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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4XRqgY7tLS7zYq4NyJ7dD8f</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000400004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Blood Pressure Variation Throughout Pregnancy According to Early
               Gestational BMI: A Brazilian Cohort</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rebelo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farias</surname>
            <given-names>Dayana Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Roberta Hack</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schl&#252;ssel</surname>
            <given-names>Michael Maia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kac</surname>
            <given-names>Gilberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Josu&#233; de Castro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Social e
               Aplicada</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Observat&#243;rio de Epidemiologia Nutricional,
               Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Social e Aplicada, Instituto de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Josu&#233; de Castro,
               Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Josu&#233; de Castro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Nutri&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Nutri&#231;&#227;o, Instituto de
               Nutri&#231;&#227;o Josu&#233; de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro -
               Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Epidemiologia em Sa&#250;de
               P&#250;blica,</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Epidemiologia em Sa&#250;de
               P&#250;blica, Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro -
               Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Oxford</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal
               Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Oxford</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>United Kingdom</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Oxford Clinical Trials Research Unit, Centre for
               Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and
               Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford - United Kingdom</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Oxford University</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Gilberto Kac,</bold> Rua Vi&#250;va Lacerda, 249
               bloco 3, ap. 302, Humait&#225; - Postal code 22260-050, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil.
               Email: <email>gkac@nutricao.br</email>;
               <email>gilberto.kac@gmail.com</email>.</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research:Rebelo F, Schl&#252;ssel MM, Kac G. Acquisition
                  of data: Rebelo F, Farias DR. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Rebelo F,
                  Farias DR, Schl&#252;ssel MM, Kac G. Statistical analysis: Rebelo F, Farias DR,
                  Schl&#252;ssel MM, Kac G. Obtaining financing:Schl&#252;ssel MM, Kac G. Writing of the
                  manuscript: Rebelo F, Farias DR, Mendes RH, Schl&#252;ssel MM, Kac G. Critical revision
                  of the manuscript for intellectual content: Rebelo F, Farias DR, Mendes RH,
                  Schl&#252;ssel MM, Kac G.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>04</issue>
      <fpage>284</fpage>
      <lpage>291</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The maternal cardiovascular system undergoes progressive adaptations throughout
                  pregnancy, causing blood pressure fluctuations. However, no consensus has been
                  established on its normal variation in uncomplicated pregnancies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To describe the variation in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood
                  pressure (DBP) levels during pregnancy according to early pregnancy body mass
                  index (BMI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>SBP and DBP were measured during the first, second and third trimesters and at
                  30-45 days postpartum in a prospective cohort of 189 women aged 20-40 years. BMI
                     (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) was measured up to the 13th gestational week and classified
                  as normal-weight (&lt;25.0) or excessive weight (&#8805;25.0). Longitudinal linear
                  mixed-effects models were used for statistical analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A decrease in SBP and DBP was observed from the first to the second trimester
                     (&#946;<sub>SBP</sub>=-0.394; 95%CI: -0.600- -0.188 and
                     &#946;<sub>DBP</sub>=-0.617; 95%CI: -0.780- -0.454), as was an increase in
                  SBP and DBP up to 30-45 postpartum days (&#946;<sub>SBP</sub>=0.010; 95%CI:
                  0.006-0.014 and &#946;<sub>DBP</sub>=0.015; 95%CI: 0.012-0.018). Women with
                  excessive weight at early pregnancy showed higher mean SBP in all gestational
                  trimesters, and higher mean DBP in the first and third trimesters. Excessive early
                  pregnancy BMI was positively associated with prospective changes in SBP
                     (&#946;<sub>SBP</sub>=7.055; 95%CI: 4.499-9.610) and in DBP
                     (&#946;<sub>DBP</sub>=3.201; 95%CI: 1.136-5.266).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>SBP and DBP decreased from the first to the second trimester and then increased up
                  to the postpartum period. Women with excessive early pregnancy BMI had higher SBP
                  and DBP than their normal-weight counterparts throughout pregnancy, but not in the
                  postpartum period.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Arterial Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Pregnant Women</kwd>
        <kwd>Pregnancy</kwd>
        <kwd>Body Mass Index</kwd>
        <kwd>Cohort StudiesCohort Studies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The maternal cardiovascular system undergoes progressive adaptations throughout
            pregnancy, including decreased vascular resistance, increased blood volume, and other
            metabolic changes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Although the effects of these
            changes on systemic blood pressure (BP) have been described in many studies, there is no
            consensus on its normal variation in uncomplicated pregnancies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) represent a major obstetric complication that
            affects 5%-10% of pregnancies, depending on characteristics of the study population, and
            are one of the leading causes of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality
               worldwide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. HDP include chronic hypertension,
            gestational hypertension, preeclampsia and eclampsia, being considered the second most
            common cause of direct maternal death in developed countries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>The etiology of HDP is not clear; however, there are several risk factors associated
            with their occurrence, such as body mass index (BMI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. As the prevalence of obesity increases in women of reproductive age<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, BMI [weight (kg)/stature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> (m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>)] and its associated
            complications represent a relevant public health matter. Maternal obesity is a
            significant risk factor for morbidity and mortality for both mother and fetus<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. A systematic review has demonstrated that an
            increase of approximately 5-7 kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> units in BMI
            was associated with a two-fold increased risk of&#160;preeclampsia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>Given these previous findings, this study aims to describe the variation in systolic
            blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) levels during uncomplicated
            pregnancy, according to BMI.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This prospective cohort study was conducted at a prenatal care unit in Rio de Janeiro,
            Brazil. The enrollment of pregnant women occurred freely and continuously between
            November 2009 and October 2011. The follow-up period lasted until July 2012. A total of
            258 women were recruited according to the following criteria: being less than 13-week
            pregnant at enrollment, being 20 to 40 years old and being free from any infectious or
            chronic diseases (except obesity). The study comprised four follow-up waves:
               4<sup>th</sup>-13<sup>th</sup> week (first trimester),
               14<sup>th</sup>-27<sup>th</sup> week (second trimester),
               28<sup>th</sup>-40<sup>th</sup> week (third trimester), and 30-45 postpartum days.
