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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.1" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">b6dmNh8Sr6HPL9WCNp4LHNF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000400007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influence of Spironolactone on Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 in Acute
               Decompensated Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Irene</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bettencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar do Porto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto &#8211;
               Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar S&#227;o Jo&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar S&#227;o Jo&#227;o, Porto &#8211;
               Portugal</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Centro Hospitalar S&#227;o Jo&#227;o</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Jo&#227;o Pedro Ferreira</bold>, Rua Dr. Jos&#233;
               Oliveira e Silva, n&#186; 52, Salreu-Estarreja. Postal Code 3865-209, Porto &#8211; Portugal.
               Email: <email>jp7ferreira@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Statistical analysis
                  and Writing of the manuscript: Ferreira JP; Analysis and interpretation of the
                  data: Ferreira JP, Santos M, Oliveira JC, Bettencourt P; Obtaining financing:
                  Carvalho H; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ferreira
                  JP, Santos M, Marques I, Bettencourt P, Carvalho H.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>04</issue>
      <fpage>308</fpage>
      <lpage>314</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of enzymes important for the
                  resorption of extracellular matrices, control of vascular remodeling and repair.
                  Increased activity of MMP2 has been demonstrated in heart failure, and in acutely
                  decompensated heart failure (ADHF) a decrease in circulating MMPs has been
                  demonstrated along with successful treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>Our aim was to test the influence of spironolactone in MMP2 levels.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Secondary analysis of a prospective, interventional study including 100 patients
                  with ADHF. Fifty patients were non-randomly assigned to spironolactone (100
                  mg/day) plus standard ADHF therapy (spironolactone group) or standard ADHF therapy
                  alone (control group).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Spironolactone group patients were younger and had lower creatinine and urea
                  levels (all p &lt; 0.05). Baseline MMP2, NT-pro BNP and weight did not differ
                  between spironolactone and control groups. A trend towards a more pronounced
                  decrease in MMP2 from baseline to day 3 was observed in the spironolactone group
                  (-21 [-50 to 19] vs 1.5 [-26 to 38] ng/mL, p = 0.06). NT-pro BNP and weight also
                  had a greater decrease in the spironolactone group. The proportion of patients
                  with a decrease in MMP2 levels from baseline to day 3 was also likely to be
                  greater in the spironolactone group (50% vs 66.7%), but without statistical
                  significance. Correlations between MMP2, NT-pro BNP and weight variation were not
                  statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>MMP2 levels are increased in ADHF. Patients treated with spironolactone may have a
                  greater reduction in MMP2 levels.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Spironolactona/therapeutic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/ therapeutic use</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="21"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent interstitial enzymes
            important for the resorption of extracellular matrices (ECM) in both health and
               disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. extracellular matrices are a dynamic
            structure central to the control of vascular remodeling and repair<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, mostly due to the ability of MMPs to reabsorb and digest
            excessive amounts of ECM responsible for structural disruption<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Elevated MMPs promote loss of cardiac contractility via cell proteolysis and alterations
            in the ECM, contributing to cardiac and extra-cardiac remodeling processes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. In fact, clinical and experimental heart failure
            (HF) models of dilated and ischemic cardiomyopathy have demonstrated an increased
            activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. In patients with HF, increased levels of MMP2
            were associated with all-cause mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.
            Concordantly, in the acutely decompensated heart failure (ADHF) setting a decrease of
            circulating MMPs has been demonstrated along with successful ADHF treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Previous studies have suggested a therapeutic benefit of spironolactone in
            ADHF setting<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. But no studies had looked to the
            effect of spironolactone in the ECM remodeling.</p>
      <p>In the present study, we aimed to examine the influence of spironolactone on the ECM
            remodeling in ADHF patients. We hypothesized that MMP-2 plasma levels of ADHF patients
            will have a steeper decrease if spironolactone is added to standard treatment.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Design</title>
        <p>We analyzed data from a previous pilot, prospective, interventional, clinical trial
               that we performed between February 2012 and February 2013. During that period, we
               enrolled 100 consecutive patients who presented at a Portuguese tertiary hospital
               with ADHF. Patients were eligible for enrollment if they had decompensation of
               chronic HF with symptoms leading to hospitalization. ADHF was diagnosed based on a
               history of chronic HF and at least one acute symptom (dyspnea, orthopnea, or edema)
               and one sign (rales, peripheral edema, ascites, or pulmonary vascular congestion on
               chest radiography). Patients were non-randomly assigned in a sequential 1:1 ratio to
               spironolactone plus standard ADHF therapy or standard ADHF therapy alone, 50 patients
               in each arm. Patients were alternately assigned to the spironolactone arm or the
               standard ADHF therapy arm in a sequential manner - the first patient to one arm and
               the next to the other arm. This sequence was repeated until we reached 100 patients,
               50 in the spironolactone group and 50 in the control group. Patients were blinded to
               the allocation, but the clinicians were not. The recommended spironolactone dose was
               100 mg/day. However, the attending physician could decrease that dose to 50 mg/day
               after 48h upon admission. Furosemide dose and route of administration were clinically
               adjusted according to the patients' hydration status.</p>
        <p>Exclusion criteria were: chronic use of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists;
               cardiac surgery within 60 days of enrollment; cardiac mechanical support; cardiac
               resynchronization-therapy within the last 60 days; comorbid conditions with an
               expected survival of less than 6 months; acute myocardial infarction at time of
               hospitalization; uncorrected hemodynamically significant primary cardiac valvular
               disease; patients requiring intravenous vasodilators or inotropic agents; supine
               systolic arterial blood pressure &lt; 90 mmHg; plasma creatinine level &gt; 1.5
               mg/dL; serum potassium level &gt; 5.0 mmol/L; hemoglobin level &lt; 9 g/dL; and
               sepsis.</p>
        <p>Institutional review board or ethics committee approval was obtained. All patients
               provided written informed consent to participate in the study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical assessment of participants</title>
        <p>Patients' clinical status, including physical examination, was prospectively recorded
               by the same attending physician on day 1 and day 3. Medications and respective
               dosages were prospectively recorded by the investigators according to the attending
               physician prescriptions.</p>
        <p>Blood samples were collected in the first 24 hours after the patient's admission
               (baseline) to the hospital, and day-3 samples were collected between 72 and 96 hours
               of hospitalization. Samples were analyzed at a central core laboratory, and included
               plasma creatinine and urea, electrolytes, NT-pro BNP and MMP2. Clinical assessment
               and routine analyses were performed daily during hospital stay. Estimated glomerular
               filtration rate (eGFR) was determined using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology
               Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. All
               patients performed a transthoracic echocardiography within 72 hours from admission.
               Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was calculated according to biplane Simpson
               method.</p>
        <p>MMP2 was measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) - Quantikine
               Elisa Human MMP-2 Immunoassay (R&amp;D Systems, Inc&#174;). The normal range of MMP2
               values published by the manufacturer, expressed as median [interquartile
                  range<sub>25-75</sub>, IQR<sub>25-75</sub>], is 199 [161 - 301] ng/mL. The assay
               sensitivity is 0.047 ng/mL.</p>
        <p>Of the 100 studied patients we analyzed baseline (day 1) and day 3 blood samples from
               87. Thirteen samples were not analyzed due to transport and/or sampling processing
               errors. Samples were collected in the morning with patients supine. Serum was
               separated and stored at -80 &#186;C until sample analysis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Variable definitions</title>
        <p>We classified patients according to spironolactone use and their response to diuretic
               therapy.</p>
        <p>We studied the relationships between baseline characteristics, day 3 and changes (&#916;,
               difference between day 3 and baseline values) in MMP2, NT-proBNP and weight regarding
               the spironolactone use and diuretic response.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>Normally distributed continuous variables are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation
               (SD), and skewed distributions are presented as median [IQR<sub>25-75</sub>].</p>
        <p>Categorical variables are expressed in proportions (%).</p>
        <p>Comparison between groups was performed using parametric (independent samples
               t-test), non-parametric (Mann-Whitney test), or Chi-square tests, as appropriate.</p>
        <p>Correlations of MMP2 were examined by single variable linear regression and presented
               as correlation coefficient and 95% confidence interval (95% CI).</p>
        <p>A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        <p>Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, version 19 (Chicago, IL,
               USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Baseline Characteristics in Control and Spironolactone Groups</title>
        <p>Control group patients were older (78.8 &#177; 9.3 versus [vs.] 73.2 &#177; 11.7 years, p =
               0.01), and had higher creatinine and urea levels (1.15 &#177; 0.27 vs. 1.03 &#177; 0.30 mg/dL,
               p = 0.026 and 59.32 &#177; 22.27 vs. 51.10 &#177; 18.63 mg/dL, p = 0.048). No differences
               between groups were found regarding the following variables: sex; diabetes mellitus;
               chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; dementia; sleep apnea; non-invasive
               ventilation; ischemic heart disease; atrial fibrillation; LVEF; weight; systolic
               blood pressure; potassium; sodium; hemoglobin; albumin; NT-pro BNP; MMP2; furosemide
               dose; hospital length of stay; and the proportion of patients on angiotensin
               converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline population characteristics, laboratory results, medications, and
                     hospital length of stay in treatment and control groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Control Group (n = 50)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Spironolactone Group (n = 50)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p Value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Age (yrs)</td>
                <td align="center">78.8 &#177; 9.3</td>
                <td align="center">73.2 &#177; 11.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Male Sex - %</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">0.31<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes Mellitus - %</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">0.31<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - %</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">0.32<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dementia - %</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">0.22<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sleep Apnea - %</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">0.32<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Non-Invasive Ventilation - %</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">0.42<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ischemic Heart Disease -%</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
                <td align="center">0.69<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atrial Fibrillation - %</td>
                <td align="center">68</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">0.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction &lt; 40% - %</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">68</td>
                <td align="center">0.22<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Weight (Kg)</td>
                <td align="center">75.6 &#177; 16.3</td>
                <td align="center">76.1 &#177; 16.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">140.5 &#177; 23.9</td>
                <td align="center">139 &#177; 27.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plasma Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1.15 &#177; 0.27</td>
                <td align="center">1.03 &#177; 0.30</td>
                <td align="center">0.03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>eGFR (mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">54.5 &#177; 16.5</td>
                <td align="center">68.3 &#177; 23.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plasma Urea (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">59.3 &#177; 22.3</td>
                <td align="center">51.1 &#177; 18.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Serum Potassium (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">4.1 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">4.0 &#177; 0.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Serum Sodium (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">140.5 &#177; 5.0</td>
                <td align="center">140.6 &#177; 3.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">12.2 &#177; 1.8</td>
                <td align="center">12.7 &#177; 2.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Albumin (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">3.7 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">3.6 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NT-pro BNP (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">3102 [1797 - 8204]</td>
                <td align="center">2701 [1463 - 5004]</td>
                <td align="center">0.17<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MMP2 (ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">260 [226 - 299]</td>
                <td align="center">268 [207 - 336]</td>
                <td align="center">0.52<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intravenous Furosemide Dose (mg/d)</td>
                <td align="center">75.6 &#177; 20.7</td>
                <td align="center">76.0 &#177; 25.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ACEi/ARB - %</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">0.20<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Beta-Blocker - %</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">0.30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Spironolactone - %</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Spironolactone Dose (mg/d)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">94.5 &#177; 23.3</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hospital Length of Stay (days)</td>
                <td align="center">9.0 &#177; 3.7</td>
                <td align="center">8.7 &#177; 3.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.59</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Continuous variables are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation [SD], p
                        value or median [interquartile range, IQR], p value. Categorical variables
                        are presented as absolute number (%), p value.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Non-parametric paired sample test;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>Chi-square test.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn>
              <p>eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; NT-pro BNP: N-terminal pro brain
                        natriuretic peptide; MMP2: matrix metalloproteinase -2; ACEi/ARB:
                        angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Spironolactone Influence on MMP2, NT-pro BNP and Weight Dynamic Changes</title>
        <p>No differences between control and spironolactone groups were observed regarding
               baseline and day 3 MMP2 levels (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).
