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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">zkYpBYmq4cQxMyX68MJx9Gn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000400013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150029</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Correct Anatomical Orientation of the Heart and Reflections on the
               Nomenclature Used in Daily Practice</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hotta</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Tiemi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aiello</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Demarchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o/Faculdade de Medicina da
               Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Fleury Medicina e Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Fleury Medicina e Sa&#250;de, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Fleury Medicina e Sa&#250;de</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Viviane Tiemi Hotta</bold>, Unidade Cl&#237;nica de
               Miocardiopatias do InCor/FMUSP. Avenida Doutor En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal
               Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>viviane.hotta@grupofleury,com,br</email>;
                  <email>viviane.hotta@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Hotta VT, Aiello VD. Writing of the
                  manuscript: Hotta VT, Aiello VD. Critical revision of the manuscript for
                  intellectual content: Hotta VT, Aiello VD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>e34</fpage>
      <lpage>e36</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution NonCommercial License which permits unrestricted noncommercial
                  use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is
                  properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Terminology as Topic</kwd>
        <kwd>Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiology/classification</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="7"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>In daily clinical practice and during the preparation of a scientific publication, it is
         important to use the appropriate nomenclature for an enhanced understanding of the
         descriptions provided. The correct use of anatomical terminology is the basis for universal
         communication in the field of health, and it is based on the Latin nomenclature originally
         published in 1895 (Basel Nomina Anatomica). In addition, it allows the standardization of
         reports, manuscripts, and scientific communication between different specialties and
         imaging techniques.</p>
    <p>The first Brazilian edition of the Anatomical Terminology was published in 2001 and was
         used as reference for this report. This study is the result of a joint effort of the
         Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) and 56&#160;associations composed of
         members of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA). The Brazilian
         edition was translated by the Anatomical Terminology Commission of the Brazilian Society of
            Anatomy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
    <p>With regard to cardiac nomenclature, some terms suggested by FCAT are not the most commonly
         used; therefore, terms incorporated by usage may be employed more frequently but do not
         necessarily represent the correct way to designate anatomical structures. In particular,
         some terms deserve special attention because of their frequency of use. In addition, some
         of the terms present in the Basel Nomina Anatomica have been questioned for not
         representing the appropriate description of the anatomical position or even the shape of
         the structure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
    <p>A term that is usually used imprecisely in cardiology refers to the heart valves: mitral,
         tricuspid, aortic, and pulmonary, often referred to as &#8220;valvules.&#8221; As a matter of fact, the
         components or functional units of the heart valves that are designated by the Terminology
         Commission as valvules, which are defined as &#8220;small valves.&#8221; This same committee has long
         attempted to modify the term cuspid-which is defined as apex, acute end, peak, vertex-by
         another term considered more appropriate: valvules or leaflets, which are the subdivisions
         of the atrioventricular valves. Anatomically, the FCAT considers that the description of
         the valve shape as cusp or peak is not appropriate for the functional units (or valvules)
         of the atrioventricular valves<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
    <p>In addition to the use of inappropriate terms with regard to the shape of the cardiac
         structures, another relevant concern is the failure to describe their location relative to
         the conventional anatomical position.</p>
    <p>In 2002, Cerqueira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> published recommendations