            The first follow-up wave included two visits on different days; BP and BMI data were
            obtained during the first visit, and all other covariates used for adjustment in the
            analysis were collected during the second visit. Women who underwent the first follow-up
            visit but quit before the second visit (n=6) were excluded from the analysis, as were
            those with the following characteristics: twin pregnancies (n=4); diagnosis of an
            infectious or non-communicable disease (n=17); miscarriage (n=25); and BP not measured
            in the specified interval (n=17). The final sample was composed of 189 pregnant women
               (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Flowchart illustrating the process of recruitment of women attending the
                  prenatal care at a Public Health Center. Rio de Janeiro, 2009 &#8211; 2011</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0284-50007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Systolic and diastolic BP were measured using an automated oscillometric BP monitoring
            system (HEM-742, OMRON, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) validated according to the international
            protocol of the European Society of Hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Blood pressure was measured after the women had rested for at least five
            minutes and were seated comfortably with their back supported, their legs uncrossed and
            their feet flat on the floor. Clothing was removed from the arm in which the cuff was
            placed. The arm was supported at heart level, with the palm facing up and the elbow
            slightly flexed. The women were advised not to speak during the procedure. Different
            cuff sizes, based on the upper arm circumference at the time of each measurement, were
            used. Blood pressure was measured twice at the first trimester (in two distinct days) to
            determine if the women had chronic hypertension (values of SBP &#8805; 140 or DBP &#8805; 90 mm Hg,
            before the 20<sup>th</sup> gestational week). Each measurement of BP was performed in
            duplicate, for all follow-up waves, with an approximate 30-minute interval between
            measurements. The mean values of the duplicate measurements from each time-point were
            used for analysis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>The women were weighed with a digital scale (Filizola Ltd., S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil), and
            their stature was measured in duplicate with a Seca Portable Stadiometer (Seca Ltd.,
            Hamburg, Germany). The mean of the duplicate standing height values was used to
            calculate BMI. Early pregnancy BMI was obtained prior to the 13<sup>th</sup> gestational
            week. Anthropometric measurements were standardized and performed by trained
               interviewers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. The BMI was classified into
            two categories, using the cutoff points proposed by the World Health Organization<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">13</xref> (normal weight, 18.5&#8211;24.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>;
            excessive weight, &#8805;25.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). The two BMI categories were created by
            joining underweight with normal-weight women and overweight with obese women; only seven
            women were underweight, and the sensitivity analysis showed no difference in terms of
            magnitude or significance in the results whether underweight women were included or
            excluded.</p>
      <p>The gestational age (in weeks) was estimated using, preferably, ultrasound performed
            before the 26<sup>th</sup> week of pregnancy or, alternatively, the last menstrual
            period reported. The following variables were also considered in the analysis: maternal
            age (years); self-reported skin color (white/black/brown); parity
            (nulliparous/multiparous); current smoking status (yes/no); marital status (lives with a
            partner/does not live with a partner); education (&lt;8/&#8805;8 years) and practice of
            leisure time physical activity (LTPA) before pregnancy (yes/no). The dependent variables
            were tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Possible differences in the
            distributions of the confounders, according to the BMI categories, were assessed using
            the chi-square test for proportions. The pattern in BP change was assessed using
            longitudinal linear regression models, which used SBP and DBP as dependent variables and
            gestational age and quadratic gestational age as time independent variables. In order to
            improve model adequacy, a quadratic term for gestational age was used. Prospective
            changes in SBP and DBP, according to early pregnancy BMI, were assessed with
            longitudinal linear regression after adjustment for confounders, including parity,
            current smoking status, marital status, years of education and LTPA. Comparisons between
            eligible women lost during the follow-up and the final sample were performed with
            chi-square test for proportions.</p>
      <p>The statistical analyses were performed using Stata Data Analysis and Statistical
            Software (STATA) version 12.0 (Stata Corp., College Station, Texas, USA). Differences
            were considered statistically significant when the p-value &lt; 0.05.</p>
      <p>The study protocol was approved by the research ethics committee of the Municipal
            Secretary of Health of the city of Rio de Janeiro (registration number:
            0139.0.314.000-09). All participants signed a two-way term of consent, which was
            obtained freely and spontaneously after all necessary explanations had been
            provided.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The sample characteristics did not differ according to early pregnancy BMI categories
            (p&gt;0.05). The majority of women were younger than 30 years (73.5%), brown or black
            (73.5%), multiparous (58.2%), lived with a partner (78.8%), had at least eight years of
            education (71.4%) and did not participate in LTPA prior to pregnancy (74.3%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). None of these variables significantly
            differed between eligible women lost to follow-up and the final sample, indicating a
            non-selective loss (data not shown).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>General characteristics of the study sample, according to early pregnancy Body
                  Mass Index (BMI) of women followed at a public health center in the city of Rio de
                  Janeiro, Brazil, 2009 - 2012</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">&#160;</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>BMI <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref>
                           categories</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                <bold>Characteristics</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Total</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Normal-weight</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>Excessive weight</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>p-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>n (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>n (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>n (%)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Maternal age (years)</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&lt; 30</td>
              <td align="center">139 (73.5)</td>
              <td align="center">78 (72.9)</td>
              <td align="center">61 (74.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.818</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8805; 30</td>
              <td align="center">50 (26.5)</td>
              <td align="center">29 (27.1)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (25.6)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>Self-reported skin color</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>White</td>
              <td align="center">50 (26.5)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (25.2)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (28.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.664</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Brown or black</td>
              <td align="center">139 (73.5)</td>
              <td align="center">80 (74.8)</td>
              <td align="center">59 (72.0)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Parity</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>0</td>
              <td align="center">79 (41.8)</td>
              <td align="center">43 (40.2)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (43.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.608</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8805; 1</td>
              <td align="center">110 (58.2)</td>
              <td align="center">64 (59.8)</td>
              <td align="center">46 (56.1)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="5">
                <bold>Current smoking</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td align="center">15 (92.1)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (6.5)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (9.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.418</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>No</td>
              <td align="center">174 (7.9)</td>
              <td align="center">100 (93.5)</td>
              <td align="center">74 (90.2)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Marital status</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Lives with a partner</td>
              <td align="center">149 (78.8)</td>
              <td align="center">87 (81.3)</td>
              <td align="center">62 (75.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.342</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Do not live with a partner</td>
