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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.1" article-type="review-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras.
					Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">nGqGZC3vL5xdmthgJBZK9fQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000400009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Treatment of Dyslipidemia with Statins and Physical Exercises: Recent
					Findings of Skeletal Muscle Responses</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bonfim</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Rotta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Acary Souza Bulle</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amaral</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra Lia do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da
					Motricidade</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio Claro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da
					Motricidade, Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias, Universidade Estadual Paulista &#8220;J&#250;lio de
					Mesquita Filho&#8221; (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Setor de Doen&#231;as Neuromusculares</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bauru</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Setor de Doen&#231;as Neuromusculares, Escola
					Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP
					- Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bauru</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Faculdade de
					Ci&#234;ncias, UNESP, Bauru, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailling Address: Mariana Rotta Bonfim,</bold> Avenida Engenheiro Luiz
					Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01, Vargem Limpa. Postal Code 17033-360, Bauru, SP &#8211;
					Brazil. E-mail: <email>mrb_unesp@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research:Bonfim MR. Acquisition of data: Bonfim
						MR. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Bonfim MR. Writing of the
						manuscript: Bonfim MR, Oliveira ASB, Amaral SL, Monteiro HL. Critical
						revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Oliveira ASB, Amaral
						SL, Monteiro HL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>04</issue>
      <fpage>324</fpage>
      <lpage>331</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the
						Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits
						unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any
						medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Statin treatment in association with physical exercise practice can substantially
					reduce cardiovascular mortality risk of dyslipidemic individuals, but this
					practice is associated with myopathic event exacerbation. This study aimed to
					present the most recent results of specific literature about the effects of
					statins and its association with physical exercise on skeletal musculature.
					Thus, a literature review was performed using PubMed and SciELO databases,
					through the combination of the keywords &#8220;statin&#8221; AND &#8220;exercise&#8221; AND &#8220;muscle&#8221;,
					restricting the selection to original studies published between January 1990 and
					November 2013. Sixteen studies evaluating the effects of statins in association
					with acute or chronic exercises on skeletal muscle were analyzed. Study results
					indicate that athletes using statins can experience deleterious effects on
					skeletal muscle, as the exacerbation of skeletal muscle injuries are more
					frequent with intense training or acute eccentric and strenuous exercises.
					Moderate physical training, in turn, when associated to statins does not
					increase creatine kinase levels or pain reports, but improves muscle and
					metabolic functions as a consequence of training. Therefore, it is suggested
					that dyslipidemic patients undergoing statin treatment should be exposed to
					moderate aerobic training in combination to resistance exercises three times a
					week, and the provision of physical training prior to drug administration is
					desirable, whenever possible.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Muscle, skeletal</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="52"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>High serum lipoprotein levels are recognized as one of the most significant risk
				factors for cardiovascular diseases. Alone, lipid abnormalities are accountable for
				56% of heart disease and 18% of cases of infarction, being also associated to one
				third of deaths worldwide <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Due to the
				magnitude of its effects, great efforts have been made by the medical community to
				prevent and control this metabolic condition, with the therapeutic strategies
				recommended by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC) and adopted by area
				specialists being such as encouraging the adoption of healthy eating, increased
				physical exercise and drug prescription<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Specifically on the drug therapy, inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A
				reductase, (HMG-CoA reductase), also known as statins, are most effective class of
				drugs for the treatment of lipid disorders<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Recent evidence indicates that the
				combination of medical treatment and physical exercise can substantially reduce the
				risk of cardiovascular mortality in dyslipidemic patients when compared to both
				treatments separately, suggesting that treatment with statins associated with
				moderate to high physical fitness level provides additional protection against
				premature cardiovascular death<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>However, the use of statins is associated with the occurrence of undesirable muscle
				effects such as muscular pain, cramps, and/or stiffness<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, as well as reduced muscle strength in
				elderly individuals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. The practice of
				physical exercises, in turn, is related to the exacerbation of these discomforts,
				being directly associated with the intensity of the physical effort performed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Evidently, this situation presents as a
				paradox, as it is not desirable that lack of physical activity be a prerequisite for
				treatment with statins without complications. It is thus necessary to further assess
				the evidence of this association, as well as clarify the mechanisms by which these
				effects are mediated. Considering these facts, the aim of this study was to review
				recent data from specific technical literature on the effects of statins and
				physical exercise combination on skeletal muscle.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The survey was carried out in the databases PubMed and Scientific Electronic Library
				Online (SciELO), using the combination of the terms "statin / statins" AND
				"exercise" AND "muscle" (as well as the equivalent terms in Portuguese), Only
				original articles in English or Portuguese, published between January 1990 and
				November 2013 that aimed to evaluate the effect of the association of statins with
				acute or chronic exercise on skeletal muscle were selected for this update. Review
				studies, editorials, letters and consensuses were not included. A total of 109
				articles were found in the PubMed search, of which 15 were original articles that
				comprised the established criteria; the search in SciELO, in turn, resulted in a
				single original article, totaling 16 articles analyzed.</p>
      <p>Data on the sample (sample size, gender, age and study groups), on the specific
				characteristics of the drug therapy (statin type and dose), the physical exercise
				protocol (type and intensity of exercise, and time of intervention) were extracted
				from the articles, as well as the results and the conclusions of the studies.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results|discussion">
      <title>Results and Discussion</title>
      <p>The results of the present study are described in the text and systematized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Chart 1</xref>. As the understanding of the effect of
				statins on skeletal muscle is critical to understand the effects of its association
				with exercise, it was considered important to contextualize the reader about such
				aspects and, therefore, the results are shown as two topics.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Chart 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Description of the studies investigating the effect of statins and
						physical exercise on skeletal muscle</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
                <bold>Reference</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Sample</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Drug therapy</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Physical exercise protocol</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Results</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>Use of statins in athletes</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Parker et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">n = 80 individuals (59&#9794; and 21&#9792;)</td>
              <td align="center">Different statin types and doses (n = 37)</td>
              <td align="center">Running a marathon</td>
              <td align="center">Increase in CK after 24 horas in the statin
								group</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>Statins and acute physical exercises</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">Thompson et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
							</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">n = 59 men (18-65 years) Double-blind
								randomized trial</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">Lovastatin (40 mg/day; n = 22) or placebo
								(n = 27) for 5 weeks</td>
              <td align="center">Treadmill (45'; 15% incline; 65%
								HR<sub>max</sub>)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">Increase in CK 24 and 48 hours after the
								walk in the lovastatin group</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Elbow flexion (4x10 repetitions; 50% MF)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Reust et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">n = 10 men (27-28 years) Double-blind crossover
								randomized trial</td>
              <td align="center">Lovastatin (40 mg/day; n = 5) or placebo (n = 5) for
								30 days</td>
              <td align="center">Treadmill (60'; 14% incline; 3 km/h)</td>
              <td align="center">Maintenance of CK after lovastatin compared with
								placebo</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Kearns et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">n = 79 men Randomized trial</td>
              <td align="center">Atorvastatin (10 mg/day, n = 42; or 80 mg/day, n =
								37) for 5 weeks</td>
              <td align="center">Treadmill (3x15'; 15% incline; 65%
								HR<sub>max</sub>)</td>
              <td align="center">&#8593; total CK, CK-MB and muscular pain after
								exercise</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Panayiotou et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">n = 28 sedentary men (&gt; 65 years)</td>
              <td align="center">Atorvastatin (10-80 mg/day; n = 14) for &#8805; 1 year</td>
              <td align="center">Knee extension (5x8 maximum EC; 2 sessions)</td>
              <td align="center">Similar muscular function between groups</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Urso et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">n = 8 sedentary men (18-30 years) Randomized
								double-blind trial</td>
              <td align="center">Atorvastatin (80 mg/day; n = 4) or placebo (n = 4)
								for 4 weeks</td>
              <td align="center">Knee extension (300 EC) before and after
								treatment</td>
              <td align="center">Different expression of genes from the PSU pathway of
								catabolism and of apoptosis</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>Statins and chronic physical exercises</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Accioly et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">n = 80 male rats (hyperlipidic diet, n = 60; standard
								diet, n = 20) in 8 groups</td>
              <td align="center">Simvastatin (20 mg, n = 20), Fluvastatin (10 mg, n =
								20) or placebo (n = 20)</td>
              <td align="center">Treadmill (60'; 9.75 m/min) 5x/week for 8 weeks</td>
              <td align="center">Higher frequency of morphological alterations after
								statin, with or without exercise</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Seachrist et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">n = 48 female rats divided into 8 groups</td>
              <td align="center">Cerivastatin (0.1; 0.5; 1.0 mg/kg/day) or placebo for
								14 days</td>
              <td align="center">Treadmill (25'; 20 m/minute; 15&#176; of incline angle)
								5x/week for 2 weeks</td>
              <td align="center">Exacerbation of muscular degeneration; mitochondrial
								involvement</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Meex et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">n = 38 sedentary elderly men</td>
              <td align="center">Different types and doses of statins (n = 14)</td>
              <td align="center">Cycloergometer (30'; 55% ML) 2x/week and 8 resistance
								exercises (3x8 repetitions; 55 and 75%) 1x/week, 12 weeks</td>
              <td align="center">Increase in ML, muscular strength, muscular density
								and mitochondrial function in both groups</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mikus et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">n = 37 sedentary individuals with risk factor for MS
								(13&#9794; and 24&#9792;: 25-59 years)</td>
              <td align="center">Simvastatin (40 mg/day) (n = 19)</td>
              <td align="center">Treadmill (45'; 60-75% rHR) 5x/ week for 12
								weeks</td>
              <td align="center">Increase in LM and decrease in muscular citrate
								synthase activity</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Coen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">n = 31 sedentary individuals (15&#9794; and
								16&#9792;; 40-65 years) Randomized trial</td>
              <td align="center">Rosuvastatin (10 mg/day) for 20 weeks</td>
              <td align="center">Treadmill (20'; 60-70% rHR) and 8 resistance
								exercises (70-80% 1MR), 3x/weeks for 10 weeks</td>
              <td align="center">Increase in CK 48 hours after the 1<sup>st</sup>
								session; absence of reports of pain/fatigue</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>Mechanisms of muscular responses to statins and to physical
									exercises</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Bouitbir et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">n = 34 male rats divided into 4 groups</td>
              <td align="center">Atorvastatin (10 mg/kg/day; n = 18) or placebo for 2
								weeks</td>
              <td align="center">Treadmill (40'; 40 cm/s with increase of 5 cm/s up to
								exhaustion; 1 session)</td>
              <td align="center">Increase in ROS and decrease in mitochondrial
								respiration</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Wu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">n = 10 subjects (5&#9794; and 5&#9792;; 35-69
								years)</td>
              <td align="center">Different types and doses of statins for 4 weeks</td>
              <td align="center">Plantar flexion (40% ML) for 7' or up to
								exhaustion</td>
              <td align="center">Increase in time of metabolic recovery and CK
