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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RKTy4YKwp5wXXxSpDnbJBjf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000400003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140209</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Subclinical Ventricular Dysfunction Detected by Speckle Tracking Two
               Years after Use of Anthracycline</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Luiz Cerqueira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Alberto Te&#243;filo de</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rios</surname>
            <given-names>Vinicius Guedes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Ricardo Pinto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Afonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel Oliveira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel de Castro Ara&#250;jo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Murilo Oliveira da Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo Leal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Edval Gomes dos</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Feira de
               Santana</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Feira de Santana</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de
               Santana, BA - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Feira de
               Santana</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Dom Pedro de Alc&#226;ntara</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Feira de Santana</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Dom Pedro de Alc&#226;ntara da Santa Casa de
               Miseric&#243;rdia de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Unidade de Alta Complexidade em
               Oncologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Feira de Santana</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Alta Complexidade em Oncologia (UNACON),
               Feira de Santana, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Andr&#233; Luiz Cerqueira de Almeida,</bold> Rua
               Alto do Paraguai, 280, S.I.M. Postal Code 44085-232, Feira de Santana, BA &#8211; Brazil.
               E-mail: <email>andrealmeida@cardiol.br</email>;
               <email>andrealmeida@uefs.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Almeida ALC, Silva VA, Souza Filho AT, Rios
                  VG, Lopes JRP, Afonseca SO, Santos J&#250;nior EG; Acquisition of data and Critical
                  revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Almeida ALC, Silva VA, Souza
                  Filho AT, Rios VG, Lopes JRP, Afonseca SO, Cunha DCA, Mendes MOC, Miranda DL,
                  Santos J&#250;nior EG; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Almeida ALC, Santos
                  J&#250;nior EG; Statistical analysis and Obtaining financing: Almeida ALC; Writing of
                  the manuscript: Almeida ALC, Santos J&#250;nior EG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Dr. Andr&#233; Luiz Cerqueira de Almeida has served as a speaker in activities
                  sponsored by Toshiba Medical Systems. He has also received support from Toshiba
                  Medical Systems in the form of equipment and for participation in meetings. Drs.
                  Viviane Almeida Silva, Alberto Te&#243;filo de Souza Filho, Vinicius Guedes Rios, Jo&#227;o
                  Ricardo Pinto Lopes, Samuel Oliveira de Afonseca, Daniel de Castro Ara&#250;jo Cunha,
                  Murilo Oliveira da Cunha Mendes, Danilo Leal Miranda, Edval Gomes dos Santos
                  J&#250;nior have received support from Toshiba Medical Systems in the form of
                  equipment.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>04</issue>
      <fpage>274</fpage>
      <lpage>283</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Heart failure is a severe complication associated with doxorubicin (DOX) use.
                  Strain, assessed by two-dimensional speckle tracking (2D-STE), has been shown to
                  be useful in identifying subclinical ventricular dysfunction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>a) To investigate the role of strain in the identification of subclinical
                  ventricular dysfunction in patients who used DOX; b) to investigate determinants
                  of strain response in these patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional study with 81 participants: 40 patients who used DOX &#177;2 years
                  before the study and 41 controls. All participants had left ventricular ejection
                  fraction (LVEF) &#8805;55%. Total dose of DOX was 396mg (242mg/ms<sup>2</sup>). The
                  systolic function of the LV was evaluated by LVEF (Simpson), as well as by
                  longitudinal (&#949;<sub>LL</sub>), circumferential (&#949;<sub>CC</sub>), and radial
                     (&#949;<sub>RR</sub>) strains. Multivariate linear regression (MLR) analysis was
                  performed using &#949;<sub>LL</sub> (model 1) and &#949;<sub>CC</sub> (model 2) as dependent
                  variables.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Systolic and diastolic blood pressure values were higher in the control group (p
                  &lt; 0.05). &#949;<sub>LL</sub> was lower in the DOX group (-12.4 &#177;2.6%) versus
                  controls (-13.4 &#177; 1.7%; p = 0.044). The same occurred with &#949;<sub>CC</sub>: -12.1 &#177;
                  2.7% (DOX) versus -16.7 &#177; 3.6% (controls; p &lt; 0.001). The S&#8217; wave was shorter
                  in the DOX group (p = 0.035). On MLR, DOX was an independent predictor of reduced
                     &#949;<sub>CC</sub> (B = -4.429, p &lt; 0.001). DOX (B = -1.289, p = 0.012) and age
                  (B = -0.057, p = 0.029) were independent markers of reduced &#949;<sub>LL</sub>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>a) &#949;<sub>LL</sub>, &#949;<sub>CC</sub> and the S&#8217; wave are reduced in patients who used
                  DOX &#177;2 years prior to the study despite normal LVEF, suggesting the presence of
                  subclinical ventricular dysfunction; b) DOX was an independent predictor of
                  reduced &#949;<sub>CC</sub>; c) prior use of DOX and age were independent markers of
                  reduced &#949;<sub>LL</sub>.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction Left / chemically induced</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Anthracyclines / adverse effects</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="29"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular and oncologic disorders are the most prevalent diseases and the main
            global causes of morbidity and mortality. Together they are associated with more than
            70% of the death causes worldwide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Treatment of
            cancer has been conducted with a combination of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery
            in an attempt, often successful, to benefit the patient. In recent years, it has been
            observed a marked increase in average survival in patients with cancer due to, among
            other causes, a greater effectiveness of antineoplastic drugs, in particular the
               anthracyclines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. However, this greater
            effectiveness occurs at the expense of side effects. Both chemotherapy and radiotherapy
            are associated with cardiotoxic effects and their cardiovascular complications, which
            manifest as heart failure, myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, hypertension,
            thromboembolism, pericarditis and cardiac arrhythmias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>The combination of increased survival and consequent aging of the population, associated
            with the cardiotoxicity of the antineoplastic treatment, has led to increased
            cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in individuals with cancer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>In clinical practice, cardiotoxicity has been identified by symptomatic or asymptomatic
            left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. The LV ejection fraction (LVEF), estimated by
            echocardiography or myocardial scintigraphy, is generally used to evaluate the LV
               function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. This method presents some
            limitations, including low sensitivity for detection of initial LV injury. Moreover, the
            failure to detect changes in LVEF does not exclude subclinical cardiac injury, nor the
            possibility of cardiac deterioration at a later stage<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Strain, assessed by two-dimensional speckle tracking (2D-STE), is useful in identifying
            subclinical heart disease in several pathologies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, with the ability to
            identify early (subclinical) cardiac injury during chemotherapy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>The aims of this study are: a) To investigate the role of strain, evaluated by 2D-STE,
            in identifying subclinical ventricular dysfunction in patients treated with doxorubicin
            (DOX); b) to investigate determinants of strain response in cancer survivors.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Research Subjects</title>
        <p>Patients who completed treatment with DOX in the oncology unit of our hospital
               between February 2010 and June 2011 and who lived in our city were invited to
               participate in this cross-sectional study. Through chart review, we collected
               demographic data, previous medical history, information about use of adjuvant
               radiation therapy, doses of anthracycline used (total and indexed to body surface
               area), as well as the dates of beginning and end of treatment. Members of the
               administrative staff of the hospital without previous history of neoplasia were
               invited to participate in the study and composed the control group. In these
               individuals, we collected demographic data and prior medical history. All
               participants underwent transthoracic echocardiogram with 2D-STE, as well as clinical
               evaluation with detailed history and physical examination when the following
               parameters were obtained: weight, height, heart rate, abdominal circumference (AC),
               body mass index (BMI), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP). Exclusion
               criteria were presence of heart failure (HF) by Framingham criteria, history of prior
               cardiovascular disease (except hypertension), any valvular lesion greater than mild,
               change in segmental contractile function in transthoracic echocardiogram, LVEF &lt;
               55% and/or prior chemotherapy.</p>
        <p>The AC was measured at the navel level with a standard tape measure. BMI was obtained
               by the ratio of the weight to the height squared (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>). BP was measured
               three times with participants in the sitting position. The average of the two last
               measurements was included in the analysis. All participants had LVEF &#8805; 55% and showed
               no clinical manifestations of HF by Framingham criteria. Patients with at least two
               serum glucose levels &gt; 126mg/dL or in use of oral hypoglycemic drugs and/or
               insulin were classified as diabetics. Hypertensive were participants in use of
               antihypertensive medication or who presented systolic BP &#8805; 140 mmHg and/or diastolic
               BP &#8805; 90 mmHg on at least two occasions. Patients with dyslipidemia had total
               cholesterol &gt; 200 mg/dL and/or LDL cholesterol &gt; 130 mg/dL. Smokers were
               individuals who continued smoking or had left the habit less than 10 years before.
               Alcohol consumption was categorized in absent, eventual, weekly, or daily. The race
               of the participants was classified according to self-reported information as white,
               brown, yellow or black. Physical activity was defined as the practice of exercises at
               least three times a week, with a minimum duration of 30 minutes per session.</p>
        <p>The study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Research Involving Human Subjects
               of our university and all participants signed an Informed Consent Form.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Conventional Doppler Echocardiography</title>
        <p>Echocardiographic images were obtained by experienced echocardiographers (ALCA, VAS,
               ATSF and VGR) and were interpreted by a single examiner (ALCA). The tests were
               carried out on the equipment Artida (Toshiba Medical Systems Corp., Tochigi, Japan).
               All images were digitalized and stored for later analysis. Doppler echocardiographic
               images were acquired following the recommendations of the American Society of
                  Echocardiography<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. The LV mass was
               determined by the diastolic thickening of the septum, the LV posterior wall, and the
               LV end-diastolic diameter, and indexed to body surface area, generating the variable
               LV mass index (LVMI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. LVEF was calculated
               using the modified (biplane) Simpson's rule. The transmitral early diastolic flow
               velocity (E wave) and late diastolic flow velocity (A wave), as well as the
               deceleration time were measured using conventional pulsed Doppler. Tissue Doppler
               evaluates the longitudinal excursion of the mitral ring during systole and diastole.
