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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">6wKsM74LnZg5SSgxnpWKCwr</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000500002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005050021</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150021</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Education to a Healthy Lifestyle Improves Symptoms and Cardiovascular
               Risk Factors &#8211; AsuRiesgo Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chaves</surname>
            <given-names>Graciela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Britez</surname>
            <given-names>Nidia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Munzinger</surname>
            <given-names>Judith</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Uhlmann</surname>
            <given-names>Lorenz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonzalez</surname>
            <given-names>Graciela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oviedo</surname>
            <given-names>Guillermo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chaparro</surname>
            <given-names>Victoria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Achon</surname>
            <given-names>Oscar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bruckner</surname>
            <given-names>Thomas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kieser</surname>
            <given-names>Meinhard</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Katus</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mereles</surname>
            <given-names>Derliz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Prevision Social</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Central</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Asuncion</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PY">Paraguay</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Central, Instituto de Prevision Social,
               Asuncion &#8211; Paraguay</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Heidelberg</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Institute of Medical Biometry and
               Informatics</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Heidelberg</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="DE">Germany</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics,
               University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg &#8211; Germany</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Heidelberg University</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Heidelberg</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology,
               Angiology and Pneumology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Heidelberg</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="DE">Germany</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology,
               Angiology and Pneumology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg &#8211;
               Germany</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Heidelberg University</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Derliz Mereles,</bold> Im Neuenheimer Feld 410,
               Handschuhsheim. Postal Code 69120. Baden-W&#252;rttemberg &#8211; Germany. Email:
                  <email>derliz.mereles@med.uni-heidelberg.de</email>;
                  <email>derliz@dmereles.de</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Chaves G, Britez N, Gonzalez G, Oviedo G,
                  Chaparro V, Mereles D. Acquisition of data: Chaves G, Britez N, Oviedo G, Chaparro
                  V. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Chaves G, Britez N, Mereles D.
                  Statistical analysis: Munzinger J, Uhlmann L, Bruckner T, Kieser M, Mereles D.
                  Obtaining financing: Britez N. Drafting of the manuscript: Chaves G, Britez N,
                  Mereles D. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Chaves G,
                  Britez N, Gonzalez G, Achon O, Kieser M, Mereles D, Katus HA. Supervision / as the
                  major investigator: Chaves G, Mereles D.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>347</fpage>
      <lpage>355</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the current leading causes of death and disability
                  globally.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the effects of a basic educational program for cardiovascular prevention
                  in an unselected outpatient population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>All participants received an educational program to change to a healthy lifestyle.
                  Assessments were conducted at study enrollment and during follow-up. Symptoms,
                  habits, ATP III parameters for metabolic syndrome, and American Heart
                  Association&#8217;s 2020 parameters of cardiovascular health were assessed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 15,073 participants aged &#8805; 18 years entered the study. Data analysis
                  was conducted in 3,009 patients who completed a second assessment. An improvement
                  in weight (from 76.6 &#177; 15.3 to 76.4 &#177; 15.3 kg, p = 0.002), dyspnea on exertion
                  NYHA grade II (from 23.4% to 21.0%) and grade III (from 15.8% to 14.0%) and a
                  decrease in the proportion of current active smokers (from 3.6% to 2.9%, p =
                  0.002) could be documented. The proportion of patients with levels of
                  triglycerides &gt; 150 mg/dL (from 46.3% to 42.4%, p &lt; 0.001) and LDL
                  cholesterol &gt; 100 mg/dL (from 69.3% to 65.5%, p &lt; 0.001) improved. A &#8805; 20%
                  improvement of AHA 2020 metrics at the level graded as poor was found for smoking
                  (-21.1%), diet (-29.8%), and cholesterol level (-23.6%). A large dropout as a
                  surrogate indicator for low patient adherence was documented throughout the first
                  5 visits, 80% between the first and second assessments, 55.6% between the second
                  and third assessments, 43.6% between the third and fourth assessments, and 38%
                  between the fourth and fifth assessments.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>A simple, basic educational program may improve symptoms and modifiable
                  cardiovascular risk factors, but shows low patient adherence.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Health Behavior</kwd>
        <kwd>Life Style</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevention</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Education</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="24"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>According to estimations of the World Health Organization, cardiovascular diseases are
            the current leading causes of death and disability globally, with an increasing tendency
            and negative projection for 2030. Although a large proportion is preventable, their
            incidence continues to increase mainly because preventive measures are inadequate<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Several trials have reported the effects of lifestyle intervention programs on high-risk
            populations. Some have shown a significant decrease in the incidence of diabetes in
            individuals with impaired glucose tolerance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.
            Others have reported the beneficial effects of lifestyle modification on blood pressure
               control<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Lifestyle interventions seem to be
            at least as effective as drugs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Therefore,
            lifestyle modification, long considered the cornerstone of interventions, is extremely
            important to reduce the burden of chronic diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>In the light of this epidemic scenario, government health policies in industrialized
            countries are focusing on programs to modify cardiovascular risk factors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Smoking bans to protect citizens from the effects
            of second-hand smoke have been successfully implemented in many countries, showing
            positive effects even in this short period of time<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. However, achievements
            considering other modifiable risk factors remain discouraging<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Furthermore, comprehensive and complex educational programs lack
            a widespread implementation in the general population, and are related to lesser patient
               compliance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the
            practicability of a basic educational program to turn established behaviors into a
            healthy lifestyle in an urban outpatient population, as well as to define the effects of
            these changes on symptoms and modifiable cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Design and study population</title>
        <p>The AsuRiesgo (acronym from Asuncion modificacion de factores de Riesgo
               cardiovascular) study is a case series type prospective trial, in which all
               participants received the same intervention - an educational program to increase
               awareness on cardiovascular risk factors, and, based on this, to change usual habits
               into a healthy lifestyle. The cohort included an unselected outpatient population
               aged &#8805; 18 years old attending a high-output tertiary clinic in an urban setting in
               Asuncion, Paraguay. </p>
        <p>Patients in all waiting areas of the hospital were invited to participate. All
               assessments were conducted at study enrollment and at every visit during follow-up.
               Participants were asked to attend follow-up examinations every 6 months. The
               institutional ethics committee approved the study protocol and all patients provided
               written informed consent. This study is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov under the
               identifier: NCT00486993. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of symptoms and habits</title>
        <p>Personal and family information was obtained. Exertional dyspnea and chest pain were
               graded according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification
               and the Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) classification, respectively. History
               of known coronary artery disease and/or diabetes mellitus was documented. </p>
        <p>Prevalence of parameters of cardiovascular health metrics, as defined by the American
               Heart Association's (AHA) 2020 Strategic Impact Goals Committee was assessed, and
               ideal, intermediate or poor levels were calculated<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Relative change after education to a healthy lifestyle was estimated
               for each of the 4 health behaviors (smoking, diet, physical activity and body mass)
               and 3 health factors (plasma glucose, cholesterol levels and blood pressure).</p>
        <p>Smoking habit was extensively interrogated. However, only the aspects defined by the
               American Heart Association's 2020 Strategic Impact Goals Committee<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> were considered for analysis. Current smokers
               were classified as being in the group with a poor level of cardiovascular health;
               those who quit smoking &lt; 12 months, as intermediate; and non-smokers as well as
               those who quit smoking &#8805; 12 months, as ideal. </p>
        <p>Dietary behavior was defined qualitatively according to the daily intake of three
               groups of foods: meats/animal fats, vegetables/fruits and sugar/carbohydrates. The
               degree of consumption was assessed for each group as "none", "low", "moderate" or
               "high". A simple healthy diet score was built accordingly, and scores from 1-3 points
               were considered as "poor", from 4-6 points as "intermediate", and from 7-9 points as
               "ideal".</p>
        <p>The level of daily physical activity was classified as sedentary behavior, when not
               even a short recreational-type walk was achieved; moderate, when at least 30 minutes
               of a recreational-type walk at moderate intensity was achieved daily; and important,
               when &#8805; 30 minutes of vigorous recreational walk or sports were achieved. Participants
               were classified as having a poor, intermediate or ideal level, correspondingly. </p>
        <p>The daily level of psychological stress was classified subjectively as mild or
               absent, moderate or important.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of anthropometric and laboratory parameters</title>
        <p>All parameters were assessed at inclusion and at every follow-up visit. Body weight,
               height, body mass index (BMI), abdominal circumference and blood pressure, as well as
               standard laboratory parameters including triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL and
               LDL cholesterol and fasting plasma glucose were assessed as described in another
                  report<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. In addition, the prevalence of
               AHA parameters of cardiovascular health metrics was assessed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Education to a healthy lifestyle</title>
        <p>All participants attended one educational workshop at the beginning, and were
               encouraged to participate in similar workshops at every visit during follow-up.