               However, MMP2 decreased from baseline to day 3 in the spironolactone group, while, in
               control group, MMP2 levels increased, leading to a tendency towards a reduction in
               MMP2 levels in the spironolactone group (1.5 [-26 to 38] vs. -21 [-50 to 19] ng/mL, p
               = 0.06) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). The proportion of patients showing a decrease in MMP2
               levels from baseline to day 3 was also greater in the spironolactone group. That
               difference, however, did not reach statistical significance: 21 control patients
               (50%) vs. 30 spironolactone group patients (66.7%), p = 0.115.</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of &#916; MMP2 Levels from baseline to day 3 between control and
                     spironolactone groups. A trend towards a more pronounced reduction in MMP2
                     levels was observed in spironolactone group. Analysis was performed comparing
                     the variation (&#916;, day 3 - baseline) of MMP2 levels between control and
                     spironolactone groups using non-parametric independent sample tests (1.5 [-26
                     to 38] versus -21 [-50 to 19], p = 0.06).</title>
            <p>Legend: MMP2 = matrix metalloproteinase-2.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0308-40205-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of MMP2, NT-pro BNP and weight at baseline, day 3, and change
                     (Delta, &#916;) between the study groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Control Group</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Spironolactone Group</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p Value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MMP2</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Baseline</td>
                <td align="center">260 [226 - 299]</td>
                <td align="center">268 [207 - 336]</td>
                <td align="center">0.52*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Day 3</td>
                <td align="center">266 [227 - 298]</td>
                <td align="center">261 [212 - 307]</td>
                <td align="center">0.49*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#916; (day 3 - baseline)</td>
                <td align="center">1.5 [-26 to 38]</td>
                <td align="center">-21 [-50 to 19]</td>
                <td align="center">0.06*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NT-pro BNP</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Baseline</td>
                <td align="center">3102 [1792 - 8204]</td>
                <td align="center">2701 [1463 - 5004]</td>
                <td align="center">0.17*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Day 3</td>
                <td align="center">2488 [923 - 5502]</td>
                <td align="center">1555 [722 - 2554]</td>
                <td align="center">0.05*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#916; (day 3 - baseline)</td>
                <td align="center">-945 [-2249 to -62]</td>
                <td align="center">-816 [-1833 to -106]</td>
                <td align="center">0.75*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Weight</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Baseline</td>
                <td align="center">75.6 &#177; 16.3</td>
                <td align="center">76.1 &#177; 16.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Day 3</td>
                <td align="center">72.8 &#177; 16.3</td>
                <td align="center">71.3 &#177; 16.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#916; (day 3 - baseline)</td>
                <td align="center">-2.9 &#177; 2.4</td>
                <td align="center">-4.8 &#177; 2.8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Continuous variables are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation [SD], p
                        value or median [interquartile range, IQR], p value, and independent sample
                        t-test or independent sample non-parametric test were used,
                        respectively.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>non-parametric test.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn>
              <p>NT-pro BNP: N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide; MMP2: matrix
                        metalloproteinase -2; A: delta or difference between day 3 and baseline
                        values.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>No differences were observed in NT-pro BNP levels at baseline. However, on day 3, the
               spironolactone group patients showed lower levels of NT-pro BNP (248 [923 - 5502] vs.
               1555 [722 - 2554] pg/mL, p = 0.05). No differences between groups were observed in
               the variation of NT-pro BNP levels probably due to the lower levels (although not
               significantly lower) of NT-pro BNP at baseline in the spironolactone group, leading
               to a smaller amplitude of variation in this group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>A greater weight decrease was also observed in the spironolactone-treated patients
               (-2.9 &#177; 2.4 vs. -4.8 &#177; 2.8 kg, p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table
                  2</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>&#916; MMP2, &#916; NT-pro BNP and &#916; Weight Correlations</title>
        <p>No significant correlations were observed between &#916; in MMP2, NT-pro BNP and weight
                  (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (CI) between delta
                     (&#916;) MMP2, &#916; NT-pro BNP, and &#916; weight</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>
                  <bold>&#916; MMP2 Correlation Coefficient</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>95%CI</bold>
                </th>
                <th>
                  <bold>p Value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#916; NT-pro BNP</td>
                <td>0.11</td>
                <td>-0.003 to 0.01</td>
                <td>0.33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#916; Weight</td>
                <td>0.12</td>
                <td>-1.97 to 7.05</td>
                <td>0.27</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>MMP2: matrix metalloproteinase-2; NT-pro BNP: N-terminal pro-brain
                        natriuretic peptide; &#916;: delta or difference between day 3 and baseline
                        values.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In the present study we observed increased baseline levels of MMP2 in patients with
            ADHF. The patients treated with spironolactone showed a tendency towards a greater
            reduction in MMP2 levels. These results are consistent with previous findings
            demonstrating the impact of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists on the ECM remodeling
            and highlight the potential interest about spironolactone for the treatment of ADHF,
            where those mechanisms are strongly exacerbated.</p>
      <p>Increased serum levels of MMP2 have been demonstrated in the ADHF setting<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. In our study, the median [IQR] MMP2 levels at admission were 260 [225 -
            312] ng/mL. These values are above the normal range defined by the manufacturer, 199
            [161 - 301] ng/mL, and are in accordance with previous reports on patients with HF
            decompensation. A previous study by Shirakabe A. et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> has also shown increased serum MMP2 levels in ADHF, with a rapid decrease
            along with HF compensation. Furthermore, an interventional placebo-controlled trial
            performed by Tziakas DN. et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> has shown a
            significant reduction in MMP2 levels in the group of patients treated with levosimendan.
            In animal models, exacerbated neurohormonal activation leads to an increase in the
            levels of several myocardial MMP subtypes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. MMPs are important
            for the proteolysis that can affect the composition of ECM and, consequently, myocardial
            remodeling. Additionally, increased ECM turnover may be associated with pathological
            myocardial remodeling, which may be accelerated in decompensated HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.
            Consequently, a reduction in markers of ECM turnover may serve as a surrogate marker for
            deceleration of myocardial turnover and remodeling. Our study showed a greater decrease
            of MMP2 in the group of patients submitted to spironolactone treatment.
            Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists improve survival and reduce morbidity in patients
            with HF and reduced ejection fraction and mild-to-severe symptoms, and in patients with
            left ventricular systolic dysfunction and HF after acute myocardial infarction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Additionally, used in natriuretic doses, mineralocorticoid receptor
            antagonists are likely to improve congestion in ADHF with good tolerability and few side
               effects<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Several proposed mechanisms explain
            how mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists improve HF outcomes, and these pathways
            include a reduction in myocardial remodeling<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.
            Our study provides important information on a better understanding of ECM turnover
            processes. The steeper MMP2 reduction observed in patients submitted to spironolactone
            treatment provides a real demonstration of potential mitigation of harmful remodeling
            through spironolactone use. Interestingly, patients without MMP2 reduction or increase,
            after an acute HF episode, had poorer prognosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.
            Therefore, changes in MMP2 levels are a potentially useful prognostic marker in patients
            admitted due to ADHF.</p>
      <p>NT-pro BNP is a well-validated, widely used, and very accurate biomarker for the
            diagnosis and risk stratification of HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.
            Patients submitted to spironolactone treatment had lower levels of NT-pro BNP on day 3,
            and a more pronounced weight reduction when compared to controls, while patients with
            slower diuretic response had higher NT-pro BNP levels on day 3 of hospitalization, a
            tendency towards lower NT-pro BNP reduction, and less weight loss. However, the changes
            in MMP2 values did not correlate with the variation in NT-pro BNP or weight. The small
            sample size, the NT-pro BNP and MMP2 elevated variance, and the different mechanisms
            influencing those biomarkers may all explain the lack of correlation.</p>
      <p>Several limitations in our study should be noted. First, this was a single-centre,
            non-randomized trial with a small number of patients with mixed HF etiologies and
            treatments. Second, this post-hoc analysis has limitations inherent to observational
            studies. Third, the decision to withdraw diuretic therapy was based on subjective
            assessment of congestive signs and symptoms, so we cannot rule out the inter-observer
            variability. However, in real life, the decision to step down diuretic therapy is also
            based on subjective clinical evaluation. Fourth, our study excluded HF patients with
            significant renal impairment, since plasma creatinine level lower than 1.5 mg/dL was an
            inclusion criterion, leading to a potential selection of a subset of low-risk patients,
            which can affect the external validity of our results. Fifth, the spironolactone group
            patients were younger and had lower plasma creatinine and urea levels, which can
            positively affect the response to that drug. Finally, only MMP2 was evaluated, and other
            forms of MMPs may have different effects and responses in ADHF patients.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The present study showed that MMP2 levels can be increased in ADHF, and that patients
            treated with spironolactone may have a greater reduction in MMP2 levels. Whether these
            findings have prognostic significance requires further investigation.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by Johnson &amp; Johnson.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Jo&#227;o Pedro Ferreira, from
               Centro Hospitalar do Porto.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>The authors acknowledge the lab technicians, especially Mr. Fernando Santos, for
            technical assistance, and all physicians collaborating in the study.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influ&#234;ncia da Espironolactona na Metaloproteinase de Matriz 2 na
               Insufici&#234;ncia Cad&#237;aca Aguda Descompensada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Irene</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bettencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto &#8211;
               Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar S&#227;o Jo&#227;o, Porto &#8211;
               Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jo&#227;o Pedro Ferreira,</bold> Rua Dr. Jos&#233;
               Oliveira e Silva, n&#186; 52, Salreu-Estarreja. Postal Code 3865-209, Porto &#8211; Portugal.
               Email: <email>jp7ferreira@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o
                  do manuscrito: Ferreira JP; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Ferreira JP, Santos
                  M, Oliveira JC, Bettencourt P; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Carvalho H; Revis&#227;o
                  cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ferreira JP,
                  Santos M, Marques I, Bettencourt P, Carvalho H.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>As metaloproteinases de matriz (MMPs) constituem uma fam&#237;lia de enzimas
                  importantes para a reabsor&#231;&#227;o da matriz extracelular e controle do remodelamento e
                  da repara&#231;&#227;o vasculares. Demonstrou-se aumento da atividade de MMP2 na
                  insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e, na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca agudamente descompensada
                  (ICAD), demonstrou-se uma diminui&#231;&#227;o nas MMPs circulantes juntamente com o
                  tratamento bem-sucedido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Testar a influ&#234;ncia da espironolactona nos n&#237;veis de MMP2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>An&#225;lise secund&#225;ria de estudo prospectivo, intervencionista, incluindo 100
                  pacientes com ICAD, 50 designados n&#227;o aleatoriamente para o uso de espironolactona
                  (100 mg/dia) mais terapia padr&#227;o para ICAD (grupo espironolactona) e 50 para
                  terapia padr&#227;o para ICAD apenas (grupo controle).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os pacientes do grupo espironolactona eram mais jovens e tinham n&#237;veis mais baixos
                  de creatinina e ureia (todos p &lt; 0,05). Os valores basais de MMP2, NT-pro BNP e
                  peso n&#227;o diferiram entre os grupos espironolactona e controle. Observou-se