								maintenance</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hubal et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">n = 14 users of statins (n = 9 symptomatic; n = 6
								asymptomatic)</td>
              <td align="center">Simvastatin or Atorvastatin (10-80 mg) up to myalgia
								onset (2 weeks to 4 months)</td>
              <td align="center">Sitting down and getting up from a chair 300 times or
								up to exhaustion</td>
              <td align="center">Decrease in the expression of oxidative
								phosphorylation genes and of mitochondrial proteins in symptomatic
								individuals</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Meador and Huey<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">n = 59 mice divided in 6 groups</td>
              <td align="center">Cerivastatin (1 mg/kg/day) or saline solution (days
								15-28)</td>
              <td align="center">Running wheels (adapted: days 1-28; non-adapted: days
								15-28)</td>
              <td align="center">Adaptation to exercise prevented loss of strength and
								increased fatigue associated with statin</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Bouitbir et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">25</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">n = 20 male rats (trained, n = 10; sedentary, n =
								10)</td>
              <td align="center">Atorvastatin application (4, 10, 40, 100, 200 and 400
								&#181;M) to the plantaris muscle</td>
              <td align="center">Treadmill (30'; 40 cm/s; 15% incline) for 10
								days</td>
              <td align="center">Increased mitochondrial tolerance to the drug and
								decrease in production of free radicals</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>CK: creatine kinase; HRmax: Maximum heart rate; MF: maximum force; CK-MB:
							cardiac creatine kinase; EC: eccentric contractions; UPS ubiquitin
							proteasome; ML: maximum load; MS: metabolic syndrome; rHR: resting heart
							rate; LM: lean mass; MR: maximal repetition; ROS: Reactive Oxygen
							Species.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Statins and skeletal muscle</title>
        <p>Statins work by inhibiting the activity of HMG-CoA reductase enzyme, preventing
					the formation of mevalonate (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>),
					which leads to a reduction in the liver synthesis of cholesterol and,
					consequently, increased synthesis of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors in
					hepatocytes, thereby increasing its uptake from circulation to restore
					intracellular cholesterol<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Although
					well tolerated by most patients, statins are associated with the occurrence of
					muscle toxicity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, which may be mild or severe, ranging
					from myalgia to rhabdomyolysis, and affecting 5 to 10% of patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cholesterol biosynthesis stages and statin action. The enzyme
							3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase catalyzes the
							conversion of HMG-CoA into mevalonate; the action of inhibiting this
							enzyme by statins results in the reduction of cholesterol synthesis, as
							well as other intermediates (prenylated proteins, dolichols and
							ubiquinone), which can contribute to muscle injury resulting from statin
							use. CoA: Coenzyme A; PP: pyrophosphate.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0324-50005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>According to Parker and Thompson<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,
					identifying the actual incidence of muscle alterations caused by the use of
					statins may be considered practically impossible, as these problems are usually
					not evaluated in clinical trials funded by pharmaceutical industries. They point
					out, however, that clinical reports have confirmed the suspicion that muscle
					injuries produced by statins are much more frequent. In fact, retrospective
					studies in medical records have indicated that musculoskeletal injuries and pain
					are more common among statin users when compared to non-users<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, with a high number of reports
					associated with statins as primary suspects<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>A randomized clinical trial on the use of atorvastatin (80&#160;mg/day) or placebo for
					6 months using a double-blind<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> design
					found a higher incidence of myalgia among treated individuals and only the
					symptomatic ones had decreased muscle strength/resistance values<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, with no association being observed
					between creatine kinase (CK) increases and muscle function, indicating that the
					levels of this injury marker are not predictive of muscle symptoms associated
					with statins<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. This evidence indicates
					that statins can cause muscle damage to its users; however, the discrepancy on
					how to identify such alterations limits the identification of their
						incidence<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>The most prevalent theories about the mechanisms of muscle damage by statins are
					related to the inhibition of mevalonate formation by the drug, which, in turn,
					limits the formation of several intermediates in cholesterol biosynthesis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>), such as ubiquinone (coenzyme
					Q10), one of the intermediates in the mitochondrial electron transport
						chain<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Although there is evidence regarding
					mitochondrial dysfunction due to coenzyme Q10 deficiency (CoQ10)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, this mechanism of muscle injury by
					statins is quite controversial in the literature, as ubiquinone supplementation
					has not shown to improve muscle function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, suggesting possible direct effects of the drug on muscle.</p>
        <p>A study of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle of rats (n = 32) indicated
					that drug treatment with lipid&#8209;lowering drugs alters the expression of proteins
					involved in cellular defense against oxidative stress, also being observed a
					significant reduction in the expression of oxidative and glycolytic enzymes, and
					showing a therapy trend of modifying proteins associated with energy supply
						systems<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
        <p>Similarly, Bouitbir et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> found that low doses of atorvastatin
					may increase the production and concentration of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
					and reduce the maximum mitochondrial respiration, muscle glycogen content and
					mitochondrial DNA content in skeletal muscle of mice, indicating that the
					statins may induce oxidative stress in skeletal muscle and, consequently, cause
					mitochondrial dysfunction due to reduction of its biogenesis.</p>
        <p>Similar results have been found in research with humans. In the study by Stringer
					et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, it was found that the skeletal
					muscles of symptomatic patients had lower content of mitochondrial DNA than that
					of asymptomatic ones, suggesting that statins can induce mitochondrial DNA
					depletion. Moreover, Larsen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					found that individuals treated with simvastatin had reduced CoQ10 content,
					antioxidant proteins, compounds of complex IV of the mitochondrial electron
					transport chain and type 1 fibers, when compared to their peers without
					medication, suggesting that exposure to statins may limit the maximum capacity
					of mitochondrial phosphorylation of skeletal muscle. However, the mitochondrial
					alterations seem to represent the early stage of the cascade of deleterious
					mechanisms induced by statins. According to Sirvent et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, alterations in the mitochondrial
					respiratory chain result in depolarization of the mitochondrial inner membrane,
					causing calcium extrusion, which in turn would increase its sarcoplasmic
					concentrations and overload the sarcoplasmic reticulum, resulting in the
					so&#8209;called "calcium waves" and the consequent statin&#8209;induced myotoxicity.
					Although isolated effects of statins on calcium homeostasis have been reported
					in rat muscles<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> and in both
						symptomatic<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> and asymptomatic<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> individuals, apparently its
					dysregulation is, in fact, a consequence of mitochondrial lesions.</p>
        <p>In fact, in a recent study, Sirvent et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> observed that the skeletal musculature of patients treated with
					statins, symptomatic or not, showed alterations in complex I of the electron
					transport chain, which modified mitochondrial function and deregulated calcium
					homeostasis, confirming their previous results observed in <italic>in
						vitro</italic> experiments. Similar results were found in a double-blind
					randomized clinical trial developed by Galtier et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>, who found that atorvastatin-induced muscle toxicity was
					associated with a physiopathological mechanism, of which changes in
					mitochondrial respiration caused by the drug resulted in irregular calcium
					homeostasis.</p>
        <p>Analyzed together, this evidence explains, in large part, statin-induced
					myotoxicity: mitochondrial and calcium homeostasis alterations are related to
					modifications in the production of proteins activated by calcium, such as
					calpains and caspases, which in turn, are directly related to the apoptotic
					processes, protein degradation and muscle remodeling; in addition, this
					condition can modify the excitation-contraction coupling of muscular fibers,
					causing episodes of muscle weakness, pain and cramps<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effect of statins and exercise on skeletal muscle</title>
        <p>The negative effects of statins on skeletal muscle, as well as the reported
					reduction in exercise capacity caused by the drug, culminate in the increasing
					dissemination of the theory of lesion exacerbation caused by the association of
					statins and exercise, which can be characterized as a limiting factor for the
					recommendation of physical activity in dyslipidemic patients. In an attempt to
					clarify these associations, the literature search information is shown as
					subtopics, which include the effects of statins in athletes and response to
					acute and chronic exercises, as well as the mechanisms responsible for muscle
					responses to this interaction.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Use of statins in athletes</title>
          <p>Regarding physical exercises, it is important to understand what the effects
						of statins are on athletes&#8217; musculature. In this regard, Sinzinger and
							O'Grade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> evaluated 22
						professional athletes of different modalities, all diagnosed with familial
						hypercholesterolemia, which were followed for 8 years and who received
						different classes of statins. Of the assessed athletes, 78% did not tolerate
						any of the administered compounds; the experienced symptoms were similar
						between athletes and types of statins administered to them and consisted of
						muscle pain, cramps and weakness. After drug use cessation, symptoms
						disappeared in all athletes after approximately 3 weeks.</p>
          <p>In a more recent study, Parker et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> evaluated 37 athletes that used statins for over 6 months and
						43 control subjects, before and after a marathon race. The results showed
						that marathon runners that used statins had more significant increases in CK
						levels 24 hours after the marathon completion when compared to non-users. It
						is concluded that athletes may experience deleterious effects on skeletal
						muscle when using statins, as these may exacerbate muscle injury associated
						with intense and strenuous exercise, both performed acutely or as part of
						training (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Chart 1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statins and acute physical exercises</title>
          <p>The pioneering studies that aimed to identify the exacerbation of muscle
						injury by exercise were double-blind clinical trials randomized for the use
						of lovastatin (40 mg/day) or placebo, carried out in adult men (n = 59,
						18-65 years)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> or young individuals
						(n = 10, 27-28 years)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>, which found
						that acute provision of eccentric and strenuous effort by walking downhill
						after a 4-week treatment with lovastatin (40 mg/day), could increase<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> or not<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> serum CK levels. A more recent study reproduced the
						abovementioned research protocol, in which adult males (n = 79, age &gt; 40
						years) were randomly exposed to doses of 10 or 80 mg of atorvastatin for 4
						weeks, and then submitted to an acute eccentric and strenuous exercise
						session by walking downhill. It was observed that exposure to physical
						effort after the drug use increased CK levels and reports of pain in both
						groups, with no significant differences being identified between treatments
						with low or high dose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. Together,
						the results a possible exacerbating effect of muscle injury in response to
						these associations.</p>
          <p>In contrast, a cross-sectional study that investigated the effects of acute
						sessions of isokinetic eccentric exercises of the knee extensors (five
						series of eight maximal voluntary repetitions) on muscle function of elderly
						men (n = 28, age &gt; 65 years) treated with atorvastatin (10-80 mg / day)
						for more than one year, found no differences in muscle function, in both
						moments, pre and post-exercise, when compared to control patients. These
						results indicated that the proposed eccentric exercise did not have a
						negative impact on torque, range of motion and pain sensation during
						squatting exercises and walking in statin users<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>.</p>
          <p>Similarly, the double-blind trial randomized for the use of atorvastatin (80
						mg/day) or placebo for 4 weeks in healthy men (n = 8, age 18 to 30), in
						which Bear et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> provided acute
						strenuous exercise, characterized by 300 eccentric contractions of the lower
						limbs before and after drug treatment, showed no significant increases in CK
						levels with the combination of the drug and the physical effort. However, it
						was observed that this interaction increased the expression of genes
						involved in protein catabolism and the ubiquitin proteasome (UPS) pathway,
						changing the balance between protein breakdown and muscle repair, indicating
						that the absence of changes in CK may not reflect muscle tissue
						responses.</p>
          <p>In general, the studies seem to indicate that men using different statin
						classes, at low or high doses, show changes in muscle function and injury
						markers when exposed to acute sessions of eccentric and strenuous exercises
						walking downhill, but not with lower-limb eccentric exercises alone.