               Informative material was compiled from recommendations published in another
                  report<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>Basic knowledge on cardiovascular diseases and risk factors was addressed. Targets
               were directed to quit smoking, switching to a healthy diet, avoiding sedentary
               lifestyle and working on reducing daily psychological stress. The following
               strategies were undertaken to reach these goals: 1) tips on how to quit smoking; 2)
               aspects concerning a healthy diet, with suggestions for everyday life; 3) suggestions
               on how to implement a daily physical exercise program; and 4) useful strategies for
               reducing daily psychological stress. </p>
        <p><bold>Smoking cessation:</bold> patients were advised of the value of stopping and
               the risks to health of continuing smoking. It was suggested to set a date to stop and
               stop completely on that day, to review experiences concerning measures that helped or
               that hindered, and to ask family members and friends for their support. No nicotine
               replacement drugs were used<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p><bold>Healthy diet: </bold>patients were asked to eat moderately; to reduce
               consumption of meats, especially red meats; to avoid consumption of animal fats and
               hydrogenated vegetable oils; to switch to daily meals with emphasis on vegetables and
               fruits; to reduce daily salt intake; and to reduce consumption of sugar and refined
               wheat products, switching to whole-wheat products instead. </p>
        <p><bold>Physical activity: </bold>patients given suggestions to avoid a sedentary
               lifestyle by accomplishing at least a 30-minute recreational daily walk. They were
               motivated to start at a moderate pace, and to increase speed progressively to a level
               as vigorous as possible. Furthermore, they were stimulated to practice aerobic sports
               according to their possibilities<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. </p>
        <p><bold>Psychological stress: </bold>physicians in charge of the study addressed coping
               with daily psychological stress. Possible causes such as occupational, familial
               and/or social were examined and helpful measures were suggested. A professional
               psychological support was provided as required. </p>
        <p>Workshops were conducted by physicians and nurses trained for this purpose. A close
               supervision and coaching was done by physicians in charge of this study. Treatment
               was further managed by the corresponding referring physician. No change in
               medications was made as part of the study. Patients were merely told to follow
               strictly the indications of their treating physician. Further written material, as
               well as current information related to the study were posted on the website:
               http://asuriesgo.de.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>All analyses were performed with the use of SAS version 9.1 (SAS Institute, Cary,
               NC). Continuous variables are presented as means and standard deviations (SD).
               Frequencies and percentages are used to describe categorical variables. To test for
               differences between the baseline and the second assessment, paired t-tests for
               continuous data and the McNemar's test or the Bowker's test for categorical data were
               applied. No adjustments for multiple testing were performed, since this was an
               exploratory data analysis. Patient dropout as a surrogate indicator for adherence was
               examined throughout the first 5 visits. A two-sided p-value of less than 0.05 was
               considered statistically significant. </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The recruitment of patients was conducted in a continuous manner between May, 2006 and
            May, 2012. Approximately 40,000 individuals were invited to participate in this period.
            A total of 15,073 patients gave written informed consent and entered the study. </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Baseline characteristics of the patient population</title>
        <p>Anthropometric characteristics, personal and familial disease history and symptoms
               are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>. Female prevalence
               in this population was high - more than double that of males. </p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline of the study population</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr align="left">
                <th colspan="3">
                  <bold>Characteristics</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">n</td>
                <td align="center">15,073</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Age, yrs</td>
                <td align="center">50.8 &#177; 15.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Women, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10,377 (69)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Weight, kg</td>
                <td align="center">77.3 &#177; 16.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Body mass index, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2,966 (19.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">25-29 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">5,583 (37.0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">6,524 (43.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Personal history of CAD, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">390 (2.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Known diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2,063 (13.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Family history of CAD, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">819 (5.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Symptoms</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Dyspnea, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5,221 (34.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">NYHA I</td>
                <td align="center">527 (3.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">NYHA II</td>
                <td align="center">2,743 (18.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">NYHA III</td>
                <td align="center">1,951 (12.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Angina pectoris, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2,388 (15.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">CCS I</td>
                <td align="center">407 (2.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">CCS II</td>
                <td align="center">1,271 (8.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">CCS III</td>
                <td align="center">710 (4.7)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>
                <italic>Values are expressed as mean &#177; SD. Data for categorical variables
                           are shown as the number of cases with percentages in brackets. CAD:
                           coronary artery disease; NYHA: New York Heart Association functional
                           classification; CCS: Canadian Cardiovascular Society angina
                           classification. Numbers of missing values smaller than or equal to ten
                           are not reported.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The prevalence of known coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus was low, and
               family history of coronary heart disease was present in 5.4% of the study population.
               Patients stated having shortness of breath on exertion, with a NYHA functional
               classification grade II in approximately 18% and NYHA grade III in approximately 13%
               of patients. The prevalence of angina pectoris on exertion was lower, with
               approximately 8% of patients being classified as CCS II and 5% as CCS III.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dropout of participants during follow-up</title>
        <p>Patients were requested to attend a follow-up visit by telephone or
               Short-Message-Service (SMS) if they did not come spontaneously to the visit scheduled
               for 6 months after the first assessment. However, although striving efforts were
               undertaken, a large dropout rate could be documented throughout the first 5 visits,
               80% between the first and second assessments, 55.6% between the second and third,
               43.6% between the third and fourth, and 38% between the fourth and fifth assessments.
               The median time span between the first and second assessments was 10 months
                  (25<sup>th</sup>, 75<sup>th</sup> percentiles, 7 to 21 months). Patient flow and
               dropout rate during follow-up throughout the first five assessments were documented
                  (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). </p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flow of participants during the study. Only the first 5 visits considered
                     for dropout analysis are shown here. Changes in parameters were analyzed
                     between the first and second assessments.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0347-50021-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Change in parameters after education to a healthy lifestyle</title>
        <p>Comparative analysis between the first and second assessments was carried out in
               patients for whom the information on medical history and habits, physical examination
               and laboratory tests had been assessed at both visits (n = 3,009).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Anthropometrics, symptoms and habits</title>
        <p>A slight but significant decrease in weight (from 76.6 &#177; 15.3 kg to 76.4 &#177; 15.3 kg, p
               = 0.002) and body mass index (from 30.2 &#177; 5.6 kg/m&#178; to 30.1 &#177; 5.6 kg/m&#178;, p=0.004)
               could be documented at the second assessment after education to a healthy lifestyle
                  (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>). The proportion of patients with
               dyspnea on exertion NYHA grade II and grade III was also lower at the second visit
               (from 23.4% to 21.0%, and from 15.8% to 14.0%, respectively). The proportion of
               patients with angina pectoris on exertion decreased as well, but the differences were
               not statistically significant. </p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Changes in parameters at the second assessment after education to a healthy
                     lifestyle (n = 3,009)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="3" align="left">
                  <bold>Variable</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Baseline</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Second Assessment</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>P value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Weight, kg</td>
                <td align="center">76.6 &#177; 15.3</td>
                <td align="center">76.4 &#177; 15.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.002 *</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Body mass index, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">30.2 &#177; 5.6</td>
                <td align="center">30.1 &#177; 5.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.004 *</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Symptoms</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Dyspnea, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">1,699 (56.6)</td>
                <td align="center">1,843 (61.3)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">1,310 (43.5)</td>
                <td align="center">1,164 (38.7)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001 &#8224;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">NYHA I</td>
                <td align="center">131 (4.4)</td>
                <td align="center">111 (3.7)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">NYHA II</td>
                <td align="center">705 (23.4)</td>
                <td align="center">632 (21.0)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">NYHA III</td>
                <td align="center">474 (15.8)</td>
                <td align="center">421 (14.0)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Angina pectoris, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">2,547 (84.6)</td>
                <td align="center">2,580 (85.8)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">462 (15.4)</td>
                <td align="center">428 (14.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.143 &#8224;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">CCS I</td>
                <td align="center">77 (2.6)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (2.3)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">CCS II</td>
                <td align="center">231 (7.7)</td>
                <td align="center">224 (7.4)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">CCS III</td>
                <td align="center">154 (5.1)</td>
                <td align="center">135 (4.5)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Smoking, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Current smoker</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">2,110 (70.1)</td>
                <td align="center">2,129 (70.8)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">899 (29.9)</td>
                <td align="center">880 (29.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.110 &#8224;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Active</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">2,900 (96.4)</td>
                <td align="center">2,923 (97.1)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">109 (3.6)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (2.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.002 &#8224;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Passive</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">2,196 (73.0)</td>
                <td align="center">2,199 (73.1)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">813 (27.0)</td>
                <td align="center">810 (26.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.772 &#8224;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Former smoker</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">2,343 (77.9)</td>
                <td align="center">2,309 (76.7)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">666 (22.1)</td>
                <td align="center">700 (23.3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001 &#8224;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Diet, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Poor</td>
                <td align="center">983 (32.7)</td>
                <td align="center">690 (22.9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001 &#8225;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Intermediate</td>
                <td align="center">1,785 (59.3)</td>
                <td align="center">1,901 (63.2)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Ideal</td>
                <td align="center">241 (8.0)</td>
                <td align="center">417 (13.9)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Physical activity, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">1,626 (54.0)</td>
                <td align="center">1,478 (49.2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001 &#8225;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Some</td>
                <td align="center">1,378 (45.8)</td>
                <td align="center">1,519 (50.5)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Frequent</td>
                <td align="center">5 (0.2)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (0.3)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Psychological stress level, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Mild or absent</td>
                <td align="center">604 (42.1)</td>
                <td align="center">453 (46.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.006 &#8225;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Moderate</td>
                <td align="center">646 (45.0)</td>
                <td align="center">391 (40.1)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Important</td>
                <td align="center">185 (12.9)</td>
                <td align="center">131 (13.4)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Missing</td>
                <td align="center">1,574</td>
                <td align="center">2,034</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>
                <italic>Values are expressed as mean &#177; SD. Data for categorical variables
                           are shown as the number of cases with percentages in brackets. NYHA: New
                           York Heart Association functional classification; CCS: Canadian
                           Cardiovascular Society angina classification. Changes in dietary intake
                           are depicted on Table 4. P values were calculated using the t test *, the
                           McNemar's test &#8224; for symmetry and the Bowker's test &#8225; for
                           symmetry, as required. Numbers of missing values smaller than four are
                           not reported.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The proportion of current active smokers decreased (from 3.6% to 2.9%, p = 0.002).