              <td align="center">40 (21.2)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (18.7)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (24.4)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Education (years)</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&lt; 8</td>
              <td align="center">54 (28.6)</td>
              <td align="center">31 (29.0)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (28.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.889</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8805; <italic>8</italic></td>
              <td align="center">135 (71.4)</td>
              <td align="center">76 (71.0)</td>
              <td align="center">59 (72.0)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Practice of LTPA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref>
                           before pregnancy</bold>
              </td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Yes</td>
              <td align="center">48 (25.7)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (26.4)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (24.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.789</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>No</td>
              <td align="center">139 (74.3)</td>
              <td align="center">78 (73.6)</td>
              <td align="center">61 (75.3)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p-value refers to a chi-square test for proportions;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>LTPA: leisure time physical activity;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>BMI: body mass index (normal-weight &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; excessive weight
                     &#8805; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>For the overall sample, the mean SBP values for the first, second and third trimesters
            and postpartum (95% CI) were 109.7 (108.4 &#8211; 111.1), 107.8 (106.4 &#8211; 109.2), 111.0 (109.5
            &#8211; 112.5) and 114.6 (112.9 &#8211; 116.3), respectively. The mean DBP values for the first,
            second and third trimesters and postpartum were 66.7 (65.6 &#8211; 67.8), 64.4 (63.3 &#8211; 65.4),
            67.0 (65.8 &#8211; 68.1), and 73.3 (72.0 &#8211; 74.7), respectively. The longitudinal regression
            coefficients for SBP and DBP decreased from the first to the second trimester
               [&#946;<sub>SBP</sub>=-0.394 (-0.600 &#8211; -0.188), &#946;<sub>DBP</sub>=-0.617
            (-0.780 &#8211; -0.454)] and then increased from the second trimester to the postpartum period
               [&#946;<sub>SBP</sub>=0.010 (0.006 &#8211; 0.014), &#946;<sub>DBP</sub>=-0.015 (-0.767
            &#8211; -0.442)] (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure changes during pregnancy and 30-45
                  days post-partum of women followed at a public health center in the city of Rio de
                  Janeiro, Brazil, 2009 - 2012</title>
          <p><bold>Note:</bold>&#946; <sup>1,2</sup>: the longitudinal linear regression
                  coefficients for gestational age and quadratic gestational age, respectively; CI:
                  Confidence interval. *p-value &lt; 0.001 refers to maximum likelihood estimator.
                  Mean (95% CI) gestational weeks or days postpartum and number of participants (n)
                  in each follow-up evaluation: 1<sup>st</sup> trimester: 9.7 (9.4 &#8211; 10.0) weeks, n
                  = 189; 2<sup>nd</sup> trimester = 23.7 (23.4 &#8211; 24.0) weeks, n=157; 3<sup>rd</sup>
                  trimester: 32.4 (32.0 &#8211; 32.8) weeks, n = 162; postpartum: 36.4 (34.9 &#8211; 37.9) days,
                  n = 153.</p>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0284-50007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The mean SBP significantly differed among the BMI groups in all gestational trimesters.
            The mean DBP was significantly higher among overweight/obese women in the first and
            third trimesters only. Neither SBP nor DBP differed between BMI groups at postpartum.
            The longitudinal linear regression model showed that BMI was positively associated with
            prospective changes in SBP and DBP [&#946;=7.055 (4.499 &#8211; 9.610) and &#946;=3.201
            (1.136 &#8211; 5.266), respectively] throughout pregnancy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f03">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure changes during pregnancy according
                  to BMI categories of women followed at a public health center in the city of Rio
                  de Janeiro, Brazil, 2009 - 2012</title>
          <p><bold>Note:</bold> &#946;<sup>1</sup>: longitudinal linear regression
                  coefficient for body mass index category excessive weight (reference category:
                  normal weight) adjusted for gestational age, quadratic gestational age, parity,
                  current smoking status, marital status, education, practice of leisure time
                  physical activity before pregnancy. CI: confidence interval; normal-weight &lt;25
                     kg/m<sup>2</sup>; excessive weight &#8805; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. *p-value &lt;0.001
                  and **p-value: 0.002 refers to maximum likelihood estimator. Mean (95% CI)
                  gestational weeks or days post-partum and number of participants (n) in each
                  follow-up evaluation: 1<sup>st</sup> trimester: 9.7 (9.4 &#8211; 10.0) weeks, n = 189;
                     2<sup>nd</sup> trimester: 23.7 (23.4 &#8211; 24.0) weeks, n = 157; 3<sup>rd</sup>
                  trimester: 32.4 (32.0 &#8211; 32.8) weeks, n = 162; postpartum: 36.4 (34.9 &#8211; 37.9) days,
                  n = 153.</p>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0284-50007-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The main findings of this study corroborate the known BP pattern during healthy
            pregnancy. The study women experienced a mid-trimester drop, followed by a progressive
            increase in SBP and DBP up to 30-45 postpartum days. Furthermore, our results indicated
            a strong association between early pregnancy BMI and SBP/DBP. Women who began pregnancy
            with a BMI in the overweight or obese categories presented higher values of SBP and DBP
            in all gestational trimesters.</p>
      <p>Although many studies have shown this same BP pattern during pregnancy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, some authors have found different results, such as a mid-trimester BP
            rise instead of a drop<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. For this reason, the publication of new findings
            is still necessary. The description of usual values &#8203;&#8203;and variations of SBP and DBP in
            healthy pregnancies is important for prenatal practitioners to detect abnormal
            variations that may be related to the onset of a disorder. Studies to elucidate this
            issue should be encouraged.</p>
      <p>Grindheim et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> have followed a cohort with
            four visits during pregnancy to evaluate BP variation. Their sample was very similar to
            ours in terms of age, parity, BMI, and gestational age at BP measurements. The main
            finding of this study was the statistically significant drop in SBP and DBP up to
            mid-pregnancy (22-24 weeks), followed by a progressive increase until delivery, which
            corroborates our results. However, their sample was smaller (n = 63) and comprised only
            Norwegian women, which is a very homogeneous population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></p>
      <p>Nama et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> have found a progressive increase
            in SBP and DBP in a sample of primiparous, healthy, white pregnant women residing in
            London. The authors have discussed the importance of conducting similar studies with
            heterogeneous populations, considering factors such as BMI. Other studies have also
            found progressive increases in SBP in homogeneous populations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. However,
            there are no studies that have monitored BP in healthy, adult, pregnant women from
            Brazil, a country composed of a very heterogeneous population.</p>
      <p>Another point to be considered is the mean SBP and DBP values&#8203;&#8203; in our study. Other
            similar investigations have found &#8203;&#8203;markedly higher values in all pregnancy
               trimesters<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, similar to
            the highest BMI group in our sample. In a recent study, MacDonald-Wallis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, in an attempt to establish BP reference values
            during pregnancy, have found higher mean SBP and DBP values at 12 and 37 weeks of normal
            pregnancies as compared to our results. Given that the possibility of changing the
            cutoff points for the diagnosis of HDP has been discussed, it is important to consider
            the differences in BP values for different populations and BMI categories<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
      <p>Although a similar pattern of variability in normal-weight and excessive-weight women
            was observed, those who began pregnancy as overweight or obese showed significantly
            higher values &#8203;&#8203;of SBP in all trimesters and of DBP in the first and third trimesters of
            pregnancy. Similar results have been observed in other populations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. This
            indicates that the normal variation of BP is different between BMI categories. If a
            woman with a normal BMI has a SBP or DBP level below 140 or 90 mm Hg, respectively, but
            above the mean for her BMI, it may indicate an increased risk for adverse outcomes when
            compared with a woman who initiated pregnancy obese and has similar absolute BP
            values.</p>
      <p>Some authors consider postpartum BP as the normal BP of nonpregnant women; postpartum BP
            is sometimes used as a pre-pregnancy measure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.