         from the Cardiac Imaging Committee of the American Heart Association in an attempt to
         standardize the nomenclature of different cardiac imaging techniques, including nuclear
         medicine, magnetic resonance, computed tomography, echocardiography, and coronary
            angiography<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Despite the technical differences
         between these techniques, all of them aim to describe the heart and adjacent structures as
         accurately as possible. However, each of these techniques have evolved independently with
         respect to the description of cardiac orientation, number and classification of the
         myocardial segments, and distribution of coronary arteries, considering the inherent
         capabilities and limitations of each technique. Therefore, to facilitate communication and
         the correlation between the cardiac imaging techniques, the authors suggested that all
         techniques should guide and show the heart along its longitudinal axis, and the remaining
         planes should be oriented orthogonally with respect to the longitudinal axis of the
         heart.</p>
    <p>A simple Internet search (October 2014) indicates that this study has been cited in the
         literature more than 2000&#160;times; therefore, it became an important reference in
         cardiovascular nomenclature. In this study, the authors-who belong to a committee of the
         American Heart Association that met specifically to discuss nomenclature-corrected a clear
         failure in the nomenclature of the inferior cardiac wall, formerly and incorrectly
         designated as &#8220;posterior.&#8221; However, they continued naming the wall opposite the inferior
         (diaphragmatic) wall as &#8220;anterior.&#8221; The simple observation of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>, showing the heart on a CT scan, leaves no doubt that the wall
         opposite the inferior wall is located superiorly. In addition, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> shows that the anterior portion of the left ventricular wall
         is in fact the ventricular septum. This inconsistency should be taken into consideration by
         those who examine the heart in its natural position within the chest.</p>
    <fig id="f01">
      <label>Figure 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title><bold>Left</bold>, schematic representation of the location of the heart in
               relation to its anatomical position within the thorax, showing the cardiac
               longitudinal axis (above). View of the heart when the cardiac longitudinal axis is
               positioned with the heart in the anatomical position (middle) and according to the
               vertical orientation used in the conventional nomenclature that is currently employed
               (below), considering the heart removed from the chest and resting on its apex.
                  <bold>Right</bold> (above), computed tomography images showing the position of the
               heart in relation to the spinal cord and the sternum (A). B, CT scan image of the
               ventricular mass in short (transverse) axis at the level of the papillary muscles
               shows the anterior location of the &#8220;posterior-medial&#8221; muscle group (orange arrow) in
               relation to the &#8220;anterior-lateral&#8221; papillary muscle group. The location of the
               myocardial walls in relation to the anatomical position is evidenced (correlate with
               Table 1). A: anterior; H: head-cranial or superior; F: foot-caudal or inferior; RV:
               right ventricle; LV: left ventricle.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0e34-50029-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A similar inconsistency is related to the current designation of the papillary muscles of
         the left ventricle. The group known as &#8220;anterior-lateral&#8221; is in fact located posteriorly in
         relation to the group usually designated as &#8220;posterior-medial&#8221; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>In addition, in the anatomical position, the heart chambers designated &#8220;right&#8221; are in
         reality located superoranteriorly to the chambers referred to as &#8220;left&#8221; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). This standard nomenclature facilitates the
         description of right-left shunts, or vice versa, but does not reflect the true anatomical
         position. In&#160;another example, the coronary artery known as the posterior descending artery
         is located on the diaphragmatic surface of the heart and has an interventricular and
         inferior trajectory (not descending and posterior)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Its occlusion leads to an
         infarction designated by cardiologists as &#8220;infarction of the inferior wall,&#8221; despite the
         name of the coronary artery involved.</p>
    <p>The issue of the use of nomenclature considering the anatomical position of the heart has
         been treated with great attention and care by electrophysiologists to facilitate the