               There were also fewer passive smokers, but the difference here was not statistically
               significant. The proportion of former smokers increased correspondingly (from 22.2%
               to 23.3%). The proportion of patients with a sedentary lifestyle decreased (from
               54.0% to 49.2%), while an increase in daily physical activities could be documented
               correspondingly (from 45.8% to 50.5%). Although the level of psychological stress in
               patients who described it as "important" increased slightly after education to a
               healthy lifestyle (from 12.9% to 13.4%); the level of stress improved in the group of
               patients with "mild or absent" (from 42.1% to 46.5%) and with "moderate" intensity
               (from 45.0% to 40.1%). </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>ATP III criteria for metabolic syndrome and LDL cholesterol</title>
        <p>The proportion of patients with any particular parameters for metabolic syndrome
               showed minimal, but statistically not significant differences at the second
               assessment (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>; for brevity, subgroups
               are not shown). However, significant improvement in lipid profiles could be
               documented, with a decrease in the proportion of patients with triglycerides &gt; 150
               mg/dL (from 46.3% to 42.4%, p &lt; 0.001), especially in patients &#8805; 60 years old.
               Additionally, a mild improvement in HDL-cholesterol levels could be observed in men,
               with a significant decrease in the prevalence of HDL &lt; 40 mg/dL in the age group
               between 40 and 49 years of age (from 29.7% to 20.4%, p = 0.009). Tendency to a lower
               prevalence of low HDL levels was found only in the group of female patients between
               60 and 69 years of age (from 46.5% to 43.4%, p = 0.084). </p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Changes in the prevalence of ATP III parameters for metabolic syndrome and
                     LDL cholesterol in participants at the second assessment after education for a
                     healthy lifestyle (n = 3,009)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="3" align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">Baseline</th>
                <th align="center">Second Assessment</th>
                <th align="center">P value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Waist circumference</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Women &gt; 88 cm, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,824 (79.6)</td>
                <td align="center">1,827 (79.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.845</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Men &gt; 102 cm, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">302 (42.1)</td>
                <td align="center">299 (41.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.763</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Triglycerides &gt; 150 mg/dL, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,382 (46.3)</td>
                <td align="center">1,268 (42.4)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Missing</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">HDL cholesterol</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Women &lt; 50 mg/dL, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">978 (43.6)</td>
                <td align="center">1,018 (45.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.250</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Missing</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Men &lt; 40 mg/dL, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">187 (26.7)</td>
                <td align="center">175 (24.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.280</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Missing</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Blood pressure</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Systolic &gt; 130 mmHg, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,352 (44.9)</td>
                <td align="center">1,318 (43.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.279</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2">Diastolic &gt; 85 mmHg, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">941 (31.3)</td>
                <td align="center">913 (30.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.362</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Fasting glucose &gt; 100mg/dL, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">591 (19.8)</td>
                <td align="center">603 (20.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.492</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Missing</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">LDL cholesterol &gt; 100 mg/dL, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2,039 (69.3)</td>
                <td align="center">1,937 (65.5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Missing</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>
                <italic>Data are presented as the number of cases with percentages in
                           brackets. ATP III: Adult Treatment Panel III (Third Report of the Expert
                           Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol
                           in Adults), HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.
                           P values were calculated using the McNemar's test for symmetry. Numbers
                           of missing values smaller than four are not reported.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Improvement was also found in LDL-cholesterol levels &gt; 100 mg/dL (from 69.3% to
               65.5%, p &lt; 0.001). This decrease was statistically significant in the age groups
               between 50-59 years of age (p = 0.03) and 60-69 years of age (p = 0.004).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>AHA parameters of cardiovascular health metrics</title>
        <p>Changes in the prevalence of parameters of cardiovascular health metrics, as defined
               by the American Heart Association's 2020 Strategic Impact Goals Committee<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> after education to a healthy lifestyle are
               depicted in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>. Relative improvement in
               parameters of cardiovascular health are presented as percentage of change for each of
               the 4 health behaviors (smoking, diet, physical activity, body mass) and 3 health
               factors (plasma glucose, cholesterol levels, blood pressure). </p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Changes in prevalence of parameters of AHA 2020 cardiovascular health
                     metrics after education for a healthy lifestyle (n = 3,009)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">Baseline</th>
                <th align="center">Second Assessment</th>
                <th align="center">% Change</th>
                <th align="center">P value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Poor</td>
                <td align="center">109 (3.6)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (2.9)</td>
                <td align="center">-21.1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Intermediate</td>
                <td align="center">32 (1.1)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (0.9)</td>
                <td align="center">-12.5</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Ideal</td>
                <td align="center">2,868 (95.3)</td>
                <td align="center">2,893 (96.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.9</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Diet</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Poor</td>
                <td align="center">983 (32.7)</td>
                <td align="center">690 (22.9)</td>
                <td align="center">-29.8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Intermediate</td>
                <td align="center">1,785 (59.3)</td>
                <td align="center">1,901 (63.2)</td>
                <td align="center">6.5</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Ideal</td>
                <td align="center">241 (8.0)</td>
                <td align="center">417 (13.9)</td>
                <td align="center">73.0</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Physical activity</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Poor</td>
                <td align="center">1,626 (54.0)</td>
                <td align="center">1,478 (49.2)</td>
                <td align="center">-9.1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Intermediate</td>
                <td align="center">1,378 (45.8)</td>
                <td align="center">1,519 (50.5)</td>
                <td align="center">10.2</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Ideal</td>
                <td align="center">5 (0.2)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (0.3)</td>
                <td align="center">80.0</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Body weight</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Poor</td>
                <td align="center">1,376 (45.7)</td>
                <td align="center">1,356 (45.1)</td>
                <td align="center">-1.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.323</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Intermediate</td>
                <td align="center">1,166 (38.8)</td>
                <td align="center">1,171 (38.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.4</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Ideal</td>
                <td align="center">467 (15.5)</td>
                <td align="center">481 (16.0)</td>
                <td align="center">3.0</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Glucose</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Poor</td>
                <td align="center">317 (10.6)</td>
                <td align="center">303 (10.2)</td>
                <td align="center">-4.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.046</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Intermediate</td>
                <td align="center">704 (23.6)</td>
                <td align="center">745 (25.0)</td>
                <td align="center">5.8</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Ideal</td>
                <td align="center">1,965 (65.8)</td>
                <td align="center">1,937 (64.9)</td>
                <td align="center">-1.4</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Missing</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Cholesterol</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Poor</td>
                <td align="center">674 (22.6)</td>
                <td align="center">515 (17.2)</td>
                <td align="center">-23.6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Intermediate</td>
                <td align="center">935 (31.3)</td>
                <td align="center">900 (30.1)</td>
                <td align="center">-3.7</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Ideal</td>
                <td align="center">1,377 (46.1)</td>
                <td align="center">1,574 (52.7)</td>
                <td align="center">14.3</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Missing</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Blood pressure</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Poor</td>
                <td align="center">1,187 (39.4)</td>
                <td align="center">1,131 (37.6)</td>
                <td align="center">-4.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.348</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Intermediate</td>
                <td align="center">1,185 (39.4)</td>
                <td align="center">1,233 (41.0)</td>
                <td align="center">4.1</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Ideal</td>
                <td align="center">637 (21.2)</td>
                <td align="center">645 (21.4)</td>
                <td align="center">1.3</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>
                <italic>Data are presented as the number of participants with percentages in
                           brackets. P values were calculated using the Bowker's test for symmetry.