               Tissue Doppler velocities were assessed in the four basal segments of the LV in the
               apical 4-chamber and 2-chamber views, with an angle smaller than 20<sup>0</sup>
               between the ultrasound beam and the plane of cardiac motion. We measured the peak
               systolic (S' wave), early diastolic (E' wave) and late diastolic (A' wave)
               velocities. The final result of each of these variables consisted on the average of
               the values found in the four analyzed segments. The volume of the left atrium (LA)
               was measured by two-dimensional planimetry using the biplane Simpson's rule in the
               frame that preceded the opening of the mitral valve, and was indexed to body surface
               generating the variable left atrial volume index (LAVI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Two-Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography</title>
        <p>The two-dimensional images were acquired in the short axis of the LV, at the level of
               the insertion of the papillary muscles, and in the apical 4-chamber and 2-chamber
               views. They were recorded using a sectorial transducer (frequency range 1.7 to 3.5
               MHz) with harmonic imaging, pulse repetition frequency between 40 and 80
               cycles/second, maintaining a single focus in the central region of the LV, regulating
               the sector width (narrowest possible), depth (minimum possible) and the gain to
               optimize the quality of the two-dimensional image.</p>
        <p>Longitudinal (&#949;<sub>LL</sub>), circumferential (&#949;<sub>CC</sub>) and radial
                  (&#949;<sub>RR</sub>) strains were analyzed with the two-dimensional speckle tracking
               software by Toshiba (Toshiba 2D Wall Motion Tracking software, Toshiba Medical
               Systems). Manual delineation of the endocardial border of the LV at end-systole
               (determined anti-clockwise) was followed by automatic tracing of the epicardial
               border (which could be manually adjusted) and of a line in the middle region of the
               LV wall<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. A similar approach was made on the
               apical 4-chamber image, starting the trace on the lateral corner of the mitral valve
               ring at end-diastole, and in the apical 2-chamber image (beginning the trace at the
               junction of the inferior wall with the mitral ring at end-diastole). The software
               2D-STE uses the sum of the differences of the squares to find the dot pattern
               (speckles) most similar to the one obtained in the two-dimensional model in two
               subsequent cycles (frames)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Strain (&#949;, %)
               was calculated as the change in regional length relative to the length at
               end-diastole: &#949; = (L<sub>(t)</sub> &#8211; L<sub>0</sub>) x 100/<sub>0</sub>L, in which
                  L<sub>(t)</sub> is the length at time t and L<sub>0</sub> is the length of the
               segment at the beginning of the QRS segment. Global &#949;<sub>LL</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>), global &#949;<sub>CC</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>) and global &#949;<sub>RR</sub> were
               represented by the peak of the strain averages, and the values of the longitudinal
               and circumferential strains were those representative of the middle region of the
               myocardium. Since &#949;<sub>LL</sub> and &#949;<sub>CC</sub> reflect shortening of the
               myocardial segment analyzed, the more negative its value, the greater will be the
               myocardial deformation relative to the state observed at end-diastole. The regions of
               the LV short axis and the projections in 4 and 2 chambers were divided according to
               the recommendations by the American Society of Echocardiography<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Segments of the LV with inadequate image quality were
               excluded from the analysis due to the presence of acoustic shadows, image artifacts,
               reverberations or poor quality in the trace of the points by manual evaluation.</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Representation of longitudinal strain.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0274-40209-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Representation of circumferential strain.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0274-40209-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Reproducibility</title>
        <p>All echocardiographic measurements were performed offline by a single blinded
               examiner (ALCA). The intraobserver reproducibility for &#949;<sub>LL</sub> and
                  &#949;<sub>CC</sub> was evaluated by repeating the measurements in 20 randomly selected
               participants, with a minimum interval of 30 days from the first test.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>Quantitative variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation and compared by
               Student's <italic>t</italic> test or Wilcoxon signedrank test, whereas qualitative
               variables were expressed by their frequencies and percentages, and compared by the
               chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Univariate analysis was used to evaluate the
               relationship between &#949;<sub>CC</sub> and &#949;<sub>LL</sub> with the variables of
               interest. Two stepwise multivariate linear regression (MLR) models were created. The
               dependent variables in models 1 and 2 were &#949;<sub>LL</sub> and &#949;<sub>CC</sub>,
               respectively. We considered as independent those variables with p &lt; 0.20 in the
               univariate analysis and those with biological plausibility of interference with the
               strain. Intraobserver variability was assessed by the intraclass correlation
               coefficient. The level of significance was defined as p &lt; 0.05. The statistical
               analyses were processed with the software Statistical Package for the Social
               Sciences, version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Cohort Characteristics</title>
        <p>The main clinical characteristics of the study population are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of the study cohort</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variable</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Doxorubicin (N = 40)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Controls (N = 41)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Total dose of doxorubicin</td>
                <td align="center">396 mg (242 mg/m<sup>2</sup>).</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">52 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">56&#177;9</td>
                <td align="center">0.11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hypertension (%)</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">0.71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10.0</td>
                <td align="center">9.8</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">0.40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Race - black (%)</td>
                <td align="center">77.5</td>
                <td align="center">82.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Smoking (%)</td>
                <td align="center">22.5</td>
                <td align="center">29.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alcohol consumption (%)</td>
                <td align="center">27.5</td>
                <td align="center">19.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Abdominal circumference (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">93 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">95 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">0.35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BMI (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">25.8 &#177; 5.3</td>
                <td align="center">27.3 &#177; 3.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Body surface area (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1.70 &#177; 0.21</td>
                <td align="center">1.75 &#177; 0.20</td>
                <td align="center">0.30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">130 &#177; 21</td>
                <td align="center">141 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">0.028</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diastolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">80 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">87 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">0.027</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Only female patients accepted to participate in the study and reported to the unit
               for evaluation. Fifty-one women who had used DOX 25.5 &#177; 4.7 months before the study
               (median: 24 months; interquartile range [IQR]: 22 to 28 months) comprised the group
               of patients. Eleven were excluded from the analysis: six due to LVEF &lt; 55%, three
               had previously undergone chemotherapy and two had echocardiography with inadequate
               technical quality for analysis. The average age of the patients included in the
               analysis was 52 &#177; 11 years. One had history of non- Hodgkin lymphoma and 39 of breast
               neoplasm. The control group was composed of 42 women from the administrative staff of
               the hospital, without previous history of neoplasia. One was excluded due to LVEF
               &lt; 55%. The average age of the patients in the control group was 56 &#177; 10 years.
               There was no difference between the two groups regarding the percentage of patients
               with hypertension, diabetes, blacks, smokers and alcohol consumption. Age, AC, BMI
               and LVMI were similar (p &gt; 0.05 for all). Systolic and diastolic BP values were
               higher in the control group (p = 0.028 and 0.027, respectively).</p>
        <p>The average total dose of DOX received was 396 &#177; 85 mg, which corresponded to 242 &#177;
               43 mg/m<sup>2</sup>. None of the patients received trastuzumab. Fifteen patients
               (37.5%) also used 5-fluorouracil and 31 (77.5%) received cyclophosphamide. Twenty-one
               patients (52.5%) underwent adjuvant radiation therapy, which was applied to the right
               side in 13 (32.5%) patients and to the left side in 8 (20%) patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Conventional Doppler Echocardiographic Variables</title>
        <p> The LVEF was normal and showed no difference between the groups: 65.3 &#177; 4.8%
               (patients) versus 66.7 &#177; 4.3% (controls; p = 0.18). The same occurred with LVMI: 75 &#177;
               15 g/m<sup>2</sup> (patients) versus 71 &#177; 16 g/m<sup>2</sup> (controls; p=0.34). The
               absolute diameter of the LA was greater in the control group (p = 0.006). However,
               there was no difference when LA was indexed to body surface area (p = 0.11), nor when
               we assessed the LAVI (p = 0.58). The average S' wave velocity on tissue Doppler was
               higher in controls (6.6 &#177; 0.9cm/s) when compared with patients (6.1 &#177; 1.0cm/s; p =
               0.035). This was mainly due to the increased velocity of the S' wave side corner of
               the mitral ring (7.1 &#177; 1.0cm/s versus 6.3cm/s; p = 0.004). The velocity of the E and
               E' waves, the mitral flow deceleration time, as well as the relationships E/A and
               E/E' were similar between the groups, without difference regarding the results of the
               LV diastolic function. All other conventional echocardiographic variables were
               similar between groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of conventional Doppler echocardiography</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variable</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Doxorubicin (N = 40)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Controls (N = 41)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Aortic root (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">30 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">31 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">0.34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LA (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">33 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">35 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">0.006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LA/BSA (mm/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">19.3 &#177; 2.2</td>
                <td align="center">20.1 &#177; 2.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVDD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">46 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">47 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">0.87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVSD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">30 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">30 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">0.94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Septum (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">8 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">8 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">0.44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVPW (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">8 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">8 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">0.36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVEF (%, Simpson)</td>
                <td align="center">65 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">67 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">0.18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVMI (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">75 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">71 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">0.34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LAVI (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">22 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">21 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">0.58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mitral E wave (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">67 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">73 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">0.06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mitral A wave (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">71 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center">73 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">0.52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E/A Ratio</td>
                <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DT</td>
                <td align="center">181 &#177; 41</td>
                <td align="center">176 &#177; 31</td>
                <td align="center">0.56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mitral E' wave (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">8.9 &#177; 2.5</td>
                <td align="center">9.5 &#177; 2.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mean S' wave (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">6.1 &#177; 1.0</td>
                <td align="center">6.6 &#177; 0.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.035</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E/E' Ratio</td>
                <td align="center">8.0 &#177; 2.7</td>
                <td align="center">8.2 &#177; 2.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.78</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>LA: left atrium; BSA: body surface area; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic
                        diameter; LVSD: left ventricular systolic diameter; LVPW: left ventricular
                        posterior wall; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVMI: left
                        ventricular mass index; LAVI: left atrial volume index; DT: deceleration
                        time.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>&#949;<sub>LL</sub>, &#949;<sub>CC</sub> and &#949;<sub>RR</sub> Obtained by Two-Dimensional