         teaching and understanding of the diagnostic and interventionist catheterization performed
         by doctors in training<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. During the insertion of a
         catheter into the inferior vena cava towards the apex of Koch&#8217;s triangle, where the
         atrioventricular node is located, the direction of movement was, in a not too distant past,
         described as &#8220;anterior,&#8221; in view of the incorrect habit of describing the heart out of the
         chest and supported vertically on its apex. However, the apex of Koch&#8217;s triangle is located
         superiorly in relation to the vena cava orifice, when considering the anatomical position
         of the heart. These old habits of nomenclature can lead to errors in learning and even
         iatrogenic errors.</p>
    <p>Cosio et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> suggested a nomenclature of the
         cardiac walls taking into consideration the correct anatomical orientation of the heart
            (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="t01">
      <label>Table 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Conventional nomenclature vs. nomenclature that considers the anatomical
               position</title>
      </caption>
      <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
        <thead>
          <tr>
            <th>
              <bold> Myocardial wall (Conventional nomenclature)</bold>
            </th>
            <th align="center">
              <bold> Myocardial wall (Nomenclature that considers the anatomical
                        position)</bold>
            </th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td>1. Inferior-septal</td>
            <td align="center">Inferior-septal (maintained)</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>2. Anterior-septal</td>
            <td align="center">Superior-septal</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>3. Anterior</td>
            <td align="center">Superior</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>4. Anterior lateral</td>
            <td align="center">Posterior superior</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>5. Inferior lateral or posterior</td>
            <td align="center">Posterior inferior</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td>6. Inferior</td>
            <td align="center">Inferior (maintained)</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
      <table-wrap-foot>
        <fn>
          <p>Source. Adapted from Cos&#237;o et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref></p>
        </fn>
      </table-wrap-foot>
    </table-wrap>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Closing remarks</title>
      <p>This study does not intend to exhaust the subject nor recommend an immediate change in
            the current nomenclature. It aims to acknowledge and educate the reader about the
            frequent use of terms that are not completely adequate in describing the cardiac
            morphology evaluated with different imaging techniques. The nomenclature based on the
            correct anatomical orientation significantly facilitates the spatial location of the
            cardiac structures and the relationship of the heart with the other organs. It also
            allows the exchange and comparison of information between different imaging techniques
            and guides diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, e.g., in electrophysiology or
            multimodal examination.</p>
      <p>However, the adoption of changes in nomenclature already established by usage will
            require increased user awareness and recognition of the need for change and efforts
            towards the implementation and acceptance of these changes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>We thank Dr Jos&#233; Rodrigues Parga Filho for the cardiac computed tomographic images that
            illustrate this article.</p>
    </ack>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title> </article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hotta</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Tiemi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aiello</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Demarchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o/Faculdade de Medicina da
               Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Fleury Medicina e Sa&#250;de, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil,
               S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Viviane Tiemi Hotta</bold>, Unidade Cl&#237;nica de
               Miocardiopatias do InCor/FMUSP. Avenida Doutor En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP
               05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>viviane.hotta@grupofleury,com,br</email>;
                  <email>viviane.hotta@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Hotta VT, Aiello VD. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Hotta
                  VT, Aiello VD. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual
                  importante: Hotta VT, Aiello VD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Terminologia Como Assunto</kwd>
        <kwd>Nomenclatura Sistematizada de Medicina</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiologia/classifica&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria e durante a elabora&#231;&#227;o de um artigo cient&#237;fico, &#233; importante a
            ado&#231;&#227;o de nomenclatura adequada para melhor compreens&#227;o das descri&#231;&#245;es efetuadas. O
            emprego correto da terminologia anat&#244;mica &#233; a base para a comunica&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica universal e
            fundamenta&#8209;se na nomenclatura em latim publicada inicialmente em 1895 (Nomina Anat&#244;mica
            da Basileia). Permite ainda a padroniza&#231;&#227;o dos laudos, artigos e comunica&#231;&#245;es
            cient&#237;ficas entre as diferentes especialidades e m&#233;todos de imagem.</p>
      <p>A 1&#170; edi&#231;&#227;o brasileira da <italic>Terminologia Anat&#244;mica</italic> foi publicada em 2001
            e utilizada como refer&#234;ncia para este texto. Essa publica&#231;&#227;o resulta da cria&#231;&#227;o conjunta
            da Comiss&#227;o Federativa de Terminologia Anat&#244;mica (CFTA, ou FCAT, da sigla em ingl&#234;s) e
            de 56 associa&#231;&#245;es compostas por membros da Federa&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Associa&#231;&#245;es de
            Anatomistas (FIAA ou IFAA, da sigla em ingl&#234;s). A edi&#231;&#227;o brasileira foi traduzida pela
            Comiss&#227;o de Terminologia Anat&#244;mica da Sociedade Brasileira de Anatomia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>No que diz respeito &#224; nomenclatura card&#237;aca, alguns termos sugeridos pela CFTA n&#227;o s&#227;o
            os mais utilizados e, assim, termos consagrados pelo uso podem ser utilizados com maior
            frequ&#234;ncia, mas n&#227;o necessariamente representam a forma correta de denomina&#231;&#227;o das
            estruturas anat&#244;micas. Particularmente, alguns termos merecem aten&#231;&#227;o especial em raz&#227;o
            da frequ&#234;ncia com que s&#227;o empregados. J&#225; outros termos presentes na N&#244;mina t&#234;m sido
            questionados por n&#227;o representarem a descri&#231;&#227;o adequada quanto &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o ou mesmo &#224;
            forma da estrutura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Um termo que usualmente &#233; utilizado em Cardiologia de forma err&#244;nea refere-se &#224;s
                  <underline><bold>VALVAS</bold></underline> card&#237;acas: mitral, tric&#250;spide, a&#243;rtica
            e pulmonar, frequentemente referidas como &#8220;v&#225;lvulas&#8221;. S&#227;o os componentes ou unidades
            funcionais das valvas card&#237;acas que a Comiss&#227;o de Terminologia denomina
                  <underline><bold>V&#193;LVULAS</bold></underline>, cuja defini&#231;&#227;o &#233; pequena valva. Essa
            mesma comiss&#227;o tem tentado h&#225; muito tempo modificar o termo c&#250;spide &#8211; que tem por
            defini&#231;&#227;o: &#225;pice; extremidade aguda; cume, v&#233;rtice &#8211; por outro, considerado mais
            apropriado &#8211; v&#225;lvulas ou folhetos, as subdivis&#245;es das valvas atrioventriculares.
            Anatomicamente, a CFTA considera que a descri&#231;&#227;o do formato em v&#233;rtice ou cume n&#227;o &#233;
            adequada para as unidades funcionais (ou v&#225;lvulas) das valvas atrioventriculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m do emprego de termos inapropriados no que se refere &#224; forma das estruturas
            card&#237;acas, outro ponto de relev&#226;ncia consiste na falha de descri&#231;&#227;o da sua localiza&#231;&#227;o
            em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica convencional.</p>
      <p>Em 2002, Cerqueira e cols<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. publicaram
            recomenda&#231;&#245;es do Comit&#234; de Imagem Card&#237;aca da American Heart Association em uma
            tentativa de padronizar a nomenclatura card&#237;aca para as diferentes modalidades de
            imagem, incluindo os m&#233;todos de medicina nuclear, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, tomografia
            computadorizada, ecocardiografia e angiografia coronariana<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. A despeito das diferen&#231;as t&#233;cnicas entre os m&#233;todos de imagem,
            todos t&#234;m como objetivo a descri&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e das estruturas adjacentes do modo mais
            representativo da anatomia real. Contudo, cada uma dessas t&#233;cnicas evoluiu de maneira
            independente no que diz respeito &#224; descri&#231;&#227;o da orienta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, do n&#250;mero e
            nomenclatura dos segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos, da distribui&#231;&#227;o do territ&#243;rio arterial
            coronariano, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o potenciais inerentes e limita&#231;&#245;es de cada