            Extrapolating for our results, it can be said that there is no BP variability outside
            pregnancy between BMI groups. Putting together, the significant difference of BP between
            groups in the first trimester indicates that the BP drop in early pregnancy is probably
            higher among those with a lower BMI.</p>
      <p>Some strengths and limitations of this study should be highlighted. This is the first
            study to assess longitudinal BP data in a group of Brazilian pregnant women.
            Furthermore, we used a robust statistical analysis, considering the data as repeated
            measures, not merely comparing means. As limitations, the evaluation of additional
            points during pregnancy would provide a more complete pattern of variability. Moreover,
            the use of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to measure variations throughout the day
            would be important. Another potential limitation is the loss to follow-up of 11.3% of
            study participants. However, the statistical technique employed to investigate the
            influence of BMI on BP is efficient even when there are some values missing from the
            study sample<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>This study provides new data about the pattern of BP variability throughout pregnancy,
            an issue that has been of great interest in recent years. We found that SBP and DBP
            decreased from early to mid-pregnancy and then increased up to 30-45 postpartum days.
            The findings also reinforced the role of BMI on SBP and DBP, highlighting the importance
            of considering this variable in studies assessing BP in pregnancy, as well as during
            prenatal care monitoring.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CNPq and FAPERJ.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>We would like to thank our funding sources: National Council for Scientific and
            Technological Development (CNPq) and Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support
            of Rio de Janeiro State (FAPERJ). Kac G is research fellow from CNPq. Rebelo F has
            received a scholarship from National School of Public Health (Oswaldo Cruz Foundation),
            and Farias DR and Mendes RH have received scholarships from CAPES during the development
            of the study.</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Varia&#231;&#227;o da Press&#227;o Arterial na Gesta&#231;&#227;o Segundo o IMC no In&#237;cio da
               Gravidez: Uma Coorte Brasileira</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rebelo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farias</surname>
            <given-names>Dayana Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Roberta Hack</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schl&#252;ssel</surname>
            <given-names>Michael Maia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kac</surname>
            <given-names>Gilberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Observat&#243;rio de Epidemiologia Nutricional,
               Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Social e Aplicada, Instituto de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Josu&#233; de Castro,
               Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Nutri&#231;&#227;o, Instituto de
               Nutri&#231;&#227;o Josu&#233; de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Epidemiologia em Sa&#250;de
               P&#250;blica, Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Oxford Clinical Trials Research Unit, Centre for
               Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and
               Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford - United Kingdom</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gilberto Kac,</bold> Rua Vi&#250;va Lacerda, 249
               bloco 3, ap. 302, Humait&#225; - CEP 22260-050 Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil. Email:
                  <email>gkac@nutricao.br</email>; <email>gilberto.kac@gmail.com</email>.</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Rebelo F, Schl&#252;ssel MM, Kac G. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados:
                  Rebelo F, Farias DR. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Rebelo F, Farias DR,
                  Schl&#252;ssel MM, Kac G. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Rebelo F, Farias DR, Schl&#252;ssel MM, Kac
                  G. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Schl&#252;ssel MM, Kac G. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Rebelo
                  F, Farias DR, Mendes RH, Schl&#252;ssel MM, Kac G. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto
                  ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Rebelo F, Farias DR, Mendes RH, Schl&#252;ssel MM,
                  Kac G.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O sistema cardiovascular materno sofre adapta&#231;&#245;es progressivas durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o,
                  acarretando flutua&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial. Entretanto, n&#227;o h&#225; consenso sobre a
                  varia&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica normal na gravidez saud&#225;vel.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Descrever a varia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD)
                  durante a gravidez e no p&#243;s-parto imediato segundo o &#237;ndice de massa corporal
                  (IMC) no in&#237;cio da gravidez.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>A PAS e a PAD foram medidas no 1&#186;, 2&#186; e 3&#186; trimestres gestacionais e aos 30-45
                  dias p&#243;s-parto em uma coorte prospectiva de 189 mulheres com idade entre 20 e 40
                  anos. O IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) foi aferido at&#233; a 13a semana e classificado como
                  normal (&lt; 25,0) ou excessivo (&#8805; 25,0). Modelos longitudinais de efeitos mistos
                  foram utilizados para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Observou-se diminui&#231;&#227;o da PAS e da PAD do primeiro para o segundo trimestre
                     (&#946;<sub>PAS</sub>=-0,394; IC95%:-0,600- -0,188 e
                  &#946;<sub>PAD</sub>=-0,617; IC95%:-0,780- -0,454) e subsequente aumento de
                  ambas at&#233; 30-45 dias ap&#243;s o parto (&#946;<sub>PAS</sub>=0,010; IC95%:0,006-0,014
                  e &#946;<sub>PAD</sub>=0,015; IC95%:0,012-0,018). As mulheres com IMC excessivo
                  apresentaram m&#233;dia de PAS maior em todos os trimestres, e de PAD maior no primeiro