               Speckle Tracking</title>
        <p>Even though the LVEF was normal and showed no difference between groups, the
                  &#949;<sub>LL</sub> in the patients' group was -12.4 &#177; 2.6%, representing values 7.5%
               lower than the corresponding values for the controls (-13.4 &#177; 1.7%; p = 0.04; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>). &#949;<sub>CC</sub> was -12.1 &#177; 2.7% in
               patients, representing a reduction of 27.5% compared with controls (-16.7 &#177; 3.6%; p
               &lt; 0.001). There was no difference between the groups with respect to
                  &#949;<sub>RR</sub> (p = 0.89).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Strain results in the study population</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Variable</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Doxorubicin (N = 40)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>Controls (N = 41)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#949;<sub>LL</sub> (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-12.4 &#177; 2.6</td>
                <td align="center">-13.4 &#177; 1.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#949;<sub>CC</sub> (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-12.1 &#177; 2.7</td>
                <td align="center">-16.7 &#177; 3.6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#949;<sub>RR</sub> (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30.9 &#177; 10.4</td>
                <td align="center">31.2 &#177; 10.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.89</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>&#949;<sub>LL</sub>: longitudinal strain; &#949;<sub>CC</sub>: circumferential strain;
                           &#949;<sub>RR</sub>: radial strain</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>There was no correlation between the dose of DOX and the strain (DOX versus
                  &#949;<sub>LL</sub>: p = 0.89; DOX versus &#949;<sub>CC</sub>: p = 0.95).</p>
        <p>Intraobserver intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.89 (p &lt; 0.01) for
                  &#949;<sub>LL</sub> and 0.83 (p = 0.01) for &#949;<sub>CC</sub>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Determinants of Longitudinal Strain</title>
        <p>In model 1 of the MLR analysis, previous use of DOX (B = -1.289; 95% confidence
               interval [CI]: -2.282 to -0.296; p = 0.012) and the age in years (B = -0.057; 95% CI:
               -0.108 to -0.006; p = 0.029) were the only independent predictors of &#949;<sub>LL</sub>
                  (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Determinants of longitudinal strain</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="6" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Dependent Variable: &#949;<sub>LL</sub></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Independent Variables</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Univariate Analysis</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Multivariate Analysis (p = 0.011)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>B Coef (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>95% CI</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>B Coef (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>95% CI</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Doxorubicin (Yes)</td>
                <td align="center">-1.02</td>
                <td align="center">(-2.006;-0.038)</td>
                <td align="center">0.042</td>
                <td align="center">-1.289</td>
                <td align="center">(-2.282;-0.296)</td>
                <td align="center">0.012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">-0.052</td>
                <td align="center">(-0.102;0.002)</td>
                <td align="center">0.044</td>
                <td align="center">-0.057</td>
                <td align="center">(-0.108;-0.006)</td>
                <td align="center">0.029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LV mass index (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">-0.008</td>
                <td align="center">(-0.041;0.025)</td>
                <td align="center">0.616</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0.867</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes (Yes)</td>
                <td align="center">-0.561</td>
                <td align="center">(-2.232;1.110)</td>
                <td align="center">0.506</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0.65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesity (Yes)</td>
                <td align="center">-0.775</td>
                <td align="center">(-1.945;0.395)</td>
                <td align="center">0.191</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0.246</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">0.004</td>
                <td align="center">(-0.019;0.028)</td>
                <td align="center">0.716</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0.842</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prior radiotherapy (Yes)</td>
                <td align="center">-0.401</td>
                <td align="center">(-1.560;0.758)</td>
                <td align="center">0.493</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0.953</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alcohol (Yes)</td>
                <td align="center">0.424</td>
                <td align="center">(-0.662;1.512)</td>
                <td align="center">0.440</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Smoking (Yes)</td>
                <td align="center">0.350</td>
                <td align="center">(-0.599;1.298)</td>
                <td align="center">0.465</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Race (Black)</td>
                <td align="center">0.583</td>
                <td align="center">(-0.827;1.994)</td>
                <td align="center">0.412</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Physical activity (Yes)</td>
                <td align="center">0.230</td>
                <td align="center">(-0.914;1.373)</td>
                <td align="center">0.690</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Abdominal circumference (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">-0.021</td>
                <td align="center">(-0.064;0.022)</td>
                <td align="center">0.340</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BMI (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">-0.051</td>
                <td align="center">(-0.159;0.057)</td>
                <td align="center">0.347</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hypertension (Yes)</td>
                <td align="center">-0.501</td>
                <td align="center">(-1.552;0.550)</td>
                <td align="center">0.345</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>LV: left ventricle; BP: blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; Coef:
                        coefficient; CI: confidence interval.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Determinants of Circumferential Strain</title>
        <p>In model 2 of the MLR, previous use of DOX was the only independent predictor of
               reduction in &#949;<sub>CC</sub> after adjustments for LVMI, presence of dyslipidemia,
               age, prior radiotherapy and systolic BP (B = -4.429; 95% CI: -5.907 to -2.952; p &lt;
               0.001; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Determinants of circumferential strain</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="6" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Dependent Variable: &#949;<sub>CC</sub></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <bold>Independent Variables</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Univariate Analysis</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Multivariate Analysis (p &lt; 0.011)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>B Coef (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>95% CI</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>B Coef (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>95% CI</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>p value</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Doxorubicin (Yes)</td>
                <td align="center">-4.539</td>
                <td align="center">(-6.010;-3.067)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                <td align="center">-4.429</td>
                <td align="center">(-5.907;-2.952)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dyslipidemia (Yes)</td>
                <td align="center">-1.077</td>
                <td align="center">(-2.921;0.767)</td>
                <td align="center">0.248</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0.065</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LV mass index (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0.012</td>
                <td align="center">(-0.047;0.071)</td>
                <td align="center">0.688</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0.206</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prior radiotherapy (Yes)</td>
                <td align="center">-3.237</td>
                <td align="center">(-5.119;-1.354)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0.851</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">0.04</td>
                <td align="center">(-0.05;0.14)</td>
                <td align="center">0.349</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0.928</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BMI (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">-0.056</td>
                <td align="center">(-0.265;0.152)</td>
                <td align="center">0.591</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">0.124</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">0.026</td>
                <td align="center">(-0.017;0.069)</td>
                <td align="center">0.235</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0.651</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes (Yes)</td>
                <td align="center">0.703</td>
                <td align="center">(-2.247;3.653)</td>
                <td align="center">0.636</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Smoking (Yes)</td>
                <td align="center">0.157</td>
                <td align="center">(-1.510;1.823)</td>
                <td align="center">0.852</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alcohol (Yes)</td>
                <td align="center">-0.168</td>
                <td align="center">(-2.126;1.790)</td>
                <td align="center">0.865</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Physical activity (Yes)</td>
                <td align="center">0.464</td>
                <td align="center">(-1.558;2.485)</td>
                <td align="center">0.649</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Abdominal circumference (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">-0.011</td>
                <td align="center">(-0.095;0.072)</td>
                <td align="center">0.787</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Race (Black)</td>
                <td align="center">0.958</td>
                <td align="center">(-1.412;3.327)</td>
                <td align="center">0.422</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hypertension (Yes)</td>
                <td align="center">0.0412</td>
                <td align="center">(-1.46;2.248)</td>
                <td align="center">0.662</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>LV: left ventricle; BP: blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; Coef:
                        coefficient; CI: confidence interval.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The results of this study show that &#949;<sub>LL</sub> and &#949;<sub>CC</sub>, evaluated by
            2D-STE, are reduced in patients who used DOX 2 years before when compared with healthy
            controls. This occurred even though the LVEF was normal and did not differ between the
            groups, suggesting the presence of subclinical ventricular dysfunction in a group
            considered at high risk for cardiovascular events. Our results also showed that previous
            use of DOX was an independent predictor of reduction of &#949;<sub>CC</sub> in cancer
            survivors, and that previous use of DOX and age were independent markers of reduced
               &#949;<sub>LL</sub> in this population. The S' wave, another echocardiographic variable
            able to identify preclinical changes in LV systolic function, was also reduced in
            patients who used the anthracycline.</p>
      <p>With the global trend of population aging, the risk factors for cardiovascular disease
            will become more prevalent. It is therefore expected that there will be an increase in
            the occurrence of heart disease. Likewise, there is an increase in cancer incidence in
            older populations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. The effectiveness of
            antineoplastic treatment has significantly reduced the mortality due to cancer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. These same drugs, however, are associated with
            increased morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular causes. Patients treated with
            DOX who develop signs of HF have a mortality rate at 2 years of 60%, a 3.5 times higher
            risk than those with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Monitoring of myocardial function in patients using chemotherapeutic
            agents is usually based on clinical findings and on LVEF. These parameters, however,
            only change in the later stages of cardiovascular disease, usually when there is already
            structural apoptosis of myocytes and therefore, little likelihood of reversion of the
            clinical picture<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. The identification of cardiac injury in the early
            stages has proven beneficial in patients undergoing cancer treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, and the reduction in &#949;<sub>LL</sub> emerging as
            an independent predictor of late reduction in LVEF in patients treated with
            anthracyclines justify early therapy with drugs with cardioprotective effect in these
               patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
      <p>Sawaya et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> showed that unlike the
            longitudinal strain, LVEF and information from LV diastolic function are unable to
            predict cardiotoxicity, and that LVEF is not sensitive enough to detect early LV
               injury<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. In other words, when the dysfunction
            is detected, heart injury has already occurred for some time, preventing use of
            prophylactic strategies. Moreover, the failure to detect changes in LVEF does not
            exclude subclinical cardiac damage, nor the possibility of later cardiac
               deterioration<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Our results showed that more sensitive markers
            related to subclinical myocardial injury, such as &#949;<sub>LL</sub>, &#949;<sub>CC</sub> and S'
            wave, are reduced in patients who used the anthracycline, despite normal LVEF which did
            not differ between groups. Similar results were obtained by other authors, signaling
            that the use of these new technologies can be useful in the evaluation of cardiotoxicity
            in patients undergoing chemotherapy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
      <p>The differences observed in the absolute value of the strain tend to be small when we
            deal with subclinical ventricular dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. In our study, the
            relative difference observed in &#949;<sub>LL</sub> was 7.5% and in &#949;<sub>CC</sub> of 27.5%,
            similar to the results obtained in other studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
      <p>Even though the qualitative analysis (DOX: yes versus no) have influenced the results of
            the &#949;<sub>CC</sub> and the &#949;<sub>LL</sub>, the variation in DOX dose used in our study
            was very low (median = 240 mg/m<sup>2</sup>; IQR: 231-286 mg/m<sup>2</sup>), justifying
            the absence of correlation observed between the dose of DOX and the strain.</p>
      <p>The participants in the control group in this study cannot be considered normal.
