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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vFWzB4Sm83qxgPy6hW5Tpbz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000400010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150030</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Left Atrial Volume Index as Predictor of Events in Acute Coronary
               Syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Pires dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do
                  Sul</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul,
                  Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Luciano Barros Pires</bold>, Rua Pinheiro
               Machado, 467, Centro. Postal Code 96180000, Camaqu&#227;, RS &#8211; Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>lpires@cardiol.br</email>,
               <email>luciano.cardio@terra.com.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>333</fpage>
      <lpage>333</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution NonCommercial License which permits unrestricted noncommercial
                  use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is
                  properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Organ Size</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Atria</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial reperfusion</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome/mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="5"/>
        <page-count count="1"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Dear Editor,</bold>
    </p>
    <p>The Left Atrial Volume Index (LAVi) is a measurement that has gained importance in daily
         clinical practice due to evidence of its capacity to predict mortality, in patients
         followed after an Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI), as well as in the general
            population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
    <p>The study by Secundo Junior et al. sought to evaluate the role of LAVi as a predictor of
         late events in patients with acute coronary syndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. This study was able to corroborate previous findings in patients with AMI and
         demonstrated that increased LAVi may also be able to predict major cardiovascular events in
         patients with unstable angina. Correspondingly, it showed that patients with increased LAVi
         were those with higher prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), previous AMI and
         angioplasty, of older age, with higher body mass index (BMI), lower left ventricular (LV)
         ejection fraction and more severe diastolic dysfunction, showing that the index may be a
         marker related to a higher occurrence of cardiovascular diseases and comorbidities.</p>
    <p>In cohort studies, a significant problem is the presence of non-controlled variables, which
         are potential confounding factors that can possibly interfere with the results. The degree
         of reperfusion success (assessed by TIMI flow, myocardial blush or ST-segment recovery),
         which maintains significant correlation with better survival, can be one of those factors
         not measured in this study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Another confounding
         factor could be the incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in the extra-hospital period. The
         causal association between AF and ischemic cerebrovascular accident (CVA) has been
         documented, regardless of echocardiographic findings. It is associated with a four to
         five-fold increase in the risk of ischemic CVA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> and
         it is responsible for more than 15% of these events in individuals in all age ranges and
         30% in individuals older than 80 years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
    <p>Thus, it is not clear, in the results of Secundo Junior et al., whether the high incidence
         of CVA in the non-hospital follow-up was due only to the increase in LAVi or the possible
         occurrence of this arrhythmia, and one cannot say that there was no influence of better or
         worse reperfusion on the incidence of events in either group.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References </title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
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        <mixed-citation>Sattur S, Sarwar B, Sacchi TJ, Brener SJ. Correlation between markers of
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              <surname>Abbott</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
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            </name>
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                  Framingham Study</article-title>
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        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="reply" id="SA1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Answer to Letter to the Editor</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Ant&#244;nio Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Secundo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Alves</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <fpage>334</fpage>
      <lpage>334</lpage>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Thank you for your comments and interest in our research and the SOLAR registry.
            Regarding the potential influence of atrial fibrillation on the higher incidence of
            ischemic cerebrovascular accident (CVA) in patients with high Left Atrial Volume Index
            (LAVi), we believe it has not occurred in a significant manner in our study. As shown in
            Table 3, no significant difference was found regarding atrial fibrillation as a late
            event between the groups (p = 0.14). As for the possible inclusion of the degree of
            reperfusion success, we consider it unlikely the presence of any influence of this
            factor, as the aforementioned table showed no difference regarding hospital treatment
            between the high LAVi and low LAVi groups, for both clinical treatment alone (p = 0.42)
            and for angioplasty (p&#160;=&#160;0.56), as well as for myocardial revascularization
            (p&#160;=&#160;0.68).</p>
      <p>Additionally, we believe that the chosen model was the most adequate to the study design
            and statistical analysis. This was demonstrated by the number of factors (eight)
            considering the sample size, avoiding overfitting and remaining within a prudent
            association between predictors and achieved number of events. Several <italic>post
               hoc</italic> tests were used, such as landmark analysis, proportional hazards
            assumption test and obtaining Schoenfeld residuals.</p>
      <p>These tests showed absence of violations, robust estimates and satisfactory fit of the
            final model which, incidentally, included factors of extreme clinical relevance and that
            are easy to acquire, such as the age, gender, presence of diabetes or hypertension acute
            coronary syndrome type and ejection fraction, then adjusted to LAVi. Finally, because
            this is a registry, it is indeed necessary to consider the virtual presence of
            confounding factors and interactions, which was duly explained in the midst of the
            article, when we describe the potential limitations of this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sincerely,</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Marcos Ant&#244;nio Almeida Santos</p>
      <p>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral Sousa</p>
      <p>Jos&#233; Alves Secundo J&#250;nior</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA2" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>&#205;ndice de Volume do &#193;trio Esquerdo como Preditor de Eventos em S&#237;ndrome
