234;ncia de testes
								auton&#244;micos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>Autor (Ano de publica&#231;&#227;o)</th>
                  <th align="center">Avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica</th>
                  <th align="center">Amostra</th>
                  <th align="center">Faixa Et&#225;ria</th>
                  <th align="center">Condi&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ziegler e cols.<sup>50</sup> (1992)</td>
                  <td align="center">VFC</td>
                  <td align="center">120</td>
                  <td align="center">15 a 67 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">Saud&#225;veis</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Umetani e cols.<sup>49</sup> (1998)</td>
                  <td align="center">VFC 24 horas</td>
                  <td align="center">260 (112 M)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 a 99 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">Saud&#225;veis</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fagard<sup>47</sup> (2001)</td>
                  <td align="center">VFC</td>
                  <td align="center">614</td>
                  <td align="center">25 a 89 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bonnemeier e cols.<sup>45</sup> (2003)</td>
                  <td align="center">VFC 24 horas</td>
                  <td align="center">166 (85 M)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 a 70 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">Saud&#225;veis</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Zulfiqar e cols.<sup>51</sup> (2010)</td>
                  <td align="center">VFC</td>
                  <td align="center">344</td>
                  <td align="center">10 a 99 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">Saud&#225;veis</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Abhishekh e cols.<sup>44</sup> (2013)</td>
                  <td align="center">VFC</td>
                  <td align="center">189 (114 M)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Saud&#225;veis</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>De Couck e cols.<sup>46</sup> (2013)</td>
                  <td align="center">VFC</td>
                  <td align="center">657</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">C&#226;ncer (5 tipos)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Farmer e cols.<sup>48</sup> (2014)</td>
                  <td align="center">VFC</td>
                  <td align="center">200</td>
                  <td align="center">18 a 59 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">Saud&#225;veis</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>VFC: variabilidade de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; M: sexo masculino.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Os resultados do presente estudo ratificam informa&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> de que a modula&#231;&#227;o vagal card&#237;aca
						tende a diminuir com a idade, pelo menos at&#233; a oitava d&#233;cada de vida.
						Contudo, muito embora a modula&#231;&#227;o vagal tenda a ser negativamente
						influenciada pela idade, essa rela&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; matematicamente forte como
						evidenciado pelo baixo coeficiente de explica&#231;&#227;o (r<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>), havendo uma grande variabilidade entre indiv&#237;duos
						da mesma idade ou faixa et&#225;ria. Em uma contribui&#231;&#227;o interessante, Zulfiqar e
							cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> encontraram uma aparente
						revers&#227;o da queda com a idade nos indicadores de fun&#231;&#227;o vagal na an&#225;lise da
						variabilidade de FC a partir dos 80 anos de idade e sugeriram que isso
						estaria relacionado com a longevidade nesse grupo et&#225;rio. A nossa amostra
						limitada a 81 anos de idade n&#227;o permitiu analisar esse fen&#244;meno. Os dados do
						nosso estudo contribuem para o corpo de conhecimento da &#225;rea, ao
						caracterizar que a redu&#231;&#227;o vagal em adultos &#233; muito gradativa e s&#243; parece
						iniciar a partir dos 30 anos de idade.</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise dos resultados do IVC indica que o decr&#233;scimo vagal com a idade foi
						similar em homens e mulheres, tal como encontrado por alguns<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> mas n&#227;o por todos os autores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>. No momento, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel
						explicar com certeza se essas concord&#226;ncias ou discord&#226;ncias se devem a
						quest&#245;es amostrais ou por distintos m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica;
						contudo, pelo menos para aqueles que forem utilizar clinicamente o T4s, n&#227;o
