<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.1" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mcMsDcm8xntCkcnR7BJRmxc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000400008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140211</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Comparison between MDCT and Grayscale IVUS in a Quantitative Analysis of
               Coronary Lumen in Segments with or without Atherosclerotic Plaques</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o L. A. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Breno A. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gurudevan</surname>
            <given-names>Swaminatha V</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Expedito R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shiozaki</surname>
            <given-names>Afonso A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Otavio R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro A.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical School</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Heart Institute</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Heart Institute (InCor), University of S&#227;o Paulo
               Medical School (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Los Angeles</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">California</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>United States</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles,
               California, USA &#8211;United States</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Cedars Sinai Medical Center</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Ricardo Jo&#227;o Westphal</bold>, Rua dos
               Escultores 200, City Boa&#231;ava. Postal Code 05469-010. S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>pedro.lemos@incor.usp.br</email>;
               <email>pedroaln@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Falc&#227;o JLAA, Silva ER, Rochitte CE, Lemos
                  PA. Acquisition of data: Falc&#227;o JLAA, Falc&#227;o BAA, Gurudevan SV, Campos CM, Silva
                  ER, Shiozaki AA, Coelho-Filho OR, Lemos PA. Analysis and interpretation of the
                  data: Falc&#227;o JLAA, Falc&#227;o BAA, Gurudevan SV, Campos CM, Rochitte CE, Shiozaki AA,
                  Coelho-Filho OR, Lemos PA. Statistical analysis: Falc&#227;o JLAA, Rochitte CE, Lemos
                  PA. Obtaining financing: Falc&#227;o JLAA, Rochitte CE, Lemos PA. Writing of the
                  manuscript: Falc&#227;o JLAA, Kalil Filho R, Lemos PA. Critical revision of the
                  manuscript for intellectual content: Falc&#227;o JLAA, Kalil Filho R, Rochitte CE,
                  Lemos PA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>04</issue>
      <fpage>315</fpage>
      <lpage>323</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The diagnostic accuracy of 64-slice MDCT in comparison with IVUS has been poorly
                  described and is mainly restricted to reports analyzing segments with documented
                  atherosclerotic plaques.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>We compared 64-slice multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) with gray scale
                  intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) for the evaluation of coronary lumen dimensions in
                  the context of a comprehensive analysis, including segments with absent or mild
                  disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The 64-slice MDCT was performed within 72 h before the IVUS imaging, which was
                  obtained for at least one coronary, regardless of the presence of luminal stenosis
                  at angiography. A total of 21 patients were included, with 70 imaged vessels
                  (total length 114.6 &#177; 38.3 mm per patient). A coronary plaque was diagnosed in
                  segments with plaque burden &gt; 40%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>At patient, vessel, and segment levels, average lumen area, minimal lumen area,
                  and minimal lumen diameter were highly correlated between IVUS and 64-slice MDCT
                  (p &lt; 0.01). However, 64-slice MDCT tended to underestimate the lumen size with
                  a relatively wide dispersion of the differences. The comparison between 64-slice
                  MDCT and IVUS lumen measurements was not substantially affected by the presence or
                  absence of an underlying plaque. In addition, 64-slice MDCT showed good global
                  accuracy for the detection of IVUS parameters associated with flow-limiting
                  lesions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>In a comprehensive, multi-territory, and whole-artery analysis, the assessment of
                  coronary lumen by 64-slice MDCT compared with coronary IVUS showed a good overall
                  diagnostic ability, regardless of the presence or absence of underlying
                  atherosclerotic plaques.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease, Plaque, Atherosclerotic / diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Multidetector Computed Tomography / utilization</kwd>
        <kwd>Ultrasonography / utilization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>Condensed Abstract</title>
      <p>A total of 21 patients (70 vessels; total length 114.6 &#177; 38.3 mm per patient) underwent
            64-slice MDCT and IVUS imaging. At patient, vessel, and segment levels, average lumen
            area, minimal lumen area, and minimal lumen diameter were highly correlated between IVUS
            and 64-slice MDCT. The comparison between 64-slice MDCT and IVUS lumen measurements was
            not substantially affected by the presence or absence of an underlying plaque (defined
            as IVUS plaque burden &gt; 40%). In addition, 64-slice MDCT showed good global accuracy
            for the detection of IVUS parameters associated with flow&#8209;limiting lesions.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>List of Abbreviations</title>
      <p>EEL External elastic lamina</p>
      <p>HU Hounsfield unit</p>
      <p>IVUS Intravascular ultrasound</p>
      <p>MDCT Multidetector computed</p>
      <p>ROC Receiver operating characteristic</p>
      <p>CTA Computed tomography angiography</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) is a reliable noninvasive method for the
            detection of coronary luminal stenosis. However, most validation studies have compared
            MDCT with catheter-based angiography, a method that is known to have limitations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is currently considered the gold standard
            for the <italic>in vivo</italic> assessment of coronary luminal dimensions. Compared
            with quantitative angiography, morphologic data from IVUS imaging have shown a better
            correlation with coronary flow measurements and noninvasive detection of ischemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Moreover, IVUS is a valuable prognostic parameter
            for patients deferred from coronary angioplasty<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>A number of studies have previously compared MDCT with intravascular ultrasound,
            indicating a good conformity between these two methods<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Recent meta-analysis
            data showed that, compared with IVUS, coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA)
            appears to be highly accurate for the estimation of luminal area, percentage of area
            stenosis, plaque volume, and plaque area and for the detection of plaque<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. However, most studies evaluated specific regions
            of interest within the coronary tree, restricting the analysis to segments with
            atherosclerotic plaques by IVUS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. It is important to note that, in clinical practice, MDCT images are
            commonly analyzed following an all-segment scheme without the aid of a coronary map to
            focus the assessment on specific regions of interest.</p>
      <p>It is important to evaluate the diagnostic performance of MDCT in a comprehensive
            manner, including both coronary segments with atherosclerosis as well as portions
            without significant disease. Therefore, the present study compared 64-slice MDCT with
            IVUS for the quantitative assessment of coronary luminal dimensions following an
            inclusive, whole-artery analytic strategy.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Overall Protocol Design and Study Population</title>
        <p>The study included patients with known coronary artery disease who were scheduled for
               elective coronary stent implantation. Intravascular ultrasound examination was
               performed at the time of the percutaneous procedure, before any therapeutic
               intervention. At least one major epicardial vessel without previous angioplasty or
               surgical treatment was examined with IVUS, but operators were strongly encouraged to
               acquire IVUS images from all three coronary territories. MDCT was performed 72 h
               prior to the IVUS procedure as part of the study protocol. The study protocol was
               approved by the local ethics committee, and written informed consent was obtained
               from each patient.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ivus Imaging and Analysis</title>
        <p>The IVUS examination was carried out after the administration of intracoronary
               nitrate, utilizing a 20 MHz electronic multi-array 2.9F catheter (Eagle Eye&#174;, Volcano
               Corporation Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) connected to a dedicated console (InVision
               Gold&#174;, Volcano Corporation Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Acquisition was performed
               during motorized pullback at a constant speed of 0.5 mm/s (R-100&#174; pullback device,
               Volcano Corporation Inc., San Diego, Ca, USA). Off-line IVUS analyses were performed
               by operators blinded to other patients&#8217; characteristics, using a dedicated software
               (pcVH 2.2 &#174;; Volcano Corporation Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) for the measurement of
               vessels. The luminal and external elastic lamina (EEL) boundaries were traced
               semi&#8209;automatically to obtain area measurements. Total plaque plus media area was
               calculated as EEL area minus lumen area. Plaque burden was calculated as the plaque
               plus media area divided by the EEL area, multiplied by 100. A coronary plaque was
               diagnosed to be present in all segments with plaque burden &gt; 40%. A coronary
               segment was considered to be free of atherosclerosis or having only mild
               atherosclerotic plaque when the plaque burden was &#8804; 40%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Multidetector Computer Tomography</title>
        <p>Patients with a heart rate greater than 65 bpm received up to 15 mg of intravenous
               metoprolol before the acquisition of MDCT images, unless contraindicated. Sublingual
               nitrate was given to all patients prior to the acquisition of MDCT images<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. All scans were performed utilizing a 64-slice
               MDCT scanner (Aquillion 64TM, Toshiba Medical Systems, Japan). Acquisition protocols
               were applied as previously described<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.