						However, they warn that this reality does not rule out the occurrence of
						possible structural and metabolic changes in muscle tissue. It is also
						noteworthy that the heterogeneity of methodological protocols, as well as
						the absence of women in the studies significantly limits these conclusions,
						indicating the need for further studies to satisfactorily establish this
						association.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statins and chronic physical exercises</title>
          <p>Considering the body&#8217;s adaptation to training, it can be assumed that muscle
						responses to chronic exercises are different from those observed in acute
						exercises. An experimental study with an animal model, which evaluated the
						effects of 60 minutes of moderate aerobic physical activity (9.75 m/min) on
						a treadmill, performed five times a week for two months, concomitant with
						simvastatin (20 mg/kg) and fluvastatin (20 mg/kg) treatment in rats showed
						that the drug use caused mild to severe muscle changes in the soleus muscle,
						which were more frequent when the drug was associated with exercise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>.</p>
          <p>Similarly, in the study carried out with guinea pigs performed by Seachrist
						et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>, high doses of cerivastatin
						were concomitantly administered to the practice of intense physical exercise
						on a treadmill for 14 days. Results showed that this association increased
						CK levels and exacerbated degeneration of mitochondria and other organelles
						of skeletal muscles. Evidence from animal studies indicated that physical
						training, of both high and moderate intensity, when associated with statin
						treatment at low or potentially harmful doses, results in muscle damage.
						However, studies performed in humans have shown different results.</p>
          <p>In the study performed by Meex et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>, elderly men, users or not of statins, were exposed to a
						12-week training protocol, characterized by the practice of moderate aerobic
						exercise on a cycle ergometer and resistance exercises three times a week,
						with the following parameters being evaluated: substrate oxidation,
						phosphocreatine (PCr) recovery and expression of proteins from the skeletal
						muscle mitochondrial electron transport chain complex. The results of this
						study showed that treatment with statins (atorvastatin, rosuvastatin,
						pravastatin and simvastatin) at different doses did not limit the practice
						of physical exercise or training-induced gains in muscle mass and
						mitochondrial quality of those practicing exercises, indicating that the
						proposed associations were safe.</p>
          <p>When comparing previously sedentary adults with risk factors for metabolic
						syndrome (n = 37, aged 25-59 years), exposed to 12 weeks of moderate
						exercise on a treadmill, performed five days a week, alone (n = 19 ) or
						associated with the use of simvastatin (40 mg / day, n = 18), Mikus et
							al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> found that, although the
						association caused more significant reductions in total cholesterol (TC) and
						LDL-cholesterol levels, the increases in cardiorespiratory fitness and
						citrate synthase enzyme activity of the vastus lateralis muscle, in response
						to exercise, were attenuated in subjects treated with statins, indicating
						that the drug may inhibit some of the body&#8217;s adaptive responses to exercise.
						Despite their significance, these results were obtained in the absence of a
						group treated with statins only, which considerably limits the advance of
						knowledge about the exacerbation of the deleterious effects of statins by
						physical exercise.</p>
          <p>In this regard, the present literature review found only one study that
						assessed the effect of adding moderate chronic exercise to regular treatment
						with rosuvastatin (10 mg/day) in dyslipidemic adults of both sexes (n = 31,
						aged 40-65 years). In this randomized clinical trial, it was observed that
						both drug treatment and its association with 12 weeks of aerobic training on
						a treadmill and resistance exercises, performed three times a week, led to
						significant decreases in the participants&#8217; lipid profile, with the reduction
						in oxidized LDL more effective in individuals submitted to exercises<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>. Statin users that practiced
						physical exercises had an increase in maximum oxygen consumption compared to
						their sedentary peers, with a similar effect observed for the muscle
						strength variables, with no increase in CK levels or the reports of pain,
						which demonstrates that this combination results in health variable
						improvements with no additional damage to the musculature of
							practitioners<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>.</p>
          <p>In summary, it can be observed that treatment with statins, both in elderly
						men and the general adult population, when combined with 12 weeks of aerobic
						training with aerobic and resistance exercises, does not increase reports of
						pain or CK levels, in addition to leading to gains in muscle and metabolic
						functions resulting from the training. Despite the little evidence and the
						need for longer studies, with different exercise modalities and training
						intensities, and the assessment of alterations in muscle tissue, these
						results show that performing moderate exercise during statin use is safe and
						more beneficial than remaining sedentary.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mechanisms of muscle responses to statins and physical exercises</title>
          <p>To date, evidence from research indicates that the intense training performed
						by athletes, as well as the practice of eccentric and strenuous exercise may
						exacerbate muscle injury caused by statin administration. In this regard,
						Meador and Huey<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> proposed, in their
						review study, some of the mechanisms by which exercise exacerbates muscle
						injury caused by statins. According to the authors, the mitochondrial damage
						caused by statins, associated with increased energy flow and glycogen
						depletion due to the exercise, could be an exacerbation factor; however,
						they add other possibilities, such as the activation of the protein kinase
						pathway signaled by isoprenoids and stimulated by muscle contraction, as
						well as increases in the UPS pathway activity mediated by both statins and
						exercise.</p>
          <p>In spite of this theoretical explanatory model of possible muscle injury
						exacerbation mechanisms, the scientific evidence to support these hypotheses
						is still scarce. The increased expression of genes involved in protein
						catabolism and UPS pathway was identified only in the research Urso et
							al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>, while mitochondrial
						damages and energy supply disorders have been further explored, having been
						verified in both the studies by Seachrist et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>, as in more recent studies.</p>
          <p>In this regard, Bouitbir et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
						reported that rats treated with atorvastatin (10 mg / kg / day) showed
						mitochondrial function loss in the plantar muscle. The exposure of these
						animals to an exhaustive exercise test on a treadmill produced 226% more ROS
						than in the placebo group, with a reduction in maximum mitochondrial
						respiration (-39%) also being observed, which was significantly associated
						with the shortest distance walked in the test (r = 0.62; p &lt;0.01). ROS
						are generated in the mitochondria as a result of energy metabolism and their
						increased production can cause damage to lipids, proteins and cellular DNA,
						altering mitochondrial function and triggering deleterious effects to
						muscle. These results indicate that exhaustive exercise, associated with
						mitochondrial damage resulting from treatment with statins, actually
						exacerbate metabolic disorders in skeletal muscle, resulting in a more
						oxidant status in this structure and, consequently, reducing the effort
						capacity of the animals.</p>
          <p>This disorder in the muscle energy supply system caused by the use of statins
						has also been found in humans, as shown in the work by Wu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>, which characterized the kinetics of
						PCr recovery after calf effort in individuals of both sexes (n = 10, 35 to
						69 years) treated with statins for 4 weeks.</p>
          <p>The muscle PCr metabolic recovery rate is a parameter used as an index of
						muscle oxidative capacity <italic>in vivo</italic>, with a longer recovery
						time reflecting impaired oxidative phosphorylation and/or mitochondrial ATP
						synthesis. The results showed that exposure to statins did not alter CK
						levels, but resulted in a significant increase in metabolic recovery time
						after effort (from 28.1 to 55.4 seconds; p = 0.02), suggesting that this
						drug may impair mitochondrial oxidative function, which could explain the
						possible muscle involvement caused by its association with physical
						exercise.</p>
          <p>Despite evidence indicating non-selective mitochondrial damage in the muscles
						of statin users, symptomatic individuals are apparently more predisposed to
						lesions and show more marked injury. In this regard, Hubal et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref> assessed the global pattern of gene
						expression on skeletal muscle of patients of both sexes that used
						myalgia-inducing statins (n = 9) or not (n = 5) in response to eccentric
						exercise. After 4 months of drug treatment, it was found that patients who
						had classic signs and symptoms of myalgia had decreased NADH expression of
						complex I of the electron transport chain, as well as decreased succinate
						dehydrogenase in complex II, cytochrome c oxidase in complex IV and ATP4B in
						complex V, indicating that pre-existing deficiencies in energy production
						could contribute to the development of symptoms caused by physical effort
						during statin therapy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>.</p>
          <p>However, information about the association of statins to moderate chronic
						exercise suggests that other responses may occur, in addition to muscle
						injury exacerbation. According to Meador and Huey<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, muscle adaptations caused by training, such as
						increased heat shock protein protection (related to the reduction in
						oxidative stress, apoptosis inhibition and muscle injury attenuation),
						direct suppression of apoptotic factors and increased mitochondrial
						biogenesis may result in muscle injury attenuation. To test this hypothesis,
						the same authors submitted mice to 14 days of combined treatment consisting
						of physical exercise and statins, after a previous adaptation of 14&#160;days to
						exercise or physical inactivity and found that the drug reduced muscle
						strength and fatigue resistance in sedentary and non-adapted animals, when
						compared to adapted ones, indicating that adaptation to exercise protects
						the skeletal muscles against the deleterious effects of statins<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>.</p>
          <p>Similarly, Bouitbir et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> found
						that training for 10 days on a treadmill improved the oxidative and
						antioxidant capacity of the plantar muscle in Wistar rats compared to
						sedentary animals, and that <italic>in vitro</italic> exposure of the
						muscles of sedentary animals to atorvastatin reduced the oxidative capacity
						in a dose-dependent manner. However, they demonstrated that the impaired
						mitochondrial function caused by drug exposure was lower in the muscles of
						trained animals, indicating a protective effect of physical exercise related
						to the improvement of mitochondrial respiration and antioxidant capacity,
						aimed at attenuating statin-induced oxidative stress.</p>
          <p>The extrapolation of these results to humans seems to suggest that physically
						active individuals prior to treatment with statins may be protected from the
						deleterious drug effects, indicating that the prescription of exercise
						training prior to drug therapy with statins might be a preventive measure to
						muscle effects. Despite the evidence, Bonfim et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> recently found that many patients with dyslipidemia
						undergoing treatment with statins are sedentary and, therefore, would not be
						previously protected if they chose to carry out changes in their
						lifestyle.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Practical contributions</title>
        <p>In a recent review study, Opie<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref> briefly
					explored the controversies between beneficial heart effects and myopathic side
					effects of the statin and exercise association, outlining some practical
					guidelines for this situation. Based on the findings of Kokkinos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, who found that statin therapy associated
					with a moderate-to-high physical fitness level offers additional protection
					against premature cardiovascular death, and a meta-analysis of prospective
					studies that assessed the association of dose-response between exercise
					intensity and cardiovascular protection, the author recommends the practice of
					brisk walking for at least 3 hours a week to maintain cardiovascular protection,
					but does not provide more specifications regarding the intensity.</p>
        <p>Considering the side effects on musculature, the author proposes that
					dyslipidemic individuals using statins that have their running capacity limited
					due to isolated muscle pain, choose carrying out shorter or slower runs;
					however, he emphasizes that the lack of evidence in the literature to deal with
					cases where the pain is accompanied by an increase in CK levels allows both the
					cessation or reduction in medication dose, as well as reducing the intensity of
					exercise as possible therapeutic measures, stressing the urgent need to perform
					further research to find the balance between muscle symptoms and cardiovascular
					protection levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>.</p>
        <p>In summary, considering the current state-of-the-art, it is observed that the
					situations of muscle injury caused by statins may be exacerbated by
					high-intensity physical training and acute eccentric and strenuous exercises,
					while the chronic practice of exercises at moderate intensity, both before and
					concomitantly to treatment with statins, can attenuate the injuries and even
					improve muscle function of the practitioners (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). In this sense, it is suggested that dyslipidemic patients
					on statins be exposed to aerobic exercises combined with resistance exercises of
					moderate intensity, three days a week. The provision of physical training prior
					to the administration of drug treatment is desirable; however, in cases when
					this is not feasible, we suggest caution in prescribing physical activity during
					the first weeks, when strenuous and eccentric exercises should be avoided.</p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Muscle responses of the association of statins with physical
							exercise. Strenuous exercises are characterized by acute eccentric
							exercises, maximum capacity tests and/or competitive activities;
							moderate exercises are characterized by aerobic training, with or
							without resistance training, usually performed three times a week for 12
							weeks. UP: ubiquitin proteasome.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0324-50005-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The research evidence shows that intense training performed by athletes, as well as
				the practice of eccentric and strenuous exercises may exacerbate muscle injury
				resulting from the administration of statins. On the other hand, chronic exercises
				of moderate intensity, performed both before and concurrently to treatment with
				statins, can attenuate the harmful effects and improve muscle function in its
				practitioners.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Mariana Rotta Bonfim,
					from Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Motricidade of Universidade
					Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Campus de Rio Claro.</p>
      </fn>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tratamento das Dislipidemias com Estatinas e Exerc&#237;cios F&#237;sicos:
					Evid&#234;ncias Recentes das Respostas Musculares</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bonfim</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Rotta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Acary Souza Bulle</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amaral</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra Lia do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da
					Motricidade, Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias, Universidade Estadual Paulista &#8220;J&#250;lio de
					Mesquita Filho&#8221; (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Setor de Doen&#231;as Neuromusculares, Escola
					Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP
					- Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica, Faculdade de
					Ci&#234;ncias, UNESP, Bauru, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mariana Rotta Bonfim,</bold> Avenida Engenheiro Luiz
					Edmundo Carrijo Coube, 14-01, Vargem Limpa. CEP 17033-360, Bauru, SP &#8211; Brasil.