            Although they were included as controls, none of them underwent a stress test and,
            therefore, did not have potential incipient heart diseases excluded. Additionally, the
            prevalences of dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, smoking and alcohol consumption in
            both groups bring our cohort very close to the "real world", which, in our view,
            reinforce even more the results of the study. In an article from the MESA (Multi-Ethnic
            Study of Atherosclerosis) trial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, the
            characteristics of the control group were very similar to those in our control group,
            and the software used for the analysis of strain was the same used in our study. In that
            article, longitudinal strain between controls was -13.9 &#177; 2.3%, a result close to that
            found in our study (-13.4 &#177; 1.7%). It is also possible that these values may be slightly
            lower when compared with truly normal individuals.</p>
      <p>The algorithm used by Toshiba's equipment allows measurement of circumferential and
            longitudinal strain in the endocardial, mid-myocardial and epicardial regions. In the
            absence of ischemia, strain is greater in the endocardium than in the epicardium, with
            intermediate values in the middle region of the myocardium<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Experimental data validated by sonomicrometry show that while
            the circumferential strain in the mid-myocardial region was -13.3 &#177; 4.7%, the results in
            the endocardium and epicardium were -25.2 &#177; 8.7% and -9.4 &#177; 9.3%, respectively<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. In our study, the results of longitudinal and
            circumferential strains were those representing the middle region of the myocardium, as
            described in the methodology.</p>
      <p>According to Feigenbaum et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, one of the
            limitations for propagation of the method of strain analysis by speckle tracking is the
            fact that many manufacturers have not yet presented interchangeable results between
            different software applications for strain analysis. That is, the results obtained with
            the Toshiba software, used in our study, are unlikely to be the same results obtained by
            another manufacturer.</p>
      <p>Participants in the control group had levels of systolic and diastolic BP higher in the
            initial clinical evaluation, although there was no difference between groups in the
            percentage of participants labeled hypertensive. This finding seems contradictory, but
            it was probably due to greater adherence to antihypertensive therapy among patients who
            were undergoing medical follow-up after chemotherapy. The increase in BP levels tend to
            influence the results of &#949;<sub>LL</sub> and &#949;<sub>CC</sub> . Marwick et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> showed that the higher the diastolic BP, the
            greater will be the impact on the strain. Our results showed that patients who underwent
            chemotherapy presented lower &#949;<sub>LL</sub> and &#949;<sub>CC</sub>, despite presenting lower
            levels of systolic and diastolic BP when compared with healthy controls. Although this
            contradicts the results reported by Marwick et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, this information can reinforce the importance of prior use of DOX as an
            independent predictor of reduced &#949;<sub>LL</sub> and &#949;<sub>CC</sub> in our patients.</p>
      <p>Although the absolute dimension of the LA was higher in controls, there was no
            difference when it was indexed to body surface area. Similarly, there was no difference
            in the values of LAVI, which is a more robust index to represent the dimensions of the
            LA and has a higher correlation with cardiovascular disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
      <p>Side effects of mediastinal radiotherapy on the heart can be expressed in the form of
            cardiomyopathy, valvular injury, coronary artery disease (CAD), and mainly pericardial
               disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
      <p>Pericardial effusion has been reported in earlier phases after radiation. However,
            constrictive pericarditis, CAD, valvular heart disease and cardiomyopathy usually appear
            after longer follow-up<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, with higher incidence
            when the radiation is directed towards the left side of the chest<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. In our sample, 52.5% of the patients received adjuvant
            radiotherapy. However, only 20% had it performed on the left side of the chest. In
            addition, the average time after chemotherapy was only two years, which may justify the
            absence of signs of pericardial disease in our sample.</p>
      <p>Cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil were used by 77.5% and 37.5% of our patients,
            respectively. Both are also associated with cardiotoxicity, but with a frequency much
            lower than that associated with use of anthracyclines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>This is a cross-sectional study and as such, is unable to establish a precise causal
               relationship between the use of anthracyclines and the findings of reduced
                  &#949;<sub>LL</sub> and &#949;<sub>CC</sub>. However, the reduction in the values of &#949;LL and
               &#949;CC in patients who used DOX was observed even in the absence of HF by Framingham's
               criteria, history of illness, prior cardiovascular disease, valvular lesion greater
               than mild, change in segmental contractile function in the transthoracic
               echocardiogram and LVEF &lt;55%. In addition, the participants were examined under
               stable conditions to prevent changes secondary to the effects of hemodynamic
               instability. However, larger prospective studies will be necessary to assess the
               possible effects of confounding variables. Even though the patients had no prior
               angina or myocardial infarction, they did not undergo stress test. The sample was
               composed only by women, therefore these results cannot be extrapolated to male
               patients. The analysis of the echocardiographic findings variables was performed by
               only one examiner.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>&#949;<sub>LL</sub>, the &#949;<sub>CC</sub> and the S' wave are reduced in patients who used DOX
            &#177; 2 years prior to the study, despite normal LVEF, suggesting the presence of
            subclinical ventricular dysfunction in a group considered at high risk of cardiovascular
            events. Previous use of DOX was an independent predictor of &#949;<sub>CC</sub> reduction in
            cancer survivors. Previous use of DOX and age were independent markers of &#949;<sub>LL</sub>
            reduction.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by Toshiba Medical Systems.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Subcl&#237;nica Detectada por Speckle Tracking Dois Anos
               ap&#243;s Uso de Antraciclina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Luiz Cerqueira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Alberto Te&#243;filo de</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rios</surname>
            <given-names>Vinicius Guedes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Ricardo Pinto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Afonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel Oliveira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel de Castro Ara&#250;jo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Murilo Oliveira da Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo Leal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Edval Gomes dos</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de
               Santana, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Dom Pedro de Alc&#226;ntara da Santa Casa de
               Miseric&#243;rdia de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Alta Complexidade em Oncologia (UNACON),
               Feira de Santana, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Andr&#233; Luiz Cerqueira de Almeida,</bold> Rua
               Alto do Paraguai, 280, S.I.M. CEP 44085-232, Feira de Santana, BA &#8211; Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>andrealmeida@cardiol.br</email>;
               <email>andrealmeida@uefs.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Almeida ALC, Silva VA, Souza Filho AT, Rios VG,
                  Lopes JRP, Afonseca SO, Santos J&#250;nior EG; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do
                  manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Almeida ALC, Silva VA, Souza
                  Filho AT, Rios VG, Lopes JRP, Afonseca SO, Cunha DCA, Mendes MOC, Miranda DL,
                  Santos J&#250;nior EG; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Almeida ALC, Santos J&#250;nior
                  EG; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Almeida ALC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do
                  manuscrito: Almeida ALC, Santos J&#250;nior EG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O Dr. Andr&#233; Luiz Cerqueira de Almeida foi palestrante em atividades patrocinadas
                  pela Toshiba Medical Systems; recebeu aux&#237;lio da Tochiba Medical Systems na forma
                  de fornecimento de equipamento e para participa&#231;&#227;o em congresso. E os Drs. Viviane
                  Almeida Silva, Alberto Te&#243;filo de Souza Filho, Vinicius Guedes Rios, Jo&#227;o Ricardo
                  Pinto Lopes, Samuel Oliveira de Afonseca, Daniel de Castro Ara&#250;jo Cunha, Murilo
                  Oliveira da Cunha Mendes, Danilo Leal Miranda, Edval Gomes dos Santos J&#250;nior
                  receberam aux&#237;lio da Toshiba Medical Systems na forma de fornecimento de
                  equipamento.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o grave associada ao uso da doxorrubicina
                  (DOX). O <italic>strain</italic>, avaliado por <italic>speckle tracking</italic>
                  bidimensional (2D-STE), tem se mostrado &#250;til na identifica&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o
                  ventricular subcl&#237;nica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>a) Investigar o comportamento do <italic>strain</italic> na identifica&#231;&#227;o de
                  disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular subcl&#237;nica em pacientes que usaram DOX; b) investigar
                  determinantes do comportamento do <italic>strain</italic> nestes pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal com 81 participantes: 40 pacientes que usaram DOX &#177; 2 anos
                  antes do estudo e 41 controles. Todos tinham fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo
                  esquerdo (FEVE) &#8805; 55%. A dose total de DOX foi de 396 mg (242 mg/m<sup>2</sup>). A
                  fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE foi avaliada pela FEVE (Simpson), assim como pelo
                     <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal (&#949;<sub>LL</sub>), circunferencial
                     (&#949;<sub>CC</sub>) e radial (&#949;<sub>RR</sub>). Realizamos an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o
                  linear multivariada (RLM) usando como vari&#225;veis dependentes o &#949;<sub>LL</sub>
                  (modelo 1) e o &#949;<sub>CC</sub> (modelo 2).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os valores da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foram maiores no grupo
                  controle (p &lt; 0,05). O &#949;<sub>LL</sub> foi menor no grupo DOX (-12,4 &#177; 2,6%)