                           AHA 2020: American Heart Association's 2020 Strategic Impact
                           Goals.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Significant improvement in some parameters were documented. A &#8805; 20% improvement was
               found at the level graded as <italic>poor</italic> for smoking (-21.1%), diet
               (-29.8%), and cholesterol level (-23.6%). Minor changes at the same level were also
               observed for physical activity (-9.1%), body weight (-1.5%), plasma glucose (-4.4%),
               and blood pressure (-4.7%). Improvements were also found at the level grade as
                  <italic>ideal</italic>, especially considering healthy diet (+73%) and cholesterol
               levels &lt;200 mg/dL (+14.3%). </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this prospective study, we could show that a simple basic educational program may
            improve symptoms and modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in an unselected outpatient
            population. An improvement in weight and dyspnea on exertion, as well as a decrease in
            the proportion of current active smokers were documented. The proportion of patients
            with high levels of triglycerides and LDL cholesterol improved. In addition, a &#8805; 20%
            improvement of the American Health Association 2020 metrics was found for smoking, diet
            and cholesterol level. However, the low adherence, as evidenced by a high dropout rate
            of participants throughout the study follow-up, was documented.</p>
      <p>Only minimal changes in weight (mean weight loss of 0.2 kg) and no significant changes
            in abdominal circumference were found in this study, conducted in a non-coached
            approach. Similar changes could be observed in prospective studies when patients were
            included in study arms in which the intervention consisted only in consultations with a
            dietitian and the use of self-help resources<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. However, patients
            included in intervention arms with an intensive, coached program toward weight
            reduction, delivered in a weekly basis, showed a much higher decrease in body weight
            (mean weight loss of 4 kg)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Changes in diet and sedentary life habits in the
            last decades have led to a significant decline in the global health profiles of the
            population. Specific dietary and lifestyle factors have been shown to be independently
            associated with long-term weight gain, including changes in the consumption of specific
            foods and beverages, reduced physical activity, alcohol consuption, television watching,
            and smoking<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Moreover, diet quality in patients
            with known vascular disease or diabetes mellitus has a strong association with
            cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes. A higher-quality diet was associated with a lower
            risk of recurrent CVD events among people &#8805; 55 years of age<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
      <p>Randomized lifestyle interventions for cardiovascular risk reduction have proven to be
            feasible and effective<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. However, translating findings from extensively
            resourced trials, focused on highly selected populations, into a real-life setting in
            which resources are limited and populations are more heterogeneous is a difficult task. </p>
      <p>The expectation of long-term positive effects of the adherence to a healthy lifestyle
            has been confirmed in few studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Individuals who had newly adopted a healthy
            lifestyle in middle age experienced a prompt benefit of lower rates of cardiovascular
            disease and mortality. A midlife switch to a healthy lifestyle that includes a diet of
            at least 5 daily fruits and vegetables, exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, and not
            smoking resulted in a substantial reduction in mortality and cardiovascular disease over
            the subsequent 4 years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>However, it also has been shown that the acceptance of advice on diet and physical
            activity and patient actions remain suboptimal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Overall adherence to
            medical advice, independent of a therapeutic of preventive approach, has been reported
            to be low in the general population. In a recent meta-analysis, approximately one third
            of patients who had had myocardial infarction and approximately one half of those who
            had not had myocardial infarction did not adhere to effective cardiovascular preventive
               treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. In our study, a large interest of
            patients in taking part of the study was followed by a very discouraging, massive
            decline in further participation in the follow-up examinations (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). Higher participation could not be achieved in spite of
            repeated invitations by phone, e-mail and short-message-system reminders of the next
            appointment. </p>
      <p>Education for cardiovascular prevention is a very important element of the strategies
            toward improving cardiovascular health in the community. However, the individual
            perception of health targets may be limited, and preventive measures may therefore be
            difficult to follow. </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>Interpretation of the results of this study is limited by its design as a case-series
               type prospective trial. Contrary to case-control studies, only
                  <italic>before-after</italic> analysis of parameters was possible here.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>A simple, basic educational program may improve symptoms and cardiovascular risk factors
            in an unselected outpatient population, when conducted in a non-coached approach.
            However, patient adherence remains an important issue to be addressed.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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            <given-names>Victoria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Achon</surname>
            <given-names>Oscar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bruckner</surname>
            <given-names>Thomas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kieser</surname>
            <given-names>Meinhard</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Katus</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mereles</surname>
            <given-names>Derliz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Seguran&#231;a Social</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Central</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Assun&#231;&#227;o</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Paraguai</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Central, Instituto de Seguran&#231;a Social,
               Assun&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Paraguai</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Heidelberg</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Biometria e Inform&#225;tica
               M&#233;dica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Heidelberg</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Alemanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Biometria e Inform&#225;tica M&#233;dica da
               Universidade de Heidelberg, Heidelberg &#8211; Alemanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Heidelberg</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica III, Cardiologia,
               Angiologia e Pneumologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Heidelberg</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Alemanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica III, Cardiologia,
               Angiologia e Pneumologia da Universidade de Heidelberg, Heidelberg &#8211;
               Alemanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02">Correspond&#234;ncia: Derliz Mereles, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410,
               Handschuhsheim. CEP 69120. Baden-W&#252;rttemberg &#8211; Alemanha. Email:
                  <email>derliz.mereles@med.uni-heidelberg.de</email>;
                  <email>derliz@dmereles.de</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p><bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold> Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Chaves G,
                  Britez N, Gonzalez G, Oviedo G, Chaparro V, Mereles D. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Chaves
                  G, Britez N, Oviedo G, Chaparro V. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Chaves G,
                  Britez N, Mereles D. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Munzinger J, Uhlmann L, Bruckner T,
                  Kieser M, Mereles D. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Britez N. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito:
                  Chaves G, Britez N, Mereles D. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do
                  intelectual importante: Chaves G, Britez N, Gonzalez G, Achon O, Kieser M, Mereles
                  D, Katus HA. Supervis&#227;o / como principal investigador: Chaves G, Mereles D.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p><bold>Potencial conflito de interesse </bold> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de
                  interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o, atualmente, as maiores causas de &#243;bito e
                  incapacita&#231;&#227;o em todo o mundo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar os efeitos de um programa educativo b&#225;sico para preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular
                  em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes ambulatoriais n&#227;o selecionados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Todos os participantes frequentaram um programa educativo de mudan&#231;a para um
                  estilo de vida saud&#225;vel. Foram realizadas avalia&#231;&#245;es &#224; admiss&#227;o no estudo e
                  durante o acompanhamento. Foram avaliados sintomas, h&#225;bitos, par&#226;metros do ATP III
                  para s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e par&#226;metros da <italic>American Heart
                     Association</italic> 2020 para sa&#250;de cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo 15.073 participantes com idade &#8805; 18 anos. Foi feita a
                  an&#225;lise de dados dos 3.009 pacientes que completaram a segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o. Foram
                  documentados perda de peso (de 76,6 &#177; 15,3 para 76,4 &#177; 15,3 kg, p = 0,002),
                  melhora da dispneia aos esfor&#231;os graus II-NYHA (de 23,4% para 21,0%) e III (de
                  15,8% para 14,0%), e redu&#231;&#227;o na propor&#231;&#227;o de fumantes ativos atuais (de 3,6% para
                  2,9%, p = 0,002). Houve melhora na propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com n&#237;veis de
                  triglic&#233;rides &gt; 150 mg/dL (de 46,3% para 42,4%, p &lt; 0,001) e de colesterol
                  LDL &gt; 100 mg/dL (de 69,3% para 65,5%, p &lt; 0,001). Houve melhora &#8805; 20% na
