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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.1" article-type="case-report" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">C6K4Btw99tNTmwkZ655TPFR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000400012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150027</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sickle-cell Anemia and Latent Diastolic Dysfunction: Echocardiographic
               Alterations</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fattori</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela Camargo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castilho</surname>
            <given-names>Roger Frig&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Ot&#225;vio Rizzi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade
                  Estadual de Campinas &#8211; Unicamp, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual de
                  Campinas</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Andr&#233; Fattori</bold>, Rua Joaquim de Paula
               Souza, 52, Proen&#231;a. Postal Code: 13026-210, Campinas &#8211; SP, Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>afattori@fcm.unicamp.br</email>;
               <email>afattori@unicamp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Fattori A, Oliveira DC, Coelho OR;
                  Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript: Fattori A, Oliveira DC;
                  Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript
                  for intellectual content: Fattori A, Oliveira DC, Castilho RF, Coelho OR;
                  Statistical analysis and Obtaining financing: Fattori A; Fattori A, Oliveira DC,
                  Castilho RF, Coelho OR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>e30</fpage>
      <lpage>e33</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution NonCommercial License which permits unrestricted noncommercial
                  use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is
                  properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Anemia, Sickle Cell</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Doppler</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Sickle-cell anemia (SCA) is a disease that can cause systemic complications, such as
            multiple organ dysfunction due to vaso-occlusion and endothelial activation. The genetic
            cause of the disease is a substitution of the amino acid glutamic acid for valine in the
            position 6 of the beta globin chain<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Stress
            factors in the vascular microenvironment (cellular dehydration, hypoxemia, increased
            corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, decreased red blood cell transit time in the
            microcirculation, and decreased blood pH) trigger intracellular hemoglobin
            polymerization, forming paracrystalline structures that cause sickling of erythrocytes
            and increased blood viscosity, hemolysis, and vaso-occlusion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.
            Simultaneously, free hemoglobin in the plasma sequesters nitric oxide (NO), leading to
            decreased NO bioavailability and increased endothelial adhesion (in physiological
            conditions, NO inhibits of platelet aggregation, platelet activation, transcription of
            platelet adhesion proteins)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>The increase in cardiac output (CO), the afterload reduction due to the peripheral
            vasodilation as a response to hypoxemia, the increase in blood viscosity secondary to
            the morphological alterations, and the loss of the deformability of the sickle red blood
            cells are factors involved with the systolic ventricular overload and progressive
            enlargement of the cardiac chambers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <p>In the present paper, we report the adverse effects after volume expansion observed in a
            single patient with SCA. Initial examination showed borderline left ventricular systolic
            function, without evident diastolic dysfunction on echocardiography, which was performed
            as part of a study protocol for cardiac complications in adults with SCA and was
            previously approved by the local ethics committee.</p>
      <p>We present the details of the case below. The patient was a 40-year-old male SCA patient
            without history of symptoms except for the complaint of sporadic palpitations related to
            moderate physical effort at presentation. Cardiac function was evaluated using
            two-dimensional echocardiography in <italic>M</italic>-mode, pulsed wave Doppler,
            continuous wave Doppler, color Doppler, and tissue Doppler<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Baseline
            laboratory examinations showed serum hemoglobin levels of 10.1 mg/dL, lactate
            dehydrogenase (LD) levels of 1,002 U/L, ferritin levels of 280.9 ng/mL, NT-pro-BNP
            levels of 250.0 pg/ml; the electrophoretic profile of hemoglobin determined by
            high&#8209;performance liquid chromatography showed 82.6% HBS and 3.8%, HA2, with the
            remainder being HBF.</p>
      <p>After the initial examination, the patient underwent normal saline infusion. After 12
            min of infusion (400 ml), he complained of palpitation and dyspnea. Physical examination
            showed an elevated jugular venous column and pulmonary crepitations. Echocardiography
            was repeated and isolated periods of supraventricular bigeminy and supraventricular
            extrasystoles were observed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>); these
            findings persisted for up to 10 min after the infusion was stopped. When
            echocardiography was repeated again after restarting intravenous normal saline infusion,
            important variations were observed in chamber sizes and parameters indicating diastolic