                  tend&#234;ncia para uma redu&#231;&#227;o mais pronunciada na MMP2 do basal para o dia 3 no grupo
                  espironolactona (-21 [-50 a 19] vs 1,5 [-26 a 38] ng/ml, p = 0,06). Os valores de
                  NT-pro BNP e peso tamb&#233;m apresentaram maior diminui&#231;&#227;o no grupo espironolactona. A
                  propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de MMP2 do basal para o dia 3 tamb&#233;m
                  foi maior no grupo espironolactona (50% vs 66,7%), embora sem significado
                  estat&#237;stico. As correla&#231;&#245;es entre as varia&#231;&#245;es de MMP2, NT-pro BNP e peso n&#227;o
                  apresentaram significado estat&#237;stico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis de MMP2 acham-se aumentados na ICAD. Pacientes tratados com
                  espironolactona podem apresentar maior redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de MMP2.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Espironolactona/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Metaloproteinase 2 da Matriz/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As metaloproteinases de matriz (MMPs) constituem uma fam&#237;lia de enzimas intersticiais
               zinco-dependentes importantes para a reabsor&#231;&#227;o de matriz extracelular (MEC) tanto na
               sa&#250;de quanto na doen&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. A MEC &#233; uma estrutura
               din&#226;mica fundamental para o controle do remodelamento e da repara&#231;&#227;o vasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, principalmente devido &#224; habilidade das MMPs
               para reabsorver e digerir quantidades excessivas de MEC respons&#225;veis pela ruptura
                  estrutural<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref></p>
        <p>Elevados n&#237;veis de MMPs promovem perda da contratilidade card&#237;aca atrav&#233;s de
               prote&#243;lise celular e altera&#231;&#245;es na MEC, contribuindo para processos de remodelamento
               card&#237;aco e extra-card&#237;aco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Na verdade,
               modelos cl&#237;nicos e experimentais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) de miocardiopatia
               dilatada e isqu&#234;mica mostraram um aumento da atividade de metaloproteinase de
               matriz-2 (MMP2)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Em pacientes com IC, n&#237;veis aumentados de MMP2 foram associados a
               mortalidade por todas as causas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Al&#233;m disso,
               num quadro de IC agudamente descompensada (ICAD), demonstrou-se redu&#231;&#227;o de MMPs
               circulantes juntamente com o tratamento bem-sucedido da ICAD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Estudos
               pr&#233;vios sugeriram que o uso de espironolactona na ICAD apresenta benef&#237;cio
                  terap&#234;utico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. No entanto, nenhum estudo
               avaliou o efeito da espironolactona no remodelamento de MEC.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo teve por objetivo examinar a influ&#234;ncia da espironolactona no
               remodelamento de MEC em pacientes com ICAD. Levantamos a hip&#243;tese de que os n&#237;veis
               plasm&#225;ticos de MMP-2 em pacientes com ICAD apresentar&#227;o redu&#231;&#227;o mais marcante com a
               adi&#231;&#227;o de espironolactona ao tratamento padr&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento do estudo</title>
          <p>Analisamos os dados de um ensaio cl&#237;nico piloto, prospectivo e intervencionista,
                  que realizamos entre os meses de fevereiro de 2012 e de 2013. Durante esse
                  per&#237;odo, arrolamos 100 pacientes consecutivos com ICAD que se apresentaram em um
                  hospital terci&#225;rio portugu&#234;s. Os pacientes eleg&#237;veis para o arrolamento tinham que
                  apresentar descompensa&#231;&#227;o de IC cr&#244;nica com sintomas que levassem &#224;
                  hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. A ICAD foi diagnosticada com base na hist&#243;ria de IC cr&#244;nica e em
                  pelo menos um sintoma agudo (dispneia, ortopneia ou edema) e um sinal (estertores,
                  edema perif&#233;rico, ascite ou congest&#227;o vascular pulmonar na radiografia de t&#243;rax).
                  Os pacientes foram designados de modo n&#227;o aleat&#243;rio, sequencialmente na raz&#227;o de
                  1:1 para o grupo espironolactona (espironolactona mais tratamento padr&#227;o para
                  ICAD) ou grupo controle (apenas tratamento padr&#227;o para ICAD), sendo 50 pacientes
                  em cada bra&#231;o. Eles foram designados de modo alternado para o bra&#231;o
                  'espironolactona' ou para o bra&#231;o 'tratamento padr&#227;o para ICAD', sequencialmente,
                  sendo o primeiro paciente para um bra&#231;o e o pr&#243;ximo para o outro. Essa sequ&#234;ncia
                  foi repetida at&#233; a obten&#231;&#227;o de 100 pacientes (50 no grupo espironolactona e 50 no
                  grupo controle). Os pacientes desconheciam sua aloca&#231;&#227;o nos grupos, mas os m&#233;dicos
                  n&#227;o. A dose recomendada de espironolactona foi de 100 mg/dia. No entanto, o m&#233;dico
                  assistente podia reduzir essa dose para 50 mg/dia, 48 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o. A
                  dose de furosemida e sua via de administra&#231;&#227;o foram ajustadas clinicamente de
                  acordo com a hidrata&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes.</p>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: uso cr&#244;nico de antagonistas do receptor de
                  mineralocorticoide; cirurgia card&#237;aca nos 60 dias anteriores ao arrolamento;
                  suporte card&#237;aco mec&#226;nico; tratamento de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca nos 60 dias
                  anteriores ao arrolamento; comorbidades com expectativa de sobrevida menor do que
                  6 meses; infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio no momento da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o; valvopatia
                  card&#237;aca prim&#225;ria hemodinamicamente significativa n&#227;o corrigida; necessidade de
                  vasodilatadores intravenosos ou agentes inotr&#243;picos; press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica
                  supina &lt; 90 mmHg; creatinina plasm&#225;tica &gt; 1,5 mg/dL; pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico &gt;5,0
                  mmol/L; hemoglobina &lt; 9 g/dL; e sepse.</p>
          <p>Obteve-se aprova&#231;&#227;o do conselho de revis&#227;o institucional ou do comit&#234; de &#233;tica.