                  m&#233;trica AHA 2020 no n&#237;vel classificado como ruim para tabagismo (-21,1%),
                  alimenta&#231;&#227;o (-29,8%), e n&#237;vel de colesterol (23,6%). Foi documentada grande evas&#227;o
                  como indicador substituto para baixa ades&#227;o de paciente nas primeiras 5 consultas,
                  sendo 80% entre a primeira e a segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o, 55,6% entre a segunda e a
                  terceira, 43,6% entre a terceira e a quarta, e 38% entre a quarta e a quinta.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Um programa educativo b&#225;sico e simples pode melhorar os sintomas e fatores de
                  risco cardiovasculares modific&#225;veis, mas conta com pouca ades&#227;o por parte dos
                  pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Comportamentos Saud&#225;veis</kwd>
        <kwd>Estilo de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Educa&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>De acordo com estimativas da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de, as doen&#231;as
               cardiovasculares s&#227;o a maior causa de &#243;bitos e incapacita&#231;&#227;o em todo o mundo, com
               tend&#234;ncia de aumento e proje&#231;&#227;o negativa para 2030. Embora evit&#225;veis em grande parte,
               sua incid&#234;ncia continua a crescer principalmente pela inadequa&#231;&#227;o de medidas
                  preventivas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. </p>
        <p>V&#225;rios estudos demonstram os efeitos de programas de interven&#231;&#227;o sobre o estilo de
               vida entre popula&#231;&#245;es de alto risco, sendo que alguns mostraram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa
               na incid&#234;ncia de diabetes em indiv&#237;duos com diminui&#231;&#227;o da toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Outros demonstram efeitos ben&#233;ficos de
               altera&#231;&#245;es no estilo de vida sobre o controle da press&#227;o arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. As interven&#231;&#245;es sobre o estilo de vida parecem
               ser pelo menos t&#227;o efetivas quanto o tratamento medicamentoso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Portanto, a mudan&#231;a no estilo de vida, h&#225; muito considerada o
               pilar das interven&#231;&#245;es, &#233; extremamente importante para reduzir o &#244;nus das doen&#231;as
                  cr&#244;nicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em vista deste cen&#225;rio de epidemia, as pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de governamentais nos pa&#237;ses
               industrializados t&#234;m se concentrado em programas para modificar os fatores de risco
                  cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. A proibi&#231;&#227;o do cigarro
               para proteger os cidad&#227;os contra os efeitos do tabagismo passivo foi implantada com
               sucesso em muitos pa&#237;ses, mostrando efeitos positivos mesmo neste curto per&#237;odo de
                  tempo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. No entanto, os resultados relativos a outros fatores de risco
               modific&#225;veis continuam desanimadores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Al&#233;m
               disso, programas educativos complexos e abrangentes carecem de implanta&#231;&#227;o ampla na
               popula&#231;&#227;o geral e est&#227;o relacionadas a uma menor ades&#227;o dos pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade de um
               programa educativo b&#225;sico para transformar comportamentos estabelecidos em um estilo
               de vida saud&#225;vel em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes urbanos ambulatoriais, e definir os
               efeitos dessas mudan&#231;as nos sintomas e fatores de risco cardiovasculares
               modific&#225;veis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho e popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>O estudo AsuRiesgo (acr&#244;nimo para <italic>Asuncion modificacion de factores
                     de</italic> Riesgo <italic>cardiovascular</italic> - modifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores de
                  risco cardiovascular Assun&#231;&#227;o) &#233; um estudo prospectivo do tipo s&#233;rie de casos, em
                  que todos os participantes s&#227;o submetidos &#224; mesma interven&#231;&#227;o - um programa
                  educativo para aumentar a conscientiza&#231;&#227;o sobre fatores de risco cardiovasculares
                  e, com base nisso, mudar os h&#225;bitos para um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel. A coorte
                  incluiu uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes ambulatoriais n&#227;o selecionados, com idade &#8805; 18
                  anos que frequentam uma cl&#237;nica terci&#225;ria bem movimentada numa &#225;rea urbana em
                  Assun&#231;&#227;o, Paraguai.</p>
          <p>Foram convidados a participar do estudo pacientes de todas as &#225;reas de espera do
                  hospital. Todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas &#224; admiss&#227;o no estudo e em todas as
                  consultas durante o seguimento. Os pacientes foram orientados a retornar para
                  exames durante o seguimento a cada 6 meses. O protocolo de estudo foi aprovado
                  pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o e todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de
                  consentimento. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de sintomas e h&#225;bitos</title>
          <p>Foram obtidas informa&#231;&#245;es pessoais e familiares atrav&#233;s de anamnese. A dispneia
                  aos esfor&#231;os e a dor tor&#225;cica foram estratificadas de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o
                  funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA - Associa&#231;&#227;o
                  Cardiol&#243;gica de Nova Iorque) e da <italic>Canadian Cardiovascular Society</italic>
                  (CCS - Sociedade Cardiovascular Canadense), respectivamente. Foram documentados os
                  antecedentes de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e/ou diabetes mellitus conhecidos. </p>
          <p>Foi avaliada a preval&#234;ncia de par&#226;metros de m&#233;trica de sa&#250;de cardiovascular,
                  conforme defini&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de Objetivos de Impacto Estrat&#233;gico da
                     <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA - Associa&#231;&#227;o Americana de
                  Cardiologia) 2020, tendo sido calculados os n&#237;veis ideal, intermedi&#225;rio e
                     baixo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. A mudan&#231;a relativa ap&#243;s o
                  programa educativo para um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel foi estimada para cada um dos 4
                  comportamentos de sa&#250;de (tabagismo, alimenta&#231;&#227;o, atividade f&#237;sica e massa
                  corporal) e dos 3 fatores de sa&#250;de (glicemia, colesterolemia e press&#227;o arterial). </p>
          <p>Interrogou-se exaustivamente sobre tabagismo. Entretanto, foram considerados para
                  an&#225;lise apenas os aspectos definidos pelo Comit&#234; de Objetivos de Impacto
                  Estrat&#233;gico da AHA 2020<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Os fumantes
                  atuais foram classificados no grupo com baixo n&#237;vel de sa&#250;de cardiovascular, os
                  que deixaram de fumar h&#225; menos de 12 meses, no grupo intermedi&#225;rio, e os n&#227;o
                  fumantes e aqueles que deixaram de fumar h&#225; &#8805; 12 meses, no grupo ideal.</p>
          <p>O comportamento alimentar foi definido qualitativamente de acordo com a ingest&#227;o
                  di&#225;ria de tr&#234;s grupos de alimentos: carnes/gordura animal, legumes/frutas e
                  a&#231;&#250;car/carboidratos. O grau de consumo foi classificado para cada grupo como
                  "nenhum", "baixo", "moderado" ou "alto", sendo criado um escore simples de
                  alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel correspondente, em que de 1-3 pontos a alimenta&#231;&#227;o era
                  considerada "pobre", de 4-6 pontos, "intermedi&#225;ria", e de 7-9 pontos, "ideal". </p>
          <p>O n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica di&#225;ria foi classificado como comportamento sedent&#225;rio
                  quando n&#227;o era feita nem mesmo uma caminhada do tipo recreativa; moderado, quando
                  eram praticados pelo menos 30 minutos de caminhada do tipo recreativa em moderada
                  intensidade diariamente; e importante, quando eram praticados &#8805; 30 minutos de
                  caminhada recreativa vigorosa ou qualquer esporte. O n&#237;vel de atividade dos
                  participantes foi classificado como baixo, intermedi&#225;rio ou ideal,
                  respectivamente.</p>
          <p>O n&#237;vel di&#225;rio de estresse psicol&#243;gico foi classificado subjetivamente como leve
                  ou ausente, moderado ou importante. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos e laboratoriais</title>
          <p>Todos os par&#226;metros foram avaliados &#224; admiss&#227;o e em cada consulta de seguimento.
                  Foram avaliados peso, estatura, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), circunfer&#234;ncia
                  abdominal e press&#227;o arterial; par&#226;metros laboratoriais padr&#227;o, incluindo
                  triglic&#233;rides, colesterol total, HDL, LDL e glicemia de jejum, conforme descrito
                  em outro artigo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Foi tamb&#233;m avaliada a
                  preval&#234;ncia de par&#226;metros da AHA de m&#233;trica de sa&#250;de cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Educa&#231;&#227;o para um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel</title>
          <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos participaram de uma reuni&#227;o pedag&#243;gica inicial e foram
                  estimulados a participar de reuni&#245;es semelhantes a cada consulta de seguimento. O
                  material informativo foi compilado a partir de recomenda&#231;&#245;es publicadas
                     anteriormente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
          <p>Foram abordadas informa&#231;&#245;es b&#225;sicas sobre doen&#231;as e fatores de risco
                  cardiovasculares. O foco recaiu sobre parar de fumar, adotar uma alimenta&#231;&#227;o
                  saud&#225;vel, evitar o sedentarismo e tentar reduzir o estresse psicol&#243;gico di&#225;rio.
                  Foram usadas as seguintes estrat&#233;gias para atingir esses objetivos: 1) sugest&#245;es
                  para parar de fumar; 2) aspectos relativos a uma alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel, com
                  sugest&#245;es para o dia-a-dia; 3) sugest&#245;es de como adotar um programa de exerc&#237;cios
                  f&#237;sicos di&#225;rios; e 4) sugest&#245;es&#250;teis para reduzir o estresse psicol&#243;gico
                  di&#225;rio.</p>
          <p><bold>Cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo:</bold> Os pacientes foram orientados sobre a
                  import&#226;ncia de parar de fumar e sobre os riscos &#224; sa&#250;de decorrentes do tabagismo.