            function compared with the values obtained at baseline. The left atrium (LA), which
            initially showed a small increase in volume (34.0 ml/m&#178;), showed marked dilatation (56.0
            ml/m&#178;); the ejection fraction was normal, as assessed by the Teicholtz (60%) and Simpson
            (54%) methods (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiographic measures at baseline and after the volume load (400 mL of
                  0.9% saline solution)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold> Parameter</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold> Baseline</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold> Value at overload</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Aortic root diameter (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">3.1</td>
              <td align="center">3.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Left atrial diameter (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">4.4</td>
              <td align="center">4.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Left atrial volume (end of the ventricular systole), ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">34.0</td>
              <td align="center">56.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Maximum right atrial volume (ml)</td>
              <td align="center">44.0</td>
              <td align="center">47.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LV end-diastolic diameter (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">5.5</td>
              <td align="center">5.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LV end-systolic diameter (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">3.8</td>
              <td align="center">3.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Thickness of the interventricular septum (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">0.80</td>
              <td align="center">0.90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Thickness of LV posterior wall (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">0.80</td>
              <td align="center">0.80</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>RV end-diastolic diameter (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">2.4</td>
              <td align="center">2.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Left ventricular mass (g)</td>
              <td align="center">122</td>
              <td align="center">142</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LEV mass/volume ratio</td>
              <td align="center">0.80</td>
              <td align="center">0.90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Teichholz ejection fraction</td>
              <td align="center">58%</td>
              <td align="center">60%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Simpson ejection fraction</td>
              <td align="center">50%</td>
              <td align="center">54%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mitral E/A ratio</td>
              <td align="center">1.27</td>
              <td align="center">2.67</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Deceleration time (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">0.150</td>
              <td align="center">0.217</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Isovolumic relaxation time (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">0.046</td>
              <td align="center">0.096</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>E wave (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">86.8</td>
              <td align="center">80.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>A wave (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">68.5</td>
              <td align="center">30.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mitral/Septal S' wave (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">8.70</td>
              <td align="center">8.70</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mitral/Septal E' wave (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">12.80</td>
              <td align="center">13.40</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Septal/mitral E/E' ratio</td>
              <td align="center">6.78</td>
              <td align="center">6.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Septal/mitral E'/A' ratio</td>
              <td align="center">1.47</td>
              <td align="center">2.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TEI index</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
              <td align="center">0.34</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Acceleration time/ejection time</td>
              <td align="center">0.48</td>
              <td align="center">0.47</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mitral gradient</td>
              <td align="center">28.0</td>
              <td align="center">25.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Systolic flow/diastolic flow of the pulmonary vein</td>
              <td align="center">&gt;1</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;1</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>(A) Parasternal view in M-mode showing the aorta and the left atrium. (B) The
                  same view as figure A, with ECG showing isolated ventricular extrasystoles. (C)
                  Baseline spectral Doppler recording of the mitral flow. (D) Postinfusion spectral
                  Doppler recording, showing mitral reflux and the development of the L
                  wave.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0e30-50027-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Apical views of the four chambers before (A) and after (B) volu me expansion,
                  showing left atrial volumes of 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup> and 56 mL/m<sup>2</sup>,
                  respectively.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0e30-50027-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>With regard to the parameters of diastolic function analyzed in the present case, a