					E-mail: <email>mrb_unesp@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Bonfim MR. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Bonfim MR.
						An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados:Bonfim MR. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Bonfim
						MR, Oliveira ASB, Amaral SL, Monteiro HL. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito
						quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Oliveira ASB, Amaral SL, Monteiro
						HL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o do tratamento medicamentoso por estatinas com a pr&#225;tica de
					exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos pode reduzir substancialmente o risco de mortalidade
					cardiovascular de indiv&#237;duos dislipid&#234;micos, por&#233;m sua realiza&#231;&#227;o vem sendo
					associada &#224; exacerba&#231;&#227;o de quadros miop&#225;ticos. O presente trabalho teve como
					objetivo apresentar os resultados mais recentes da literatura espec&#237;fica sobre
					os efeitos da associa&#231;&#227;o de estatinas ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico na musculatura
					esquel&#233;tica. Para tanto, realizou-se levantamento da literatura nas bases de
					dados PubMed e SciELO, utilizando a combina&#231;&#227;o dos unitermos:
					&#8220;estatina/estatinas&#8221; AND &#8220;exerc&#237;cio&#8221; AND &#8220;m&#250;sculo&#8221; (&#8220;<italic>statin</italic>&#8221;
					AND &#8220;<italic>exercise</italic>&#8221; AND &#8220;<italic>muscle</italic>&#8221;), sendo
					selecionados apenas artigos originais publicados entre janeiro de 1990 e
					novembro de 2013. Foram analisados 16 artigos que avaliaram o efeito da
					associa&#231;&#227;o das estatinas com exerc&#237;cio agudo ou cr&#244;nico na musculatura
					esquel&#233;tica. Os resultados dos estudos apontaram que atletas podem experimentar
					efeitos delet&#233;rios na musculatura esquel&#233;tica quando do uso de estatinas, visto
					que os quadros de exacerba&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o muscular pelo exerc&#237;cio foram mais
					frequentes com treinamento intenso ou exerc&#237;cios agudos exc&#234;ntricos e
					extenuantes. O treinamento f&#237;sico moderado, por sua vez, quando associado &#224;s
					estatinas, n&#227;o aumenta os relatos de dor nem os n&#237;veis de creatina quinase, al&#233;m
					de acarretar ganhos nas fun&#231;&#245;es musculares e metab&#243;licas advindas do
					treinamento. Sugere-se, portanto, que pacientes dislipid&#234;micos em tratamento com
					estatinas sejam expostos ao treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bio combinado a exerc&#237;cios
					resistidos, de intensidade moderada, em tr&#234;s sess&#245;es semanais, sendo que a
					oferta do treinamento f&#237;sico previamente &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o do tratamento
					medicamentoso, quando poss&#237;vel, faz-se desej&#225;vel.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Dislipidemias / terapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>M&#250;sculo Esquel&#233;tico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O excesso de lip&#237;dios s&#233;ricos &#233; reconhecido como um dos mais significantes
					fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Isoladamente, as altera&#231;&#245;es
					lip&#237;dicas s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por 56% das doen&#231;as card&#237;acas e 18% dos casos de
					infarto, sendo ainda associadas a um ter&#231;o dos casos de mortalidade no
						mundo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Devido &#224; magnitude de seus
					efeitos, grandes esfor&#231;os v&#234;m sendo realizados pela comunidade m&#233;dica para
					prevenir e controlar esse quadro metab&#243;lico, sendo que as estrat&#233;gias
					terap&#234;uticas recomendadas pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) e
					adotadas pelos especialistas da &#225;rea englobam o est&#237;mulo &#224; ado&#231;&#227;o de uma
					alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel, o aumento da pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos e a prescri&#231;&#227;o
					de medicamentos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Especificamente sobre a terap&#234;utica medicamentosa, os inibidores da enzima
					3-Hidroxi-3-Metilglutaril Coenzima A redutase (HMG-CoA redutase), tamb&#233;m
					conhecidos como estatinas, s&#227;o a classe de medicamentos mais efetiva para o
					tratamento das altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Evid&#234;ncias recentes indicam que a
					associa&#231;&#227;o do tratamento medicamentoso com a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos pode
					reduzir substancialmente o risco de mortalidade cardiovascular de indiv&#237;duos
					dislipid&#234;micos quando comparados a ambos os tratamentos separadamente, sugerindo
					que o tratamento com estatinas, associado com n&#237;vel de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica de
					moderado a alto, oferece prote&#231;&#227;o adicional contra a morte cardiovascular
						prematura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>Todavia, o uso das estatinas est&#225; associado &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de efeitos musculares
					indesej&#225;veis, como dores, c&#227;ibras e/ou rigidez muscular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, al&#233;m de redu&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a muscular em
						idosos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. A pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios
					f&#237;sicos, por sua vez, est&#225; relacionada &#224; exacerba&#231;&#227;o desses desconfortos,
					estando diretamente associada &#224; intensidade dos esfor&#231;os realizados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Claramente, essa realidade se
					apresenta como um paradoxo, uma vez que n&#227;o &#233; desej&#225;vel que a inatividade f&#237;sica
					seja um pr&#233;-requisito para o tratamento com estatinas sem complica&#231;&#245;es. Faz-se,
					desse modo, necess&#225;rio um maior aprofundamento sobre as evid&#234;ncias dessa
					rela&#231;&#227;o, bem como o esclarecimento acerca dos mecanismos pelos quais esses
					efeitos s&#227;o mediados. Face ao exposto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi
					apresentar resultados recentes da literatura t&#233;cnica espec&#237;fica sobre os efeitos
					da associa&#231;&#227;o de estatinas ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico na musculatura esquel&#233;tica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>O levantamento dos trabalhos foi realizado nas bases de dados PubMed e
						<italic>Scientific Electronic Library Online</italic> (SciELO), utilizando a
					combina&#231;&#227;o dos unitermos &#8220;estatina/estatinas&#8221; <italic>AND</italic> &#8220;exerc&#237;cio&#8221;
						<italic>AND</italic> &#8220;m&#250;sculo&#8221; (&#8220;<italic>statin</italic>&#8221;
						<italic>AND</italic> &#8220;<italic>exercise</italic>&#8221; <italic>AND</italic>
						&#8220;<italic>muscle</italic>&#8221;). Foram selecionados, para esta atualiza&#231;&#227;o,
					apenas artigos originais, em l&#237;ngua inglesa ou portuguesa, publicados entre
					janeiro de 1990 e novembro de 2013, que visavam avaliar o efeito da associa&#231;&#227;o
					das estatinas com exerc&#237;cio agudo ou cr&#244;nico na musculatura esquel&#233;tica.