                  Sugeriu-se estabelecer uma data para parar e faz&#234;-lo completamente nesse dia,
                  analisar experi&#234;ncias anteriores relacionadas ao que ajudou ou atrapalhou no
                  processo, e pedir o apoio de familiares e amigos. N&#227;o foram utilizados
                  medicamentos de reposi&#231;&#227;o de nicotina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
          <p><bold>Alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel: </bold>Os pacientes foram orientados a comer
                  moderadamente; a reduzir o consumo de carnes, especialmente as vermelhas; evitar o
                  consumo de gordura animal e &#243;leo vegetal hidrogenado; mudar as refei&#231;&#245;es di&#225;rias,
                  especialmente para legumes e verduras; reduzir a ingest&#227;o de sal, e reduzir o
                  consumo de a&#231;&#250;car e produtos com trigo refinado, substituindo-os por aqueles com
                  trigo integral.</p>
          <p><bold>Atividade f&#237;sica: </bold>Sugeriu-se aos pacientes evitar o sedentarismo
                  praticando pelo menos uma caminhada recreativa de 30 minutos diariamente. Foram
                  motivados a come&#231;ar com um ritmo moderado, aumentado a velocidade progressivamente
                  at&#233; o n&#237;vel mais intenso poss&#237;vel. Al&#233;m disso, foram estimulados a praticar
                  esportes aer&#243;bicos de acordo com suas possibilidades<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
          <p><bold>Estresse psicol&#243;gico: </bold>Estrat&#233;gias de como lidar com o estresse
                  psicol&#243;gico di&#225;rio foram abordadas pelos m&#233;dicos respons&#225;veis pelo estudo. Foram
                  investigadas poss&#237;veis causas como ocupacional, familiar e/ou social, e sugeridas
                  medidas &#250;teis. Foi fornecido suporte psicol&#243;gico profissional, conforme
                  necess&#225;rio. </p>
          <p>As reuni&#245;es foram realizadas por m&#233;dicos e enfermeiras treinados para este
                  prop&#243;sito. O treinamento e supervis&#227;o rigorosa ficaram a cargo dos m&#233;dicos
                  respons&#225;veis pelo estudo. O tratamento foi posteriormente conduzido pelo m&#233;dico
                  que encaminhou o paciente. N&#227;o foram feitas altera&#231;&#245;es nas medica&#231;&#245;es como parte
                  do estudo. Foi dito aos pacientes que simplesmente seguissem estritamente as
                  orienta&#231;&#245;es de seu m&#233;dico. Material adicional, por escrito, e informa&#231;&#245;es atuais
                  relativas ao estudo foram postadas na p&#225;gina da web: http://asuriesgo.de.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todas as an&#225;lises foram feitas utilizando-se o programa SAS vers&#227;o 9.1 (Instituto
                  SAS, Cary, NC). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o
                  (DP). Foram utilizadas frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens para descrever as vari&#225;veis
                  categ&#243;ricas. Para testar as diferen&#231;as entre a primeira e segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o, foram
                  aplicados teste t pareado para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e de McNemar ou de Bowker para
                  vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. N&#227;o foram feitos ajustes para teste m&#250;ltiplo, uma vez que a
                  an&#225;lise de dados foi explorat&#243;ria. A desist&#234;ncia de pacientes como indicador
                  substituto para ades&#227;o foi avaliada ao longo das 5 primeiras visitas. Valores de p
                  bilateral menores que 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.
               </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>O recrutamento de pacientes foi feito de maneira cont&#237;nua entre maio de 2006 e maio
               de 2012. Durante esse per&#237;odo, aproximadamente 40.000 indiv&#237;duos foram convidados a
               participar. No total, 15.073 pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento e entraram
               no estudo. </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas iniciais da popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes</title>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas, antecedentes de doen&#231;as pessoais e familiares
                  e sintomas est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 1</xref>.
                  A preval&#234;ncia de mulheres nesta popula&#231;&#227;o foi alta, mais que o dobro da masculina. </p>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Dados iniciais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr align="left">
                  <th colspan="3">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">n</td>
                  <td align="center">15.073</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">50,8 &#177; 15,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">Mulheres, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.377 (69)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">Peso, kg</td>
                  <td align="center">77,3 &#177; 16,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">&lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2.966 (19,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">25-29 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">5.583 (37,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">&gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">6.524 (43,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">Antecedente pessoal de DAC, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">390 (2,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">Diabetes mellitus conhecido, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.063 (13,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">Antecedente familiar de DAC, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">819 (5,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">Sintomas</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">Dispneia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.221 (34,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">NYHA I</td>
                  <td align="center">527 (3,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">NYHA II</td>
                  <td align="center">2.743 (18,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">NYHA III</td>
                  <td align="center">1.951 (12,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">Angina pectoris, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.388 (15,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">CCS I</td>
                  <td align="center">407 (2,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">CCS II</td>
                  <td align="center">1.271 (8,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">CCS III</td>
                  <td align="center">710 (4,7)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>
                  <italic>Os valores s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. Os dados para
                              vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o mostrados como n&#250;mero de casos com as
                              porcentagens entre par&#234;nteses. DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; NYHA:
                              classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da New York Heart Association; CCS:
                              classifica&#231;&#227;o de angina da </italic>
                  <italic>Canadian Cardiovascular Society. N&#250;meros de valores n&#227;o
                              dispon&#237;veis, menores ou iguais a dez n&#227;o foram mostrados.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e diabetes mellitus conhecidos foi
                  baixa, e 5,4% da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo apresentava antecedente familiar de
                  cardiopatia coronariana. Os pacientes relataram falta de ar aos esfor&#231;os, sendo
                  que aproximadamente 18% tinham classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional grau II (NYHA) e 13%, grau
                  III. A preval&#234;ncia de angina pectoris aos esfor&#231;os foi menor, sendo
                  aproximadamente 8% dos pacientes classificados como CCS II e 5%, como CCS III.
               </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desist&#234;ncia dos participantes durante o seguimento</title>
          <p>Os pacientes eram solicitados a comparecer &#224;s consultas de retorno por telefone ou
                  por SMS (<italic>Short Message Service</italic>), caso n&#227;o viessem espontaneamente
                  ao retorno marcado, 6 meses ap&#243;s a primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, apesar de
                  grandes esfor&#231;os, houve alta taxa de desist&#234;ncia ao longo das primeiras 5
                  consultas, sendo 80% entre a primeira e segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o, 55,6% entre a segunda e
                  a terceira, 43,6% entre a terceira e a quarta, e 38% entre a quarta e a quinta. O
                  intervalo m&#233;dio entre a primeira e segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o foi de 10 meses (percentis 25
                  e 75, 7 a 21 meses). Foram documentados o fluxo de pacientes e a frequ&#234;ncia de
                  desist&#234;ncia durante o acompanhamento ao longo das cinco primeiras avalia&#231;&#245;es
                     (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxo de participantes durante o estudo. S&#227;o mostradas apenas as 5
                        primeiras consultas consideradas para a an&#225;lise de desist&#234;ncias. As mudan&#231;as
                        de par&#226;metros foram analisadas entre a primeira e segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-05-0347-50021-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mudan&#231;a de par&#226;metros ap&#243;s a educa&#231;&#227;o para um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel</title>
          <p>Foi feita an&#225;lise comparativa entre a primeira e a segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o em pacientes,
                  cujas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre antecedentes cl&#237;nicos, interrogat&#243;rio sobre h&#225;bitos, exame
                  f&#237;sico e exames laboratoriais haviam sido avaliadas nas duas consultas (n =
                  3.009). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Antropometria, sintomas e h&#225;bitos</title>
          <p>Foi poss&#237;vel observar uma diminui&#231;&#227;o pequena, mas significativa, no peso (de 76,6
                  &#177; 15,3 kg para 76,4 &#177; 15,3 kg, p = 0,002) e no &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (de 30,2 &#177;
                  5,6 kg/m&#178; para 30,1 &#177; 5,6 kg/m&#178;, p = 0,004) na segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a educa&#231;&#227;o
                  para um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela
                  2</xref>). Houve tamb&#233;m uma menor propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com dispneia aos esfor&#231;os
                  grau II (NYHA) (de 23,4% para 21,0%) e grau III (de 15,8% para 14,0%) na segunda
                  consulta. A propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes portadores de angina pectoris aos esfor&#231;os
                  tamb&#233;m diminuiu, mas as diferen&#231;as n&#227;o foram estatisticamente significativas.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mudan&#231;as nos par&#226;metros na segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s educa&#231;&#227;o para um
                        estilo de vida saud&#225;vel (n = 3.009)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="3">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">Inicial</th>
                  <th align="center">Segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3" align="left">Peso, kg</td>
                  <td align="center">76,6 &#177; 15,3</td>
                  <td align="center">76,4 &#177; 15,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002 *</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">&#205;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">30,2 &#177; 5,6</td>
                  <td align="center">30,1 &#177; 5,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004 *</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">Sintomas</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2">Dispneia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1.699 (56,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.843 (61,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">1.310 (43,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.164 (38,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001 &#8224;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">NYHA I</td>
                  <td align="center">131 (4,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">111 (3,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">NYHA II</td>
                  <td align="center">705 (23,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">632 (21,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">NYHA III</td>