            progression to an abnormal diastolic filling pattern was observed in the second
            echocardiographic examination, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table
               1</xref>. The E/A ratio showed a marked increase, compatible with an abnormal
            diastolic filling pattern, as observed in type II diastolic dysfunction. These findings
            were corroborated by the appearance of the L wave and the inversion of the S/D flow in
            the pulmonary vein <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Other characteristic
            indicators of diastolic dysfunction, such as increased isovolumic relaxation time and E
            wave deceleration time, were compatible with myocardial overload.</p>
      <p>The expected change in diastolic function during pressure overload of LA would be a
            reduction of E and mitral E velocities and the maintenance of an elevated E/E&#8217; ratio
            proportional to the degree of diastolic dysfunction. In the present case, mitral flow
            velocities were paradoxically decreased; however, E&#8217; velocity increased. Thus, mitral
            flow velocities were not considered to be a reliable marker of diastolic dysfunction for
            this patient. The pulmonary venous flow was a more accurate marker of the alteration
            from the normal pattern to an abnormal diastolic filling pattern. It is possible that
            this phenomenon is related to a hyperdynamic cardiac state secondary to anemia, probably
            because of increased recruitment of cardiac muscle fibers during volume overload
            (evidenced by the increased E&#8217; velocity and increased ejection fraction).</p>
      <p>An important characteristic that was also evaluated was the rate of global ventricular
            performance, or the Tei index, a parameter indicated for the standardization and
            comparison of results obtained by different studies. In this patient, the Tei index
            increased from 0.23 to 0.34 after normal saline infusion. This worsening of performance
            can be explained by the increase in the duration of isovolumic contraction and
            relaxation, combined with decreased ventricular compliance. It is interesting to note
            that the heart rate did not change in the observation period.</p>
      <p>The echocardiographic follow-up used independent measures of volume load because the
            hemodynamic characteristics of SCA, such as increased CO, may mask diastolic
            dysfunction, thus leading to the underdiagnosis of the condition. The patient described
            in this case showed two biochemical markers associated with unfavorable outcomes.
            Elevated LD values are indicators of marked hemolysis and predictors of clinical
            complications in SCA, mainly those associated with endothelial activation and chronic
               inflammation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Another characteristic was the elevation in
            NT-pro-BNP levels, which were at 250.0 pg/ml at baseline in the present case; this may
            suggest the subclinical impairment of cardiac function. NT-pro&#8209;BNP levels
            &gt;&#160;160.0&#160;pg/mL have been associated with the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension, and
            they are considered an independent risk factor for high mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></p>
      <p>The importance of this case lies in the fact that cardiopulmonary complications are the
            main cause of death in SCA patients. In particular, in the present case, a normal
            echocardiographic pattern was observed before volume stress. This suggests that some SCA
            patients can present with potentially fatal complications even if few abnormalities are
            observed at examination. Additional studies are needed to better understand the
            alterations in ventricular/atrial compliance and diastolic function as well as to
            identify patients at risk of hemodynamic decompensation and adverse outcomes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Daniela Camargo Oliveira,
               from Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - UNICAMP.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Anemia Falciforme e Disfun&#231;&#227;o Diast&#243;lica Latente: Altera&#231;&#245;es
               Ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fattori</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela Camargo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castilho</surname>
            <given-names>Roger Frig&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Ot&#225;vio Rizzi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas da Universidade
                  Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Andr&#233; Fattori</bold>, Rua Joaquim de Paula
               Souza, 52, Proen&#231;a. CEP: 13026-210, Campinas - SP. E-mail:
                  <email>afattori@fcm.unicamp.br</email>;
               <email>afattori@unicamp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Fattori A, Oliveira DC, Coelho OR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de
                  dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Fattori A, Oliveira DC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos
                  dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:
                  Fattori A, Oliveira DC, Castilho RF, Coelho OR; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Obten&#231;&#227;o de
                  financiamento: Fattori A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Anemia falciforme</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Doppler</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A anemia falciforme (AF) &#233; uma doen&#231;a de repercuss&#227;o sist&#234;mica com disfun&#231;&#227;o e
               fal&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os devido ao fen&#244;meno de vasoclus&#227;o e ativa&#231;&#227;o endotelial.