               Patients first underwent calcium scanning performed with prospective
               electrocardiogram gating and a detector collimation of 64 x 3.0 mm. The trigger delay
               for prospective gating was adjusted to the heart rate in order to obtain the images
               during the rest period of the coronary arteries. Only patients with a total calcium
               score &lt; 600 were included. After calcium scanning, the CT coronary angiography
               protocol was performed using a 64 x 0.5 mm detector collimation and a minimum gantry
               rotation time of 400 ms, and the scanner settings including pitch were adjusted
               according to patient&#8217;s sex and weight<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. After
               the intravenous injection of contrast medium (Iopamidol, 370 mg iodine/ml, Bracco)
               and after reaching a threshold of 180 Hounsfield units (HU), at the descending aorta,
               the helical scan for CT coronary angiography was performed.</p>
        <p>Quantitative coronary analysis was performed with a dedicated workstation (Vitrea2,
               v3.9 loaded with the Coronary Vessel Probe and SURE Plaque software; all by Vital
               Images Inc, Plymouth, MN, USA). All analyses were performed by operators blinded to
               clinical and IVUS characteristics, following a predefined analytic plan. First, the
               average lumen attenuation was measured in the ascending aorta (at the level of the
               coronary ostia) and used as the parameter to set the threshold for the detection of
               the coronary lumen borders. Then, the lumen and the vessel borders were
               semiautomatically reconstructed for the measurement of their areas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>); thus, permitting the calculation of the
               plaque plus media area (vessel area minus lumen area) and the percent of plaque
               burden (plaque plus media area divided by the vessel area, multiplied by 100).</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Schematic representation of quantitative coronary analysis by 64-slice MDCT
                     (above) and IVUS (below). The upper images show the longitudinal reconstruction
                     for both methods. The lower images show illustrative vessel cross-sections with
                     the outer vessel and lumen (inner) boundaries tracings.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0315-40211-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>IVUS and MDCT Imaging Coregistration and Segment Analysis</title>
        <p>Intravascular ultrasound and 64-slice MDCT images were matched by using reproducible
               vessel landmarks (e.g., aorto-ostial junction, side branches, etc.) as anatomical
               axial references. Visible landmarks through the target vessel length were annotated
               for both IVUS and 64-slice MDCT, and all vessel portions were carefully scrutinized
               to match the exact counterpart (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). The
               left main coronary was computed as a separate vessel for analysis. Repeated
               measurements by the same operators were performed for 27 segments, randomly selected,
               and correlation coefficients were used to determine intra-observer and inter-observer
               variability.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>The present study is an exploratory analysis without a prior formal sample size
               calculation. Nevertheless, the chosen sample size of 20 patients would be sufficient
               to demonstrate a significant correlation of any given continuous parameter with a
               Pearson coefficient of 0.65at an alfa of 0.05 and a power of 0.9. Statistical
               analyses were performed with software SPSS 21 (IBM Corp. Released 2012, IBM SPSS
               Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. Armonk, NY, USA). Categorical variables are
               presented as percentages and continuous variables as means and standard deviations.
               Continuous variables were analyzed for correlation using the Pearson&#8217;s correlation
               test. The method proposed by Bland and Altman<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> was utilized to
               evaluate the differences between the measurements of 64-slice MDCT and IVUS for mean
               lumen area, minimal lumen area, and minimal lumen diameter. In Bland and Altman&#8217;s
               method, the average of the two measurements (64-slice MDCT and IVUS) is plotted
               against the difference between them (64-slice MDCT minus IVUS) with 95% limits of
               agreement calculated to evaluate the measurement concordance. For all comparison
               tests, p &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The study population consisted of 21 patients with 70 imaged vessels (3.3 vessels per
            patient) and a final total length of 114.6 &#177; 38.3 mm per patient (ranging from 39.5 mm
            to 181.0 mm) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). All patients had
            coronary artery disease with percutaneous coronary intervention indication. Men were 71%
            of the study population, and mean age was 56 years. There was a high prevalence of
            diabetes mellitus (48%) and hypertension (71%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table
               1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Patients characteristics (n = 21)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">56.6 &#177; 9.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male</td>
              <td align="center">71.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Weight, kg</td>
              <td align="center">69.2 &#177; 9.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Height, cm</td>
              <td align="center">161.2 &#177; 7.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">47.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">71.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Previous myocardial infarction</td>
              <td align="center">38.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Multivessel disease</td>
              <td align="center">38.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Stable coronary disease</td>
              <td align="center">52.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total length of analyzed vessels, mm</td>
              <td align="center">114.6 &#177; 38.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Imaged vessel (n = 70)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Left main</td>
              <td align="center">24.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Left anterior descending</td>
              <td align="center">25.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Diagonal</td>
              <td align="center">1.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Left circumflex</td>
              <td align="center">22.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Obtuse marginal</td>
              <td align="center">1.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Right coronary</td>
              <td align="center">24.3</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Numbers are mean &#177; standard deviation or percentage.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>All CT scans were considered of diagnostic quality and all vessel segments &gt; 2 mm
            were considered for analysis (there were no unevaluable segments). A total of 72 plaques
            were identified by IVUS (plaque burden &gt; 40%) with 95 remaining coronary segments
            without plaque or with mild atherosclerotic disease (plaque burden &#8804; 40%).</p>
      <p>At patient and vessel levels, the measurements of average lumen area and minimal lumen
            area were highly correlated between IVUS and 64-slice MDCT (correlation coefficient:
            patient level 0.75 and 0.78, vessel level 0.91 and 0.93, p &lt; 0.01 for all
            comparisons) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>). At the patient level
            there was a moderate correlation between minimal lumen diameter measured by IVUS and by
            64-slice MDCT (correlation coefficient: 0.64, p = 0.002) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>). At the segment level, the correlation between 64-slice
            MDCT and IVUS was similar in segments with or without a plaque burden &gt; 40% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>). However, the average absolute difference
            in measurements tended to be larger among coronary segments without atherosclerotic
            plaque (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>). Overall, 64-slice MDCT underestimated the lumen size with
            a relatively wide dispersion of the differences (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table
               2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). The correlation
            coefficients for repeated IVUS and 64-slice MDCT lumen area tracings were 0.90 and 0.91,
            respectively Table 3 shows the diagnostic performance of 64-slice MDCT for detecting
            luminal areas &lt; 4.0 mm<sup>2</sup> and lumen diameters &lt; 1.8 mm by IVUS, cutoff
            values previously shown to be markers of flow-restrictive coronary lesions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Interestingly, the accuracy to detect these IVUS
            luminal cutoffs was not notably affected by the presence or absence of atherosclerotic
            plaques (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Quantitative coronary lumen parameters by IVUS and by 64-slice MDCT at
                  patient, vessel, and segment levels</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>IVUS</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>64-slice MDCT</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Difference</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Correlation coefficient</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>p-value for correlation</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <td>
                <bold>Per-patient analysis (n = 21)</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mean lumen area, mm<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">8.6 &#177; 2.1</td>
              <td align="center">7.8 &#177; 2.3</td>
              <td align="center">-0.7 &#177; 1.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.75</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Minimal lumen area, mm<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">3.3 &#177; 1.3</td>
              <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 1.9</td>
              <td align="center">-1.5 &#177; 1.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.78</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <td>Minimal lumen diameter, mm</td>
              <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 0.3</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0.6</td>
              <td align="center">-0.8 &#177; 0.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.64</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <td>
                <bold>Per-vessel analysis (n = 70)</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mean lumen area, mm<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">10.1 &#177; 5.3</td>
              <td align="center">9.1 &#177; 4.8</td>
              <td align="center">-1.0 &#177; 2.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.91</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Minimal lumen area, mm<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">6.9 &#177; 5.3</td>
              <td align="center">5.3 &#177; 4.9</td>
              <td align="center">-1.5 &#177; 1.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.93</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <td>Minimal lumen diameter, mm</td>
              <td align="center">2.5 &#177; 0.9</td>
              <td align="center">1.9 &#177; 1.0</td>
              <td align="center">-0.6 &#177; 0.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.87</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <td>
                <bold>Per-segment analysis (n = 167)</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <td>
                <bold>
                  <italic>Segments with IVUS-PB &lt; 40% (n = 95)</italic>
                </bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mean lumen area, mm<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">10.2 &#177; 5.2</td>
              <td align="center">9.1 &#177; 4.5</td>
              <td align="center">-1.1 &#177; 2.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.89</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Minimal lumen area, mm<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">8.1 &#177; 4.6</td>
              <td align="center">6.8 &#177; 4.1</td>
              <td align="center">-1.4 &#177; 2.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.87</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <td>Minimal lumen diameter, mm</td>
              <td align="center">2.8 &#177; 0.8</td>
              <td align="center">2.4 &#177; 0.8</td>
              <td align="center">-0.5 &#177; 0.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.78</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <td>
                <bold>
                  <italic>Segments with IVUS-PB &gt; 40% (n = 72)</italic>