					Trabalhos de revis&#227;o, editoriais, correspond&#234;ncias e consensos n&#227;o foram
					inclu&#237;dos. Foram encontrados 109 artigos na busca pelo PubMed, dos quais 15
					artigos originais contemplaram os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos; a busca na SciELO,
					por sua vez, resultou em um artigo original, totalizando 16 artigos
					analisados.</p>
        <p>Foram extra&#237;dos dos artigos os dados referentes &#224; amostra (tamanho amostral,
					sexo, idade e grupos de estudo), &#224;s especificidades da terap&#234;utica medicamentosa
					(tipo e dose da estatina), ao protocolo de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico (tipo e intensidade
					do exerc&#237;cio, e tempo de interven&#231;&#227;o), al&#233;m dos resultados encontrados e das
					conclus&#245;es dos estudos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results|discussion">
        <title>Resultados e Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados do presente trabalho s&#227;o descritos no corpo do texto e
					sistematizados no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">quadro 1</xref>. Uma vez que
					o entendimento da a&#231;&#227;o das estatinas na musculatura esquel&#233;tica &#233; fundamental
					para a compreens&#227;o dos efeitos de sua associa&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio, considerou-se
					relevante contextualizar o leitor sobre tais aspectos e, portanto, os resultados
					s&#227;o apresentados em dois t&#243;picos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Quadro 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o dos estudos que investigaram o efeito das estatinas e dos
							exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos sobre a musculatura esquel&#233;tica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Refer&#234;ncia</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Amostra</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Terap&#234;utica medicahomenstosa</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Protocolo de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Resultados</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Uso de estatinas em atletas</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Parker e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">n = 80 indiv&#237;duos (59&#9794; e 21&#9792;)</td>
                <td align="center">Tipo e doses variados de estatinas (n = 37)</td>
                <td align="center">Corrida de uma maratona</td>
                <td align="center">Auhomensto da CK ap&#243;s 24 horas no grupo
									estatina</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Estatinas e exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos agudos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Thompson e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
								</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">n = 59 homens (18-65 anos) Ensaio
									randomizado duplo-cego</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">Lovastatina (40 mg/dia; n = 22) ou
									Placebo (n = 27) por 5 semanas</td>
                <td align="center">Esteira rolante (45'; 15% inclina&#231;&#227;o; 65%
										FC<sub>m&#225;x</sub>)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">Aumento da CK ap&#243;s 24 e 48 horas da
									caminhada no grupo lovastatina</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Flex&#227;o de cotovelo (4x10 repeti&#231;&#245;es; 50% FM)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Reust e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">n = 10 homens (27-28 anos) Ensaio randomizado
									duplo-cego cruzado</td>
                <td align="center">Lovastatina (40 mg/dia; n = 5) ou placebo (n = 5)
									por 30 dias</td>
                <td align="center">Esteira rolante (60'; 14% inclina&#231;&#227;o; 3
									km/h)</td>
                <td align="center">Manuten&#231;&#227;o da CK ap&#243;s lovastatina comparada com
									placebo</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Kearns e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">n = 79 homens Ensaio randomizado</td>
                <td align="center">Atorvastatina (10 mg/dia, n = 42; ou 80 mg/dia, n
									= 37) por 5 semanas</td>
                <td align="center">Esteira rolante (3x15'; 15% inclina&#231;&#227;o; 65%
										FC<sub>m&#225;x</sub>)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8593; CK total, CK-MB e dor muscular ap&#243;s
									exerc&#237;cio</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Panayiotou e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">n = 28 homens sedent&#225;rios (&gt; 65 anos)</td>
                <td align="center">Atorvastatin (10-80 mg/day; n = 14) for &#8805; 1
									year</td>
                <td align="center">Extens&#227;o de joelho (5x8 CE m&#225;ximas; 2
									sess&#245;es)</td>
                <td align="center">Fun&#231;&#227;o muscular semelhante entre grupos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Urso e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">n = 8 homens sedent&#225;rios (18-30 anos) Ensaio
									randomizado duplo-cego</td>
                <td align="center">Atorvastatina (80 mg/dia; n = 4) ou placebo (n =
									4) por 4 semanas</td>
                <td align="center">Extens&#227;o de joelho (300 CE) antes e ap&#243;s
									tratamento</td>
                <td align="center">Diferente express&#227;o de genes da via UPS, de
									catabolismo e de apoptose</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Estatinas e exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos cr&#244;nicos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Accioly e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">n = 80 ratos machos (dieta hiperlip&#237;dica, n = 60;
									dieta padr&#227;o, n = 20) em 8 grupos</td>
                <td align="center">Sinvastatina (20 mg, n = 20), fluvastatina (10
									mg, n = 20) ou placebo (n = 20)</td>
                <td align="center">Esteira rolante (60'; 9,75 m/min) 5x/semana por 8
									semanas</td>
                <td align="center">Maior frequ&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas ap&#243;s
									estatina, com ou sem exerc&#237;cio</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Seachrist e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">n = 48 ratas f&#234;meas divididas em 8 grupos</td>
                <td align="center">Cerivastatina (0,1; 0,5; 1,0 mg/kg/dia) ou
									placebo por 14 dias</td>
                <td align="center">Esteira rolante (25'; 20 m/minuto; 15&#186; de
									inclina&#231;&#227;o) 5x/semana por 2 semanas</td>
                <td align="center">Exacerba&#231;&#227;o da degenera&#231;&#227;o muscular; envolvimento
									mitocondrial</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Meex e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">n = 38 homens idosos sedent&#225;rios</td>
                <td align="center">Tipo e doses variados de estatinas (n = 14)</td>
                <td align="center">Cicloerg&#244;metro (30'; 55% CM) 2x/ semana e 8
									exerc&#237;cios resistidos (3x8 repeti&#231;&#245;es; 55 e 75%) 1x/ semana, 12
									semanas</td>
                <td align="center">Aumento da CM, for&#231;a muscular, densidade e fun&#231;&#227;o
									mitocondrial muscular em ambos os grupos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mikus e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">n = 37 indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios com fator de risco
									para SM (13&#9794; e 24&#9792;; 25-59 anos)</td>
                <td align="center">Sinvastatina (40 mg/dia) (n = 19)</td>
                <td align="center">Esteira rolante (45'; 60-75% FCr) 5x/semana por
									12 semanas</td>
                <td align="center">Aumento da MM e diminui&#231;&#227;o na atividade da
									citrato sintase muscular</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Coen e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">n = 31 indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios (15&#9794; e
									16&#9792;; 40-65 anos) Ensaio randomizado</td>
                <td align="center">Rosuvastatina (10 mg/dia) por 20 semanas</td>
                <td align="center">Esteira rolante (20'; 60-70% FCr) e 8 exerc&#237;cios
									resistidos (70-80% 1RM), 3x/semana por 10 semanas</td>
                <td align="center">Aumento da CK ap&#243;s 48 horas da 1&#170; sess&#227;o;
									aus&#234;ncia de relatos de dor/ fadiga</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Mecanismos das respostas musculares &#224;s estatinas e aos
										exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bouitbir e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">n = 34 ratos machos divididos em 4 grupos</td>
                <td align="center">Atorvastatina (10 mg/kg/dia; n = 18) ou placebo
									por 2 semanas</td>
                <td align="center">Esteira rolante (40'; 40 cm/s com aumento de 5
									cm/s at&#233; exaust&#227;o; 1 sess&#227;o)</td>
                <td align="center">Aumento de EROS e diminui&#231;&#227;o de respira&#231;&#227;o
									mitocondrial</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Wu e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">n = 10 sujeitos (5&#9794; e 5&#9792;; 35-69
									anos)</td>
                <td align="center">Tipo e doses variados de estatinas por 4
									semanas</td>
                <td align="center">Flex&#245;es plantares (40% CM) por 7' ou at&#233;
									exaust&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">Aumento do tempo de recupera&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica e
									manuten&#231;&#227;o da CK</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hubal e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">n = 14 usu&#225;rios de estatinas (n = 9 sintom&#225;ticos;
									n = 6 assintom&#225;ticos)</td>
                <td align="center">Sinvastatina ou atorvastatina (10-80 mg) at&#233;
									mialgia (2 semanas a 4 meses)</td>
                <td align="center">Sentar e levantar de uma cadeira por 300 vezes ou
									at&#233; exaust&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">Diminui&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de genes da fosforila&#231;&#227;o
									oxidativa e de prote&#237;nas mitocondriais nos sintom&#225;ticos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Meador e Huey<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">n = 59 camundongos divididos em 6 grupos</td>
                <td align="center">Cerivastatina (1 mg/kg/dia) ou solu&#231;&#227;o salina
									(dias 15-28)</td>
                <td align="center">Roda de corrida volunt&#225;ria (adaptados: dias 1-28;
									n&#227;o adaptados: dias 15-28)</td>
                <td align="center">Adapta&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio preveniu perda de for&#231;a e
									aumento da fadiga associados &#224; estatina</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bouitbir e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">25</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">n = 20 ratos machos (treinados, n = 10;
									sedent&#225;rios, n = 10)</td>
                <td align="center">Aplica&#231;&#227;o de atorvastatina (4, 10, 40, 100, 200 e
									400 &#181;M) no m&#250;sculo plantar</td>
                <td align="center">Esteira rolante (30&#8217;; 40 cm/s; 15% inclina&#231;&#227;o)
									por 10 dias</td>
                <td align="center">Aumento da toler&#226;ncia mitocondrial ao medicamento
									e diminui&#231;&#227;o na produ&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>CK: creatina quinase; FC<sub>m&#225;x</sub>: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima;
								FM: for&#231;a m&#225;xima; CK-MB: creatina quinase card&#237;aca; CE: contra&#231;&#245;es
								exc&#234;ntricas; UPS ubiquitina proteassoma; CM: carga m&#225;xima; SM:
								s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica; FCr: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso; MM: massa
								magra; RM: repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima; EROS: Esp&#233;cies Reativas de
								Oxig&#234;nio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Estatinas e a musculatura esquel&#233;tica</title>
          <p>As estatinas agem inibindo a atividade da enzima HMG&#8209;CoA redutase, n&#227;o
						permitindo forma&#231;&#227;o de mevalonato (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura
							1</xref>), o que acarreta a redu&#231;&#227;o na s&#237;ntese hep&#225;tica do colesterol e,
						como consequ&#234;ncia, aumento da s&#237;ntese dos receptores de Lipoprote&#237;nas de
						Baixa Densidade (LDL, sigla do ingl&#234;s <italic>Low Density
							Lipoprotein</italic>) nos hepat&#243;citos, aumentando, assim, sua capta&#231;&#227;o
						da circula&#231;&#227;o para repor o colesterol intracelular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Apesar de bem tolerada pela maioria dos pacientes,
						a estatina est&#225; relacionada &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de efeitos t&#243;xicos musculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, os quais podem ser leves ou
						graves, variando desde a mialgia &#224; rabdomi&#243;lise, e atingir 5 a 10% dos
							pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Est&#225;gios da bioss&#237;ntese do colesterol e a&#231;&#227;o das estatinas. A
								enzima 3-hidroxi-3-metilglutaril coenzima A (HMG-CoA) redutase
								catalisa a convers&#227;o de HMG-CoA em mevalonato; a a&#231;&#227;o de inibi&#231;&#227;o
								dessa enzima pelas estatinas acarreta a redu&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;ntese do
								colesterol, bem como de demais intermedi&#225;rios (prote&#237;nas preniladas,
								dolic&#243;is e ubiquinona), os quais poderiam contribuir para as les&#245;es
								musculares decorrentes do uso das estatinas. CoA: coenzima A; PP:
								pirofosfato.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0324-50005-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Segundo Parker e Thompson<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, a
						identifica&#231;&#227;o da real incid&#234;ncia das altera&#231;&#245;es musculares pelo uso de
						estatinas pode ser considerada praticamente imposs&#237;vel, uma vez que tais
						problemas geralmente n&#227;o s&#227;o avaliados em ensaios cl&#237;nicos financiados por
						ind&#250;strias farmac&#234;uticas. Eles ressaltam, por&#233;m, que relatos cl&#237;nicos t&#234;m
						confirmado a suspeita de que os agravos musculares produzidos pelas
						estatinas s&#227;o muito mais frequentes. De fato, estudos retrospectivos em
						registros m&#233;dicos t&#234;m indicado que les&#245;es e dores musculoesquel&#233;ticas s&#227;o
						mais comuns entre usu&#225;rios de estatinas comparados aos seus pares n&#227;o
							usu&#225;rios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, sendo elevada a
						quantidade de relatos associados &#224; estatina como suspeita prim&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
          <p>Ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado para uso de atorvastatina (80&#160;mg/dia) ou placebo
						por 6 meses em <italic>design</italic> duplo-cego<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> verificou maior incid&#234;ncia de mialgia entre os
						indiv&#237;duos tratados, sendo que apenas os sintom&#225;ticos apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o
						nos valores de for&#231;a/resist&#234;ncia musculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, n&#227;o sendo observadas rela&#231;&#245;es entre os aumentos de Creatina
						Quinase (CK) e a fun&#231;&#227;o muscular, indicando que os n&#237;veis desse marcador de
						les&#227;o n&#227;o s&#227;o preditivos de sintomas musculares associados &#224;s estatinas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Essas evid&#234;ncias indicam que as
						estatinas podem causar danos musculares aos seus usu&#225;rios, por&#233;m a
						inconsist&#234;ncia sobre a forma de identifica&#231;&#227;o de tais altera&#231;&#245;es limita a
						defini&#231;&#227;o de sua incid&#234;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
          <p>As teorias mais disseminadas quanto aos mecanismos de les&#227;o muscular por
						estatinas est&#227;o relacionadas &#224; inibi&#231;&#227;o da forma&#231;&#227;o de mevalonato pelo
						medicamento que, por sua vez, limita a forma&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios compostos
						intermedi&#225;rios da bioss&#237;ntese do colesterol (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>), como a ubiquinona (coenzima Q10), um dos
						intermedi&#225;rios da cadeia de transporte de el&#233;trons mitocondrial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Apesar de haver evid&#234;ncias quanto
						&#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial, devido &#224; defici&#234;ncia de coenzima Q10 (CoQ10)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, esse mecanismo de les&#227;o muscular
						por estatinas &#233; bastante controverso na literatura, visto que a
						suplementa&#231;&#227;o com ubiquinona n&#227;o tem demonstrado melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o
							muscular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, sugerindo poss&#237;veis
						efeitos diretos do medicamento na musculatura.</p>
          <p>Estudo do m&#250;sculo Extensor Longo dos Dedos (EDL) de ratos (n = 32) indicou
						que o tratamento medicamentoso com hipolipemiantes altera a express&#227;o de
						prote&#237;nas envolvidas na defesa celular contra o estresse oxidativo, sendo
						ainda observada redu&#231;&#227;o significante da express&#227;o de enzimas oxidativas e
						glicol&#237;ticas, demonstrando tamb&#233;m uma tend&#234;ncia da terap&#234;utica em modificar
						prote&#237;nas associadas aos sistemas de fornecimento energ&#233;tico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. De maneira semelhante, Bouitbir e
							cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> verificaram que baixas doses de
						atorvastatina podem aumentar a produ&#231;&#227;o e a concentra&#231;&#227;o de Esp&#233;cies
						Reativas de Oxig&#234;nio (EROs), al&#233;m de reduzir a respira&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial
						m&#225;xima, o conte&#250;do de glicog&#234;nio muscular e o conte&#250;do de DNA mitocondrial
						da musculatura esquel&#233;tica de ratos, indicando que a estatina pode induzir
						ao estresse oxidativo na musculatura esquel&#233;tica e, consequentemente,
						provocar disfun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial por redu&#231;&#227;o de sua biog&#234;nese.</p>
          <p>Resultados semelhantes v&#234;m sendo encontrados em pesquisas com humanos. No
						estudo de Stringer e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,
						verificou-se que a musculatura esquel&#233;tica de pacientes sintom&#225;ticos
						apresentou menor conte&#250;do de DNA mitocondrial que a de assintom&#225;ticos,
						sugerindo que as estatinas podem induzir &#224; deple&#231;&#227;o do DNA mitocondrial.