               A causa gen&#233;tica da doen&#231;a &#233; uma substitui&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido glut&#226;mico por valina na
               posi&#231;&#227;o 6 da cadeia de betaglobina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Fatores
               estressores do microambiente vascular (desidrata&#231;&#227;o celular, hipoxemia, aumento da
               concentra&#231;&#227;o da hemoglobina corpuscular, diminui&#231;&#227;o do tempo de tr&#226;nsito das hem&#225;cias
               na microcircula&#231;&#227;o e redu&#231;&#227;o do pH sangu&#237;neo) desencadeiam a polimeriza&#231;&#227;o da
               hemoglobina dentro da c&#233;lula, formando estruturas paracristalinas que provocam a
               deforma&#231;&#227;o em foice do eritr&#243;cito, aumento da viscosidade sangu&#237;nea, hem&#243;lise e
                  vasoclus&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Simultaneamente, h&#225; sequestra&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido
               n&#237;trico (NO) pela hemoglobina livre no plasma, acarretando menor biodisponibilidade
               do NO e aumento da ades&#227;o endotelial (em condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas, o NO promove
               inibi&#231;&#227;o de agrega&#231;&#227;o, ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria e inibi&#231;&#227;o da transcri&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas de
                  ades&#227;o)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>O aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (DC), a diminui&#231;&#227;o da p&#243;s-carga consequente &#224;
               vasodilata&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica como resposta &#224; hipoxemia, o aumento da viscosidade
               sangu&#237;nea secund&#225;rio &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas e a perda da deformabilidade das
               hem&#225;cias falcizadas s&#227;o fatores envolvidos com a sobrecarga sist&#243;lica dos ventr&#237;culos
               e progressivo alargamento das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato do caso</title>
        <p>Aqui relatamos os efeitos adversos registrados em um &#250;nico paciente ap&#243;s expans&#227;o
               vol&#234;mica, ainda que o exame inicial mostrasse fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo
               lim&#237;trofe, sem disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica observ&#225;vel do ponto de vista ecocardiogr&#225;fico.
               Esse exame foi realizado como parte de um protocolo de estudo das complica&#231;&#245;es
               card&#237;acas em indiv&#237;duos adultos com AF, previamente aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica
               local.</p>
        <p>O paciente, de 40 anos, portador de AF, negava sintomas na anamnese realizada no
               momento do exame, exceto pela queixa de palpita&#231;&#245;es espor&#225;dicas relacionadas a
               esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico moderado. As imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram obtidas
               bidimensionalmente, em modo M, Doppler pulsado, Doppler cont&#237;nuo, Doppler colorido e
               Doppler tecidual, e, ent&#227;o, as estimativas foram calculadas a partir das imagens
                  adquiridas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Os exames laboratoriais basais revelaram n&#237;vel
               s&#233;rico de hemoglobina em 10,1 mg/dL, desidrogenase l&#225;ctica (LD) de 1.002 U/L,
               ferritina de 280,9 ng/mL, NT-pr&#243;-BNP de 250,0 pg/mL e perfil eletrofor&#233;tico de
               hemoglobina determinado por HPLC (<italic>High Performance Liquid
                  Chromatography</italic>) demonstrando HBS = 82,6%, HA2 = 3,8% e o restante em
               HBF.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame inicial, foi submetido a infus&#227;o vol&#234;mica com solu&#231;&#227;o
               fisiol&#243;gica e, ao final de 12 minutos de infus&#227;o (volume de 400 ml), o paciente
               queixou&#8209;se de sensa&#231;&#227;o de palpita&#231;&#227;o e dispneia, sendo que o exame f&#237;sico detectou
               turg&#234;ncia jugular e estertora&#231;&#245;es em bases pulmonares. O exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi
               reiniciado, verificando-se per&#237;odos de bigeminismo supraventricular e extrass&#237;stoles
               supraventriculares isoladas, detectadas pela monitora&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca do ecocardi&#243;grafo
                  (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref>), mantidas por at&#233; 10 minutos
               ap&#243;s interrup&#231;&#227;o da infus&#227;o. No momento do rein&#237;cio do exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico, ap&#243;s a
               infus&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica endovenosa, foram observadas varia&#231;&#245;es importantes nas
               medidas de c&#226;maras e de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros observados no
                  <italic>status </italic>basal. O &#225;trio esquerdo (AE), que inicialmente apresentava
               aumento leve de volume m&#225;ximo (34,0 ml/m<sup>2</sup>), sofreu dilata&#231;&#227;o acentuada
               (56,0 ml/m<sup>2</sup>), com manuten&#231;&#227;o de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal avaliada pelos
               m&#233;todos de Teicholtz (60%) e Simpson (54%) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figuras
