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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZJT8ZPGxRv7pRychpTKVPqr</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000400001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140203</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Infant Mortality in Novo Hamburgo: Associated Factors and Cardiovascular
               Causes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brum</surname>
            <given-names>Camila de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Airton Tetelbom</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de
               Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de
               Cardiologia (IC/FUC); Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto
               Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto
               Alegre (UFCSPA); Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Grupo Hospitalar Concei&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo Hospitalar Concei&#231;&#227;o (GHC); Porto Alegre, RS
               - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Grupo Hospitalar Concei&#231;&#227;o</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Luterana do Brasil</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA); Porto
               Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Luterana do Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Lucia Campos Pellanda</bold>, Av. Princesa
               Isabel, 370, Santana. Postal Code 90.620-000, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>luciapell.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research:Pellanda LC, Stein AT. Acquisition of data:
                  Brum CA. Analysis and interpretation of the data:Brum CA, Pellanda LC, Stein AT.
                  Statistical analysis: Brum CA, Pellanda LC, Stein AT. Writing of the manuscript:
                  Brum CA, Pellanda LC, Stein AT. Critical revision of the manuscript for
                  intellectual content: Brum CA, Pellanda LC, Stein AT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>04</issue>
      <fpage>257</fpage>
      <lpage>265</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Infant mortality has decreased in Brazil, but remains high as compared to that of
                  other developing countries. In 2010, the Rio Grande do Sul state had the lowest
                  infant mortality rate in Brazil. However, the municipality of Novo Hamburgo had
                  the highest infant mortality rate in the Porto Alegre metropolitan region.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To describe the causes of infant mortality in the municipality of Novo Hamburgo
                  from 2007 to 2010, identifying which causes were related to heart diseases and if
                  they were diagnosed in the prenatal period, and to assess the access to healthcare
                  services.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This study assessed infants of the municipality of Novo Hamburgo, who died, and
                  whose data were collected from the infant death investigation records.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Of the 157 deaths in that period, 35.3% were reducible through diagnosis and early
                  treatment, 25% were reducible through partnership with other sectors, 19.2% were
                  non-preventable, 11.5% were reducible by means of appropriate pregnancy
                  monitoring, 5.1% were reducible through appropriate delivery care, and 3.8% were
                  ill defined. The major cause of death related to heart disease (13.4%), which was
                  significantly associated with the variables &#8216;age at death&#8217;, &#8216;gestational age&#8217; and
                  &#8216;birth weight&#8217;. Regarding access to healthcare services, 60.9% of the pregnant
                  women had a maximum of six prenatal visits.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>It is mandatory to enhance prenatal care and newborn care at hospitals and basic
                  healthcare units to prevent infant mortality.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Infant Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Perinatal Mortality / epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Fetal Death / epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Diseases / epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Midwifery</kwd>
        <kwd>Maternal and Child Health</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="27"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Infant mortality in Brazil has decreased over the past few decades, but remains high as
            compared to that of other developing countries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.
            In 2010, that rate was 19.88/1000 live births. In that same year, the Rio Grande do Sul
            state had the lowest infant mortality rate in Brazil (11.2 deaths/1000 live births)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, while the municipality of Novo Hamburgo, in the
            Porto Alegre metropolitan region, had the highest infant mortality rate in that region
            (14.2 deaths/1000 live births)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure
            1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of infant mortality in the Porto Alegre metropolitan region in
                  2010. Source: Health Secretariat of Rio Grande do Sul State.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0257-40203-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The major causes of neonatal mortality in Brazil are intrauterine and intrapartum
            asphyxia and low birth weight/prematurity. Conversely, in developed countries, those
            causes are extreme prematurity and congenital malformation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Similar to early neonatal mortality, high late neonatal mortality
            relates to poor maternal health conditions and unsatisfactory prenatal, delivery and
            newborn care<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Because of the reduction in preventable causes, which result from social determinants,
            there is an increasing need to study congenital malformations, of which, heart diseases
            have the greatest impact.</p>
      <p>This study was aimed at: describing the causes of infant mortality in the municipality
            of Novo Hamburgo, Rio Garnde do Sul state, from 2007 to 2010; identifying the causes of
            death related to heart diseases and if they were diagnosed in the prenatal period; and
            assessing the access to healthcare services of the cases of infant death in the
            municipality of Novo Hamburgo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a population-based case study (deaths). From 2010 to 2011, data of the
            municipality of Novo Hamburgo were collected from the 2007-2010 infant death
            investigation records and from the Infant Mortality System by the same highly skilled
            researcher. This study sample comprised 157 infant deaths.</p>
      <p>This study included data of infants in the municipality of Novo Hamburgo, who died.