                  versus controle (-13,4 &#177; 1,7%; p = 0,044). O mesmo ocorreu em rela&#231;&#227;o ao
                     &#949;<sub>CC</sub>: -12,1 &#177; 2,7% (DOX) versus -16,7 &#177; 3,6% (controles; p &lt;
                  0,001). A onda S' foi menor no grupo DOX (p = 0,035). Na RLM, a DOX foi preditora
                  independente de redu&#231;&#227;o do &#949;<sub>CC</sub> (B = -4,429, p &lt; 0,001). DOX (B =
                  -1,289, p = 0,012) e idade (B = -0,057, p = 0,029) foram marcadores independentes
                  de redu&#231;&#227;o do &#949;<sub>LL</sub>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>a) O &#949;<sub>LL</sub>, o &#949;<sub>CC</sub> e a onda S' est&#227;o reduzidos nos pacientes
                  que usaram DOX &#177;2 anos antes do estudo, apesar da FEVE ser normal, sugerindo
                  presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular subcl&#237;nica; b) a DOX foi preditora independente
                  de redu&#231;&#227;o do &#949;<sub>CC</sub>; c) o uso pr&#233;vio da DOX e a idade foram marcadores
                  independentes de redu&#231;&#227;o do &#949;<sub>LL</sub>.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda / induzido quimicamente</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Antraciclinas / efeitos adversos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As doen&#231;as mais prevalentes e as principais causas de morbimortalidade em n&#237;vel
               global s&#227;o as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e as oncol&#243;gicas. Juntas, elas est&#227;o
               associadas a mais de 70% das causas de morte no mundo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. O tratamento do c&#226;ncer tem sido feito com uma combina&#231;&#227;o de
               quimioterapia, radioterapia e cirurgia em uma tentativa, muitas vezes vitoriosa, de
               levar benef&#237;cios aos pacientes. Observou-se nos &#250;ltimos anos um n&#237;tido aumento na
               sobrevida m&#233;dia de pacientes com c&#226;ncer devido, entre outras causas, a uma maior
               efetividade das drogas antineopl&#225;sicas, em particular os antrac&#237;clicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Entretanto, esta maior efetividade ocorre &#224;
               custa de efeitos colaterais. Tanto a quimioterapia quanto a radioterapia est&#227;o
               associadas a efeitos cardiot&#243;xicos e suas complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, que se
               manifestam nas formas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, infarto do
               mioc&#225;rdio, hipertens&#227;o arterial (HAS), tromboembolismo, pericardite e arritmias
                  card&#237;acas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>A combina&#231;&#227;o de aumento da sobrevida e consequente envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o,
               associada &#224; cardiotoxicidade do tratamento antineopl&#225;sico, fez com que a
               morbi-mortalidade cardiovascular aumentasse nos indiv&#237;duos com c&#226;ncer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, a cardiotoxicidade tem sido reconhecida pela presen&#231;a de
               disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), seja sintom&#225;tica ou assintom&#225;tica. Em geral
               utiliza-se a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (FEVE), pelo ecocardiograma ou cintilografia
               mioc&#225;rdica, para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o do VE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Este
               m&#233;todo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, sendo pouco sens&#237;vel para detec&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es
               iniciais do VE. Al&#233;m disto, o fato de n&#227;o se detectar altera&#231;&#227;o na FEVE n&#227;o exclui
               uma les&#227;o card&#237;aca subcl&#237;nica, nem a possibilidade de deteriora&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca mais
                  tardiamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>O <italic>strain</italic>, avaliado pelo <italic>speckle tracking</italic>
               bidimensional (2D-STE), &#233; &#250;til na identifica&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca subcl&#237;nica em uma
               s&#233;rie de patologias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sub>,</sub><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, tendo a capacidade de identificar les&#227;o
               card&#237;aca precoce (subcl&#237;nica) no curso da quimioterapia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>Este estudo tem como objetivos: a) Investigar o comportamento do
                  <italic>strain</italic>, avaliado pelo 2D-STE, na identifica&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o
               ventricular subcl&#237;nica em pacientes que usaram doxorrubicina (DOX); b) investigar
               determinantes do comportamento do <italic>strain</italic> em sobreviventes do
               c&#226;ncer.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sujeitos da Pesquisa</title>
          <p>Foram convidados a participar deste estudo de corte transversal os pacientes que
                  finalizaram o tratamento com DOX no servi&#231;o de oncologia do nosso hospital entre
                  fevereiro de 2010 a junho de 2011, e que moravam em nossa cidade. Atrav&#233;s da
                  revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rio foram coletados os dados demogr&#225;ficos, hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica
                  pregressa, informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o uso da radioterapia como tratamento adjuvante,
                  doses do antrac&#237;clico utilizado (total e indexada pela superf&#237;cie corporal), assim
                  como as datas de in&#237;cio e fim do tratamento. Membros da equipe administrativa do
                  hospital sem hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de neoplasia foram convidados para participar da
                  pesquisa e formar o grupo controle. Nestes, foram coletados os dados demogr&#225;ficos
                  e a hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica pregressa. Todas as participantes realizaram ecocardiograma
                  transtor&#225;cico com recurso do 2D-STE e foram submetidas &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, com
                  hist&#243;ria e exame f&#237;sico detalhados, quando foram obtidos peso, altura, frequ&#234;ncia
                  card&#237;aca, circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CA), &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), e press&#227;o
                  arterial (PA) sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram a presen&#231;a de
                  insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) pelos crit&#233;rios de Framingham, hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a
                  cardiovascular pr&#233;via (excetuando-se HAS), qualquer les&#227;o valvar maior que
                  discreta, altera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til segmentar no ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico,
                  FEVE &lt; 55% e/ou quimioterapia pr&#233;via.</p>
          <p>A CA foi medida na altura do umbigo, utilizando-se fita m&#233;trica padr&#227;o. O IMC foi
                  obtido dividindo-se o peso pelo quadrado da altura (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>). A PA foi
                  aferida tr&#234;s vezes com os participantes na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada. A m&#233;dia das duas
                  &#250;ltimas medidas foi usada na an&#225;lise. Todos os participantes tinham FEVE &#8805; 55% e
                  n&#227;o apresentavam quadro cl&#237;nico de IC pelos crit&#233;rios de Framingham. Foram
                  classificados como diab&#233;ticos aqueles que tinham ao menos duas glicemias &gt; 126
                  mg/dL ou usavam hipoglicemiantes orais e/ou insulina. Hipertensos foram os
                  participantes em uso de medicamento anti-hipertensivo ou que apresentaram PA
                  sist&#243;lica &#8805; 140 mmHg e/ou PA diast&#243;lica &#8805; 90mmHg em pelo menos duas ocasi&#245;es.
                  Pacientes com dislipidemia apresentavam colesterol total &gt; 200 mg/dL e/ou LDL
                  colesterol &gt; 130 mg/dL. Fumantes foram os indiv&#237;duos que continuavam fumando ou
                  que tinham deixado o h&#225;bito h&#225; menos de 10 anos. O consumo de &#225;lcool foi
                  categorizado como ausente, eventual, di&#225;rio, ou semanal. A ra&#231;a dos participantes
                  foi classificada como branca, parda, amarela ou negra de acordo com
                  auto-classifica&#231;&#227;o. Atividade f&#237;sica foi definida pela pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios, pelo
                  menos tr&#234;s vezes na semana, com dura&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima de trinta minutos por sess&#227;o.</p>
          <p>O trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisas em Seres Humanos da
                  nossa universidade e todos os participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento
                  Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecodopplercardiografia Convencional</title>
          <p>As imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram obtidas por ecocardiografistas experientes
                  (ALCA, VAS, ATSF e VGR) e interpretadas por um &#250;nico examinador (ALCA). Os exames
                  foram realizados no aparelho Artida (Toshiba Medical Systems Corp, Tochigi,
                  Jap&#227;o). Todas as imagens foram digitalizadas e armazenadas para an&#225;lise posterior.
                  As imagens ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficas padr&#245;es foram adquiridas seguindo as
                  recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. A massa do VE foi determinada pelo espessamento diast&#243;lico
                  do septo, da parede posterior do VE e pelo di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VE, e foi
                  indexada pela &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal, gerando a vari&#225;vel &#237;ndice de massa do
                  VE (IMVE)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. A FEVE foi calculada pelo
                  m&#233;todo de Simpson modificado (biplano). As velocidades do fluxo diast&#243;lico
                  transmitral precoce (onda E) e tardio (onda A), assim como o tempo de
                  desacelera&#231;&#227;o foram aferidos com Doppler pulsado convencional. O Doppler tecidual
                  avalia a excurs&#227;o longitudinal do anel mitral na s&#237;stole e na di&#225;stole. As
                  velocidades do Doppler tecidual foram investigadas nos quatro segmentos basais do
                  VE nos cortes apicais de quatro e duas c&#226;maras, com uma angula&#231;&#227;o menor que
                     20<sup>0</sup> entre o feixe de ultrassom e o plano de movimenta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.
                  Foram medidas as velocidades sist&#243;lica de pico (onda S'), diast&#243;lica inicial (onda
                  E') e diast&#243;lica tardia (onda A'). O resultado final de cada uma destas vari&#225;veis
                  consistiu na m&#233;dia dos valores encontrados nos quatro segmentos analisados. O
                  volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) foi avaliado por planimetria bidimensional atrav&#233;s
                  da t&#233;cnica de Simpson biplanar, no quadro que precedia a abertura da valva mitral,
                  e foi indexado pela superf&#237;cie corporal gerando a vari&#225;vel &#237;ndice de volume do AE
                     (IVAE)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia Bidimensional com <italic>Speckle Tracking</italic></title>
          <p>As imagens bidimensionais foram adquiridas no eixo curto do VE, ao n&#237;vel de
                  implanta&#231;&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos papilares, e nos cortes apicais de 4 c&#226;maras e 2 c&#226;maras.