						h&#225; necessidade de incluir a vari&#225;vel sexo na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos
						resultados.</p>
          <p>A op&#231;&#227;o hist&#243;rica de expressar a modula&#231;&#227;o vagal no T4s pelo IVC, isto &#233;, a
						raz&#227;o entre as dura&#231;&#245;es dos intervalos RR, tal como &#233; feita por outros
						testes auton&#244;micos como expira&#231;&#227;o/inspira&#231;&#227;o, Valsalva e ortostatismo, ao
						inv&#233;s de pela diferen&#231;a entre as duas dura&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o influenciou os
						resultados, j&#225; que a correla&#231;&#227;o entre essas duas medidas foi extremamente
						alta (r = 0,955; p &lt; 0,01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Se, por um lado, o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos no estudo e os cuidados
						tomados para caracteriz&#225;-los como saud&#225;veis e para que n&#227;o estivessem
						fazendo uso de qualquer medica&#231;&#227;o capaz de influenciar os resultados podem
						ser considerados como pontos positivos, por outro lado, a demografia
						diferenciada merece alguns coment&#225;rios espec&#237;ficos. Ainda que tenham sido
						propositadamente exclu&#237;dos todos os atletas federados nas mais variadas
						modalidades desportivas, n&#227;o foi fact&#237;vel controlar precisamente o padr&#227;o de
						exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e/ou esporte por ocasi&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o e havia consider&#225;vel
						variabilidade nesse aspecto dentro dos indiv&#237;duos da amostra. Contudo, &#233;
						poss&#237;vel que essa quest&#227;o n&#227;o seja muito importante conforme sugerem os
						dados de estudo anterior com o T4s<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,
						que observou diferen&#231;as muito pequenas e muita superposi&#231;&#227;o entre a
						distribui&#231;&#227;o dos resultados do IVC de atletas competitivos de elite e n&#227;o
						atletas jovens. Outra potencial limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo refere-se &#224; natureza
						demogr&#225;fica dos perfis sociocultural e &#233;tnico da amostra t&#237;picos de uma
						cl&#237;nica privada. Esses aspectos devem ser levados em considera&#231;&#227;o, quando
						esses valores de refer&#234;ncia forem aplicados para popula&#231;&#245;es com
						caracter&#237;sticas diversas daquelas existentes em nossa amostra.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Informa&#231;&#245;es recentes da literatura sugerem que a avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal
						card&#237;aca apresenta um potencial cl&#237;nico bastante relevante n&#227;o somente em
						termos de longevidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>, mas tamb&#233;m
						para a compreens&#227;o da fisiopatologia de diversas doen&#231;as em outras &#225;reas da
						Medicina al&#233;m da Cardiologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>,
						incluindo a Gastroenterologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref> e a
						Oncologia Cl&#237;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref>. Por exemplo, em
						um estudo muito interessante e recente, pesquisadores belgas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref> verificaram que o progn&#243;stico de
						pacientes diagnosticados com c&#226;ncer em est&#225;gios mais avan&#231;ados dependia da
						modula&#231;&#227;o vagal, sendo melhor naqueles com n&#237;vel alto do componente vagal da
						variabilidade da FC, propondo ent&#227;o, que esse tipo de avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica
						seja inclu&#237;do na abordagem cl&#237;nica de pacientes com diferentes tipos de
						c&#226;ncer. Abre-se assim uma perspectiva interessante para aqueles que atuam
						profissionalmente com teste de exerc&#237;cio e/ou na avalia&#231;&#227;o da atividade
						auton&#244;mica.</p>
          <p>Em s&#237;ntese, o presente estudo apresenta valores de refer&#234;ncia para a
						interpreta&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica dos resultados do IVC como avaliado pelo T4s em
						homens e mulheres n&#227;o atletas entre 18 e 81 anos de idade. Considerando a
						simplicidade e a seguran&#231;a do T4s e a crescente relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica da
						avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o vagal sobre o cronotropismo card&#237;aco, n&#227;o mais
						somente nas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, mas tamb&#233;m para v&#225;rias outras doen&#231;as
						bastante prevalentes, a disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o desses dados poder&#225; facilitar a
						incorpora&#231;&#227;o do T4s no arsenal cl&#237;nico.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq e FAPERJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo com disserta&#231;&#245;es ou teses de
						p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