            m&#233;todo. Assim, para facilitar a comunica&#231;&#227;o e a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos de imagem
            card&#237;aca, naquele documento, os autores sugerem que todas as modalidades de imagem
            orientem e apresentem o cora&#231;&#227;o ao longo de seu eixo longitudinal, sendo os demais
            planos orientados ortogonalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao eixo longitudinal card&#237;aco.</p>
      <p>Uma procura simples (outubro de 2014) pelas ferramentas de busca da internet mostra que
            tal artigo j&#225; foi citado na literatura mais de duas mil vezes, tendo se tornado,
            portanto, uma refer&#234;ncia de peso em nomenclatura cardiovascular. Na publica&#231;&#227;o, os
            autores, participantes de um Comit&#234; da American Heart Association reunido especialmente
            para o prop&#243;sito de discutir nomenclatura, corrigiram uma falha clara na denomina&#231;&#227;o da
            parede inferior do cora&#231;&#227;o, anteriormente denominada de forma incorreta como
            &#8220;posterior&#8221;. Todavia, persistiram denominando como &#8220;anterior&#8221; a parede oposta &#224; inferior
            ou diafragm&#225;tica. A simples observa&#231;&#227;o da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">figura&#160;1</xref>, que mostra o cora&#231;&#227;o em um exame de tomografia computadorizada, n&#227;o
            deixa d&#250;vidas de que a parede oposta &#224; inferior est&#225; localizada superiormente. Ainda na
               <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">figura&#160;1</xref>, verifica-se que a por&#231;&#227;o mais
            anterior da parede ventricular esquerda &#233; de fato o septo ventricular. Essa
            inconsist&#234;ncia deve ser levada em considera&#231;&#227;o por aqueles que analisam o cora&#231;&#227;o em sua
            posi&#231;&#227;o dentro do t&#243;rax.</p>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title><bold>&#192; esquerda</bold>, representa&#231;&#227;o esquem&#225;tica da localiza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em
                  rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica no interior do t&#243;rax, demonstrando o eixo longitudinal
                  card&#237;aco (acima). Posi&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca quando o eixo longitudinal card&#237;aco &#233;
                  posicionado com o cora&#231;&#227;o na posi&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica (ao meio) e de acordo com a
                  orienta&#231;&#227;o vertical utilizada na nomenclatura convencional empregada atualmente
                  (abaixo), considerando-se o cora&#231;&#227;o retirado do t&#243;rax e apoiado sobre o seu &#225;pice.
                     <bold>&#192; direita</bold> (acima), Imagens de tomografia computadorizada
                  demonstrando a posi&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; coluna e ao esterno (A). Em B,
                  Imagem de tomografia computadorizada em eixo curto (transversal) da massa
                  ventricular, ao n&#237;vel dos m&#250;sculos papilares, demonstra a localiza&#231;&#227;o mais
                  anterior do grupo muscular &#8220;posteromedial&#8221; (seta laranja) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo
                  muscular papilar &#8220;anterolateral&#8221;. &#201; evidenciada a localiza&#231;&#227;o das paredes
                  mioc&#225;rdicas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica (correlacionar com tabela 1). A,
                  anterior; H (head), cranial ou superior; F (foot), caudal ou inferior; VE,
                  ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VD, ventr&#237;culo direito.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0e34-50029-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Um corol&#225;rio da observa&#231;&#227;o acima &#233; a denomina&#231;&#227;o vigente dos m&#250;sculos papilares do
            ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. O grupo conhecido como &#8220;anterolateral&#8221; apresenta-se na realidade
            mais posterior em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo chamado usualmente de &#8220;posteromedial&#8221; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura&#160;1</xref>).</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, na posi&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica, as cavidades card&#237;acas ditas &#8220;direitas&#8221; na verdade
            localizam-se &#226;ntero&#8209;superiormente &#224;s cavidades referidas como &#8220;esquerdas&#8221; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura&#160;1</xref>). Essa nomenclatura convencional facilita a
            descri&#231;&#227;o de <italic>shunts</italic> direita-esquerda, ou vice&#8209;versa, por&#233;m n&#227;o reflete
            a posi&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica verdadeira. Em&#160;outro exemplo, a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria chamada
            descendente posterior localiza-se na superf&#237;cie diafragm&#225;tica card&#237;aca e tem trajeto