						Ademais, Larsen e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> verificaram
						que indiv&#237;duos tratados com sinvastatina apresentaram reduzido conte&#250;do de
						CoQ10, de prote&#237;nas antioxidantes, de compostos do complexo IV da cadeia de
						transporte de el&#233;trons mitocondrial e de fibras tipo 1, quando comparados
						aos seus pares sem medicamento, sugerindo que a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224;s estatinas pode
						limitar a capacidade m&#225;xima de fosforila&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial do m&#250;sculo
						esquel&#233;tico.</p>
          <p>Todavia, as altera&#231;&#245;es mitocondriais parecem representar a fase inicial da
						cascata de mecanismos delet&#233;rios induzidos pelas estatinas. Segundo Sirvent
						e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> as altera&#231;&#245;es na cadeia
						respirat&#243;ria mitocondrial resultariam em uma despolariza&#231;&#227;o da membrana
						interna da mitoc&#244;ndria, acarretando a extrus&#227;o de c&#225;lcio que, por sua vez,
						elevaria suas concentra&#231;&#245;es sarcoplasm&#225;ticas, bem como sobrecarregaria o
						ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico, resultando nas denominadas &#8220;ondas de c&#225;lcio&#8221; e na
						consequente miotoxicidade induzida pela estatina. Apesar de os efeitos
						isolados das estatinas na homeostase de c&#225;lcio terem sido relatados na
						musculatura de ratos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> e de
						indiv&#237;duos tanto sintom&#225;ticos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> como
							assintom&#225;ticos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, aparentemente
						sua desregula&#231;&#227;o &#233;, de fato, consequ&#234;ncia das les&#245;es mitocondriais.</p>
          <p>Em estudo recente, Sirvent e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
						observaram que a musculatura esquel&#233;tica de indiv&#237;duos em tratamento com
						estatinas, sintom&#225;ticos ou n&#227;o, apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es no complexo I da
						cadeia de transporte de el&#233;trons, as quais modificaram a fun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial
						e desregularam a homeostase de c&#225;lcio, confirmando os resultados previamente
						encontrados por eles nos experimentos <italic>in vitro</italic>. Resultados
						semelhantes foram encontrados no ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado duplo-cego
						desenvolvido por Galtier e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,
						os quais verificaram que a toxicidade muscular induzida pela atorvastatina
						estava associada a um mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico, cujas altera&#231;&#245;es na
						respira&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial decorrentes do medicamento resultaram em homeostase
						irregular de c&#225;lcio.</p>
          <p>Analisadas em conjunto, essas evid&#234;ncias explicam, em grande parte, a
						miotoxicidade induzida pelas estatinas: as altera&#231;&#245;es mitocondriais e da
						homeostase de c&#225;lcio est&#227;o associadas &#224;s modifica&#231;&#245;es na produ&#231;&#227;o de
						prote&#237;nas ativadas pelo c&#225;lcio, como as caspases e calpa&#237;nas, as quais, por
						sua vez, t&#234;m rela&#231;&#227;o direta com os processos apopt&#243;ticos, degrada&#231;&#227;o
						proteica e remodela&#231;&#227;o muscular; ademais, esse quadro pode modificar o
						acoplamento excita&#231;&#227;o-contra&#231;&#227;o das fibras, acarretando epis&#243;dios de
						fraqueza muscular, dores e c&#227;ibras<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>A&#231;&#227;o das estatinas e dos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos na musculatura
						esquel&#233;tica</title>
          <p>Os efeitos negativos das estatinas na musculatura esquel&#233;tica, bem como a
						relatada redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de esfor&#231;o com o uso do medicamento, culminam
						numa crescente dissemina&#231;&#227;o da teoria de exacerba&#231;&#227;o dessas les&#245;es pela
						associa&#231;&#227;o da estatina aos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, o que pode ser caracterizado
						como fator limitador da recomenda&#231;&#227;o da pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica nos
						quadros de dislipidemia. Na tentativa de esclarecer essas rela&#231;&#245;es, as
						informa&#231;&#245;es do levantamento bibliogr&#225;fico s&#227;o apresentadas em subt&#243;picos,
						que contemplam os efeitos das estatinas em atletas, e as respostas aos
						exerc&#237;cios agudos e cr&#244;nicos, bem como os mecanismos respons&#225;veis pelas
						respostas musculares a essa intera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Uso de estatinas em atletas</title>
            <p>Em se tratando de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, faz-se relevante compreender quais
							os efeitos das estatinas na musculatura de atletas. A esse respeito,
							Sinzinger e O&#8217;Grade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> avaliaram
							22 atletas profissionais de diferentes modalidades, todos diagnosticados
							com hipercolesterolemia familiar, os quais foram acompanhados por 8
							anos, sendo administradas diferentes classes de estatinas. Dos atletas
							avaliados, 78% n&#227;o toleraram nenhum dos compostos administrados; os
							sintomas experimentados foram similares entre atletas e tipos de
							estatinas utilizadas, e se apresentaram como dores, c&#227;ibras e fraqueza.
							Ap&#243;s a cessa&#231;&#227;o do uso do medicamento, os sintomas desapareceram em
							todos os atletas por volta de 3 semanas.</p>
            <p>Em estudo mais recente, Parker e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> avaliaram 37 atletas usu&#225;rios de estatinas h&#225; mais de 6
							meses e 43&#160;indiv&#237;duos controles, antes e ap&#243;s uma prova de maratona. Os
							resultados apontaram que os corredores de maratona usu&#225;rios de estatinas
							apresentaram aumentos mais significantes nos valores de CK ap&#243;s 24 horas
							do t&#233;rmino da prova quando comparados aos n&#227;o usu&#225;rios. Conclui-se que
							atletas podem experimentar efeitos delet&#233;rios na musculatura esquel&#233;tica
							quando do uso das estatinas, visto que estas podem exacerbar o dano
							muscular associado ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico intenso e extenuante, tanto
							realizado agudamente ou como parte do treinamento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Quadro 1</xref>).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Estatinas e exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos agudos</title>
            <p>Os estudos pioneiros, que visavam identificar a exacerba&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o
							muscular pelo exerc&#237;cio, foram ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados duplo-cegos
							para uso de lovastatina (40 mg/dia) ou placebo, realizados em homens
							adultos (n = 59, 18 a 65&#160;anos)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
							ou jovens (n = 10, 27 a 28 anos)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>, os quais verificaram que a oferta aguda do esfor&#231;o
							exc&#234;ntrico e extenuante de caminhada em descida, ap&#243;s tratamento de 4
							semanas com lovastatina (40&#160;mg/dia), poderia aumentar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> ou n&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> os valores de CK s&#233;rica. Estudo mais recente
							reproduziu o protocolo de pesquisa acima, no qual homens adultos (n =
							79, &gt; 40&#160;anos) foram randomicamente expostos a doses de 10 ou 80&#160;mg
							de atorvastatina por 4 semanas, sendo ent&#227;o submetidos a uma sess&#227;o de
							exerc&#237;cio exc&#234;ntrico agudo e extenuante de caminhada em descida.