                  Todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos participantes</title>
          <p>O <italic>status</italic> cl&#237;nico dos pacientes, incluindo o exame f&#237;sico, foi
                  registrado prospectivamente pelo mesmo m&#233;dico assistente no dia 1 e no dia 3. Os
                  medicamentos e respectivas dosagens foram prospectivamente registrados pelos
                  pesquisadores de acordo com as prescri&#231;&#245;es dos m&#233;dicos assistentes.</p>
          <p>Amostras de sangue foram coletadas nas primeiras 24 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o (basal),
                  sendo as do dia 3 coletadas entre 72 e 96 horas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Os exames foram
                  realizados no laborat&#243;rio central e inclu&#237;ram creatinina e ureia plasm&#225;ticas,
                  eletr&#243;litos, NT-pro BNP e MMP2. A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e as an&#225;lises de rotina foram
                  realizadas diariamente durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. A taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular
                  (TFG) foi estimada usando-se a equa&#231;&#227;o do grupo <italic>Chronic Kidney Disease
                     Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI</italic>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica
                  em at&#233; 72 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o. Calculou-se a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular
                  esquerda (FEVE) usando-se o m&#233;todo biplanar de Simpson.</p>
          <p>A MMP2 foi medida usando-se o teste imunoenzim&#225;tico ELISA (<italic>enzyme-linked
                     immunosorbent assay</italic>) - Quantikine Elisa Human MMP-2 Immunoassay
                  (R&amp;D Systems, Inc&#174;). A faixa de normalidade para os valores de MMP2 publicada
                  pelo fabricante &#233; de: mediana [intervalo interquartil<sub>25-75</sub>,
                     IQ<sub>25-75</sub>] = 199 [161 - 301] ng/ml. A sensibilidade do ensaio &#233; de
                  0,047 ng/ml.</p>
          <p>Dos 100 pacientes estudados, 87 tiveram suas amostras sangu&#237;neas basais (dia 1) e
                  do dia 3 analisadas, sendo que, em 13 pacientes, houve erros de transporte e/ou
                  processamento de amostras. As amostras foram coletadas pela manh&#227; com os pacientes
                  na posi&#231;&#227;o supina. O soro foi separado e armazenado a -80 &#176;C at&#233; a an&#225;lise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram classificados de acordo com o uso de espironolactona e suas
                  respostas ao tratamento diur&#233;tico.</p>
          <p>Estudamos as rela&#231;&#245;es entre as caracter&#237;sticas basais, do dia 3 e as altera&#231;&#245;es
                  (&#916;, diferen&#231;a entre os valores do dia 3 e os basais) de MMP2, NT-pro BNP e peso,
                  referentes ao uso de espironolactona e resposta diur&#233;tica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio
                  padr&#227;o (DP), sendo as distribui&#231;&#245;es assim&#233;tricas apresentadas como mediana
                     [IQ<sub>25-75</sub>].</p>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o expressas em propor&#231;&#245;es (%).</p>
          <p>Os grupos foram comparados usando-se testes param&#233;tricos (teste <italic>t</italic>
                  para amostras independentes), n&#227;o param&#233;tricos (Mann-Whitney) ou qui-quadrado,
                  quando apropriado.</p>
          <p>As correla&#231;&#245;es de MMP2 foram examinadas por regress&#227;o linear com vari&#225;vel &#250;nica
                  apresentadas como coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC
                  95%].</p>
          <p>Considerou-se um valor de p &lt; 0,05 para significado estat&#237;stico.</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o programa SPSS, vers&#227;o 19 (Chicago, IL,
                  EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas Basais nos Grupos Controle e Espironolactona</title>
          <p>Os pacientes do grupo controle eram mais velhos (78,8 &#177; 9,3
                     <italic>versus</italic> [vs.] 73,2 &#177; 11,7 anos, p = 0,01), e apresentavam
                  n&#237;veis mais elevados de creatinina e ureia (1,15 &#177; 0,27 vs. 1,03 &#177; 0,30 mg/dl, p =
                  0,026; e 59,32 &#177; 22,27 vs. 51,10 &#177; 18,63 mg/dL, p = 0,048). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a
                  entre os grupos com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s seguintes vari&#225;veis: sexo; diabetes mellitus;
                  doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; dem&#234;ncia; apneia do sono; ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o
                  invasiva; cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; FEVE; peso; press&#227;o arterial
                  sist&#243;lica; pot&#225;ssio; s&#243;dio; hemoglobina; albumina; NT-pro BNP; MMP2; dose de
                  furosemida; perman&#234;ncia no hospital; e propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes usando inibidores da
                  enzima conversora de angiotensina e betabloqueadores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas populacionais basais, resultados laboratoriais,
                        medica&#231;&#245;es e perman&#234;ncia hospitalar nos grupos espironolactona e
                        controle</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Grupo Controle (n = 50)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Grupo Espironolactona (n = 50)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p Valor</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">78,8 &#177; 9,3</td>
                  <td align="center">73,2 &#177; 11,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">0,31<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">0,31<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dem&#234;ncia (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Apneia do sono (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">52</td>
                  <td align="center">0,69<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda &lt; 40% (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">56</td>
                  <td align="center">68</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">75,6 &#177; 16,3</td>
                  <td align="center">76,1 &#177; 16,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">140,5 &#177; 23,9</td>
                  <td align="center">139 &#177; 27,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina plasm&#225;tica (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15 &#177; 0,27</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03 &#177; 0,30</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>eTFG (mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">54,5 &#177; 16,5</td>
                  <td align="center">68,3 &#177; 23,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ureia plasm&#225;tica (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">59,3 &#177; 22,3</td>
                  <td align="center">51,1 &#177; 18,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,1 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">4,0 &#177; 0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#243;dio s&#233;rico (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">140,5 &#177; 5,0</td>
                  <td align="center">140,6 &#177; 3,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,2 &#177; 1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">12,7 &#177; 2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Albumina (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,7 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">3,6 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-pro BNP (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">3102 [1797 - 8204]</td>
                  <td align="center">2701 [1463 - 5004]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,17<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MMP2 (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">260 [226 - 299]</td>
                  <td align="center">268 [207 - 336]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dose de furosemida intravenosa (mg/d)</td>
                  <td align="center">75,6 &#177; 20,7</td>