                </bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mean lumen area, mm<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">7.1 &#177; 2.9</td>
              <td align="center">7.0 &#177; 3.3</td>
              <td align="center">-0.1 &#177; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.84</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Minimal lumen area, mm<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">5.1 &#177; 2.8</td>
              <td align="center">4.3 &#177; 3.3</td>
              <td align="center">-0.9 &#177; 1.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.82</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Minimal lumen diameter, mm</td>
              <td align="center">2.2 &#177; 0.5</td>
              <td align="center">1.7 &#177; 0.8</td>
              <td align="center">-0.5 &#177; 0.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.76</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Numbers are mean &#177; standard deviation.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn>
            <p>IVUS: intravascular ultrasound; MDCT: multidetector computed tomography; PB:
                     plaque burden</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>64-slice MDCT sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive
                  predictive value, and global predictive accuracy <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref> for the detection of luminal area &lt; 4.0 mm<sup>2</sup>
                  and luminal diameter &lt; 1.8 mm by IVUS <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref></title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Luminal area &lt; 4.0 mm<sup>2</sup></bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Luminal diameter &lt; 1.8 mm</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <td>
                <bold>Per-patient analysis (n = 21)</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Prevalence</td>
              <td align="center">86%</td>
              <td align="center">67%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sensitivity</td>
              <td align="center">100%</td>
              <td align="center">100%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Specificity</td>
              <td align="center">33%</td>
              <td align="center">29%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Negative predictive value</td>
              <td align="center">100%</td>
              <td align="center">100%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Positive predictive value</td>
              <td align="center">90%</td>
              <td align="center">73%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <td>Global predictive accuracy</td>
              <td align="center">0.82</td>
              <td align="center">0.74</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <td>
                <bold>Per-vessel analysis (n = 70)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Prevalence</td>
              <td align="center">44%</td>
              <td align="center">24%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sensitivity</td>
              <td align="center">90%</td>
              <td align="center">94%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Specificity</td>
              <td align="center">69%</td>
              <td align="center">27%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Negative predictive value</td>
              <td align="center">70%</td>
              <td align="center">97%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Positive predictive value</td>
              <td align="center">70%</td>
              <td align="center">41%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <td>Global predictive accuracy</td>
              <td align="center">0.90</td>
              <td align="center">0.90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <td>
                <bold>Per-segment analysis (n = 167)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <td>
                <italic>
                  <bold>Segments with IVUS-PB &lt; 40% (n = 95)</bold>
                </italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Prevalence</td>
              <td align="center">14%</td>
              <td align="center">6%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sensitivity</td>
              <td align="center">93%</td>
              <td align="center">100%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Specificity</td>
              <td align="center">83%</td>
              <td align="center">77%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Negative predictive value</td>
              <td align="center">99%</td>
              <td align="center">100%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Positive predictive value</td>
              <td align="center">48%</td>
              <td align="center">22%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <td>Global predictive accuracy</td>
              <td align="center">0.92</td>
              <td align="center">0.89</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <td>
                <bold>
                  <italic>Segments with IVUS-PB &gt; 40% (n = 72)</italic>
                </bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Prevalence</td>
              <td align="center">49%</td>
              <td align="center">21%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sensitivity</td>
              <td align="center">83%</td>
              <td align="center">93%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Specificity</td>
              <td align="center">69%</td>
              <td align="center">49%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Negative predictive value</td>
              <td align="center">81%</td>
              <td align="center">97%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Positive predictive value</td>
              <td align="center">73%</td>
              <td align="center">33%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Global predictive accuracy</td>
              <td align="center">0.87</td>
              <td align="center">0.89</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>
              <bold>IVUS: intravascular ultrasound; MDCT: multidetector computed tomography;
                        PB: percent plaque burden</bold>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Global predictive accuracy calculated as the area under the receiver operating
                     characteristic curve (C-index)</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>IVUS parameters previously shown to be associated with flow-limiting
                     lesions.(3)</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Bland-Altman graphs for 64-slice MDCT and IVUS measurements at patient and
                  vessel levels. Mean lumen area (A), minimal lumen area (B), and minimal lumen
                  diameter (C) in per-patient (left) and per-vessel analyses (right). The solid
                  lines represent the mean difference in measurements, and the traced lines
                  represent the upper and lower 95% confidence intervals for the difference in
                  measurements.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0315-40211-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Bland-Altman graphs for 64-slice MDCT and IVUS measurements at segment level.
                  Mean lumen area (A), minimal lumen area (B), and minimal lumen diameter (C) for
                  segments without significant plaques (IVUS plaque burden &#8804; 40%; left) and for
                  segments with atherosclerotic plaque (IVUS plaque burden &gt; 40%; right). The
                  solid lines represent the mean difference in measurements, and the traced lines
                  represent the upper and lower 95% confidence intervals for the diference in
                  measurements.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0315-40211-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Currently, the primary clinical role of 64-slice MDCT is the evaluation of coronary
            luminal obstructions. This study reports that the assessment of coronary lumen by
            64-slice MDCT shows excellent correlation with IVUS, with a good overall diagnostic
            ability to quantify coronary luminal dimensions regardless of the presence or absence of
            underlying atherosclerotic plaques.</p>
      <p>Al though signi f icant ly cor related wi th IVUS, the measurements by 64-slice MDCT
            slightly underestimate the lumen area and the minimal lumen diameter with a relatively
            wide margin of error. In a previous study, Cademartiri et al. showed that lumen
            attenuation measured by CTA significantly affected the measured plaque attenuation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. The higher the lumen attenuation, the higher the
            plaque attenuation is. In contrast, calcium attenuation and surrounding fat attenuation
            were not significantly affected. On the basis of this finding, a semiautomatic tool for
            tracing coronary lumen and plaque borders based on aortic lumen attenuation could
            underestimate the luminal area of segments with plaque and reduce the specificity of CTA
            to identify non-significantly diseased segments by IVUS. Nevertheless, 64-slice MDCT
            showed a good global predictive accuracy for the detection of an IVUS luminal area &lt;
            4.0 mm<sup>2</sup> and an IVUS minimal lumen diameter &lt; 1.8 mm, parameters previously
            shown to be markers of flow-limiting coronary lesions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. In particular, 64-slice MDCT showed excellent sensitivity and negative
            predictive value for the identification of patients or vessels with the above
            characteristics at the expense of poor specificity and positive predictive value. These
            findings reinforce the primary clinical role of 64-slice MDCT for screening and ruling
            out, rather than ruling in, coronary luminal obstruction.</p>
      <p>Our findings were obtained in the context of a blinded whole-artery 64-slice MDCT
            assessment, with no previous indication for focusing on a specific plaque-containing
            segment. It is important to highlight that this analytic approach emulates the way
            64-slice MDCT is interpreted in clinical practice. The fact that the diagnostic
            performance of 64-slice MDCT for lumen assessment was not substantially different for
            segments with or without plaques when using IVUS is reassuring and strengthens the value
            of 64-slice MDCT as a clinical tool. It must be emphasized that the assessment of
            segments with minimal coronary disease is of clinical relevance, because of the
            potential impact on future disease progression and acute events and because of the
            importance of analyzing segments beyond the stenosis site when planning the therapeutic
            strategy.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Limitations</title>
      <p>It must be emphasized that the present study is mainly a methodological analysis with
            limited immediate clinical application. The main limitation of our study is the
            relatively small sample size included in the analysis. The patient population analyzed
            had a relatively high risk profile, which may limit our ability to extrapolate the
            results of this study to other clinical scenarios. Exclusion of patients with coronary
            calcium score &gt; 600 could have overestimated the correlation between IVUS and CTA for
            measurements of coronary lumen area. In a previous study, the presence of calcification
            was found to be independently correlated to coronary CTA inaccuracy in evaluating
            coronary lumen area<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Each patient contributed
            with multiple measurements; thus, affecting data independence. Nonetheless, such
            limitation is a drawback potentially found in every study aiming to evaluate the imaging
            of coronary atherosclerotic disease.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>This study demonstrates that 64-slice MDCT has a good correlation with IVUS for the
            evaluation of the coronary artery lumen in segments with significant plaques as well as
            in segments without plaques. Our data suggest that 64-slice MDCT can be used by the
            clinician to comprehensively define coronary artery anatomy in patients with coronary
            artery disease, thereby improving clinical risk stratification and facilitating
            effective clinical care.</p>
      <p><bold>Funding Sources:</bold> Pedro A. Lemos has received research grants from The State
            of S&#227;o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil, and from the National
            Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Brazil. Jo&#227;o L. A. Falc&#227;o
            has received a Doctorate Scholarship from FAPESP.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo
               (FAPESP).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the doctoral thesis of Jo&#227;o Luiz de Alencar Araripe Falc&#227;o by
               Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>Meijer AB, O YL, Geleijns J, Kroft LJ. Meta-analysis of 40- and 64-MDCT
               angiography for assessing coronary artery stenosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol.