            Variables not found in the infant death investigation records were excluded.</p>
      <p>The number of live births was obtained from the Live Birth Information System of the
            Health Secretariat of Rio Grande do Sul State (Sinasc). Birth and death dates and causes
            of death were collected from death certificates by the researcher responsible for the
            infant death investigation, as were the variables 'gestational age', 'birth weight' and
            'number of prenatal visits', obtained from the hospital medical records of the newborn
            or from the maternal medical records.</p>
      <p>The infant death investigation records are completed by a health professional (nurse or
            doctor), who investigates death based on the infant's medical records, the maternal
            medical records and interviews with family members during home visits.</p>
      <p>The causes of death were classified according to the Classification of the S&#227;o Paulo
            State Data Analysis System (Seade) Foundation, which is used by the Brazilian Ministry
            of Health to classify the causes de death aiming at prevention. Heart diseases are
            classified as preventable causes, which can be reduced through early management
            interventions.</p>
      <p>For categorical variables, descriptive analysis (percentage) was used, and, for
            continuous variables, mean and standard deviation. The chi-square test and analysis of
            residues were used. The 5% significance level was adopted. The SPSS software, version
            19, was used for data analysis.</p>
      <p>This study used secondary data, was approved by the Committee on Ethics and Research of
            the Institute of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul, and no written informed consent was
            required.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of the 157 deaths in the 2007-2010 period, 44.6% occurred in the early neonatal period,
            22.3% in the late neonatal period, and 33.1% in the postneonatal period. According to
            the Seade Foundation Classification, the major causes of infant death in Novo Hamburgo
            (35.3%) could be reduced through actions of diagnosis, prevention and early treatment;
            25% were reducible by use of partnership with other sectors; and 19.2% were
            non-preventable (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). Regarding birth sites,
            77.4% of the births occurred at hospitals of the Novo Hamburgo municipality, and 21.3%
            at hospitals of other municipalities. Regarding the infants who died, 57.2% were males
            and 64.1% had a birth weight lower than 2,500 g.</p>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Causes of infant mortality in the municipality of Novo Hamburgo in 2007-2010
                  according to the Seade Foundation.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0257-40203-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Regarding maternal characteristics, most women whose infants died were younger than 35
            years (84.6%), and 39.7% of them had a gestational age higher than 36 weeks. Considering
            access to healthcare services, 39.2% of the pregnant women had at least six prenatal
            visits (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of the sample</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>n = 157</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Classification of age at death - n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Early neonatal</td>
              <td align="center">70 (44.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Late neonatal</td>
              <td align="center">35 (22.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Postneonatal</td>
              <td align="center">52 (33.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Infant sex - n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male</td>
              <td align="center">90 (57.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Female</td>
              <td align="center">67 (42.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Birth site<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref> - n
                           (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hospital of the NH municipality</td>
              <td align="center">120 (77.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hospital of another municipality</td>
              <td align="center">33 (21.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Other (outside hospital)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (1.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Gestation<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">**</xref> - n
                           (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Single</td>
              <td align="center">135 (87.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Double</td>
              <td align="center">19 (12.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Delivery<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">**</xref> - n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Vaginal</td>
              <td align="center">81 (52.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Cesarean</td>
              <td align="center">73 (47.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Maternal age<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">***</xref> - n
                           (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&lt; 35 years</td>
              <td align="center">132 (84.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8805; 35 years</td>
              <td align="center">24 (15.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Income<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">#</xref> - n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>None/up to 1 minimum wage</td>
              <td align="center">17 (18.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>1-3 minimum wages</td>
              <td align="center">53 (58.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&gt; 3 minimum wages</td>
              <td align="center">20 (22.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Maternal schooling<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">##</xref> - n
                           (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Illiterate/1-3 years</td>
              <td align="center">15 (10.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>4-8 years</td>
              <td align="center">86 (58.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&gt; 8 years</td>
              <td align="center">47 (31.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Gestational age<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">***</xref>
                           (weeks) - n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>22-27</td>
              <td align="center">39 (25.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>28-31</td>
              <td align="center">27 (17.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>32-36</td>
              <td align="center">28 (17.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&gt; 36</td>
              <td align="center">62 (39.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Birth weight<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">***</xref> (grams) -
                           n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&lt; 1,000 - extreme low weight</td>
              <td align="center">53 (34.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>1,000-1,499 - very low weight</td>
              <td align="center">17 (10.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>1,500-2,499 &#8212; low weight</td>
              <td align="center">30 (19.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8805; 2,500 - eutrophic</td>