                  e no terceiro trimestres. O IMC excessivo no in&#237;cio da gesta&#231;&#227;o esteve
                  positivamente associado com mudan&#231;as na PAS (&#946;<sub>PAS</sub>=7,055;
                  IC95%:4,499-9,610) e na PAD (&#946;<sub>PAD</sub>=3,201; IC95%:1,136-5,266).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A PAS e a PAD diminu&#237;ram do primeiro para o segundo trimestre e aumentaram do
                  segundo trimestre at&#233; o p&#243;sparto. Mulheres com IMC excessivo no in&#237;cio da gesta&#231;&#227;o
                  apresentaram valores mais elevados de PAS e PAD ao longo da gravidez, mas n&#227;o no
                  p&#243;s-parto, quando comparadas &#224;s de IMC normal.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Gestantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Gravidez</kwd>
        <kwd>&#205;ndice de Massa Corporal</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudos de Coortes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O sistema cardiovascular materno passa por adapta&#231;&#245;es progressivas durante a
               gravidez, como redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular, aumento do volume sangu&#237;neo e outras
               altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas&#185;. Embora muitos estudos tenham descrito os efeitos dessas
               altera&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (PA), n&#227;o h&#225; consenso sobre a sua varia&#231;&#227;o
               normal em gravidez n&#227;o complicada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os dist&#250;rbios hipertensivos da gravidez (DHG) representam a maior complica&#231;&#227;o
               obst&#233;trica, afetando 5%-10% das gesta&#231;&#245;es, dependendo das caracter&#237;sticas da
               popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, sendo uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade
               materna e neonatal no mundo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Os DHG incluem
               hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica, hipertens&#227;o gestacional, pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia e ecl&#226;mpsia, sendo
               considerados a segunda causa mais comum de morte materna direta nos pa&#237;ses
                  desenvolvidos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>A etiologia dos DHG n&#227;o &#233; clara; no entanto, v&#225;rios fatores de risco, como &#237;ndice de
               massa corporal (IMC), est&#227;o associados com sua ocorr&#234;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Como a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade aumenta entre as mulheres em
               idade reprodutiva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, o IMC [peso
                  (kg)/altura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> (m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>)] e suas complica&#231;&#245;es associadas representam um importante
               problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. A obesidade materna &#233; um significativo fator de risco para
               morbidade e mortalidade tanto para a m&#227;e quanto para o feto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica demonstrou que o aumento de
               aproximadamente de 5-7 kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>&#160;no IMC
               associou-se com a duplica&#231;&#227;o do risco de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>Com base nesses achados, este estudo visou a descrever a varia&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de
               press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) durante
               gesta&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o complicadas, de acordo com o IMC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Este estudo prospectivo de coorte foi realizado em unidade de pr&#233;-natal no Rio de
               Janeiro, Brasil. O recrutamento das gestantes ocorreu livre e continuamente entre
               novembro de 2009 e outubro de 2011. O acompanhamento durou at&#233; julho de 2012. Foram
               recrutadas 258 mulheres de acordo com os seguintes crit&#233;rios: idade gestacional na
               primeira visita inferior a 13 semanas; idade entre 20 e 40 anos; aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a
               infecciosa ou cr&#244;nica (exceto obesidade). O estudo compreendeu quatro ondas de
               seguimento: 4&#170;-13&#170; semanas (primeiro trimestre), 14&#170;-27&#170; semanas (segundo trimestre),
               28&#170;-40&#170; semanas (terceiro trimestre), e 30-45 dias de p&#243;s&#8209;parto. A primeira onda de
               seguimento incluiu duas visitas em dias diferentes; dados de PA e IMC foram obtidos
               na primeira visita, e todas as demais covari&#225;veis usadas para ajuste na an&#225;lise foram
               coletadas na segunda visita. As mulheres que compareceram &#224; primeira visita, mas
               deixaram o estudo antes da segunda visita (n=6), foram exclu&#237;das da an&#225;lise, assim
               como aquelas com as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas: gesta&#231;&#245;es gemelares (n=4); diagn&#243;stico
               de doen&#231;a infecciosa ou n&#227;o transmiss&#237;vel (n=17); aborto (n=25); e PA n&#227;o aferida nos
               intervalos especificados (n=17). A amostra final foi composta de 189 gestantes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxograma ilustrando o processo de recrutamento de mulheres em pr&#233;-natal
                     em um Centro de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica. Rio de Janeiro, 2009 &#8211; 2011</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0284-50007-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A PAS e a PAD foram medidas com um sistema autom&#225;tico oscilom&#233;trico de monitoramento
               de PA (HEM-742, OMRON, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) validado de acordo com o protocolo
               internacional da Sociedade Europeia de Hipertens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. A&#160;PA foi medida depois que as mulheres descansaram por pelo menos
               cinco minutos, sentadas confortavelmente com apoio para as costas, pernas descruzadas
               e p&#233;s apoiados no ch&#227;o. O bra&#231;o em que o manguito foi colocado foi despido e apoiado
               ao n&#237;vel do cora&#231;&#227;o, com a palma da m&#227;o voltada para cima e o cotovelo levemente
               fletido. As mulheres foram orientadas a n&#227;o falar durante o procedimento.