                  1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas basais e ap&#243;s a carga vol&#234;mica (400 mL de solu&#231;&#227;o
                     fisiol&#243;gica 0,9%)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold> Par&#226;metro</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold> Basal</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold> Valor na sobrecarga</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da raiz da aorta (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">3,1</td>
                <td align="center">3,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">4,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Volume atrial esquerdo (final da s&#237;stole ventricular),
                           ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">34,0</td>
                <td align="center">56,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#225;ximo volume atrial direito (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">44,0</td>
                <td align="center">47,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final de VE (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">5,5</td>
                <td align="center">5,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final de VE (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">3,8</td>
                <td align="center">3,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espessura do septo (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espessura da parede posterior do VE (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final de VD (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">2,4</td>
                <td align="center">2,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Massa ventricular esquerda (g)</td>
                <td align="center">122</td>
                <td align="center">142</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o massa/volume de VE</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o Teichholz</td>
                <td align="center">58%</td>
                <td align="center">60%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o Simpson</td>
                <td align="center">50%</td>
                <td align="center">54%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Raz&#227;o E/A mitral</td>
                <td align="center">1,27</td>
                <td align="center">2,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o (TD) (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">0,150</td>
                <td align="center">0,217</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico (TRIV) (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">0,046</td>
                <td align="center">0,096</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Onda E (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">86,8</td>
                <td align="center">80,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Onda A (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">68,5</td>
                <td align="center">30,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Onda S' mitral septal (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">8,70</td>
                <td align="center">8,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Onda E' mitral septal (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">12,80</td>
                <td align="center">13,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Raz&#227;o E/E' septal mitral</td>
                <td align="center">6,78</td>
                <td align="center">6,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Raz&#227;o E'/A' septal mitral</td>
                <td align="center">1,47</td>
                <td align="center">2,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice TEI</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de acelera&#231;&#227;o/tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
                <td align="center">0,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gradiente mitral</td>
                <td align="center">28,0</td>
                <td align="center">25,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fluxo sist&#243;lico/fluxo diast&#243;lico de veia pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>(A) Corte paraesternal no modo M mostrando a aorta e o &#225;trio esquerdo. (B)
                     O mesmo corte de A com registro ECG mostrando extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares
                     isoladas. (C) Registro basal de Doppler espectral do fluxo mitral. (D) Registro
                     do Doppler espectral p&#243;s-infus&#227;o evidenciando o refluxo mitral e o
                     desenvolvimento da onda L.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0e30-50027-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cortes apicais de quatro c&#226;maras pr&#233;-expans&#227;o vol&#234;mica (A) e p&#243;s-expans&#227;o
                     vol&#234;mica (B), com volumes indexados de &#225;trio esquerdo de 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup> e
                     56 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, respectivamente.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0e30-50027-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica analisados no caso aqui apresentado,
               ocorreu progress&#227;o para um padr&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o do tipo enchimento pseudonormal no
               segundo exame realizado, conforme a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref>.