                  <td align="center">474 (15,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">421 (14,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2">Angina pectoris, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">2.547 (84,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.580 (85,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">462 (15,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">428 (14,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,143 &#8224;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">CCS I</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (2,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (2,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">CCS II</td>
                  <td align="center">231 (7,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">224 (7,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">CCS III</td>
                  <td align="center">154 (5,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">135 (4,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">Fumante atual</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">2.110 (70,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.129 (70,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">899 (29,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">880 (29,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,110 &#8224;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2">Ativo</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">2.900 (96,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.923 (97,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (3,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (2,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002 &#8224;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2">Passivo</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">2.196 (73,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.199 (73,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">813 (27,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">810 (26,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,772 &#8224;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">Ex-fumante</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">2.343 (77,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.309 (76,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">666 (22,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">700 (23,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001 &#8224;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">Alimenta&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Pobre</td>
                  <td align="center">983 (32,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">690 (22,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001 &#8225;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Intermedi&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">1.785 (59,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.901 (63,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Ideal</td>
                  <td align="center">241 (8,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">417 (13,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">Atividade f&#237;sica, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1.626 (54,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.478 (49,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001 &#8225;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Alguma</td>
                  <td align="center">1.378 (45,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.519 (50,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Frequente</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (0,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (0,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">N&#237;vel de estresse psicol&#243;gico, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Leve ou ausente</td>
                  <td align="center">604 (42,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">453 (46,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006 &#8225;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Moderado</td>
                  <td align="center">646 (45,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">391 (40,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Importante</td>
                  <td align="center">185 (12,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">131 (13,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o dispon&#237;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">1.574</td>
                  <td align="center">2.034</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>
                  <italic>Os valores s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. Os dados para
                              vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o mostrados como n&#250;mero de casos com
                              percentagens entre par&#234;nteses. NYHA: classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da New
                              York Heart Association; CCS: classifica&#231;&#227;o de angina da Canadian
                              Cardiovascular Society. As mudan&#231;as na ingesta alimentar s&#227;o mostradas
                              na Tabela 4. Os valores de p foram calculados atrav&#233;s do teste t*,
                              teste de McNemar &#8224; para simetria e teste de Bowker &#8225;
                              para simetria, conforme necess&#225;rio. N&#250;meros de valores n&#227;o dispon&#237;veis
                              menores que quatro n&#227;o foram mostrados.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Houve diminui&#231;&#227;o na propor&#231;&#227;o de fumantes ativos atuais (de 3,6% para 2,9%, p =
                  0,002). Houve tamb&#233;m menos fumantes passivos, mas sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente
                  significativa. A propor&#231;&#227;o de ex-fumantes aumentou de forma correspondente (de
                  22,2% para 23,3%). A propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes sedent&#225;rios diminuiu (de 54,0% para
                  49,2%), ao mesmo tempo em que se observou um correspondente aumento nas atividades
                  f&#237;sicas di&#225;rias (de 45,8% para 50,5%). Embora o n&#237;vel de estresse psicol&#243;gico nos
                  pacientes que o haviam descrito como "importante" tenha aumentado ligeiramente
                  ap&#243;s a educa&#231;&#227;o para um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel (de 12,9% para 13,4%), houve
                  diminui&#231;&#227;o desse n&#237;vel no grupo de pacientes com intensidades "leve ou ausente"
                  (de 42,1% para 46,5%) e "moderada" (de 45,0% para 40,1%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios ATP III para s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e colesterol LDL</title>
          <p>A propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes portadores de qualquer dos par&#226;metros para s&#237;ndrome
                  metab&#243;lica mostrou diferen&#231;as m&#237;nimas, mas n&#227;o estatisticamente significativas, na
                  segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 3</xref>; para
                  concis&#227;o, os subgrupos n&#227;o s&#227;o mostrados). No entanto, foi poss&#237;vel demonstrar
                  melhora significativa no perfil lip&#237;dico, tendo havido diminui&#231;&#227;o na propor&#231;&#227;o de
                  pacientes com triglic&#233;rides &gt; 150 mg/dL (de 46,3% para 42,4%, p &lt; 0,001),
                  especialmente em pacientes com idade &#8805; 60 anos. Al&#233;m disso, observou-se alguma
                  melhora nos n&#237;veis de colesterol HDL em homens, com queda significativa na
                  preval&#234;ncia de HDL &lt; 40 mg/dL na faixa et&#225;ria entre 40 e 49 anos (de 29,7% para
                  20,4%, p = 0,009). Observou-se tend&#234;ncia a uma menor preval&#234;ncia de n&#237;veis baixos
                  de HDL apenas no grupo de pacientes do sexo feminino entre 60 e 69 anos de idade
                  (de 46,5% para 43,4%, p = 0,084). </p>
          <table-wrap id="t07">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mudan&#231;as na preval&#234;ncia de par&#226;metros ATP III para s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e
                        colesterol LDS nos participantes na segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s educa&#231;&#227;o para um
                        estilo de vida saud&#225;vel (n = 3.009)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="3" align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">Inicial</th>
                  <th align="center">Segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3" align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">Mulheres &gt; 88 cm, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.824 (79,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.827 (79,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,845</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">Homens &gt; 102 cm, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">302 (42,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">299 (41,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,763</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3" align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos &gt; 150 mg/dL, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.382 (46,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.268 (42,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o dispon&#237;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3" align="left">Colesterol HDL</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">Mulheres &lt; 50 mg/dL, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">978 (43,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.018 (45,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,250</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o dispon&#237;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">Homens &lt; 40 mg/dL, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">187 (26,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">175 (24,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,280</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o dispon&#237;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3" align="left">Press&#227;o arterial</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">Sist&#243;lica &gt; 130 mmHg, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.352 (44,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.318 (43,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,279</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">Diast&#243;lica &gt; 85 mmHg, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">941 (31,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">913 (30,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,362</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3" align="left">Glicemia de jejum &gt; 100mg/dL, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">591 (19,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">603 (20,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,492</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o dispon&#237;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3" align="left">Colesterol LDL &gt; 100 mg/dL, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.039 (69,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.937 (65,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o dispon&#237;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">66</td>
                  <td align="center">53</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>
                  <italic>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como n&#250;mero de casos com porcentagens
                              entre par&#234;nteses. ATP III: Adult Treatment Panel III (Terceiro
                              Relat&#243;rio do Painel de Especialistas em Detec&#231;&#227;o, Avalia&#231;&#227;o e
                              Tratamento de Hipercolesterolemia em Adultos); HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de
                              alta densidade. Os valores de p foram calculados utilizando-se o teste
                              de McNemar para simetria. Os n&#250;meros de valores n&#227;o dispon&#237;veis
                              menores que quatro foram omitidos.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Foi ainda demonstrada melhora nos n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL &gt; 100 mg/dL (de
                  69,3% para 65,5%, p &lt; 0,001), sendo essa estatisticamente significativa nas
                  faixas et&#225;rias entre 50-59 anos (p = 0,03) e 60-69 anos (p = 0,004).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Par&#226;metros da AHA de m&#233;trica de sa&#250;de cardiovascular</title>
          <p>As mudan&#231;as na preval&#234;ncia de par&#226;metros de m&#233;trica de sa&#250;de cardiovascular, como
                  definidos pelo Comit&#234; de Objetivos de Impacto Estrat&#233;gico 2020 da <italic>American
                     Heart Association</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> ap&#243;s
                  educa&#231;&#227;o para um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 4</xref>. A melhora relativa nos par&#226;metros de sa&#250;de
                  cardiovascular &#233; apresentada como porcentagem de mudan&#231;a para cada um dos 4
                  comportamentos (tabagismo, alimenta&#231;&#227;o, atividade f&#237;sica, massa corp&#243;rea) e dos 3
                  fatores de sa&#250;de (glicemia, n&#237;vel de colesterol, press&#227;o arterial).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t08">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mudan&#231;as na preval&#234;ncia de par&#226;metros da AHA 2020 para m&#233;trica de sa&#250;de