							Verificou-se que a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao esfor&#231;o ap&#243;s o uso do medicamento
							aumentou os n&#237;veis de CK e os relatos de dor em ambos os grupos, n&#227;o
							sendo identificadas diferen&#231;as significantes entre os tratamentos com
							baixa ou alta dose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. Em
							conjunto, os resultados apresentados indicaram um poss&#237;vel efeito
							exacerbador da les&#227;o muscular em resposta a essas associa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
            <p>Em contrapartida, estudo transversal, que investigou os efeitos de
							sess&#245;es agudas de exerc&#237;cios exc&#234;ntricos isocin&#233;ticos dos extensores de
							joelho (cinco s&#233;ries de oito repeti&#231;&#245;es volunt&#225;rias m&#225;ximas) na fun&#231;&#227;o
							muscular de homens idosos (n = 28, &gt; 65 anos) em tratamento com
							atorvastatina (10 a 80 mg/dia) h&#225; mais de 1 ano, verificou aus&#234;ncia de
							diferen&#231;as na fun&#231;&#227;o muscular, em ambos os momentos, pr&#233; e p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o,
							comparados aos pacientes do grupo controle. Esses resultados indicaram
							que o exerc&#237;cio exc&#234;ntrico proposto n&#227;o impactou negativamente o torque,
							a amplitude de movimento e a sensa&#231;&#227;o de dor durante agachamento e
							caminhada nos usu&#225;rios de estatinas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>.</p>
            <p>Nessa mesma dire&#231;&#227;o, no ensaio randomizado duplo-cego para o uso de
							atorvastatina (80 mg/dia) ou placebo por 4 semanas em homens saud&#225;veis
							(n = 8, 18 a 30 anos), no qual Urso e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> ofertaram exerc&#237;cio agudo extenuante,
							caracterizado por 300 contra&#231;&#245;es exc&#234;ntricas de membros inferiores,
							antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento medicamentoso, n&#227;o foram encontrados aumentos
							significantes nos n&#237;veis de CK com a associa&#231;&#227;o do medicamento ao
							esfor&#231;o. No entanto, verificou-se que essa intera&#231;&#227;o aumentou a
							express&#227;o de genes envolvidos no catabolismo proteico e na via de
							ubiquitina proteassoma (UPS), alterando o balan&#231;o entre degrada&#231;&#227;o e
							reparo proteico muscular, indicando que aus&#234;ncia de modifica&#231;&#245;es no CK
							pode n&#227;o refletir as respostas do tecido muscular.</p>
            <p>De maneira geral, os estudos apresentados fazem crer que homens em uso de
							diferentes classes de estatinas, em doses baixas ou altas, apresentam
							altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o e nos marcadores de les&#227;o muscular quando expostos
							a sess&#245;es agudas de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos exc&#234;ntricos e extenuantes de
							caminhada em descida, mas n&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios exc&#234;ntricos de membros
							inferiores isoladamente. Alertam, contudo, que essa realidade n&#227;o
							descarta a ocorr&#234;ncia de poss&#237;veis altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e metab&#243;licas
							no tecido muscular. Ressalta-se, ainda, que a heterogeneidade dos
							protocolos metodol&#243;gicos, bem como a aus&#234;ncia de estudos em mulheres,
							limita, de maneira significante, essas conclus&#245;es, indicando a
							necessidade de novos estudos para se estabelecer satisfatoriamente essa
							rela&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Estatinas e exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos cr&#244;nicos</title>
            <p>Considerando as adapta&#231;&#245;es do organismo decorrentes do treinamento,
							pode-se supor que as respostas musculares aos exerc&#237;cios cr&#244;nicos sejam
							distintas daquelas observadas nos exerc&#237;cios agudos. Estudo experimental
							com animais, o qual avaliou os efeitos de 60 minutos de atividade f&#237;sica
							aer&#243;bia moderada (9,75 m/minuto) em esteira rolante, realizada cinco
							vezes por semana durante 2 meses, concomitante ao tratamento com
							sinvastatina (20 mg/kg) e fluvastatina (20 mg/kg) em ratos Wistar,
							demonstrou que o uso do medicamento provocou altera&#231;&#245;es musculares de
							leve a grave no m&#250;sculo s&#243;leo, as quais foram mais frequentes quando
							houve associa&#231;&#227;o do medicamento com o exerc&#237;cio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>.</p>
            <p>Nessa mesma dire&#231;&#227;o, no estudo em cobaias realizado por Seachrist e
								cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>, elevadas doses de
							cerivastatina foram administradas concomitante &#224; pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio
							f&#237;sico intenso em esteira por 14 dias. Resultados apontaram que essa
							associa&#231;&#227;o aumentou os n&#237;veis de CK e exacerbou a degenera&#231;&#227;o das
							mitoc&#244;ndrias e de outras organelas da musculatura esquel&#233;tica. As
							evid&#234;ncias dos estudos com animais indicam que o treinamento f&#237;sico,
							tanto de alta como de moderada intensidade, quando associado ao
							tratamento com estatinas em doses baixas ou potencialmente lesivas,
							acarreta les&#245;es musculares. Em contrapartida, pesquisas realizadas em
							humanos t&#234;m apresentado resultados distintos.</p>
            <p>No estudo realizado por Meex e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>, homens idosos, usu&#225;rios ou n&#227;o de estatinas, foram
							expostos a protocolo de treinamento de 12 semanas, caracterizado pela
							pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio moderado em cicloerg&#244;metro e exerc&#237;cios
							resistidos tr&#234;s vezes por semana, sendo avaliadas: oxida&#231;&#227;o de
							substratos, recupera&#231;&#227;o de fosfocreatina (PCr) e express&#227;o de prote&#237;nas
							dos complexos da cadeia de transporte de el&#233;trons mitocondrial da
							musculatura esquel&#233;tica. Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que o
							tratamento com estatinas (atorvastatina, rosuvastatina, pravastatina e
							sinvastatina) em v&#225;rias doses n&#227;o limitou a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios
							f&#237;sicos nem os ganhos decorrentes do treinamento na massa muscular e na
							qualidade mitocondrial dos praticantes, indicando que as associa&#231;&#245;es
							propostas foram seguras.</p>
            <p>Ao comparar indiv&#237;duos adultos previamente sedent&#225;rios e com fatores de
							risco para s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (n&#160;=&#160;37, 25 a 59 anos), expostos a 12
							semanas de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico moderado em esteira rolante, realizado 5
							dias na semana, de forma isolada (n = 19) ou associado ao uso de
							sinvastatina (40 mg/dia, n = 18), Mikus e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> verificaram que, apesar da associa&#231;&#227;o ter
							causado redu&#231;&#245;es mais significantes no colesterol total (CT) e LDL, os
							aumentos na aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e na atividade da enzima citrato
							sintase do m&#250;sculo vasto lateral, em resposta ao exerc&#237;cio, foram
							atenuados nos indiv&#237;duos tratados com estatina, indicando que o
							medicamento pode inibir algumas respostas adaptativas do organismo ao
							exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. Apesar de relevantes, esses resultados foram obtidos
							com aus&#234;ncia de um grupo somente em uso de estatinas, o que limita
							consideravelmente o avan&#231;o no conhecimento acerca da exacerba&#231;&#227;o dos
							efeitos delet&#233;rios da estatina pelo exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.</p>
            <p>A esse respeito, o presente levantamento na literatura encontrou apenas
							um trabalho que avaliou o efeito da adi&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico cr&#244;nico
							moderado ao tratamento regular com rosuvastatina (10 mg/dia) em
							indiv&#237;duos adultos dislipid&#234;micos de ambos os sexos (n = 31, 40 a 65
							anos). Nesse ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado, verificou-se que tanto o
							tratamento medicamentoso, quanto sua associa&#231;&#227;o a 12 semanas de
							treinamento moderado em esteira rolante e exerc&#237;cios resistidos,
							ofertados tr&#234;s vezes por semana, acarretaram redu&#231;&#245;es significantes no
							perfil lip&#237;dico dos participantes, sendo a redu&#231;&#227;o na LDL oxidada mais
							efetiva nos indiv&#237;duos exercitados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>. Os usu&#225;rios de estatina que praticaram exerc&#237;cios
							f&#237;sicos tiveram aumento no consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio comparado aos seus
							pares sedent&#225;rios, o mesmo ocorrendo para as vari&#225;veis de for&#231;a
							muscular, sem aumento nos n&#237;veis de CK ou na quantidade de relatos de
							dor, o que demonstra que tal associa&#231;&#227;o resulta em melhorias nas
							vari&#225;veis de sa&#250;de de seus praticantes, sem danos adicionais na
								musculatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>.</p>
            <p>Em s&#237;ntese, observa-se que o tratamento com estatinas, tanto em homens
							idosos como para a popula&#231;&#227;o adulta em geral, quando associado a 12
							semanas de treinamento moderado com exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bios e resistidos,
							n&#227;o aumenta os relatos de dor e nem os n&#237;veis de CK, al&#233;m de acarretar
							ganhos nas fun&#231;&#245;es musculares e metab&#243;licas advindas do treinamento.