                  <td align="center">76,0 &#177; 25,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IECA/BRA (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueador (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Espironolactona (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dose de espironolactona (mg/d)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">94,5 &#177; 23,3</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Perman&#234;ncia hospitalar (dias)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,0 &#177; 3,7</td>
                  <td align="center">8,7 &#177; 3,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>Vari&#225;veis continuas apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o [DP], p valor
                           ou mediana [intervalo interquartil, IQ], p valor Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas
                           apresentadas em n&#250;mero absoluto (%), p valor.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN04">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de amostras pareadas;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN05">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>teste qui-quadrado.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn>
                <p>Etfg: estimativa da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; NT-pro BNP: fragmento
                           N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B pr&#243;-horm&#244;nio; MMP2 -
                           metaloproteinase de matriz 2; IECA/BRA: inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o
                           da angiotensina/bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Influ&#234;ncia da espironolactona nas altera&#231;&#245;es din&#226;micas de MMP2, NT-pro BNP e
                  peso</title>
          <p>N&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a entre os grupos controle e espironolactona referente aos
                  n&#237;veis de MMP2 basais e do dia 3 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela
                  2</xref>). No entanto, o grupo espironolactona apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de
                  MMP2 das medidas basais ao dia 3, enquanto o grupo controle apresentou eleva&#231;&#227;o
                  nos n&#237;veis de MMP2, indicando uma tend&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de MMP2 no grupo
                  espironolactona (1,5 [-26 a 38] vs. -21 [-50 a 19] ng/mL, p = 0,06) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). A propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de MMP2 das
                  medidas basais ao dia 3 foi tamb&#233;m maior no grupo espironolactona. Tal diferen&#231;a,
                  no entanto, n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou significado estat&#237;stico: 21 pacientes do grupo controle
                  (50%) vs. 30 pacientes do grupo espironolactona (66,7%), p = 0,115.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das medidas de MMP2, NT-pro BNP e peso basais, no dia 3 e
                        varia&#231;&#245;es (Delta, &#916;) entre os grupos do estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Grupo Controle</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Grupo Espironolactona</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p Valor</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MMP2</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Basal</td>
                  <td align="center">260 [226 - 299]</td>
                  <td align="center">268 [207 - 336]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dia 3</td>
                  <td align="center">266 [227 - 298]</td>
                  <td align="center">261 [212 - 307]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#916; (dia 3 - basal)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5 [-26 - 38]</td>
                  <td align="center">-21 [-50 - 19]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-pro BNP</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Basal</td>
                  <td align="center">3102 [1792 - 8204]</td>
                  <td align="center">2701 [1463 - 5004]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,17<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dia 3</td>
                  <td align="center">2488 [923 - 5502]</td>
                  <td align="center">1555 [722 - 2554]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#916; (dia 3 - basal)</td>
                  <td align="center">-945 [-2249 - -62]</td>
                  <td align="center">-816 [-1833 - -106]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Basal</td>
                  <td align="center">75,6 &#177; 16,3</td>
                  <td align="center">76,1 &#177; 16,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dia 3</td>
                  <td align="center">72,8 &#177; 16,3</td>
                  <td align="center">71,3 &#177; 16,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#916; (dia 3 - basal)</td>
                  <td align="center">-2,9 &#177; 2,4</td>
                  <td align="center">-4,8 &#177; 2,8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o [DP], p valor
                           ou mediana [intervalo interquartil, IQ], p valor, e teste t para amostras
                           independentes ou teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico para amostras independentes foram
                           usados, respectivamente.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN06">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn>
                <p>NT-pro BNP: fragmento N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B
                           pr&#243;-horm&#244;nio; MMP2: metaloproteinase de matriz 2; &#916;: delta ou diferen&#231;a
                           entre os valores do dia 3 e basais.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o da varia&#231;&#227;o (&#916;) dos n&#237;veis de MMP2 do basal ao dia 3 entre os
                        grupos controle e espironolactona. Observa-se tend&#234;ncia a uma redu&#231;&#227;o mais
                        pronunciada nos n&#237;veis de MMP2 no grupo espironolactona. Comparou-se a
                        varia&#231;&#227;o (&#916;, dia 3 - basal) dos n&#237;veis de MMP2 entre os grupos controle e
                        espironolactona, usando-se testes n&#227;o param&#233;tricos de amostras independentes
                        (1,5 [-26 a 38] versus -21 [-50 a 19], p = 0,06).</title>
              <p>Legenda: MMP2 = metaloproteinase de matriz 2.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0308-40205-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as nos n&#237;veis de NT-pro BNP nas medidas basais. No
                  entanto, no dia 3, os pacientes do grupo espironolactona apresentavam n&#237;veis mais
                  baixos de NT-pro BNP (248 [923 - 5502] vs. 1555 [722 - 2554] pg/mL, p = 0,05). N&#227;o
                  foram observadas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos quanto &#224; varia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de NT-pro
                  BNP provavelmente devido aos n&#237;veis basais mais baixos (embora n&#227;o
                  significativamente mais baixos) de NT-pro BNP no grupo espironolactona, levando a
                  menor amplitude de varia&#231;&#227;o nesse grupo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela
                     2</xref>).</p>
          <p>Maior redu&#231;&#227;o de peso foi tamb&#233;m observada nos pacientes do grupo espironolactona
                  (-2,9 &#177; 2,4 vs. -4,8 &#177; 2,8 kg, p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es entre &#916; MMP2, &#916; NT-pro BNP e &#916; peso</title>
          <p> N&#227;o se observaram correla&#231;&#245;es significativas entre &#916; em MMP2, NT-pro BNP e peso
                     (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o e intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% entre
                        delta (&#916;) MMP2, &#916; NT-pro BNP e &#916; peso</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>&#916; MMP2 coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>p Valor</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#916; NT-pro BNP</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,003 - 0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#916; Peso</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,97 - 7,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>NT-pro-BNP: fragmento N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B