               2008;191(6):1667-75.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Meijer</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O</surname>
              <given-names>YL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Geleijns</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kroft</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Meta-analysis of 40- and 64-MDCT angiography for assessing coronary
                  artery stenosis</article-title>
          <source>AJR Am J Roentgenol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>191</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1667</fpage>
          <lpage>1675</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B02">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>Miller JM, Rochitte CE, Dewey M, Arbab-Zadeh A, Niinuma H, Gottlieb I,
               et al. Diagnostic performance of coronary angiography by 64-row CT. N Engl J Med.
               2008;359(22):2324-36.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rochitte</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dewey</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arbab-Zadeh</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Niinuma</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gottlieb</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnostic performance of coronary angiography by 64-row
                  CT</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>359</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>2324</fpage>
          <lpage>2336</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B03">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>Briguori C, Anzuini A, Airoldi F, Gimelli G, Nishida T, Adamian M, et
               al. Intravascular ultrasound criteria for the assessment of the functional
               significance of intermediate coronary artery stenoses and comparison with fractional
               flow reserve. Am J Cardiol. 2001;87(2):136-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Briguori</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anzuini</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Airoldi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gimelli</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nishida</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adamian</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Intravascular ultrasound criteria for the assessment of the functional
                  significance of intermediate coronary artery stenoses and comparison with
                  fractional flow reserve</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>136</fpage>
          <lpage>141</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B04">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>Abizaid AS, Mintz GS, Mehran R, Abizaid A, Lansky AJ, Pichard AD, et al.
               Long-term follow-up after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was not
               performed based on intravascular ultrasound findings: importance of lumen dimensions.
               Circulation. 1999;100(3):256-61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abizaid</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mintz</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mehran</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abizaid</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lansky</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pichard</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-term follow-up after percutaneous transluminal coronary
                  angioplasty was not performed based on intravascular ultrasound findings:
                  importance of lumen dimensions</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>100</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>256</fpage>
          <lpage>261</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B05">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>Springer I, Dewey M. Comparison of multislice computed tomography with
               intravascular ultrasound for detection and characterization of coronary artery
               plaques: a systematic review. Eur J Radiol. 2009;71(2):275-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Springer</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dewey</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison of multislice computed tomography with intravascular
                  ultrasound for detection and characterization of coronary artery plaques: a
                  systematic review</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Radiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>275</fpage>
          <lpage>282</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B06">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>Joshi SB, Okabe T, Roswell RO, Weissman G, Lopez CF, Lindsay J, et al.
               Accuracy of computed tomographic angiography for stenosis quantification using
               quantitative coronary angiography or intravascular ultrasound as the gold standard.
               Am J Cardiol. 2009;104(8):1047-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Joshi</surname>
              <given-names>SB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okabe</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roswell</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weissman</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopez</surname>
              <given-names>CF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lindsay</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Accuracy of computed tomographic angiography for stenosis
                  quantification using quantitative coronary angiography or intravascular ultrasound
                  as the gold standard</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1047</fpage>
          <lpage>1051</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B07">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>Fischer C, Hulten E, Belur P, Smith R, Voros S, Villines TC. Coronary CT
               angiography versus intravascular ultrasound for estimation of coronary stenosis and
               atherosclerotic plaque burden: a meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr.
               2013;7(4):256-66.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fischer</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hulten</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Belur</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Voros</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Villines</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary CT angiography versus intravascular ultrasound for estimation
                  of coronary stenosis and atherosclerotic plaque burden: a
                  meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>256</fpage>
          <lpage>266</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B08">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>Decramer I, Vanhoenacker PK, Sarno G, Van Hoe L, Bladt O, Wijns W, et
               al. Effects of sublingual nitroglycerin on coronary lumen diameter and number of
               visualized septal branches on 64-MDCT angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol.
               2008;190(1):219-25.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Decramer</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vanhoenacker</surname>
              <given-names>PK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sarno</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Hoe</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bladt</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wijns</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of sublingual nitroglycerin on coronary lumen diameter and
                  number of visualized septal branches on 64-MDCT angiography</article-title>
          <source>AJR Am J Roentgenol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>190</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>219</fpage>
          <lpage>225</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B09">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>Miller JM, Dewey M, Vavere AL, Rochitte CE, Niinuma H, Arbab-Zadeh A, et
               al. Coronary CT angiography using 64 detector rows: methods and design of the
               multi-centre trial CORE-64. Eur Radiol. 2009;19(4):816-28.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dewey</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vavere</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rochitte</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Niinuma</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arbab-Zadeh</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary CT angiography using 64 detector rows: methods and design of
                  the multi-centre trial CORE-64</article-title>
          <source>Eur Radiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>816</fpage>
          <lpage>828</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between
               two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet. 1986;1(8476):307-10.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bland</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Altman</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of
                  clinical measurement</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>1986</year>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <issue>8476</issue>
          <fpage>307</fpage>
          <lpage>310</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>Bland JM, Altman DG. Comparing methods of measurement: why plotting
               difference against standard method is misleading. Lancet.
               1995;346(8982):1085-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bland</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Altman</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparing methods of measurement: why plotting difference against
                  standard method is misleading</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>346</volume>
          <issue>8982</issue>
          <fpage>1085</fpage>
          <lpage>1087</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>Cademartiri F, Mollet NR, Runza G, Bruining N, Hamers R, Somers P, et
               al. Influence of intracoronary attenuation on coronary plaque measurements using
               multislice computed tomography: observations in an ex vivo model of coronary computed
               tomography angiography. Eur Radiol. 2005;15(7):1426-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cademartiri</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mollet</surname>
              <given-names>NR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Runza</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bruining</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamers</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Somers</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Influence of intracoronary attenuation on coronary plaque measurements
                  using multislice computed tomography: observations in an ex vivo model of coronary
                  computed tomography angiography</article-title>
          <source>Eur Radiol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1426</fpage>
          <lpage>1431</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>Kruk M, Noll D, Achenbach S, Mintz GS, Pregowsky J, Kaczmarska E, et al.