                        cardiovascular ap&#243;s educa&#231;&#227;o para um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel (n =
                        3.009)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2" align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">Inicial</th>
                  <th align="center">Segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">% Mudan&#231;a</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Baixo</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (3,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (2,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">-21,1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (0,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">-12,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Ideal</td>
                  <td align="center">2.868 (95,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.893 (96,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">Alimenta&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Baixo</td>
                  <td align="center">983 (32,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">690 (22,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">-29,8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">1.785 (59,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.901 (63,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Ideal</td>
                  <td align="center">241 (8,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">417 (13,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">73,0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">Atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Baixo</td>
                  <td align="center">1.626 (54,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.478 (49,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">-9,1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">1.378 (45,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.519 (50,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,2</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Ideal</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (0,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (0,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">80,0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">Peso</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Baixo</td>
                  <td align="center">1.376 (45,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.356 (45,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,323</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">1.166 (38,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.171 (38,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Ideal</td>
                  <td align="center">467 (15,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">481 (16,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">Glicemia</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Baixo</td>
                  <td align="center">317 (10,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">303 (10,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">-4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,046</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">704 (23,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">745 (25,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,8</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Ideal</td>
                  <td align="center">1.965 (65,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.937 (64,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o dispon&#237;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">Colesterol</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Baixo</td>
                  <td align="center">674 (22,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">515 (17,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">-23,6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">935 (31,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">900 (30,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">-3,7</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Ideal</td>
                  <td align="center">1.377 (46,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.574 (52,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,3</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o dispon&#237;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">Press&#227;o arterial</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Baixo</td>
                  <td align="center">1.187 (39,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.131 (37,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">-4,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,348</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">1.185 (39,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.233 (41,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Ideal</td>
                  <td align="center">637 (21,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">645 (21,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,3</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>
                  <italic>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como n&#250;mero de participantes, com
                              porcentagens entre par&#234;nteses. Os valores de p foram calculados
                              utilizando-se o teste de Bowker para simetria. AHA 2020: Objetivos de
                              Impacto Estrat&#233;gicoda American Heart Association 2020.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Foi documentada melhora significativa em alguns par&#226;metros. Houve melhora &#8805; 20% no
                  n&#237;vel classificado como <italic>baixo</italic> para tabagismo (-21,1%),
                  alimenta&#231;&#227;o (-29,8%), e n&#237;vel de colesterol (-23,6%). Pequenas altera&#231;&#245;es no mesmo
                  n&#237;vel tamb&#233;m foram observadas para atividade f&#237;sica (-9,1%), peso (-1,5%),
                  glicemia (-4,4%) e n&#237;vel de press&#227;o arterial (-4,7%). Houve ainda melhora no n&#237;vel
                  classificado como <italic>ideal</italic>, especialmente considerando alimenta&#231;&#227;o
                  saud&#225;vel (+73%) e n&#237;vel de colesterol &lt; 200 mg/dL (+14,3%). </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo prospectivo, conseguimos mostrar que um programa educativo simples e
               b&#225;sico pode ser capaz de melhorar sintomas e fatores de risco cardiovasculares em uma
               popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes ambulatoriais n&#227;o selecionados. Observou-se melhora do peso e
               da dispneia aos esfor&#231;os, bem como redu&#231;&#227;o na propor&#231;&#227;o de fumantes ativos atuais. A
               propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com altos n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides e colesterol LDL melhorou.
               Al&#233;m disso, foi verificada melhora &#8805; 20% na m&#233;trica da <italic>American Health
                  Association 2020</italic> para tabagismo, alimenta&#231;&#227;o e n&#237;vel de colesterol. No
               entanto, foi registrada baixa ades&#227;o, evidenciada pela alta taxa de desist&#234;ncia dos
               participantes ao longo do seguimento estudo.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, realizado de forma n&#227;o assistida, foram encontradas apenas altera&#231;&#245;es
               m&#237;nimas de peso (perda m&#233;dia de 0,2 kg) sem altera&#231;&#245;es significativas na
               circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal. Foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es semelhantes em estudos
               prospectivos em que os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos em bra&#231;os do estudo nos quais a
               interven&#231;&#227;o consistia apenas em consultas com nutricionista e utiliza&#231;&#227;o de recursos
               de autoajuda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Entretanto, pacientes inclu&#237;dos em bra&#231;os de
               interven&#231;&#227;o com programa intensivo e assistido visando a perda de peso, realizado
               semanalmente, obtiveram perda muito maior de peso (perda m&#233;dia de 4 kg)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Mudan&#231;as na alimenta&#231;&#227;o e h&#225;bitos de sedentarismo nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas
               t&#234;m levado a um decl&#237;nio significativo nos perfis de sa&#250;de global da popula&#231;&#227;o. Tem
               sido demonstrado que fatores alimentares e de estilo de vida espec&#237;ficos est&#227;o
               independentemente associados a ganho de peso em longo prazo, incluindo mudan&#231;as no
               consumo de alimentos e bebidas espec&#237;ficos, redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade f&#237;sica, ingest&#227;o de
               &#225;lcool, h&#225;bito de assistir televis&#227;o e tabagismo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Ademais, a qualidade da alimenta&#231;&#227;o em pacientes sabidamente
               portadores de doen&#231;a vascular ou diabetes mellitus est&#225; fortemente associada &#224;
               evolu&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV). Houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre uma alimenta&#231;&#227;o de
               melhor qualidade e um menor risco de DCV recorrente entre pessoas com &#8805;55 anos de
                  idade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        <p>Interven&#231;&#245;es randomizadas sobre o estilo de vida para a redu&#231;&#227;o de risco
               cardiovascular t&#234;m se mostrado fact&#237;veis e eficazes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. No entanto, n&#227;o &#233;
               tarefa f&#225;cil transferir os achados de estudos com grandes recursos, focados em
               popula&#231;&#245;es altamente selecionadas, para um contexto da vida real em que os recursos
               s&#227;o limitados e as popula&#231;&#245;es, mais heterog&#234;neas.</p>
        <p>A expectativa de efeitos positivos em longo prazo da ades&#227;o a um estilo de vida
               saud&#225;vel foi confirmada em alguns estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Indiv&#237;duos que adotaram recentemente um
               estilo de vida saud&#225;vel na meia-idade obtiveram benef&#237;cios imediatos de menores taxas
               de doen&#231;a cardiovascular e mortalidade. Uma mudan&#231;a, na meia-idade, para um estilo de
               vida saud&#225;vel, incluindo alimenta&#231;&#227;o com pelo menos 5 frutas e legumes diariamente,
               exerc&#237;cios, manuten&#231;&#227;o de um peso saud&#225;vel, e n&#227;o fumar resultou em redu&#231;&#227;o
               substancial da mortalidade e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares nos 4 anos subsequentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. </p>
        <p>No entanto, tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado que a aceita&#231;&#227;o de conselhos sobre alimenta&#231;&#227;o e
               atividade f&#237;sica e as a&#231;&#245;es dos pacientes continuam aqu&#233;m do ideal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Mostrou-se que a ades&#227;o geral a conselhos m&#233;dicos, independentes de um
               tratamento com abordagem preventiva, &#233; baixa na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral. Em recente
               meta-an&#225;lise, cerca de um ter&#231;o dos pacientes que haviam tido infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e
               cerca de metade daqueles que n&#227;o o tiveram, n&#227;o aderiram a um tratamento preventivo
               cardiovascular efetivo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Em nosso estudo,
               houve um grande interesse dos pacientes em participar, seguido de um decl&#237;nio intenso
               e desencorajador na participa&#231;&#227;o posterior, nas consultas de seguimento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). N&#227;o se obteve maior participa&#231;&#227;o apesar
               de insistentes convites por telefone, e-mail e SMS, lembrando-os da pr&#243;xima consulta. </p>
        <p>A educa&#231;&#227;o para a preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular &#233; um elemento muito importante das
               estrat&#233;gias para o aprimoramento da sa&#250;de cardiovascular na comunidade. No entanto, a
               percep&#231;&#227;o individual das metas de sa&#250;de pode ser limitada e, portanto, torna-se
               dif&#237;cil seguir medidas preventivas.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>A interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados deste estudo &#233; limitada por seu desenho prospectivo
                  de s&#233;rie de casos. Ao contr&#225;rio de estudos caso-controle, aqui foi poss&#237;vel apenas
                  uma an&#225;lise antes-depois. </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Um programa educativo simples e b&#225;sico pode melhorar os sintomas e fatores de risco
               cardiovasculares em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes ambulatoriais n&#227;o selecionados, quando
               realizado por abordagem n&#227;o assistida. No entanto, a ades&#227;o dos pacientes continua a
               ser um problema importante a ser resolvido.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