                           pr&#243;-horm&#244;nio; MMP2: metaloproteinase de matriz 2; &#916;: delta ou diferen&#231;a
                           entre os valores do dia 3 e basais.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, observaram-se n&#237;veis basais elevados de MMP2 nos pacientes com
               ICAD. Aqueles tratados com espironolactona mostraram tend&#234;ncia a uma maior redu&#231;&#227;o
               nos n&#237;veis de MMP2. Esses resultados s&#227;o consistentes com achados pr&#233;vios,
               demonstrando o impacto dos antagonistas dos receptores de mineralocorticoides no
               remodelamento da MEC e refor&#231;am o potencial interesse do uso de espironolactona no
               tratamento de ICAD, onde aqueles mecanismos acham-se muito exacerbados.</p>
        <p>N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos aumentados de MMP2 foram demonstrados em casos de ICAD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. No nosso estudo, a mediana [IQ] dos n&#237;veis de MMP2 &#224; admiss&#227;o foi 260
               [225 - 312] ng/mL. Tais valores acham-se acima da faixa normal definida pelo
               fabricante, 199 [161 - 301] ng/mL, estando de acordo com relatos anteriores em
               pacientes com IC descompensada. Um estudo anterior de Shirakabe e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> tamb&#233;m mostrou n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados de MMP2
               na ICAD, com r&#225;pida redu&#231;&#227;o &#224; medida que ocorreu a compensa&#231;&#227;o da IC. Al&#233;m disso, um
               estudo intervencionista controlado por placebo, realizado por Tziakas e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, mostrou uma significativa redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis
               de MMP2 no grupo de pacientes tratados com levosimendana. Em modelos animais, a
               ativa&#231;&#227;o neurohormonal exacerbada leva a um aumento nos n&#237;veis de v&#225;rios subtipos de
               MMPs mioc&#225;rdicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. As MMPs s&#227;o importantes para a prote&#243;lise que
               pode afetar a composi&#231;&#227;o da MEC e, consequentemente, o remodelamento mioc&#225;rdico. Al&#233;m
               disso, o aumento do <italic>turnover</italic> da MEC pode estar associado com
               remodelamento mioc&#225;rdico patol&#243;gico, que pode ser acelerado na IC descompensada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Em consequ&#234;ncia, uma redu&#231;&#227;o nos marcadores do
                  <italic>turnover</italic> da MEC pode servir como marcador substituto para
               desacelera&#231;&#227;o do <italic>turnover</italic> e do remodelamento mioc&#225;rdico. Nosso
               estudo mostrou uma maior redu&#231;&#227;o de MMP2 no grupo tratado com espironolactona. Os
               antagonistas dos receptores de mineralocorticoides melhoram a sobrevida e reduzem a
               morbidade em pacientes com IC e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida e sintomas leves a graves,
               e em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda e IC ap&#243;s infarto agudo
               do mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, quando usados em doses
               natriur&#233;ticas, os antagonistas dos receptores de mineralocorticoides podem melhorar a
               congest&#227;o na ICAD com boa tolerabilidade natriur&#233;tica e poucos efeitos adversos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. V&#225;rios mecanismos foram propostos para
               explicar como os antagonistas dos receptores de mineralocorticoides melhoram os
               desfechos de IC, e essas vias incluem uma redu&#231;&#227;o no remodelamento mioc&#225;rdico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Nosso estudo fornece importante informa&#231;&#227;o
               para uma melhor compreens&#227;o dos processos de <italic>turnover</italic> de MEC. A
               abrupta redu&#231;&#227;o de MMP2 observada em pacientes submetidos ao tratamento com
               espironolactona fornece uma real demonstra&#231;&#227;o da potencial suaviza&#231;&#227;o do
               remodelamento nocivo atrav&#233;s do uso de espironolactona. &#233; interessante notar que
               pacientes sem redu&#231;&#227;o de MMP2 ou aumento, ap&#243;s um epis&#243;dio agudo de IC, t&#234;m pior
                  progn&#243;stico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Logo, mudan&#231;as nos n&#237;veis de
               MMP2 s&#227;o marcadores progn&#243;sticos potencialmente &#250;teis em pacientes admitidos devido a
               ICAD.</p>
        <p>O NT-pro BNP &#233; um biomarcador muito preciso, bem validado e amplamente usado para o
               diagn&#243;stico e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.
               Os pacientes tratados com espironolactona apresentaram n&#237;veis mais baixos de NT-pro
               BNP no dia 3, e uma mais pronunciada redu&#231;&#227;o de peso quando comparados aos controles,
               enquanto pacientes com menor resposta diur&#233;tica tiveram n&#237;veis mais altos de NT-pro
               BNP no dia 3 de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, uma tend&#234;ncia para menor redu&#231;&#227;o de NT-pro BNP e
               menor perda de peso. Entretanto, as mudan&#231;as nos valores de MMP2 n&#227;o se
               correlacionaram com a varia&#231;&#227;o em NT-pro BNP ou em peso. O pequeno tamanho da
               amostra, a grande varia&#231;&#227;o de NT-pro BNP e MMP2 e os diferentes mecanismos que
               influenciam esses biomarcadores podem explicar a falta de correla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo apresentou algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeira, trata-se de estudo
               monoc&#234;ntrico, n&#227;o randomizado de um pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes com v&#225;rias etiologias
               de IC e variados tratamentos. Segunda, esta an&#225;lise <italic>post-hoc</italic>
               apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes aos estudos observacionais. Terceira, a decis&#227;o de
               suspender o tratamento diur&#233;tico foi baseada em avalia&#231;&#227;o subjetiva dos sinais e
               sintomas de congest&#227;o, logo, a variabilidade inter-observador n&#227;o pode ser
               descartada. Entretanto, na vida real, a decis&#227;o de eliminar o tratamento diur&#233;tico
               tamb&#233;m se baseia em avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica subjetiva. Quarta, nosso estudo excluiu
               pacientes com IC e significativo comprometimento renal, uma vez que n&#237;vel plasm&#225;tico
               de creatinina &lt; 1,5 mg/dl foi um crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o, levando a uma potencial
               sele&#231;&#227;o de um subconjunto de pacientes de baixo risco, o que pode afetar a validade
               externa de nossos resultados. Quinta, os pacientes do grupo espironolactona eram mais
               jovens e tinham n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos mais baixos de creatinina e ureia, o que pode
               afetar positivamente a resposta ao medicamento. Por fim, avaliou-se apenas MMP2, e as
               outras formas de MMPs podem apresentar diferentes efeitos e respostas nos pacientes
               com ICAD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo mostrou que os n&#237;veis de MMP2 podem estar elevados na ICAD, e que
               pacientes tratados com espironolactona podem apresentar maior redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de
               MMP2. Um estudo adicional &#233; necess&#225;rio para estabelecer se tais achados t&#234;m
               significado progn&#243;stico.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por Johnson &amp; Johnson.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Jo&#227;o Pedro Ferreira pelo Centro
                  Hospitalar do Porto.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Os autores agradecem aos t&#233;cnicos de laborat&#243;rio, em especial ao Sr. Fernando Santos,
               por sua ajuda e a todos os m&#233;dicos que colaboraram neste estudo.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