               Impact of coronary artery calcium characteristics on accuracy of CT angiography. JACC
               Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;7(1):49-58.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kruk</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Noll</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Achenbach</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mintz</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pregowsky</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaczmarska</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of coronary artery calcium characteristics on accuracy of CT
                  angiography</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>49</fpage>
          <lpage>58</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Compara&#231;&#227;o da TCMD e da USIV em escala de cinza na An&#225;lise Quantitativa
               da Luz Coron&#225;ria em Segmentos com ou sem Placas Ateroscler&#243;ticas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o L. A. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Breno A. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gurudevan</surname>
            <given-names>Swaminatha V</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Expedito R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shiozaki</surname>
            <given-names>Afonso A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Otavio R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro A.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Universidade de S&#227;o
               Paulo Escola de Medicina (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles,
               California, USA &#8211; United States</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ricardo Jo&#227;o Westphal,</bold> Rua dos
               Escultores 200, City Boa&#231;ava. CEP 05469-010. S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>pedro.lemos@incor.usp.br</email>;
               <email>pedroaln@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Falc&#227;o JLAA, Silva ER, Rochitte CE, Lemos PA.
                  Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Falc&#227;o JLAA, Falc&#227;o BAA, Gurudevan SV, Campos CM, Silva ER,
                  Shiozaki AA, Coelho-Filho OR, Lemos PA. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Falc&#227;o
                  JLAA, Falc&#227;o BAA, Gurudevan SV, Campos CM, Rochitte CE, Shiozaki AA, Coelho-Filho
                  OR, Lemos PA. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Falc&#227;o JLAA, Rochitte CE, Lemos PA. Obten&#231;&#227;o de
                  Financiamento: Falc&#227;o JLAA, Rochitte CE, Lemos PA. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Falc&#227;o
                  JLAA, Kalil Filho R, Lemos PA. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do
                  intelectual importante: Falc&#227;o JLAA, Kalil Filho R, Rochitte CE, Lemos PA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o do rigor diagn&#243;stico da TCMD e da USIV foi pouco descrita, estando
                  restrita principalmente a estudos que avaliaram segmentos com placas
                  ateroscler&#243;ticas j&#225; documentadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Este estudo objetiva avaliar o desempenho diagn&#243;stico da tomografia
                  computadorizada com 64 colunas de detectores (tomografia computadorizada
                  multidetector- TCMD) e da ultrassonografia intravascular (USIV) em escala de cinza
                  na verifica&#231;&#227;o das dimens&#245;es da luz coron&#225;ria, em um contexto mais amplo,
                  incluindo tamb&#233;m segmentos coron&#225;rios sadios e com patologia leve.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>A TCMD foi realizada em todos os pacientes antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o da USIV, com um
                  intervalo &lt; 72 horas entre os dois exames. Imagens de USIV foram obtidas de
                  pelo menos uma coron&#225;ria, independente da presen&#231;a de estenose luminal durante a
                  angiografia. Um total de 21 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos, com imagens de 70 vasos
                  (comprimento total 114,6 &#177; 38.3 mm por paciente). Placas coron&#225;rias foram
                  diagnosticada em segmentos com carga de placas &gt; 40%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Uma alta correla&#231;&#227;o entre as medidas de TCMD e USIV para &#225;rea luminar m&#233;dia, &#225;rea
                  luminar m&#237;nima e di&#226;metro luminar m&#237;nimo foi encontrada no n&#237;vel de paciente, vaso
                  e segmento (p-valor &lt; 0,01 para todas as correla&#231;&#245;es). A TCMD, no entanto,
                  tendeu a subestimar o tamanho luminar com uma dispers&#227;o de diferen&#231;as
                  relativamente ampla. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre as medidas da luz por TCMD e USIV n&#227;o foi
                  substancialmente afetada pela presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de placa subjacente. Al&#233;m
                  disso, a TCMD mostrou boa precis&#227;o geral na detec&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros associados a
                  les&#245;es limitantes de fluxo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Em uma an&#225;lise compreensiva e multi-focal da luz coron&#225;ria, demonstramos bom
                  desempenho diagn&#243;stico da TCMD, quando comparada a USIV, independente da presen&#231;a
                  de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas adjacentes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Placa Ateroscler&#243;tica / diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada Multidetectores / utiliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Ultrassonografia / utiliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Resumo Condensado</title>
        <p>Um total de 21 pacientes (70 art&#233;rias; comprimento total de 114,6 &#177; 38.3 mm por
               paciente) foram submetidos a TCMD ou USIV. Uma alta correla&#231;&#227;o entre as medidas de
               TCMD e USIV para &#225;rea luminar m&#233;dia, &#225;rea luminar m&#237;nima e di&#226;metro luminar m&#237;nimo
               foi encontrada no n&#237;vel de paciente, vaso e segmento (p-valor &lt; 0,01 para todas as
               correla&#231;&#245;es). A compara&#231;&#227;o entre a TCMD e a USIV n&#227;o foi afetada substancialmente
               pela aus&#234;ncia ou presen&#231;a de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas (definida pela carga de placas
               &gt; 40% pela USIV). Al&#233;m disso, a TCMD mostrou bom desempenho geral na detec&#231;&#227;o de
               par&#226;metros associados a les&#245;es limitantes de fluxo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Lista de Abrevia&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>ATC Angiografia por tomografia computadorizada</p>
        <p>LEE L&#226;mina el&#225;stica externa</p>
        <p>TCMD Tomografia computadorizada multidetector</p>
        <p>UH Unidade Hounsfield</p>
        <p>USIV Ultrassonografia intravascular</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A tomografia computadorizada com 64 colunas de detectores (tomografia computadorizada
               multidetector&#8209; TCMD) &#233; um m&#233;todo seguro e n&#227;o-invasivo para detec&#231;&#227;o de estenose da
               luz coron&#225;ria. Entretanto, a maioria dos estudos de valida&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo compararam a
               TCMD com a angiografia por cateterismo, conhecida por suas limita&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. A ultrassonografia intravascular (USIV) &#233; atualmente considerada o
               padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para avalia&#231;&#227;o das dimens&#245;es da luz coron&#225;ria. Dados
               morfol&#243;gicos provenientes da USIV mostram melhor correla&#231;&#227;o com as medidas de fluxo
               coron&#225;rio e detec&#231;&#227;o de isquemia, quando comparados com a angiografia
                  quantitativa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, a USIV
               representa um valioso par&#226;metro progn&#243;stico para pacientes impedidos de realizar
               angioplastia coron&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>Estudos anteriores compararam a TCMD com a USIV, indicando boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre estes
               dois m&#233;todos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Uma meta-an&#225;lise recente concluiu que, quando comparada com a
               USIV, a angiografia por tomografia computadorizada (ATC) &#233; altamente precisa em
               estimar a &#225;rea luminar, porcentagem de &#225;rea de estenose, volume da placa, &#225;rea da
               placa e detec&#231;&#227;o da placa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Entretanto, a
               maioria dos estudos tenderam a analisar &#8220;regi&#245;es de interesse&#8221; espec&#237;ficas dentro da
               &#225;rvore coron&#225;ria, restringindo a avalia&#231;&#227;o a segmentos coron&#225;rios com placas
                  ateroscler&#243;ticas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. &#201; importante notar que tal abordagem n&#227;o
               traduz o modo pelo qual a TCMD &#233; interpretada na cl&#237;nica. Na pr&#225;tica, imagens de TCMD
               s&#227;o geralmente analisadas seguindo um esquema de segmento total, sem o aux&#237;lio de um
               mapa coronariano para a an&#225;lise de regi&#245;es de interesse espec&#237;ficas.</p>
        <p>&#201; importante avaliar a performance diagn&#243;stica da TCMD de uma maneira compreensiva,
               incluindo tanto segmentos coron&#225;rios com aterosclerose quanto segmentos sadios. O
               presente estudo, portanto, tem como objetivo comparar a TCMD e a USIV em uma an&#225;lise