               Utilizaram-se diferentes tamanhos de manguito com base na circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o. A
               PA foi medida duas vezes no primeiro trimestre (em dois dias distintos) para
               determinar se as mulheres tinham hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica (valores de PAS &#8805; 140 ou
               PAD&#160;&#8805;&#160;90&#160;mmHg, antes da 20&#170; semana gestacional). Cada medida de PA foi realizada duas
               vezes em todas as ondas de seguimento, com um intervalo aproximado de 30 minutos
               entre elas. Os valores m&#233;dios das duas medidas aferidas em cada visita foram usados
               para an&#225;lise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>As mulheres foram pesadas em balan&#231;a digital (Filizola Ltd., S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) e
               suas alturas medidas duas vezes com o estadi&#244;metro Seca Portable (Seca Ltd.,
               Hamburgo, Alemanha). Utilizou-se a m&#233;dia dos dois valores de altura para calcular o
               IMC. Obteve-se o IMC do in&#237;cio da gesta&#231;&#227;o antes da 13&#170; semana gestacional. As
               medidas antropom&#233;tricas foram padronizadas e realizadas por entrevistadores
                  treinados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. O&#160;IMC foi classificado em duas
               categorias, usando-se os pontos de corte propostos pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da
                  Sa&#250;de<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> (peso normal,
                  18,5&#8211;24,9&#160;kg/m<sup>2</sup>; excesso de peso, &#8805;&#160;25,0&#160;kg/m<sup>2</sup>). As
               categorias de IMC foram criadas juntando&#8209;se mulheres de baixo peso e aquelas com peso
               normal em um grupo, e mulheres com sobrepeso e obesas em outro. Apenas sete mulheres
               se encontravam com baixo peso, e a an&#225;lise de sensibilidade n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a na
               magnitude ou signific&#226;ncia dos resultados quando estas foram inclu&#237;das ou
               exclu&#237;das.</p>
        <p>Estimou-se a idade gestacional (em semanas) usando-se preferencialmente ultrassom
               antes da 26&#170; semana gestacional ou, alternativamente, a data da &#250;ltima menstrua&#231;&#227;o
               referida. As&#160;seguintes vari&#225;veis foram tamb&#233;m consideradas na an&#225;lise: idade materna
               (anos); cor da pele autorreferida (branca/negra/parda); paridade
               (nul&#237;para/mult&#237;para); tabagismo atual (sim/n&#227;o); estado civil (mora com parceiro/n&#227;o
               mora com parceiro); n&#237;vel de escolaridade (&lt;8/&#8805;8 anos) e pr&#225;tica de atividade
               f&#237;sica nos per&#237;odos de lazer antes da gravidez (sim/n&#227;o). As vari&#225;veis dependentes
               foram testadas para normalidade usando-se o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Poss&#237;veis
               diferen&#231;as nas distribui&#231;&#245;es de confundidores, de acordo com as categorias de IMC,
               foram avaliadas usando-se o teste do qui-quadrado para propor&#231;&#245;es. O padr&#227;o de
               varia&#231;&#227;o da PA foi avaliado com modelos de regress&#227;o linear longitudinal, usando-se
               PAS e PAD como vari&#225;veis dependentes e idade gestacional e idade gestacional
               quadr&#225;tica como vari&#225;veis independentes indicadoras de tempo. Para melhorar a
               adequa&#231;&#227;o do modelo, usou-se o termo quadr&#225;tico para idade gestacional. As altera&#231;&#245;es
               prospectivas de PAS e PAD, de acordo com o IMC do in&#237;cio da gravidez, foram avaliadas
               por meio de regress&#227;o linear longitudinal ap&#243;s ajuste para confundidores, como
               paridade, tabagismo atual, estado civil, anos de escolaridade e pr&#225;tica de atividade
               f&#237;sica nos per&#237;odos de lazer. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre mulheres eleg&#237;veis perdidas
               durante o seguimento e a amostra final foram realizadas com o teste do qui-quadrado
               para propor&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas usando-se o programa STATA (Data Analysis
               and Statistical Software) vers&#227;o 12.0 (Stata Corp., College Station, Texas, EUA). As
               diferen&#231;as foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas para p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        <p>O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa da Secretaria
               Municipal de Sa&#250;de da cidade do Rio de Janeiro (n&#250;mero 0139.0.314.000-09). Todos os
               participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, obtido livre e
               espontaneamente depois de todas as explica&#231;&#245;es necess&#225;rias.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas da amostra n&#227;o diferiram de acordo com as categorias de IMC do
               in&#237;cio da gravidez (p&gt;0,05). A maioria das mulheres tinha menos de 30 anos
               (73,5%), era parda ou negra (73,5%), mult&#237;para (58,2%), vivia com o companheiro
               (78,8%), tinha pelo menos oito anos de escolaridade (71,4%) e n&#227;o praticava atividade
               f&#237;sica nos per&#237;odos de lazer antes da gesta&#231;&#227;o (74,3%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela&#160;1</xref>). Nenhuma dessas vari&#225;veis diferiu significativamente
               entre mulheres eleg&#237;veis perdidas durante o seguimento e a amostra final, indicando
               uma perda n&#227;o seletiva (dados n&#227;o apresentados).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais da amostra do estudo, conforme o &#237;ndice de massa
                     corpora (IMC) no in&#237;cio da gravidez de mulheres acompanhadas em um centro de
                     sa&#250;de p&#250;blica na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2009 - 2012</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Categorias de IMC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">&#8225;</xref></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Peso normal</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Excesso de peso</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>p-valor<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>n (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>n (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>n (%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade materna (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&lt; 30</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">139 (73,5)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (72,9)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (74,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,818</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#8805; 30</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">50 (26,5)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (27,1)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (25,6)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Cor da pele autorrelatada</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Branca</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">50 (26,5)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (25,2)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (28,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,664</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Parda ou negra</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">139 (73,5)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (74,8)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (72,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Paridade</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;0</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">79 (41,8)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (40,2)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (43,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,608</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#8805; 