               A raz&#227;o E/A teve aumento importante, compat&#237;vel com o padr&#227;o de enchimento
               pseudonormal verificado na disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica tipo II, o que tamb&#233;m foi evidenciado
               pelo aparecimento da onda L e pela invers&#227;o do fluxo S/D na veia pulmonar <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Outras medidas caracter&#237;sticas da disfun&#231;&#227;o
               diast&#243;lica, como a eleva&#231;&#227;o do tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico (TRIV) e o tempo
               de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E (TD), mostraram-se compat&#237;veis com o padr&#227;o de aumento da
               rigidez mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        <p>Habitualmente, a resposta esperada da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica durante a sobrecarga
               press&#243;rica de &#225;trio esquerdo seria a redu&#231;&#227;o das velocidades E e E&#8217; mitral, mantendo
               uma rela&#231;&#227;o E/E&#8217; elevada, conforme o maior grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.
               Paradoxalmente, as velocidades de fluxo mitral sofreram redu&#231;&#227;o, por&#233;m a velocidade
               de E&#8217; apresentou aumento, demonstrando n&#227;o ser, nesse paciente, um marcador seguro da
               altera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. O fluxo de veias pulmonares foi um marcador mais
               preciso da altera&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o normal para disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do tipo pseudonormal.
               &#201; poss&#237;vel que esse fen&#244;meno esteja relacionado ao estado hiperdin&#226;mico card&#237;aco,
               secund&#225;rio &#224; anemia, apresentando um recrutamento muscular satisfat&#243;rio frente &#224;
               sobrecarga (demonstrado pelo aumento de velocidade de E&#8217; e aumento de fra&#231;&#227;o de
               eje&#231;&#227;o).</p>
        <p>Uma caracter&#237;stica importante tamb&#233;m avaliada foi o &#237;ndice de desempenho ventricular
               global, ou &#237;ndice de Tei, um par&#226;metro indicado para padroniza&#231;&#227;o e compara&#231;&#227;o de
               resultados obtidos por diferentes estudos. No caso desse paciente, observou-se
               eleva&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de Tei de 0,23 para 0,34, e a piora do desempenho pode ser
               explicada pela eleva&#231;&#227;o dos tempos de contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento isovolum&#233;tricos,
               associada &#224; reduzida complac&#234;ncia ventricular, sendo que a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o se
               modificou no per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O rastreio ecocardiogr&#225;fico utilizou medidas independentes da carga volum&#233;trica, uma
               vez que as caracter&#237;sticas hemodin&#226;micas pr&#243;prias da AF - como o elevado d&#233;bito
               card&#237;aco - podem mascarar padr&#245;es de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e, portanto, provocar um
               subdiagn&#243;stico. O paciente descrito neste caso apresentava dois marcadores
               bioqu&#237;micos associados a desfechos desfavor&#225;veis. Elevados valores de LD s&#227;o
               reconhecidos como indicadores de hem&#243;lise acentuada e s&#227;o descritos como preditor das
               complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da SCA, principalmente aquelas relacionadas com ativa&#231;&#227;o
               endotelial e processo inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Outra
               caracter&#237;stica &#233; a eleva&#231;&#227;o do NT-pr&#243;&#8209;BNP, que estava em 250,0 pg/mL, o que poderia
               sugerir o comprometimento subcl&#237;nico da fun&#231;&#227;o. Valores de NT&#8209;pr&#243;-BNP acima de 160,0
               pg/mL t&#234;m sido associados ao diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e considerados fator
               de risco independente de maior mortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>A import&#226;ncia deste caso repousa no fato de que as complica&#231;&#245;es cardiopulmonares s&#227;o
               a principal causa de morte em doentes com anemia falciforme, e, particularmente nesse
               paciente, observou-se um padr&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fico inocente antes do estresse vol&#234;mico.
               Isso sugere que alguns portadores de anemia falciforme podem apresentar complica&#231;&#245;es
               potencialmente fatais, a despeito de um exame com poucas altera&#231;&#245;es. Estudos
               complementares s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para melhor compreens&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es da complac&#234;ncia
               ventricular e atrial, do comportamento da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, e para a identifica&#231;&#227;o
               de pacientes em risco de descompensa&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica e desfechos adversos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Daniela Camargo Oliveira pela
                  Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - UNICAMP.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