               quantitativa das dimens&#245;es da luz coron&#225;ria, seguida de uma estrat&#233;gia anal&#237;tica para
               art&#233;ria total.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho De Protocolo e Popula&#231;&#227;o de Estudo</title>
          <p>Este estudo incluiu pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana conhecida,
                  encaminhados para realiza&#231;&#227;o de implante de stent coron&#225;rio seletivo. O exame com
                  USIV foi realizado no momento do procedimento percut&#226;neo, antes de qualquer
                  interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica. Pelo menos uma art&#233;ria n&#227;o tratada anteriormente via
                  angiografia ou cirurgia foi examinada pela USIV. Por&#233;m, os t&#233;cnicos foram
                  instru&#237;dos para adquirir imagens de USIV dos tr&#234;s territ&#243;rios coronarianos. A TCMD
                  foi realizada 72 horas anteriormente a USIV. O protocolo de estudo foi aprovado
                  pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local e o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido foi
                  obtido de cada paciente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aquisi&#231;&#227;o de Imagens e An&#225;lise da Ultrassonografia Intravascular</title>
          <p>O exame da USIV foi realizado ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de nitrato intra-coronariano,
                  utilizando um cat&#233;ter 20 MHz electronic multi-array 2.9F (Eagle Eye&#174;, Volcano
                  Corporation Inc., S&#227;o Diego, CA, EUA) conectado ao painel de controle (InVision
                  Gold&#174;, Volcano Corporation Inc., S&#227;o Diego, CA, EUA). A aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens foi
                  efetuada com o aux&#237;lio do <italic>pullback</italic> autom&#225;tico em velocidade
                  constante de 0.5 mm/s (R-100&#174; pullback device, Volcano Corporation Inc., S&#227;o
                  Diego, Ca, EUA). A an&#225;lise foi realizada por t&#233;cnicos que desconheciam as outras
                  caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes, usando software espec&#237;fico (pcVH 2.2 &#174;; Volcano
                  Corporation Inc., S&#227;o Diego, CA, EUA) para a medida das dimens&#245;es dos vasos. Os
                  limites da luz e da l&#226;mina el&#225;stica externa (LEE) foram tra&#231;ados de maneira
                  semi-autom&#225;tica para obten&#231;&#227;o de medidas de &#225;rea. A &#225;rea total de placa mais &#225;rea
                  m&#233;dia foi calculada como &#225;rea da LEE menos a &#225;rea da luz. A carga de placas foi
                  calculada como a &#225;rea de placa mais &#225;rea m&#233;dia dividida pela &#225;rea da LEE e
                  multiplicada por 100. Uma placa coron&#225;ria foi diagnosticada nos segmentos onde a
                  carga de placas foi &lt; 40%. Um segmento coron&#225;rio foi considerado livre de
                  aterosclerose ou como tendo doen&#231;a leve quando a carga de placas foi &#8804; 40%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tomografia Computadorizada Multidetector</title>
          <p>Pacientes com uma taxa card&#237;aca maior que 65 bpm receberam at&#233; 15 mg de metoprolol
                  intravenoso (se n&#227;o contra-indicado) antes da aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens por TCMD.
                  Nitrato sublingual foi administrado a todos os pacientes antes da aquisi&#231;&#227;o de
                     imagens<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="                      B08">8</xref>. As
                  imagens foram feitas utilizando tomografia computadorizada com 64 colunas de
                  detectores (Aquillion 64TM, Toshiba Medical Systems, Jap&#227;o) e os protocolos de
                  aquisi&#231;&#227;o foram realizados como descrito anteriormente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens para a determina&#231;&#227;o do escore de
                  c&#225;lcio foi realizada ap&#243;s varredura inicial, atrav&#233;s de aquisi&#231;&#227;o prospectiva,
                  sincronizada pelo ECG (colima&#231;&#227;o: 4 x 3mm). O atraso de ativa&#231;&#227;o para o
                     <italic>gating</italic> prospectivo foi ajustado &#224; taxa card&#237;aca para se obter
                  imagens durante o per&#237;odo de descanso das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. Foram inclu&#237;dos
                  somente pacientes com escore de c&#225;lcio &lt; 600. Ap&#243;s a varredura para c&#225;lcio, o
                  protocolo de angiografia coron&#225;ria foi realizado utilizando-se detector de
                  colima&#231;&#227;o e tempo m&#237;nimo de rota&#231;&#227;o do gantry de 400 ms. Os par&#226;metros do
                  tom&#243;grafo foram ajustados de acordo com o sexo e idade do paciente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste (Iopamidol, 370
                  mg iodo/ml, Bracco), a tomografia coron&#225;ria foi iniciada quando o limiar de 180
                  unidades Hounsfield (UH) foi obtido na aorta descendente.</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise quantitativa da coron&#225;ria foi realizada com painel de controle
                  apropriado (Vitrea2, v3.9 equipado com sonda para vaso coron&#225;rio e o software SURE
                  Plaque; todos da Vital Images Inc, Plymouth, MN, EUA). Todas as an&#225;lises foram
                  realizadas por um t&#233;cnico que desconhecia as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e da USIV,
                  seguindo protocolo pr&#233;-estabelecido. Primeiramente, a atenua&#231;&#227;o luminar m&#233;dia foi
                  medida na aorta descendente (em n&#237;vel do &#243;stio coron&#225;rio) e usada como par&#226;metro
                  para definir o limiar de detec&#231;&#227;o das bordas da luz coron&#225;ria. A seguir, os
                  limites da luz e dos vasos foram reconstru&#237;dos semi-automaticamente para a medida
                  de suas &#225;reas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1</xref>), o que permitiu o
                  c&#225;lculo da placa mais &#225;rea m&#233;dia (&#225;rea do vaso menos &#225;rea da luz) e a porcentagem
                  de carga de placas (placa mais &#225;rea m&#233;dia dividido por &#225;rea do vaso e multiplicado
                  por 100).</p>
          <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Representa&#231;&#227;o esquem&#225;tica da an&#225;lise quantitativa coronariana por TCMD
                        (acima) e USIV (abaixo). As imagens superiores mostram a reconstru&#231;&#227;o
                        longitudinal dos vasos. As imagens inferiores mostram cortes de art&#233;rias,
                        sinalizando as bordas externa do vaso e interna da luz arterial.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0315-40211-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Registro de Imagens da TCMD e da USIV e An&#225;lise de Segmentos</title>
          <p>As imagens da TCMD e da USIV foram pareadas usando pontos de refer&#234;ncia comuns
                  (ex., jun&#231;&#227;o &#243;stio-aorta, ramos laterais, etc.) como refer&#234;ncias anat&#244;micas
                  axiais. Os pontos de refer&#234;ncia vis&#237;veis ao longo do vaso em quest&#227;o foram
                  demarcados nas imagens de ambas TCMD e USIV e os segmentos de vasos foram
                  analisados cuidadosamente para pareamento das imagens (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1</xref>). A coron&#225;ria principal esquerda foi considerada como
                  um vaso separado para an&#225;lise. Medidas repetidas de 27 segmentos foram realizadas
                  pelos mesmos t&#233;cnicos selecionados aleatoriamente e os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o
                  foram utilizados para determinar a variabilidade intra-observador e
                  inter-observador.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Considerando-se o car&#225;ter explorat&#243;rio do estudo, n&#227;o foram realizadas medidas de
                  c&#225;lculo amostral. Entretanto, o tamanho da amostra com 20 pacientes foi suficiente
                  para demonstrar uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa de qualquer par&#226;metro selecionado com
                  um coeficiente de Pearson de 0,65, com um alfa de 0,05 e poder de 0,9. A an&#225;lise
                  estat&#237;stica foi conduzida com o software SPSS 21 (IBM Corp. 2012. IBM SPSS
                  Statistics para Windows, Vers&#227;o 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). Vari&#225;veis
                  categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como porcentagens e vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas como m&#233;dia
                  e desvio padr&#227;o. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram analisadas pelo teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de
                  Pearson. O m&#233;todo proposto por Bland e Altman<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> foi utilizado
                  para avaliar as diferen&#231;as entre as medidas de TCMD e IVUS para &#225;rea luminar
                  m&#233;dia, &#225;rea luminar m&#237;nima, di&#226;metro luminar m&#237;nimo. No m&#233;todo de Bland e Altman,
                  a m&#233;dia entre duas medidas (TCMD e USIV) foi plotada contra a diferen&#231;a entre elas
                  (TCMD menos IVUS), com os limites de 95% de concord&#226;ncia sendo calculados para
                  avaliar as medidas de concord&#226;ncia. Um valor p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado
                  significativo para todas as compara&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Este estudo analisou imagens de 21 pacientes, com um total de 70 vasos (3,3 art&#233;rias