              <td align="center">56 (35.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Number of prenatal visits - n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (6.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>None</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>1-3</td>
              <td align="center">19 (13.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>4-6</td>
              <td align="center">59 (41.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&gt; 6</td>
              <td align="center">56 (39.2)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>NH: Novo Hamburgo.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Two infants (1.3%) without birth site registration;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>Three infants (1.9%) lacked that information;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <label>***</label>
            <p>One mother (0.6%) lacked that information;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <label>#</label>
            <p>67 registries (42.7%) lacked that information.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN05">
            <label>##</label>
            <p>Nine registries (5.7%) lacked that information.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Heart diseases were the major cause of infant death (13.4%), followed by respiratory
            distress syndrome of the newborn (8.9%) and unspecified bacterial septicemia of the
            newborn (8.3%). The causes of mortality related to heart diseases in death certificates
            were: unspecified cardiac malformations (7.6%); malformations related to Edwards
            syndrome (1.3%); unspecified malformation of the chambers and septal defects (0.6%);
            unspecified malformation of the great vein (0.6%); coarctation of the aorta (0.6%);
            congenital mitral stenosis (0.6%); common arterial trunk (0.6%); pulmonary valve atresia
            (0.6%); and hypoplastic left heart syndrome (0.6%). Most of the deaths related to heart
            diseases occurred in the postneonatal period (61.9%).</p>
      <p>There was a statistically significant association between heart disease and the
            variables 'age at death', 'gestational age' and 'birth weight'. A statistically
            significant association was observed between the cause of death and the following
            variables studied: 'age at death' (p = 0.043), with 23.1% of the postneonatal deaths
            related to cardiovascular causes; and 'gestational age' (p = 0.013), 24.2% of those born
            after the 36th gestational week had a cardiovascular cause of death. Regarding the
            variable 'birth weight' (p = 0.015), 96.2% of the extremely low birth weight infants
            (&lt;1,000 g) showed an association with death due to other causes, and 26.7% of those
            with birth weight between 1,500 and 2,499 g showed an association with death due to
            heart diseases (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Association between cause of death and the variables studied</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2">
                <bold>Variables</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>n</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Death due to CV causes</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Death due to NCV causes</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref>
                        </bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>n (%)</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>n (%)</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Classification of death</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.043</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Early neonatal</td>
              <td align="center">70</td>
              <td align="center">6(8.6)</td>
              <td align="center">64 (91.4)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Late neonatal</td>
              <td align="center">35</td>
              <td align="center">3(8.6)</td>
              <td align="center">32 (91.4)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Postneonatal</td>
              <td align="center">52</td>
              <td align="center">12 (23.1)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">**</xref></td>
              <td align="center">40 (76.9)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Infant sex</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.827</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male</td>
              <td align="center">90</td>
              <td align="center">13 (14.4)</td>
              <td align="center">77 (85.6)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Female</td>
              <td align="center">67</td>
              <td align="center">8(11.9)</td>
              <td align="center">59 (88.1)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Birth site</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.597</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hospital of the NH municipality</td>
              <td align="center">120</td>
              <td align="center">15 (12.5)</td>
              <td align="center">105 (87.5)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hospital of another municipality</td>
              <td align="center">33</td>
              <td align="center">6 (18.2)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (81.8)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Other (outside hospital)</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (100)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Gestation</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.470</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Single</td>
              <td align="center">135</td>
              <td align="center">19 (14.1)</td>
              <td align="center">116 (85.9)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Double</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">1 (5.3)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (94.7)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Delivery</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.625</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Vaginal</td>
              <td align="center">81</td>
              <td align="center">9(11.1)</td>
              <td align="center">72 (88.9)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Cesarean</td>
              <td align="center">73</td>
              <td align="center">11 (15.1)</td>
              <td align="center">62 (84.9)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Maternal age</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.744</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&lt; 35 years</td>
              <td align="center">132</td>
              <td align="center">17 (12.9)</td>
              <td align="center">115 (87.1)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8805; 35 years</td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">4 (16.7)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (83.3)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Income</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.235</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>None/up to 1 minimum wage</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">1 (5.9)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (94.1)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>1-3 minimum wages</td>
              <td align="center">53</td>
              <td align="center">4(7.5)</td>
              <td align="center">49 (92.5)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&gt; 3 minimum wages</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">4 (20.0)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (80.0)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Maternal schooling</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.738</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Illiterate/1-3 years</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">1 (6.7)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (93.3)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>4-8 years</td>