							Apesar do reduzido n&#250;mero de evid&#234;ncias e da necessidade de estudos mais
							longos, com diferentes modalidades e intensidades de treinamento, e com
							a explora&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es do tecido muscular, esses resultados apontam
							que a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos moderados, durante tratamento com
							estatinas, &#233; segura e mais ben&#233;fica do que se manter sedent&#225;rio.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Mecanismos das respostas musculares &#224;s estatinas e exerc&#237;cios
							f&#237;sicos</title>
            <p>At&#233; o presente momento, as evid&#234;ncias das pesquisas apontam que o
							treinamento intenso realizado por atletas, bem como a pr&#225;tica de
							exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos exc&#234;ntricos e extenuantes, podem exacerbar os danos
							musculares da administra&#231;&#227;o de estatinas. A esse respeito, Meador e
								Huey<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> propuseram, em seu
							estudo de revis&#227;o, alguns dos mecanismos pelos quais o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico
							exacerbaria as les&#245;es musculares por estatinas. Segundo os autores, os
							danos mitocondriais ocasionados pelas estatinas, associados ao aumento
							do fluxo energ&#233;tico e &#224; deple&#231;&#227;o de glicog&#234;nio em decorr&#234;ncia do
							exerc&#237;cio, poderiam ser um fator de exacerba&#231;&#227;o; no entanto, acrescentam
							outras possibilidades, como a ativa&#231;&#227;o da via das prote&#237;nas quinases
							sinalizadas pelos isoprenoides e estimuladas pela contra&#231;&#227;o muscular,
							bem como por aumentos na atividade da via de UPS mediados tanto pelas
							estatinas como pelo exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.</p>
            <p>Apesar desse modelo te&#243;rico-explicativo sobre os poss&#237;veis mecanismos de
							exacerba&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es musculares, as evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas que
							comprovam tais hip&#243;teses ainda s&#227;o escassas. O aumento na express&#227;o de
							genes envolvidos no catabolismo proteico e na via de UPS foi
							identificado apenas na pesquisa de Urso e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>, ao passo que os danos mitocondriais e os
							dist&#250;rbios no fornecimento energ&#233;tico s&#227;o mais explorados, tendo sido
							verificados tanto no estudo de Seachrist e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>, como em estudos mais recentes.</p>
            <p>A esse respeito, Bouitbir e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> verificaram que ratos tratados com atorvastatina (10
							mg/kg/dia) apresentaram preju&#237;zo na fun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial do m&#250;sculo
							plantar. A exposi&#231;&#227;o desses animais a um teste de esfor&#231;o exaustivo em
							esteira rolante produziu 226% mais EROs que o grupo placebo, sendo ainda
							observada redu&#231;&#227;o na respira&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima mitocondrial (-39%), a qual se
							relacionou de forma significante com a menor dist&#226;ncia percorrida no
							teste (r = 0,62; p &lt; 0,01). As EROs s&#227;o geradas na mitoc&#244;ndria como
							resultado do metabolismo energ&#233;tico, e o aumento de sua produ&#231;&#227;o pode
							causar danos aos lip&#237;dios, prote&#237;nas e DNA celular, alterando a fun&#231;&#227;o
							mitocondrial e desencadeando efeitos delet&#233;rios &#224; musculatura. Esses
							resultados indicam que o exerc&#237;cio exaustivo, associado ao preju&#237;zo
							mitocondrial decorrente do tratamento com estatinas, de fato, exacerba
							as perturba&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas na musculatura esquel&#233;tica, produzindo um
							estado mais oxidante nessa estrutura e, consequentemente, reduzindo a
							capacidade de esfor&#231;o dos animais.</p>
            <p>Essa perturba&#231;&#227;o no sistema de fornecimento energ&#233;tico muscular pelo uso
							das estatinas tamb&#233;m vem sendo encontrada em humanos, como no trabalho
							de Wu e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>, os quais
							caracterizaram a cin&#233;tica de recupera&#231;&#227;o da PCr ap&#243;s esfor&#231;o de
							panturrilha em sujeitos de ambos os sexos (n = 10, 35 a 69 anos)
							tratados com estatinas por 4 semanas. A taxa de recupera&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica
							da PCr muscular &#233; um par&#226;metro utilizado como &#237;ndice da capacidade
							oxidativa muscular <italic>in vivo</italic>, sendo que maior tempo de
							recupera&#231;&#227;o reflete preju&#237;zo na fosforila&#231;&#227;o oxidativa e/ou na s&#237;ntese
							de ATP mitocondrial. Os resultados apontaram que a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; estatina
							n&#227;o alterou os n&#237;veis de CK, por&#233;m acarretou aumento significante do
							tempo de recupera&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica ap&#243;s esfor&#231;o (de 28,1 para 55,4
							segundos; p = 0,02), sugerindo que esse medicamento pode prejudicar a
							fun&#231;&#227;o oxidativa mitocondrial, o que poderia explicar os poss&#237;veis
							acometimentos musculares decorrentes de sua associa&#231;&#227;o ao esfor&#231;o.</p>
            <p>Apesar das evid&#234;ncias indicarem preju&#237;zo mitocondrial n&#227;o seletivo na
							musculatura dos usu&#225;rios de estatina, indiv&#237;duos sintom&#225;ticos
							aparentemente s&#227;o mais predispostos e apresentam preju&#237;zo mais
							acentuado. A esse respeito, Hubal e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref> avaliaram o padr&#227;o da express&#227;o global de genes na
							musculatura esquel&#233;tica de indiv&#237;duos de ambos os sexos usu&#225;rios de
							estatinas mi&#225;lgicos, (n&#160;=&#160;9) ou n&#227;o (n&#160;=&#160;5), em resposta ao exerc&#237;cio
							exc&#234;ntrico. Ap&#243;s 4&#160;meses de tratamento medicamentoso, verificou&#8209;se que
							os pacientes que manifestavam sinais e sintomas cl&#225;ssicos de mialgia
							apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o na express&#227;o de nicotinamida adenina dinucleot&#237;dio
							(NADH) do complexo I da cadeia de transporte de el&#233;trons, bem como de
							succinato desidrogenase no complexo II, citocromo c oxidase no complexo
							IV e de ATP4B no complexo V, indicando que defici&#234;ncias preexistentes na
							produ&#231;&#227;o energ&#233;tica poderiam contribuir para o desenvolvimento de
							sintomas desencadeados pelo esfor&#231;o durante terapia com estatinas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>.</p>
            <p>Entretanto, as informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o de estatinas aos exerc&#237;cios
							cr&#244;nicos moderados sugerem que podem ocorrer outras respostas, al&#233;m da
							exacerba&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o muscular. Segundo Meador e Huey<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, as adapta&#231;&#245;es musculares
							decorrentes do treinamento, como o aumento de prote&#237;nas protetoras
							antichoque (relacionadas &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do estresse oxidativo, inibi&#231;&#227;o de
							apoptose e atenua&#231;&#227;o do dano muscular), supress&#227;o direta de fatores
							apopt&#243;ticos e aumento na biog&#234;nese mitocondrial, podem acarretar a
							atenua&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o muscular. Para testar essa hip&#243;tese, os mesmos
							autores submeteram camundongos a 14 dias de tratamento conjunto de
							exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos e estatina, ap&#243;s pr&#233;via adapta&#231;&#227;o de 14 dias ao
							exerc&#237;cio ou sedentarismo, e verificaram que o medicamento reduziu a
							for&#231;a muscular e a resist&#234;ncia &#224; fadiga dos animais sedent&#225;rios e n&#227;o
							adaptados, comparados aos adaptados, indicando que adapta&#231;&#227;o ao
							exerc&#237;cio protege a musculatura esquel&#233;tica contra os efeitos delet&#233;rios
							das estatinas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>.</p>
            <p>De maneira semelhante, Bouitbir e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> verificaram que o treinamento por 10 dias em esteira
							rolante melhorou a capacidade oxidativa e antioxidante do m&#250;sculo
							plantar de ratos Wistar comparados aos sedent&#225;rios, e que a exposi&#231;&#227;o
								<italic>in vitro</italic> da musculatura dos sedent&#225;rios &#224;
							atorvastatina reduziu a capacidade oxidativa de forma dose-dependente.
							No entanto, demonstraram que o preju&#237;zo da fun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial,
							decorrente da exposi&#231;&#227;o ao medicamento, foi menor na musculatura dos
							animais treinados, indicando efeito protetor do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico
							relacionado &#224; melhora da respira&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial e capacidade
							antioxidante, visando &#224; atenua&#231;&#227;o do estresse oxidativo induzido pela
							estatina.</p>
            <p>A extrapola&#231;&#227;o desses resultados para seres humanos parece sugerir que
							indiv&#237;duos fisicamente ativos previamente ao tratamento com estatinas
							podem estar protegidos dos efeitos delet&#233;rios do medicamento, indicando
							que a prescri&#231;&#227;o do treinamento f&#237;sico, antes da terap&#234;utica
							medicamentosa com estatinas, pode representar uma medida preventiva aos
							efeitos musculares. Apesar das evid&#234;ncias, Bonfim e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref> verificaram recentemente que
							muitos dos pacientes com dislipidemia em tratamento com estatinas s&#227;o
							sedent&#225;rios e, portanto, n&#227;o estariam previamente protegidos caso
							optassem por mudan&#231;as em seu estilo de vida.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Contribui&#231;&#245;es pr&#225;ticas</title>
          <p>Em estudo de revis&#227;o recente, Opie<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>
						explorou sucintamente as controv&#233;rsias entre os efeitos ben&#233;ficos card&#237;acos
						e os efeitos colaterais miop&#225;ticos da associa&#231;&#227;o de estatinas e exerc&#237;cios
						f&#237;sicos, delimitando algumas orienta&#231;&#245;es pr&#225;ticas para essa realidade.
						Baseado nos achados de Kokkinos e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, os quais verificaram que o tratamento com estatinas associado
						a um n&#237;vel de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica de moderado a alto oferece prote&#231;&#227;o adicional
						contra a morte cardiovascular prematura, e de uma metan&#225;lise de estudos
						prospectivos, que verificaram a rela&#231;&#227;o de dose-resposta entre intensidade
						de esfor&#231;o e prote&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, o autor recomenda a pr&#225;tica de
						caminhada r&#225;pida por pelo menos 3 horas semanais para manuten&#231;&#227;o da prote&#231;&#227;o
						cardiovascular, por&#233;m n&#227;o apresenta mais especifica&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224;
						intensidade.</p>
          <p>Atentando para os efeitos colaterais musculares, o autor prop&#245;e que os
						indiv&#237;duos dislipid&#234;micos em uso de estatinas, que tenham a corrida limitada
						por conta da dor muscular isolada, optem pela realiza&#231;&#227;o de caminhadas
						r&#225;pidas ou corridas leves; todavia, ressalta que a falta de evid&#234;ncias na
						literatura para lidar com casos em que a dor seja acompanhada de aumento dos
						n&#237;veis de CK permite que tanto a cessa&#231;&#227;o ou redu&#231;&#227;o da dose do medicamento,
						como a redu&#231;&#227;o da intensidade do esfor&#231;o sejam medidas terap&#234;uticas
						poss&#237;veis, alertando para a urgente necessidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de novas
						pesquisas para se encontrar o equil&#237;brio entre sintomas musculares e n&#237;veis
						de prote&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>.</p>
          <p>Em s&#237;ntese, considerando o estado atual da arte, observa-se que os quadros de
						les&#227;o muscular pelas estatinas podem ser exacerbados pelos treinamentos
						f&#237;sicos de alta intensidade e por exerc&#237;cios agudos exc&#234;ntricos e
						extenuantes, ao passo que a pr&#225;tica cr&#244;nica de exerc&#237;cios com intensidade
						moderada, tanto previamente quanto concomitantemente ao tratamento com
						estatinas, pode atenuar os quadros lesivos e at&#233; melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o muscular
						de seus praticantes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>). Nesse
						sentido, sugere-se que pacientes dislipid&#234;micos em tratamento com estatinas
						sejam expostos ao treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bio combinado a exerc&#237;cios
						resistidos, de intensidade moderada, em tr&#234;s sess&#245;es semanais. A oferta do
						treinamento f&#237;sico previamente &#224; administra&#231;&#227;o do tratamento medicamentoso
						se faz desej&#225;vel, por&#233;m, nos casos em que essa realidade seja impratic&#225;vel,
						sugere&#8209;se cautela na prescri&#231;&#227;o das atividades f&#237;sicas durante as primeiras
						semanas, quando exerc&#237;cios extenuantes e exc&#234;ntricos devem ser evitados.</p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Respostas musculares da associa&#231;&#227;o de estatinas com exerc&#237;cios
								f&#237;sicos. Exerc&#237;cio extenuante caracterizado por exerc&#237;cios agudos
								exc&#234;ntricos, testes de capacidade m&#225;xima e/ou atividades
								competitivas; exerc&#237;cio moderado caracterizado pelo treinamento
								aer&#243;bio, associado ou n&#227;o ao treinamento resistido, realizado
								geralmente em tr&#234;s sess&#245;es semanais por 12 semanas. UP: ubiquitina
								proteassoma</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0324-50005-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>As evid&#234;ncias das pesquisas apontam que o treinamento intenso realizado por
					atletas, bem como a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos exc&#234;ntricos e extenuantes,
					pode exacerbar os danos musculares resultantes da administra&#231;&#227;o de estatinas. Em
					contrapartida, exerc&#237;cios cr&#244;nicos de intensidade moderada, realizados tanto
					previamente quanto concomitantemente ao tratamento com estatinas, podem atenuar
					os efeitos lesivos e melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o muscular de seus praticantes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Mariana Rotta Bonfim pelo
						Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Motricidade da Universidade
						Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Campus de Rio Claro.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