               por paciente), resultando em um comprimento final total de 114,6 &#177; 38.3 mm por
               paciente (entre 39.5 - 181.0 mm por paciente) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>). Todos os pacientes apresentaram doen&#231;a arterial coronariana com
               indica&#231;&#227;o para interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo
               masculino (71%) e com alta preval&#234;ncia de diabetes mellitus (48%) e hipertens&#227;o (71%)
                  (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>). A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes
               foi de 56 anos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes (n=21)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">56,6 &#177; 9,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">71,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso, kg</td>
                <td align="center">69,2 &#177; 9,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Altura, cm</td>
                <td align="center">161,2 &#177; 7,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">47,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">71,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">38,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a Arterial</td>
                <td align="center">38,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a coronariana est&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">52,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Comprimento total de art&#233;rias analisado, mm</td>
                <td align="center">114,6 &#177; 38,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Imagens de art&#233;rias (n = 70)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda</td>
                <td align="center">24,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Descendente anterior</td>
                <td align="center">25,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Ramo diagonal</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Circunflexa esquerda</td>
                <td align="center">22,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Marginal Obtusa</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Coron&#225;ria direita</td>
                <td align="center">24,3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Valores est&#227;o representados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou porcentagem</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Todas as tomografias mostraram boa qualidade diagn&#243;stica e foram analisados todos os
               segmentos de vasos &gt; 2 mm (ou seja, 100% dos segmentos obtidos). Um total de 72
               placas foram identificadas por USIV (carga de placas &gt; 40%). O restante dos 95
               segmentos coron&#225;rios mostraram aus&#234;ncia de placas ou doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica leve
               (carga de placas &lt; 40%).</p>
        <p>A TCMD e a USIV se mostraram m&#233;todos com boa correla&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224;s medidas de &#225;rea
               luminar m&#233;dia e &#225;rea luminar m&#237;nima, em diferentes n&#237;veis de an&#225;lise: n&#237;vel do
               paciente e n&#237;vel do vaso (coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o&#8209; paciente: 0,75 e 0,78; vaso 0,91
               e 0,93, p-valor &lt; 0.01 para todas as compara&#231;&#245;es) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>). Uma correla&#231;&#227;o moderada entre a TCMD e as USIV foi
               encontrada para o di&#226;metro luminar m&#237;nimo, em n&#237;vel de paciente (coeficiente de
               correla&#231;&#227;o: 0,64, p = 0,002- <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>) e
               correla&#231;&#227;o semelhante foi encontrada para segmentos com carga de placas &lt; ou &gt;
               40%, em n&#237;vel de segmentos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>).
               Entretanto, a diferen&#231;a absoluta m&#233;dia foi maior quando os segmentos coron&#225;rios n&#227;o
               apresentavam placas ateroscler&#243;ticas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela
                  2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 3</xref>). Destacamos uma
               tend&#234;ncia da TCMD em subestimar a &#225;rea da luz com um ampla dispers&#227;o das diferen&#231;as,
               em todos os n&#237;veis de an&#225;lise (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref> e
                  <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>). Os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o
               para medidas repetidas dos tra&#231;ados da luz foram de 0,90 e 0,91 para USIV e TCMD,
               respectivamente.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros quantitativos da luz coron&#225;ria obtidos por USIV e TCMD,
                     analisados por paciente, art&#233;ria e segmento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>USIV</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>TCMD</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Diferen&#231;a</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <td>
                  <bold>N&#237;vel do paciente (n = 21)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;rea luminar m&#233;dia, mm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">8,6 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">7,8 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">-0,7 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;rea luminar m&#237;nima, mm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">3,3 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">-1,5 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <td>Di&#226;metro luminar m&#237;nimo, mm</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center">-0,8 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,64</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <td>
                  <bold>N&#237;vel do vaso (n = 70)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;rea luminar m&#233;dia, mm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">10,1 &#177; 5,3</td>
                <td align="center">9,1 &#177; 4,8</td>
                <td align="center">-1,0 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;rea luminar m&#237;nima, mm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">6,9 &#177; 5,3</td>
                <td align="center">5,3 &#177; 4,9</td>
                <td align="center">-1,5 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,93</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <td>Di&#226;metro luminar m&#237;nimo, mm</td>
                <td align="center">2,5 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,9 &#177; 1,0</td>
                <td align="center">-0,6 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <td>
                  <bold>N&#237;vel de segmento (n = 167)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <td>
                  <bold>
                    <italic>Segmentos com USIV-CP &#8804; 40% (n = 95)</italic>
                  </bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;rea luminar m&#233;dia, mm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">10,2 &#177; 5,2</td>
                <td align="center">9,1 &#177; 4,5</td>
                <td align="center">-1,1 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,89</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;rea luminar m&#237;nima, mm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">8,1 &#177; 4,6</td>
                <td align="center">6,8 &#177; 4,1</td>
                <td align="center">-1,4 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <td>Di&#226;metro luminar m&#237;nimo, mm</td>
                <td align="center">2,8 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">2,4 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">-0,5 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <td>
                  <bold>
                    <italic>Segmentos com USIV-CP &gt; 40% (n = 72)</italic>
                  </bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;rea luminar m&#233;dia, mm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">7,1 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">7,0 &#177; 3,3</td>
                <td align="center">-0,1 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,84</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;rea luminar m&#237;nima, mm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">5,1 &#177; 2,8</td>
                <td align="center">4,3 &#177; 3,3</td>
                <td align="center">-0,9 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro luminar m&#237;nimo, mm</td>
                <td align="center">2,2 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,7 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">-0,5 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Valores representam a m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o</p>
            </fn>
            <fn>
              <p>USIV: ultrassonografia intravascular; TCMD: tomografia computadoriza
                        multidetector ; CP: carga de placas</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gr&#225;ficos de Bland-Altman para medidas de TCMD e USIV no n&#237;vel de paciente e
                     vaso. &#193;rea luminar m&#233;dia (A), &#225;rea luminar m&#237;nima (B), di&#226;metro luminar m&#237;nimo
                     (C) por paciente (esquerda) e vaso (direita). As linhas cont&#237;nuas representam a
                     diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia entre as medidas e as linhas tracejadas representam o intervalo
                     de confian&#231;a de 95% para as diferen&#231;as entre as medidas.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0315-40211-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gr&#225;ficos de Bland-Altman para medidas de TCMD e USIV no n&#237;vel de segmento.