1</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">110 (58,2)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (59,8)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (56,1)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Tabagismo atual</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Sim</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">15 (92,1)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (9,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,418</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;N&#227;o</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">174 (7,9)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (93,5)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (90,2)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Estado civil</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Mora com parceiro</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">149 (78,8)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (81,3)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (75,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,342</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;N&#227;o mora com parceiro</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">40 (21,2)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (18,7)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (24,4)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Escolaridade (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&lt; 8</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">54 (28,6)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (29,0)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (28,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,889</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#8805; <italic>8</italic>
                           </italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">135 (71,4)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (71,0)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (72,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Pr&#225;tica de AFPL <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref> antes da gravidez</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Sim</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">48 (25,7)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (26,4)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (24,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,789</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;N&#227;o</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">139 (74,3)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (73,6)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (75,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p-valor refere-se ao teste do qui-quadrado para propor&#231;&#245;es;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>AFPL: atividade f&#237;sica nos per&#237;odos de lazer;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal (peso normal &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> ;
                        excesso de peso &#8805; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup></p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Para a amostra global, os valores m&#233;dios de PAS para os primeiro, segundo e terceiro
               trimestres e p&#243;s-parto (IC 95%) foram 109,7 (108,4 &#8211; 111,1), 107,8 (106,4 &#8211; 109,2),
               111,0 (109,5 &#8211; 112,5) e 114,6 (112,9 &#8211; 116,3), respectivamente. Os&#160;valores m&#233;dios de
               PAD para os primeiro, segundo e terceiro trimestres e p&#243;s-parto (IC 95%) foram 66,7
               (65,6 &#8211; 67,8), 64,4 (63,3 &#8211; 65,4), 67,0 (65,8 &#8211; 68,1) e 73,3 (72,0 &#8211; 74,7),
               respectivamente. Os coeficientes de regress&#227;o longitudinal demostraram que as m&#233;dias
               de PAS e PAD diminu&#237;ram do primeiro para o segundo trimestre
               [&#946;<sub>PAS</sub>=-0,394 (-0,600 &#8211; -0,188), &#946;<sub>PAD</sub>=-0,617
               (-0,780 &#8211; -0,454)] e subsequentemente elevaram-se do segundo trimestre para o
               p&#243;s-parto [&#946;<sub>PAS</sub>=0,010 (0,006 &#8211; 0,014),
               &#946;<sub>PAD</sub>=-0,015 (-0,767 &#8211; -0,442)] (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Varia&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica durante a
                     gesta&#231;&#227;o e 30-45 dias ap&#243;s o parto de mulheres acompanhadas em um Centro de
                     Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2009 - 2012</title>
            <p><bold>Observa&#231;&#227;o:</bold> &#946;<sup>1,2</sup>: coeficientes de regress&#227;o
                     linear longitudinal para idade gestacional e idade gestacional quadr&#225;tica,
                     respectivamente; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a. *p-valor &lt; 0,001 refere-se ao
                     estimador de m&#225;xima verossimilhan&#231;a. M&#233;dia (IC 95%) de semanas gestacionais ou
                     dias ap&#243;s o parto e n&#250;mero de participantes (n) em cada avalia&#231;&#227;o de
                     seguimento: 1&#186; trimestre: 9,7 (9,4 &#8211; 10,0) semanas, n = 189; 2&#186; trimestre: 23,7
                     (23,4 &#8211; 24,0) semanas, n = 157; 3&#186; trimestre: 32,4 (32,0 &#8211; 32,8) semanas, n =
                     162; p&#243;s-parto: 36,4 (34,9 &#8211; 37,9) dias, n = 153.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0284-50007-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A PAS m&#233;dia diferiu significativamente entre os grupos de IMC em todos os trimestres
               gestacionais. A PAD m&#233;dia foi significativamente maior entre mulheres com
               sobrepeso/obesas apenas nos primeiro e terceiro trimestres. As m&#233;dias de PAS e PAD
               n&#227;o diferiram entre os grupos de IMC no p&#243;s&#8209;parto. O&#160;modelo de regress&#227;o linear
               longitudinal mostrou que o IMC associou-se positivamente com altera&#231;&#245;es prospectivas
               de PAS e PAD [&#946;=7,055 (4,499 &#8211; 9,610) e &#946;=3,201 (1,136 &#8211; 5,266),
               respectivamente] durante a gravidez (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura
               3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Varia&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica durante a
                     gesta&#231;&#227;o de acordo com categorias de IMC de mulheres acompanhadas em um Centro
                     de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2009 - 2012</title>
            <p><bold>Observa&#231;&#227;o:</bold> &#946;<sup>1:</sup> coeficiente de regress&#227;o linear
                     longitudinal para a categoria de &#237;ndice de massa corporal &#8216;excesso de peso&#8217;
                     (categoria de refer&#234;ncia: peso normal) ajustado para idade gestacional, idade
                     gestacional quadr&#225;tica, paridade, tabagismo atual, estado civil, escolaridade,
                     pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica nos per&#237;odos de lazer antes da gesta&#231;&#227;o. IC:
                     intervalo de confian&#231;a; peso normal &lt;25 kg/m2; excesso de peso &#8805; 25 kg/m2.
                     *p-valor &lt;0,001 e **p-valor: 0,002 refere-se ao estimador de m&#225;xima
                     verossimilhan&#231;a. M&#233;dia (IC 95%) de semanas gestacionais ou dias ap&#243;s o parto e
                     n&#250;mero de participantes (n) em cada avalia&#231;&#227;o de seguimento: 1&#186; trimestre = 9,7
                     (9,4 &#8211; 10,0) semanas, n = 189; 2&#186; trimestre: 23,7 (23,4 &#8211; 24,0) semanas, n =
                     157; 3&#186; trimestre:32,4 (32,0 &#8211; 32,8) semanas, n = 162; p&#243;s-parto: 36,4 (34,9 &#8211;
                     37,9) dias, n = 153.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0284-50007-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os principais achados deste estudo corroboram o padr&#227;o conhecido de PA durante a
               gravidez saud&#225;vel. As mulheres do estudo apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o no segundo
               trimestre, seguida por eleva&#231;&#227;o progressiva na PAS e na PAD at&#233; 30-45 dias p&#243;s-parto.