               Coronariana Aguda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Pires dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul,
                  Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luciano Barros Pires</bold>, Rua Pinheiro
               Machado, 467, Centro. CEP 96180000, Camaqu&#227;, RS - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>lpires@cardiol.br</email>,
               <email>luciano.cardio@terra.com.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Tamanho do Org&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>&#193;trios do Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Reperfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>Prezado Editor,</bold>
      </p>
      <p>O &#205;ndice de Volume do &#193;trio Esquerdo (IVAE) &#233; uma medida que vem ganhando import&#226;ncia na
            pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria em fun&#231;&#227;o das evid&#234;ncias quanto &#224; sua capacidade de predizer
            mortalidade, tanto em pacientes em seguimento p&#243;s-Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) como
            na popula&#231;&#227;o geral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. O estudo de Secundo Junior e
            cols. buscou avaliar o papel do IVAE como preditor de eventos tardios em pacientes com
            s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Esse estudo p&#244;de
            corroborar achados anteriores em pacientes com IAM e demonstrou que o IVAE aumentado
            tamb&#233;m pode ser capaz de predizer eventos cardiovasculares maiores em pacientes com
            angina inst&#225;vel. Do mesmo modo, demonstrou-se que os pacientes com IVAE aumentado eram
            aqueles com maior preval&#234;ncia de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica (HAS), IAM e
            angioplastia pr&#233;vios, eram mais idosos, com maior &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC), menor
            fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (VE) e com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica mais grave,
            evidenciando que o &#237;ndice pode ser um marcador relacionado a maior ocorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as
            cardiovasculares e comorbidades.</p>
      <p>Em estudos de coorte, um problema significativo &#233; a presen&#231;a de vari&#225;veis n&#227;o
            control&#225;veis, que s&#227;o potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o com poss&#237;vel interfer&#234;ncia nos
            resultados. O grau de sucesso de reperfus&#227;o (avaliado por fluxo TIMI,
               <italic>blush</italic> mioc&#225;rdico ou recupera&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST), que mant&#233;m
            correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com melhor sobrevida, pode ser um desses fatores n&#227;o medidos no
            presente estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Outro fator de confus&#227;o poderia
            ser a incid&#234;ncia de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial (FA) no per&#237;odo extra-hospitalar. &#201; reconhecida a
            rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre a FA e Acidente Vascular Encef&#225;lico (AVE) isqu&#234;mico, independente
            de achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. Ela est&#225; associada a um aumento no risco de AVE isqu&#234;mico
            em uma raz&#227;o de quatro a cinco vezes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> e &#233;
            respons&#225;vel por mais de 15% desses eventos em pessoas de todas as idades e 30% em
            pessoas acima de 80 anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Assim, n&#227;o fica claro, nos resultados de Secundo Junior e cols., se a grande ocorr&#234;ncia
            de AVE, no seguimento extra-hospitalar, deu-se somente pelo aumento do IVAE ou pela
            poss&#237;vel ocorr&#234;ncia dessa arritmia, bem como n&#227;o se pode afirmar que n&#227;o houve
            influ&#234;ncia de melhor ou pior reperfus&#227;o na incid&#234;ncia de eventos, tanto em um como em
            outro grupo.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="reply" id="SA3" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Carta-resposta</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Ant&#244;nio Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Secundo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Alves</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Agradecemos os coment&#225;rios e o interesse pela nossa pesquisa e pelo Registro SOLAR. Com
            rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; potencial influ&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial na maior presen&#231;a de Acidente
            Vascular Encef&#225;lico (AVE) isqu&#234;mico em indiv&#237;duos com &#205;ndice de Volume do &#193;trio Esquerdo
            (IVAE) elevado, acreditamos que isso n&#227;o tenha ocorrido de maneira relevante em nosso
            estudo. Conforme se observa na Tabela 3, n&#227;o se evidenciou diferen&#231;a significativa para
            fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial como evento tardio entre os grupos (p = 0,14). No que diz respeito &#224;
            poss&#237;vel inclus&#227;o do grau de sucesso de reperfus&#227;o, consideramos pouco prov&#225;vel a
            eventual influ&#234;ncia desse fator, uma vez que, na referida tabela, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no
            tratamento hospitalar entre&#160;os grupos IVAE baixo e IVAE elevado,&#160;tanto para o tratamento
            cl&#237;nico isolado (p = 0,42), quanto angioplastia (p = 0,56), assim como tamb&#233;m para
            revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (p&#160;=&#160;0,68).</p>
      <p>Adicionalmente,&#160;acreditamos que o modelo escolhido foi o que melhor se adequou ao
            delineamento do estudo e&#160;&#224; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. Isso se evidenciou&#160;no n&#250;mero&#160;de fatores
            (oito) diante do tamanho amostral, evitando-se&#160;<italic>overfitting</italic> e
            mantendo-se dentro de prudente rela&#231;&#227;o entre preditores e n&#250;mero alcan&#231;ado de eventos.
            Diversos testes <italic>post hoc</italic> foram empregados, tais como&#160;<italic>landmark
               analysis</italic>, avalia&#231;&#227;o do pressuposto de proporcionalidade de
               <italic>hazards</italic> e obten&#231;&#227;o dos res&#237;duos de Schoenfeld. Esses testes
            demonstraram aus&#234;ncia de viola&#231;&#245;es, robustez das estimativas&#160;e satisfat&#243;ria adequa&#231;&#227;o do
            modelo final que, a prop&#243;sito,&#160;incluiu fatores de extrema relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica e de f&#225;cil
            aquisi&#231;&#227;o, a exemplo da idade, do sexo, presen&#231;a de diabetes ou hipertens&#227;o, do tipo de
            s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda, e da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o,&#160;ent&#227;o&#160;ajustados para o IVAE. Por fim,
            por se tratar de&#160;registro, h&#225; de fato que se ponderar a virtual presen&#231;a de fatores de
            confundimento e intera&#231;&#245;es, algo que foi devidamente explanado no bojo do artigo, quando
            tratamos das potenciais limita&#231;&#245;es desse tipo de&#160;estudo.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Atenciosamente,</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Marcos Ant&#244;nio Almeida Santos</p>
      <p>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral Sousa</p>
      <p>Jos&#233; Alves Secundo J&#250;nior</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