                  As mesmas foram gravadas com um transdutor setorial com frequ&#234;ncia vari&#225;vel entre
                  1,7 e 3,5 MHz, com harm&#244;nica de tecidos, e frequ&#234;ncia de repeti&#231;&#227;o de ciclos entre
                  40 e 80 ciclos/segundo, mantendo o foco &#250;nico na regi&#227;o central do VE, regulando a
                  largura do setor (mais estreito poss&#237;vel), a profundidade (o m&#237;nimo poss&#237;vel) e o
                  ganho para otimizar a qualidade de imagem do bidimensional.</p>
          <p>Os <italic>strains</italic> longitudinal (&#949;<sub>LL</sub>), circunferencial
                     (&#949;<sub>CC</sub>) e radial (&#949;<sub>RR</sub>) foram analisados com o software para
                     <italic>speckle tracking</italic> bidimensional da Toshiba (Toshiba 2D Wall
                  Motion Tracking software, Toshiba Medical Systems). O tracejamento manual da borda
                  endoc&#225;rdica no eixo curto do VE no final da s&#237;stole (feita no sentido
                  anti-hor&#225;rio) foi seguido pelo desenho autom&#225;tico da borda epic&#225;rdica (pass&#237;vel de
                  ajuste manual) e de uma linha na regi&#227;o m&#233;dia da parede do VE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Uma abordagem similar foi feita no plano apical de 4
                  c&#226;maras, come&#231;ando o tracejamento no canto lateral do anel mitral no final da
                  di&#225;stole, e no corte apical de 2 c&#226;maras (in&#237;cio do tracejamento na jun&#231;&#227;o da
                  parede inferior com o anel mitral no final da di&#225;stole). O software do 2D-STE usa
                  a soma das diferen&#231;as dos quadrados para encontrar o padr&#227;o de pontos (speckles)
                  mais semelhante ao modelo obtido no bidimensional em dois ciclos (quadros)
                     subsequentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. O strain (&#949;, %) foi
                  calculado como a mudan&#231;a no comprimento regional relativo ao seu comprimento no
                  final da di&#225;stole: &#949; = (L<sub>(t)</sub> &#8211; L<sub>0</sub>) x 100 / L<sub>0</sub>,
                  onde L<sub>(t)</sub> &#233; o comprimento no tempo t e L<sub>0</sub> &#233; o comprimento do
                  segmento no in&#237;cio do QRS. O &#949;<sub>LL</sub> global (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>), o &#949;<sub>CC</sub> global (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>) e o &#949;<sub>RR</sub> global foram representados pelo pico das
                  m&#233;dias do <italic>strain</italic>, sendo que os valores do <italic>strain</italic>
                  longitudinal e do <italic>strain</italic> circunferencial foram aqueles
                  representativos da regi&#227;o m&#233;dia do mioc&#225;rdio. Como o &#949;<sub>LL</sub> e o
                     &#949;<sub>CC</sub> refletem o encurtamento do segmento mioc&#225;rdico analisado, quanto
                  mais negativo seus valores, maior ser&#225; a deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em rela&#231;&#227;o ao
                  estado observado no final da di&#225;stole. As regi&#245;es do eixo curto do VE e dos planos
                  apicais de 4 e 2 c&#226;maras foram divididas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da
                  Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.
                  Segmentos do VE com qualidade de imagem inadequada foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise
                  devido &#224; presen&#231;a de sombras ac&#250;sticas, artefatos de imagem, reverbera&#231;&#245;es ou m&#225;
                  qualidade no rastreamento dos pontos pela avalia&#231;&#227;o manual.</p>
          <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Representa&#231;&#227;o do strain longitudinal.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0274-40209-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Representa&#231;&#227;o do strain circunferencial.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0274-40209-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reprodutibilidade</title>
          <p>Todas as medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram realizadas <italic>offline</italic> por
                  um &#250;nico examinador (ALCA) de maneira cega. A reprodutibilidade intraobservador
                  para o &#949;<sub>LL</sub> e o &#949;<sub>CC</sub> foi avaliada repetindo-se as medidas em
                  20 participantes, selecionados aleatoriamente, com um intervalo m&#237;nimo de 30 dias
                  do primeiro exame.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o e comparadas
                  pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student ou Wilcoxon signed rank, enquanto as
                  qualitativas foram expressas pela sua frequ&#234;ncia e percentual, sendo comparadas
                  pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fischer. A an&#225;lise univariada foi
                  utilizada para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o do &#949;<sub>CC</sub> e &#949;<sub>LL</sub> com as
                  vari&#225;veis de interesse. Foram criados dois modelos de regress&#227;o linear
                  multivariada (RLM, m&#233;todo <italic>stepwise</italic>). As vari&#225;veis dependentes nos
                  modelos 1 e 2 foram o &#949;<sub>LL</sub> e o &#949;<sub>CC</sub>, respectivamente. Foram
                  consideradas independentes as vari&#225;veis com p &lt; 0,20 na an&#225;lise univariada e
                  aquelas com plausibilidade biol&#243;gica para interferir no <italic>strain</italic>. A
                  variabilidade intraobservador foi aferida pelo coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o
                  intraclasse. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi p &lt; 0,05. As an&#225;lises
                  estat&#237;sticas foram processadas utilizando&#8209;se o software Statistical Package for
                  the Social Sciences, vers&#227;o 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da Amostra</title>
          <p>As principais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo est&#227;o dispostas na
                     <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra do estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Doxorrubicina (N = 40)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Controles (N = 41)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dose total de doxorrubicina</td>
                  <td align="center">396 mg (242 mg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">56&#177;9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAS (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,0</td>
                  <td align="center">9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">41</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Etnia &#8211; Negra (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">77,5</td>
                  <td align="center">82,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22,5</td>
                  <td align="center">29,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Consumo de &#225;lcool (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,5</td>
                  <td align="center">19,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">93 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">95 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,8 &#177; 5,3</td>
                  <td align="center">27,3 &#177; 3,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Superf&#237;cie corporal (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,70 &#177; 0,21</td>
                  <td align="center">1,75 &#177; 0,20</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PA sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">130 &#177; 21</td>
                  <td align="center">141 &#177; 22</td>
                  <td align="center">0,028</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PA diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">87 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,027</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PA:
                           press&#227;o arterial.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Apenas pacientes do g&#234;nero feminino aceitaram participar da pesquisa e
                  compareceram ao servi&#231;o para serem avaliadas. Cinquenta e uma mulheres que haviam
                  usado a DOX 25,5 &#177; 4,7 meses antes do estudo (mediana: 24 meses; intervalo
                  interquartil [IIQ]: 22 a 28 meses) compuseram o grupo de pacientes. Onze foram
                  exclu&#237;das da an&#225;lise: seis devido a FEVE &lt; 55%, tr&#234;s tinham realizado
                  quimioterapia previamente e duas apresentaram ecocardiograma com qualidade t&#233;cnica
                  inadequada para an&#225;lise. A m&#233;dia de idade das inclu&#237;das na pesquisa foi de 52 &#177; 11
                  anos. Uma tinha tido linfoma n&#227;o-Hodgkin e 39 tiveram neoplasia de mama. O grupo
                  controle foi composto por 42 mulheres da equipe administrativa do hospital com
                  m&#233;dia de idade de 56 &#177; 10 anos, sem hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de neoplasia. Uma foi exclu&#237;da
                  por apresentar FEVE &lt; 55%. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os dois grupos quanto ao
                  percentual de hipertensos, diab&#233;ticos, negros, tabagistas e quanto ao consumo de
                  &#225;lcool. Idade, CA, IMC e IMVE foram semelhantes (p &gt; 0,05 para todos). Os
                  n&#237;veis de PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foram maiores no grupo controle (p = 0,028 e
                  0,027, respectivamente).</p>
          <p>A m&#233;dia da dose total utilizada de DOX foi 396 &#177; 85 mg, que correspondeu a 242 &#177;
                  43 mg/m<sup>2</sup>. Nenhuma paciente utilizou o trastuzumabe. Quinze pacientes
                  (37,5%) tamb&#233;m utilizaram 5-fluorouracil e 31 (77,5%) receberam a ciclofosfamida.