               Al&#233;m disso, nossos resultados indicaram forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre IMC do in&#237;cio da
               gravidez e PAS/PAD. As mulheres que come&#231;aram a gravidez com IMC nas categorias de
               sobrepeso ou obesidade apresentaram valores mais altos de PAS e PAD em todos os
               trimestres gestacionais.</p>
        <p>Embora muitos estudos tenham demostrado esse mesmo padr&#227;o de PA durante a
                  gravidez<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, alguns autores obtiveram resultados diferentes, como eleva&#231;&#227;o
               de PA no segundo trimestre ao inv&#233;s de queda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Por isso, a
               publica&#231;&#227;o de novos achados faz-se necess&#225;ria. A&#160;descri&#231;&#227;o de valores usuais e de
               varia&#231;&#245;es de PAS e PAD em gesta&#231;&#245;es saud&#225;veis &#233; importante para a detec&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;&#8209;natal
               de varia&#231;&#245;es anormais que possam estar relacionadas ao desenvolvimento de desfechos
               adversos. Estudos para esclarecer tais assuntos devem ser encorajados.</p>
        <p>Grindheim e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> acompanharam uma coorte
               com quatro visitas durante a gravidez para avaliar a varia&#231;&#227;o da PA. Sua amostra era
               muito similar &#224; nossa em termos de idade, paridade, IMC, e idade gestacional na
               ocasi&#227;o das medidas de PA. O principal achado desse estudo foi a redu&#231;&#227;o
               estatisticamente significativa na PAS e na PAD at&#233; a metade da gravidez (22-24
               semanas), seguido de eleva&#231;&#227;o progressiva at&#233; o parto, corroborando nossos
               resultados. Entretanto, sua amostra era menor (n = 63) e constitu&#237;da apenas por
               mulheres norueguesas, uma popula&#231;&#227;o muito homog&#234;nea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></p>
        <p>Nama e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> relataram eleva&#231;&#227;o progressiva
               na PAS e na PAD em gr&#225;vidas brancas prim&#237;paras saud&#225;veis vivendo em Londres. Os
               autores discutiram a import&#226;ncia da realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos similares com popula&#231;&#245;es
               heterog&#234;neas, considerando-se fatores como o IMC. Outros estudos tamb&#233;m encontraram
               aumentos progressivos na PAS em popula&#231;&#245;es homog&#234;neas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. No entanto, n&#227;o
               h&#225; estudos que tenham monitorado a PA de gestantes adultas saud&#225;veis do Brasil, um
               pa&#237;s com popula&#231;&#227;o muito heterog&#234;nea.</p>
        <p>Outro ponto a ser considerado &#233; o valor m&#233;dio de PAS e de PAD no nosso estudo. Outros
               estudos similares acharam valores bem mais altos em todos os trimestres
                  gestacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, semelhante ao grupo de mais alto IMC na nossa amostra. Em estudo
               recente, MacDonald-Wallis e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, na
               tentativa de estabelecer valores de PA de refer&#234;ncia durante a gravidez, relataram
               m&#233;dias de PAS e PAD mais altas nas semanas 12 e 37 de gesta&#231;&#245;es normais em compara&#231;&#227;o
               aos nossos resultados. Considerando-se que a possibilidade de mudar os pontos de
               corte para o diagn&#243;stico de DHG foi discutida, &#233; importante considerar as diferen&#231;as
               nos valores de PA para diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es e categorias de IMC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
        <p>Embora se tenha observado um padr&#227;o similar de variabilidade em mulheres de peso
               normal ou excessivo, aquelas que iniciaram a gesta&#231;&#227;o com sobrepeso ou obesas
               apresentaram valores significativamente mais elevados de PAS em todos os trimestres e
               de PAD no primeiro e terceiro trimestres gestacionais. Resultados semelhantes foram
               relatados em outras popula&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Isso indica que a
               varia&#231;&#227;o normal de PA difere entre as categorias de IMC. Se uma mulher com IMC
               adequado apresenta PAS ou PAD inferior a 140 ou 90 mmHg, respectivamente, mas
               superior ao valor m&#233;dio para sua categoria de IMC, isto pode indicar risco aumentado
               para desfechos adversos; quando comparada a uma mulher que inicia a gravidez obesa e
               apresenta valores de PA semelhantes.</p>
        <p>Alguns autores consideram a PA no p&#243;s-parto como sendo a PA normal de n&#227;o gestantes;
               por vezes a PA no p&#243;s-parto &#233; usada como uma medida pr&#233;-gravidez<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Extrapolando para nossos resultados, pode-se dizer que n&#227;o
               existe variabilidade de PA fora da gravidez entre os grupos de IMC. Em suma, a
               diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa de PA entre os grupos no primeiro trimestre
               indica que a queda de PA no in&#237;cio da gravidez possa ser maior entre aquelas com IMC
               mais baixo.</p>
        <p>Alguns pontos fortes e limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo devem ser salientados. Trata-se do
               primeiro estudo a avaliar dados longitudinais de PA em um grupo de gestantes
               brasileiras. Al&#233;m disso, usamos uma an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica robusta, considerando os
               dados com medidas repetidas, n&#227;o apenas comparando as m&#233;dias. Quanto &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es, a
               avalia&#231;&#227;o de pontos adicionais durante a gravidez forneceria um padr&#227;o de
               variabilidade mais completo. Al&#233;m disso, o uso de monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial de press&#227;o
               arterial para aferir as varia&#231;&#245;es ao longo do dia seria importante. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o
               potencial foi a perda de seguimento de 11,3% das participantes deste estudo.
               Entretanto, a t&#233;cnica estat&#237;stica utilizada para investigar a influ&#234;ncia do IMC na PA
               &#233; eficiente mesmo na falta de alguns valores da amostra do estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo apresenta novos dados sobre o padr&#227;o de variabilidade de PA ao longo da
               gravidez, assunto que tem despertado grande interesse recentemente. Observamos que a
               PAS e a PAD decrescem do in&#237;cio da gesta&#231;&#227;o at&#233; a metade, para ent&#227;o subirem at&#233;
               30-45 dias ap&#243;s o parto. Tais achados tamb&#233;m refor&#231;am o papel do IMC na PAS e na PAD,
               enfatizando a import&#226;ncia de se considerar tal vari&#225;vel nos estudos sobre PA na
               gravidez, assim como durante o pr&#233;-natal.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por CNPq e FAPERJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Agradecemos nossas fontes de financiamento: Conselho Nacional para o Desenvolvimento
               Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq) e Funda&#231;&#227;o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa
               do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ). Kac G &#233; pesquisador pelo CNPq. Rebelo F recebeu
               bolsa da Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica (Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz), e Farias DR e
               Mendes RH receberam bolsas da CAPES durante o desenvolvimento do estudo.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