            interventricular e inferior (e n&#227;o descendente e posterior)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Sua oclus&#227;o
            leva ao infarto denominado pelos cardiologistas como &#8220;infarto de parede inferior&#8221;,
            apesar do nome da coron&#225;ria culpada.</p>
      <p>A quest&#227;o do emprego da nomenclatura levando&#8209;se em considera&#231;&#227;o a posi&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica do
            cora&#231;&#227;o tem sido tratada com muita aten&#231;&#227;o e cuidado por eletrofisiologistas para
            facilitar o ensino e o entendimento da cateteriza&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e intervencionista dos
            m&#233;dicos em treinamento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Durante a inser&#231;&#227;o de um
            cateter na veia cava inferior em dire&#231;&#227;o ao v&#233;rtice do tri&#226;ngulo de Koch, onde se situa
            o n&#243; atrioventricular, a dire&#231;&#227;o do movimento era, em passado n&#227;o muito distante,
            descrita como &#8220;anterior&#8221;, tendo em vista o h&#225;bito errado de se descrever o cora&#231;&#227;o fora
            do t&#243;rax e apoiado verticalmente sobre o seu &#225;pice. Sabemos, no entanto, que o v&#233;rtice
            desse tri&#226;ngulo situa-se superiormente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao orif&#237;cio da veia cava inferior,
            quando se leva em conta a posi&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o. Esses v&#237;cios de nomenclatura
            podem levar a erros no aprendizado e at&#233; a iatrogenias.</p>
      <p>Cosio e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> sugeriram uma nomenclatura das
            paredes card&#237;acas levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o a orienta&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica correta do cora&#231;&#227;o
               (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Nomenclatura convencionalmente utilizada e terminologia considerando-se a
                  posi&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold> Parede Mioc&#225;rdica (Nomenclatura convencional)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold> Parede Mioc&#225;rdica (Nomenclatura considerando-se a posi&#231;&#227;o
                           anat&#244;mica)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>1. Septal Inferior</td>
              <td align="center">Septal Inferior (mantida)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>2.Septal Anterior</td>
              <td align="center">Septal Superior</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>3. Anterior</td>
              <td align="center">Superior</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>4. Lateral Anterior</td>
              <td align="center">P&#243;stero-Superior</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>5. Lateral Inferior ou Posterior</td>
              <td align="center">P&#243;stero-Inferior</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>6. Inferior</td>
              <td align="center">Inferior (mantida)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Fonte: Adaptado de Cos&#237;o e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref></p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Coment&#225;rios finais</title>
        <p>O intuito deste texto n&#227;o &#233;, de nenhuma maneira, esgotar o assunto e nem recomendar
               uma mudan&#231;a imediata da nomenclatura vigente, mas apenas alertar e conscientizar o
               leitor para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o frequente de termos n&#227;o completamente adequados na descri&#231;&#227;o
               da morfologia card&#237;aca em diferentes m&#233;todos de imagem. A nomenclatura baseada na
               orienta&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica correta facilita sobremaneira a localiza&#231;&#227;o espacial das
               estruturas card&#237;acas e da rela&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o com os demais &#243;rg&#227;os. Permite, ainda, o
               interc&#226;mbio e a compara&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es entre diferentes exames de imagem, al&#233;m de
               orientar procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos, por exemplo, em eletrofisiologia,
               ou nas modernas salas h&#237;bridas que integram exames multimodalidades.</p>
        <p>A ado&#231;&#227;o de modifica&#231;&#245;es em nomenclatura j&#225; consagrada pelo uso ir&#225;, todavia,
               requerer uma ampla conscientiza&#231;&#227;o dos usu&#225;rios, al&#233;m de reflex&#245;es no sentido de
               reconhecer a necessidade de mudan&#231;as e a realiza&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;os para a implementa&#231;&#227;o
               e aceita&#231;&#227;o dessas.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Agradecemos ao Dr. Jos&#233; Rodrigues Parga Filho pelas imagens de tomografia
               computadorizada card&#237;aca cedidas para utiliza&#231;&#227;o neste artigo.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