                  Vinte e uma pacientes (52,5%) fizeram tratamento adjuvante com radioterapia de
                  t&#243;rax, que foi aplicada no lado direito em 13 (32,5%) pacientes e no lado esquerdo
                  em 8 (20%) pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis Ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficas Convencionais</title>
          <p>A FEVE foi normal e n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a entre os grupos: 65,3 &#177; 4,8% (pacientes)
                  versus 66,7 &#177; 4,3% (controles; p = 0,18). O mesmo ocorreu em rela&#231;&#227;o ao IMVE: 75 &#177;
                  15 g/m<sup>2</sup> (pacientes) versus 71 &#177; 16 g/m<sup>2</sup> (controles; p =
                  0,34). O di&#226;metro absoluto do AE foi maior no grupo controle (p = 0,006). No
                  entanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a quando o AE foi indexado pela superf&#237;cie corporal (p
                  = 0,11), nem quando avaliamos o IVAE (p = 0,58). A velocidade da onda S&#180; m&#233;dia no
                  Doppler tecidual foi maior no grupo controle (6,6 &#177; 0,9cm/s) quando comparada &#224;
                  dos pacientes (6,1 &#177; 1,0cm/s; p = 0,035). Isto ocorreu principalmente pela maior
                  velocidade da onda S&#180; no canto lateral do anel mitral (7,1 &#177; 1,0cm/s versus
                  6,3cm/s; p = 0,004). As velocidades das ondas E e E&#180;, o tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o do
                  fluxo mitral, assim como as rela&#231;&#245;es E/A e E/E&#180; foram semelhantes entre os grupos,
                  n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a quanto aos dados da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE. Todas as outras
                  vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas convencionais foram semelhantes entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t07">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas ecodopplercardiogr&#225;ficas convencionais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Doxorrubicina (N = 40)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Controles (N = 41)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Raiz da aorta (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">31 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">35 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AE/SC (mm/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">19,3 &#177; 2,2</td>
                  <td align="center">20,1 &#177; 2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DDVE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">47 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DSVE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">30 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Septo (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 &#177; 1</td>
                  <td align="center">8 &#177; 1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PPVE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 &#177; 1</td>
                  <td align="center">8 &#177; 1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%, Simpson)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">67 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;nd. de massa do VE (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">71 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAVI (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">21 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Onda E mitral (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">73 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Onda A mitral (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 &#177; 19</td>
                  <td align="center">73 &#177; 18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/A</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TD</td>
                  <td align="center">181 &#177; 41</td>
                  <td align="center">176 &#177; 31</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Onda E' m&#233;dia (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,9 &#177; 2,5</td>
                  <td align="center">9,5 &#177; 2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Onda S' m&#233;dia (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,1 &#177; 1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">6,6 &#177; 0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,035</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/E'</td>
                  <td align="center">8,0 &#177; 2,7</td>
                  <td align="center">8,2 &#177; 2,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; SC: superf&#237;cie corporal; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo;
                           DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do VE; PPVE:
                           parede posterior do VE; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE; IVAE: &#237;ndice de
                           volume do &#225;trio esquerdo; TD: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>&#949;<sub>LL</sub>, &#949;<sub>CC</sub> e &#949;<sub>RR</sub> Obtidos por <italic>Speckle
                     Tracking</italic> Bidimensional</title>
          <p>Apesar da FEVE ser normal e n&#227;o apresentar diferen&#231;a entre os grupos, o
                     &#949;<sub>LL</sub> nos pacientes foi de -12,4 &#177; 2,6%, o que representou um valor
                  7,5% menor que os valores correspondentes para os controles (-13,4 &#177; 1,7%; p =
                  0,04; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 3</xref>). O &#949;<sub>CC</sub> foi de
                  -12,1 &#177; 2,7% nos pacientes, representando uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 27,5% em rela&#231;&#227;o aos
                  controles (-16,7 &#177; 3,6%; p &lt; 0,001). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos em
                  rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#949;<sub>RR</sub> (p = 0,89).</p>
          <p>N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre a dose de DOX e o <italic>strain</italic> (p para DOX
                  versus &#949;<sub>LL</sub> = 0,89; p para DOX versus &#949;<sub>CC</sub> = 0,95).</p>
          <p>O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse intraobservador foi de 0,89 (p &lt; 0,01)
                  para o &#949;<sub>LL</sub> e 0,83 (p = 0,01) para o &#949;<sub>CC</sub>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t08">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valores do strain da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;vel</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Doxorrubicina (N = 40)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Controles (N = 41)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#949;<sub>LL</sub> (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-12,4 &#177; 2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">-13,4 &#177; 1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#949;<sub>CC</sub> (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-12,1 &#177; 2,7</td>
                  <td align="center">-16,7 &#177; 3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#949;<sub>RR</sub> (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30,9 &#177; 10,4</td>
                  <td align="center">31,2 &#177; 10,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>&#949;<sub>LL</sub>: strain longitudinal; &#949;<sub>CC</sub>: strain
                           circumferential; &#949;<sub>RR</sub>: strain radial.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Determinantes do <italic>Strain</italic> Longitudinal</title>
          <p>No modelo 1 da an&#225;lise de RLM, o uso pr&#233;vio da DOX (B = -1,289; 95% intervalo de
                  confian&#231;a [IC]: -2,282 a -0,296; p = 0,012) e a idade em anos (B = -0,057; 95% IC:
                  -0,108 a -0,006; p = 0,029) foram os &#250;nicos preditores independentes do
                  comportamento do &#949;<sub>LL</sub> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela
                  4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t09">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Determinantes do strain longitudinal</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th colspan="6" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;vel Dependente: &#949;<sub>LL</sub></bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis Independentes</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>An&#225;lise Univariada</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>An&#225;lise Multivariada (p = 0,011)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>B Coef (%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>B Coef (%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doxorrubicina (sim)</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">(-2,006;-0,038)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,042</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,289</td>
                  <td align="center">(-2,282;-0,296)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,052</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0,102;0,002)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,044</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,057</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0,108;-0,006)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,029</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;nd. de massa VE (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,008</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0,041;0,025)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,616</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0,867</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes (sim)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,561</td>
                  <td align="center">(-2,232;1,110)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,506</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade (sim)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,775</td>
                  <td align="center">(-1,945;0,395)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,191</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0,246</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PA sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0,019;0,028)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,716</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0,842</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Radioterapia pr&#233;via (sim)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,401</td>
                  <td align="center">(-1,560;0,758)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,493</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0,953</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#193;lcool (sim)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,424</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0,662;1,512)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,440</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fumo (sim)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,350</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0,599;1,298)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,465</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Etnia (negra)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,583</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0,827;1,994)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,412</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atividade f&#237;sica (sim)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,230</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0,914;1,373)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,690</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Circ. abdominal (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,021</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0,064;0,022)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,340</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,051</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0,159;0,057)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,347</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAS (sim)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,501</td>
                  <td align="center">(-1,552;0,550)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,345</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>&#205;nd.: &#237;ndice; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PA: press&#227;o arterial; Circ.:
                           circunfer&#234;ncia; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial
                           sist&#234;mica; Coef.: coeficiente; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Determinantes do <italic>Strain</italic> Circunferencial</title>
          <p>No modelo 2 de RLM, o uso pr&#233;vio da DOX foi o &#250;nico preditor independente da
                  redu&#231;&#227;o do &#949;<sub>CC</sub> ap&#243;s ajustes para o IMVE, presen&#231;a de dislipidemia,
                  idade, radioterapia pr&#233;via e PA sist&#243;lica (B = -4,429; 95% IC: -5,907 a -2,952; p
                  &lt; 0,001; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Determinants of circumferential strain</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th colspan="6" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;vel Dependente: &#949;<sub>CC</sub></bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis Independentes</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>An&#225;lise Univariada</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="3" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                    <bold>An&#225;lise Multivariada (p = 0,011)</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>B Coef (%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>B Coef (%)</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>IC 95%</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Valor de p</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doxorrubicina (sim)</td>
                  <td align="center">-4,539</td>
                  <td align="center">(-6,010;-3,067)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">-4,429</td>
                  <td align="center">(-5,907;-2,952)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia (sim)</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,077</td>
                  <td align="center">(-2,921;0,767)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,248</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0,065</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;nd. de massa VE (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0,047;0,071)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,688</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0,206</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Radioterapia pr&#233;via (sim)</td>
                  <td align="center">-3,237</td>
                  <td align="center">(-5,119;-1,354)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0,851</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0,05;0,14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,349</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0,928</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,056</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0,265;0,152)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,591</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,124</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PA sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,026</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0,017;0,069)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,235</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">0,651</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes (sim)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,703</td>
                  <td align="center">(-2,247;3,653)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,636</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fumo (sim)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,157</td>
                  <td align="center">(-1,510;1,823)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,852</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#193;lcool (sim)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,168</td>
                  <td align="center">(-2,126;1,790)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,865</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atividade f&#237;sica (sim)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,464</td>
                  <td align="center">(-1,558;2,485)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,649</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Circ. abdominal (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,011</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0,095;0,072)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,787</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Etnia (negra)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,958</td>
                  <td align="center">(-1,412;3,327)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,422</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAS (sim)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0412</td>
                  <td align="center">(-1,46;2,248)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,662</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>&#205;nd.: &#237;ndice; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PA: press&#227;o arterial; Circ.:
                           circunfer&#234;ncia; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial
                           sist&#234;mica; Coef.: coeficiente; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados deste estudo mostram que o &#949;<sub>LL</sub> e o &#949;<sub>CC</sub>, avaliados
               por 2D-STE, est&#227;o reduzidos nos pacientes que usaram DOX 2 anos antes quando
               comparados com controles sadios. Isto ocorreu apesar da FEVE ser normal e n&#227;o
               apresentar diferen&#231;a entre os grupos, sugerindo presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular
               subcl&#237;nica em um grupo considerado de alto risco para eventos cardiovasculares.
               Nossos resultados mostraram ainda que o uso pr&#233;vio da DOX foi preditor independente
               de redu&#231;&#227;o do &#949;<sub>CC</sub> em sobreviventes do c&#226;ncer, assim como o uso pr&#233;vio da
               DOX e a idade foram marcadores independentes da redu&#231;&#227;o do &#949;<sub>LL</sub> nesta
               popula&#231;&#227;o. A onda S', outra vari&#225;vel ecocardiogr&#225;fica capaz de identificar mudan&#231;as
               pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicas da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE, tamb&#233;m se mostrou reduzida nos pacientes que
               usaram o antrac&#237;clico.</p>
        <p>Com a tend&#234;ncia de envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial, os fatores de risco para
               doen&#231;a cardiovascular estar&#227;o mais prevalentes. Com isto, espera-se que haja um
               aumento na ocorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas. Da mesma forma, h&#225; um aumento na
               incid&#234;ncia de c&#226;ncer nas popula&#231;&#245;es mais idosas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. A efetividade do tratamento antineopl&#225;sico tem reduzido
               consideravelmente a mortalidade devido ao c&#226;ncer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Estas mesmas drogas, entretanto, t&#234;m aumentado a morbi-mortalidade
               devido a causas cardiovasculares. Pacientes tratados com DOX e que desenvolvem sinais
               de IC t&#234;m uma taxa de mortalidade em dois anos de 60%, um risco 3,5 vezes maior do
               que aqueles com miocardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica dos pacientes em uso de
               quimioter&#225;picos costuma ser feita com base nos achados cl&#237;nicos e na FEVE. Estes
               dados, entretanto, s&#243; est&#227;o alterados em estados avan&#231;ados de doen&#231;a cardiovascular
               estrutural, usualmente quando j&#225; h&#225; apoptose dos mi&#243;citos e, portanto, pequena
               probabilidade de revers&#227;o do quadro cl&#237;nico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de
               les&#227;o card&#237;aca em est&#225;gios iniciais tem se mostrado ben&#233;fica nos pacientes em
               tratamento do c&#226;ncer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, e sendo a redu&#231;&#227;o do
                  &#949;<sub>LL</sub> um preditor independente de redu&#231;&#227;o tardia da FEVE em pacientes que
               usaram antrac&#237;clicos, justifica-se o in&#237;cio precoce de terapia medicamentosa com
               efeito cardioprotetor nestes pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>Sawaya e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> mostraram que, diferente do
                  <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal, a FEVE e dados da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE
               n&#227;o predizem cardiotoxicidade, sendo a FEVE pouco sens&#237;vel para detec&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es
               iniciais do VE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Ou seja, quando a disfun&#231;&#227;o
               &#233; detectada, a les&#227;o card&#237;aca j&#225; ocorreu h&#225; algum tempo, n&#227;o permitindo lan&#231;ar m&#227;o de
               estrat&#233;gias preventivas. Al&#233;m disto, o fato de n&#227;o se detectar altera&#231;&#227;o na FEVE n&#227;o
               exclui uma les&#227;o card&#237;aca subcl&#237;nica, nem a possibilidade de deteriora&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca
               mais tardiamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Nossos resultados mostraram que marcadores
               mais sens&#237;veis relacionados &#224; les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica subcl&#237;nica, como o &#949;<sub>LL</sub>, o
                  &#949;<sub>CC</sub> e a onda S', est&#227;o reduzidos nos pacientes que usaram o
               antrac&#237;clico, apesar da FEVE ser normal e n&#227;o apresentar diferen&#231;a entre os grupos.
               Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos por outros autores, sinalizando que o uso destas
               novas tecnologias pode ser &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o de cardiotoxicidade nos pacientes em
               tratamento quimioter&#225;pico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>.</p>
        <p>As diferen&#231;as observadas no valor absoluto do <italic>strain</italic> costumam ser
               pequenas quando lidamos com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular subcl&#237;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Em nosso
               estudo, a diferen&#231;a relativa observada no &#949;<sup>LL</sup> foi de 7,5% e no
                  &#949;<sup>CC</sup> de 27,5%, semelhante aos resultados obtidos em outros estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
        <p>Apesar da an&#225;lise qualitativa (DOX: sim versus n&#227;o) ter influenciado nos resultados
               do &#949;<sub>CC</sub> e do &#949;<sub>LL</sub>, a varia&#231;&#227;o na dose da DOX utilizada em nosso
               estudo foi muito baixa (mediana = 240 mg/m<sup>2</sup>; IIQ: 231-286
               mg/m<sup>2</sup>), justificando a aus&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o observada entre a dose da
               DOX e o <italic>strain</italic>.</p>
        <p>As participantes do grupo controle deste estudo n&#227;o podem ser consideradas normais.
               Apesar delas terem sido inclu&#237;das como controles, nenhuma delas realizou um teste
               provocativo de isquemia, portanto, n&#227;o tiveram exclu&#237;das potenciais cardiopatias
               incipientes. Associado a isto, as preval&#234;ncias de dislipidemia, diabetes, HAS,
               tabagismo e consumo de &#225;lcool em ambos os grupos aproximam nossa amostra do &#8220;mundo
               real&#8221;, o que na nossa vis&#227;o valoriza ainda mais os resultados do estudo. Em um artigo
               do estudo MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, as caracter&#237;sticas do grupo controle eram muito semelhantes &#224;s do nosso
               grupo controle e o software utilizado para a an&#225;lise do <italic>strain</italic> foi o
               mesmo utilizado em nosso estudo. Neste artigo, o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal
               entre os controles foi de -13,9 &#177; 2,3%, valor muito semelhante ao encontrado em nosso
               estudo (-13,4 &#177; 1,7%), sendo poss&#237;vel que estes valores estejam um pouco abaixo dos
               valores encontrados em indiv&#237;duos verdadeiramente normais.</p>
        <p>O algoritmo utilizado pelo equipamento da Toshiba permite a aferi&#231;&#227;o do
                  <italic>strain</italic> circunferencial e longitudinal nas regi&#245;es endoc&#225;rdica,
               mioc&#225;rdica m&#233;dia e epic&#225;rdica. Na aus&#234;ncia de isquemia, o <italic>strain</italic> &#233;
               maior no endoc&#225;rdio do que na regi&#227;o epic&#225;rdica, assumindo valores intermedi&#225;rios na
               regi&#227;o m&#233;dia do mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Dados
               experimentais, validados pela sonomicrometria, mostram que enquanto o
                  <italic>strain</italic> circunferencial na regi&#227;o m&#233;dia do mioc&#225;rdio foi de
               -13,3&#177;4,7%, os resultados no endoc&#225;rdio e no epic&#225;rdio foram, de -25,2&#177;8,7% e
               -9,4&#177;9,3%, respectivamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Em nosso estudo,
               os valores dos <italic>strains</italic> longitudinal e circunferencial foram aqueles
               representativos da regi&#227;o m&#233;dia do mioc&#225;rdio, conforme descrito na metodologia.</p>
        <p>Segundo Feigenbaum e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, uma das
               limita&#231;&#245;es para a difus&#227;o do m&#233;todo de an&#225;lise do <italic>strain</italic> pela
               t&#233;cnica do <italic>speckle tracking</italic> &#233; o fato dos v&#225;rios fabricantes ainda
               n&#227;o terem apresentado resultados intercambi&#225;veis entre os diferentes aplicativos de
               software para an&#225;lise do <italic>strain</italic>. Ou seja, os resultados obtidos com
               o software da Toshiba, utilizado em nosso trabalho, provavelmente n&#227;o seriam os
               mesmos obtidos por outro fabricante.</p>
        <p>Os participantes do grupo controle apresentavam n&#237;veis de PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica
               mais elevados na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica inicial, apesar de n&#227;o haver diferen&#231;a entre os
               grupos no percentual de participantes considerados hipertensos. Este achado parece
               contradit&#243;rio, mas provavelmente ocorreu devido &#224; maior ader&#234;ncia &#224; terapia
               anti-hipertensiva entre os pacientes que estavam fazendo acompanhamento m&#233;dico
               p&#243;s-quimioterapia. A eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos tende a influenciar os valores
               do &#949;<sub>LL</sub> e do &#949;<sub>CC</sub>. Marwick e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> mostraram que quanto mais elevada a PA diast&#243;lica, maior ser&#225; o
               comprometimento do <italic>strain</italic>. Nossos resultados mostraram que os
               pacientes submetidos &#224; quimioterapia apresentaram valores de &#949;<sub>LL</sub> e
                  &#949;<sub>CC</sub> mais reduzidos, apesar de apresentarem n&#237;veis mais baixos de PA
               sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica quando comparados com os controles saud&#225;veis. Embora
               contradit&#243;rio em rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados do estudo de Marwick e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, este dado pode estar refor&#231;ando a import&#226;ncia
               do uso pr&#233;vio da DOX como preditora independente da redu&#231;&#227;o do &#949;<sub>LL</sub> e do
                  &#949;<sub>CC</sub> em nossos pacientes.</p>
        <p>Apesar do valor absoluto do AE ter se mostrado maior nos controles, n&#227;o houve
               diferen&#231;a quando o mesmo foi indexado pela superf&#237;cie corporal. Da mesma forma, n&#227;o
               houve diferen&#231;a nos valores do IVAE, que &#233; um &#237;ndice mais robusto para representar as
               dimens&#245;es do AE e apresenta uma maior correla&#231;&#227;o com doen&#231;a cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
        <p>coronariana (DAC) e, principalmente, pericardiopatia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Derrame
               peric&#225;rdico tem sido relatado em fases mais precoces p&#243;s-radia&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto a
               pericardite constrictiva, DAC, valvopatias e miocardiopatias costumam aparecer ap&#243;s
               um per&#237;odo mais longo de acompanhamento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>,
               sendo a incid&#234;ncia maior quando a radia&#231;&#227;o &#233; direcionada para o lado esquerdo do
                  t&#243;rax<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Em nossa amostra, 52,5% das
               pacientes receberam radioterapia adjuvante. No entanto, apenas 20% receberam este
               tratamento no lado esquerdo do t&#243;rax. Al&#233;m disto, o tempo m&#233;dio p&#243;s-quimioterapia foi
               de apenas 2 anos, o que o pode justificar a aus&#234;ncia de sinais de pericardiopatia na
               nossa amostra..</p>
        <p>A ciclofosfamida e o 5-fluorouracil foram utilizados por 77,5% e 37,5% das nossas
               pacientes, respectivamente. Ambos tamb&#233;m est&#227;o associados &#224; cardiotoxicidade, por&#233;m
               com uma frequ&#234;ncia bem menor do que aquela associada ao uso de antrac&#237;clicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal e como tal n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel estabelecer
                  uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal precisa entre o uso de antrac&#237;clicos e os achados de redu&#231;&#227;o do
                     &#949;<sub>LL</sub> e &#949;<sub>CC</sub>. Entretanto, a redu&#231;&#227;o nos valores do
                     &#949;<sub>LL</sub> e &#949;<sub>CC</sub> nos pacientes que usaram a DOX foi observada
                  mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de IC pelos crit&#233;rios de Framingham, hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a
                  cardiovascular pr&#233;via, qualquer les&#227;o valvar maior que discreta, altera&#231;&#227;o da
                  fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til segmentar no ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico e FEVE &lt;55%. Al&#233;m
                  disto, os participantes foram examinados em condi&#231;&#245;es est&#225;veis para evitar as
                  mudan&#231;as secund&#225;rias aos efeitos da instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica. Entretanto,
                  estudos prospectivos maiores ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar os poss&#237;veis efeitos
                  de vari&#225;veis confundidoras. Mesmo sem hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de angina e infarto agudo do
                  mioc&#225;rdio, n&#227;o fizemos teste provocativo de isquemia nos participantes. A amostra
                  foi composta apenas por mulheres, portanto estes resultados n&#227;o podem ser
                  extrapolados para pacientes do g&#234;nero masculino. A an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis
                  ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foi feita por apenas um examinador.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>O &#949;<sub>LL</sub>, o &#949;<sub>CC</sub> a onda S' est&#227;o reduzidos nos pacientes que usaram
               DOX &#177;2 anos antes do estudo, apesar da FEVE ser normal, sugerindo presen&#231;a de
               disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular subcl&#237;nica em um grupo considerado de alto risco para eventos
               cardiovasculares. O uso pr&#233;vio de DOX foi preditor independente de redu&#231;&#227;o do
                  &#949;<sub>CC</sub> em sobreviventes do c&#226;ncer. O uso pr&#233;vio de DOX e a idade foram
               marcadores independentes de redu&#231;&#227;o do &#949;<sub>LL</sub>.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Toshiba Medical Systems.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