                     &#193;rea luminar m&#233;dia (A), &#225;rea luminar m&#237;nima (B), di&#226;metro luminar m&#237;nimo (C)
                     para segmentos sem placas significantes (carga de placas pela USIV &lt; 40%-
                     esquerda) e para segmentos com placas ateroscler&#243;ticas (carga de placas pela
                     USIV &gt; 40%- direita). As linhas cont&#237;nuas representam a diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia entre
                     as medidas e as linhas tracejadas representam o intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%
                     para as diferen&#231;as entre as medidas.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0315-40211-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref> mostra a performance diagn&#243;stica
               da TCMD na detec&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas da luz &lt; 4.0 mm<sup>2</sup> e di&#226;metro da luz &lt;
               1.8 mm (quando medidos por USIV). Estes valores limite foram previamente
               identificados como marcadores de les&#245;es coron&#225;rias restritivas de fluxo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Interessantemente, a precis&#227;o de detec&#231;&#227;o dos
               valores limites n&#227;o foi significantemente afetada pela presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de placas
               ateroscler&#243;ticas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo negativo, valor preditivo
                     positivo e precis&#227;o preditiva global<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref> da TCMD na detec&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea luminar &lt; 4.0 mm<sup>2</sup> e do
                     di&#226;metro luminar &lt; 1.8 mm (valores determinados pela USIV<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">&#8224;</xref>)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>&#193;rea Luminar &lt; 4.0 mm<sup>2</sup></bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Di&#226;metro luminar &lt; 1.8 mm</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <td>
                  <bold>An&#225;lise por paciente (n = 21)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Preval&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">86%</td>
                <td align="center">67%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sensibilidade</td>
                <td align="center">100%</td>
                <td align="center">100%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Especificidade</td>
                <td align="center">33%</td>
                <td align="center">29%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Valor preditivo negativo</td>
                <td align="center">100%</td>
                <td align="center">100%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Valor preditivo positivo</td>
                <td align="center">90%</td>
                <td align="center">73%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <td>Precis&#227;o preditiva global</td>
                <td align="center">0.82</td>
                <td align="center">0.74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <td>
                  <bold>An&#225;lise por vaso (n = 70)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Preval&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">44%</td>
                <td align="center">24%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sensibilidade</td>
                <td align="center">90%</td>
                <td align="center">94%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Especificidade</td>
                <td align="center">69%</td>
                <td align="center">27%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Valor preditivo negativo</td>
                <td align="center">70%</td>
                <td align="center">97%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Valor preditivo positivo</td>
                <td align="center">70%</td>
                <td align="center">41%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <td>Precis&#227;o preditiva global</td>
                <td align="center">0.90</td>
                <td align="center">0.90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <td>
                  <bold>An&#225;lise por segmento (n = 167)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <td>
                  <italic>
                    <bold>Segmentos com USIV-CP &#8804; 40% (n = 95)</bold>
                  </italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Preval&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">14%</td>
                <td align="center">6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sensibilidade</td>
                <td align="center">93%</td>
                <td align="center">100%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Especificidade</td>
                <td align="center">83%</td>
                <td align="center">77%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Valor preditivo negativo</td>
                <td align="center">99%</td>
                <td align="center">100%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Valor preditivo positivo</td>
                <td align="center">48%</td>
                <td align="center">22%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <td>Precis&#227;o preditiva global</td>
                <td align="center">0.92</td>
                <td align="center">0.89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <td>
                  <bold>
                    <italic>Segmentos com USIV-CP &gt; 40% (n = 72)</italic>
                  </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Preval&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">49%</td>
                <td align="center">21%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sensibilidade</td>
                <td align="center">83%</td>
                <td align="center">93%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Especificidade</td>
                <td align="center">69%</td>
                <td align="center">49%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Valor preditivo negativo</td>
                <td align="center">81%</td>
                <td align="center">97%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Valor preditivo positivo</td>
                <td align="center">73%</td>
                <td align="center">33%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Precis&#227;o preditiva global</td>
                <td align="center">0.87</td>
                <td align="center">0.89</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>
                <bold>USIV: ultrassonografia intravascular; TCMD: tomografia computadoriza
                           multidetector; CP: carga de placas</bold>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Precis&#227;o preditiva global foi calculada como a &#225;rea sob a curva de
                        caracter&#237;sticas de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (C-index)</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Par&#226;metros da USIV previamente associados com les&#245;es limitantes de
                        fluxo.(3)</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A principal fun&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da TCMD tem sido a avalia&#231;&#227;o de obstru&#231;&#245;es da luz
               coron&#225;ria. Este estudo mostra uma excelente correla&#231;&#227;o entre a TCMD e a USIV na
               an&#225;lise da luz coron&#225;ria, incluindo boa capacidade diagn&#243;stica da TCMD em quantificar
               as dimens&#245;es da luz coron&#225;ria, independente da presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de placas
               ateroscler&#243;ticas adjacentes.</p>
        <p>Apesar da correla&#231;&#227;o significativa &#224;s medidas da USIV, identificamos uma tend&#234;ncia da
               TCMD em subestimar a &#225;rea da luz e o di&#226;metro luminar m&#237;nimo, com uma margem de erro
               relativamente ampla. Em um estudo anterior, Cademartiri et al. mostraram que a
               atenua&#231;&#227;o radiol&#243;gica da luz arterial afeta significativamente a medida da placa
                  ateroscler&#243;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Foi mostrado que quanto
               maior a atenua&#231;&#227;o luminar, maior a atenua&#231;&#227;o da placa. No entanto, a atenua&#231;&#227;o de
               c&#225;lcio e de gordura local n&#227;o foram afetadas significantemente. A partir destes
               achados temos que uma ferramenta semi-autom&#225;tica, baseada na atenua&#231;&#227;o da luz
               arterial, para tra&#231;ar as bordas da luz e das placas coron&#225;rias, poderia subestimar a
               &#225;rea da luz de segmentos contendo placas e reduzir a especificidade da ATC em
               identificar segmentos com doen&#231;a leve. No entanto, a TCMD mostrou uma boa precis&#227;o na
               detec&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas da luz &lt; 4.0 mm<sup>2</sup> e di&#226;metros luminar m&#237;nimos &lt; 1.8
               mm (baseados em USIV), par&#226;metros previamente demonstrados como marcadores de les&#245;es
               coron&#225;rias limitantes de fluxo<sup>3</sup>. A TCMD mostrou excelente sensibilidade e
               valor preditivo negativo na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes ou vasos com as
               caracter&#237;sticas descritas acima, &#224;s custas de baixa especificidade e valor preditivo
               positivo. Estes achados acentuam o papel principal da TCMD na triagem e exclus&#227;o, e
               n&#227;o na identifica&#231;&#227;o, de obstru&#231;&#245;es da luz coron&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>Nossos resultados foram obtidos a partir a avalia&#231;&#227;o de toda extens&#227;o arterial por
               TCMD. Nenhuma informa&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via a respeito do paciente ou indica&#231;&#227;o para focar em
               determinados segmentos foi fornecida ao t&#233;cnico de imagens. &#201; importante ressaltar
               que tal abordagem anal&#237;tica segue o modo pelo qual a TCMD &#233; interpretada na pr&#225;tica
               cl&#237;nica. O fato de que o desempenho diagn&#243;stico da TCMD na avalia&#231;&#227;o da luz arterial
               foi semelhante ao da USIV, independente da presen&#231;a de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas,
               assegura o valor da TCMD como ferramenta cl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>&#201; importante notar que a avalia&#231;&#227;o de segmentos com doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria leve tem
               relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, visto seu potencial impacto sobre a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a e a
               ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos coron&#225;rios agudos, bem como, devido a import&#226;ncia de se
               analisar segmentos al&#233;m do ponto de maior estenose, quando se planeja uma estrat&#233;gia
               terap&#234;utica invasiva.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Destacamos que o presente estudo trata-se de uma an&#225;lise metodol&#243;gica, com limitadas
               implica&#231;&#245;es imediatas para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. A principal limita&#231;&#227;o deste deve-se ao
               reduzido tamanho da amostra de pacientes utilizado na an&#225;lise. A popula&#231;&#227;o de
               pacientes analisada apresentou um perfil de alto-risco, limitando o poder de
               extrapola&#231;&#227;o dos resultados para outras situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. A exclus&#227;o de pacientes
               com escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano &gt;600 pode ter superestimado a correla&#231;&#227;o entre
               USIV e ATC nas medidas de &#225;rea da luz coron&#225;ria. Um estudo anterior mostrou que a
               presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o estava independentemente correlacionada a imprecis&#227;o da ATC
               coron&#225;ria em avaliar a &#225;rea da luz coron&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. V&#225;rias medi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas em cada paciente, podendo assim afetar a
               independ&#234;ncia dos dados. No entanto, tal limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma desvantagem potencialmente
               encontrada em qualquer estudo com o objetivo de avaliar doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica
               coronariana por imagem.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo mostrou uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos de TCMD e de USIV na
               avalia&#231;&#227;o da luz arterial coron&#225;ria. Tal correla&#231;&#227;o mostrou-se verdadeira tanto em
               segmentos com placas significantes quanto em segmentos sadios. Nossos dados sugerem
               que a TCMD pode ser utilizada na cl&#237;nica para se definir a anatomia de art&#233;rias
               coron&#225;rias em pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana, melhorando assim a classifica&#231;&#227;o do
               risco cl&#237;nico e facilitando o cuidado cl&#237;nico efetivo.</p>
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold> Pedro A. Lemos possui financiamento da Funda&#231;&#227;o
               de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP), S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil e do Conselho
               Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), Brasil. Jo&#227;o L. A.
               Falc&#227;o possui uma bolsa de Doutorado da FAPESP.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de
                  S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Jo&#227;o Luiz de Alencar Araripe Falc&#227;o
                  pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