              <td align="center">86</td>
              <td align="center">12 (14.0)</td>
              <td align="center">74 (86.0)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&gt; 8 years</td>
              <td align="center">47</td>
              <td align="center">6 (12.8)</td>
              <td align="center">41 (87.2)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Gestational age (weeks)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.013</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>22-27</td>
              <td align="center">39</td>
              <td align="center">2(5.1)</td>
              <td align="center">37 (94.9)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>28-31</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">1 (3.7)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (96.3)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>32-36</td>
              <td align="center">28</td>
              <td align="center">3 (10.7)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (89.3)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&gt; 36</td>
              <td align="center">62</td>
              <td align="center">15 (24.2)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">**</xref></td>
              <td align="center">47 (75.8)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Birth weight</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.015</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&lt; 1,000 - extreme low-weight</td>
              <td align="center">53</td>
              <td align="center">2 (3.8)</td>
              <td align="center">51 (96.2)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">**</xref></td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>1,000-1,499 - very low weight</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">1 (5.9)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (94.1)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>1,500-2,499 - low weight</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">8 (26.7)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">**</xref></td>
              <td align="center">22 (73.3)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#8805; 2,500 - eutrophic</td>
              <td align="center">56</td>
              <td align="center">10 (17.9)</td>
              <td align="center">46 (82.1)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Number of prenatal visits</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.235</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>None</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">0(0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (100)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>1-3</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">1 (5.3)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (94.7)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>4-6</td>
              <td align="center">59</td>
              <td align="center">6 (10.2)</td>
              <td align="center">53 (89.8)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&gt; 6</td>
              <td align="center">56</td>
              <td align="center">10 (17.9)</td>
              <td align="center">46 (82.1)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>CV: cardiovascular; NCV: non-cardiovascular; NH: Novo Hamburgo.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN06">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Chi-square test.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN07">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>Statistically significant association according to the analysis of residues
                     adjusted to 5% significance.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>No heart disease was diagnosed prior to delivery, and no pregnant woman underwent
            echocardiography.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Reducing infant mortality is a major challenge in Brazil for health managers and
            professionals and the whole society<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Although
            the number of deaths significantly decreased in the past decade, because of the
            reduction in postneonatal mortality in Brazil, most deaths occurred in the poorest
            regions, reflecting social inequities. That situation is even worse considering that
            most of those early deaths could have been prevented with timely access to quality
            healthcare services<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>According to <italic>The Lancet - University of Oslo Commission on Global Governance for
               Health</italic>, the objective of the policy for equity and health is not to
            eliminate all health differences so that everybody has the same health level and
            quality, but to reduce or eliminate those differences resulting from preventable and
            unfair factors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>In the early neonatal period, the most common risk factors are prematurity, intrapartum
            asphyxia, neonatal infections and low birth weight<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. The World Health Organization estimates that, in developed countries,
            approximately two thirds of low-birth-weight newborns are premature, while one third is
            small for gestational age<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. That relationship is
            inverse in poor countries, where approximately 75% of low-birth-weight newborns are
            small for gestational age, and low birth weight is almost always strongly associated
            with conditions of poverty and maternal chronic poor nutrition and insufficient food
               consumption<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>This is the first study to assess the causes of infant death in a developed municipality
            of Rio Grande do Sul state, Novo Hamburgo, whose <italic>per capita</italic> Gross
            Domestic Product (GDP) in 2011 was R$ 23,009.67, and whose Human Development Index (HDI)
            in 2010 was 0.747<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. In the years 2007 to 2010,
            157 infants died, the infant mortality rate being 13.1 deaths/1000 live births. The
            present study found that the major cause of infant mortality was heart disease (13.4%),
            and almost half of the pregnant women had at least six prenatal visits.</p>
      <p>The infant mortality rate in the municipality of Novo Hamburgo was 14.2/1000 live births
            in 2010, which is higher than the mean rate for the Rio Grande do Sul state, whose rates
            have decreased (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>) due to the
            implementation of public health policies in the most needy municipalities<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. In 2010, that state registered 11.2 deaths/1000
            live births and a mean of 12 deaths/1000 live births in the period studied. The infant
            mortality in the municipality of Novo Hamburgo is low as compared to that of the
            municipalities of the Brazilian Northern and Northeastern regions, but, as compared to
            other similar municipalities of the Porto Alegre metropolitan region, it is high,
            indicating insufficiently organized primary healthcare and poor quality prenatal care.
            The interface between primary and secondary healthcare is inadequate, and many patients
            go to the municipality of Novo Hamburgo, because it is a reference center with neonatal
            intensive care units of the Brazilian Unified Healthcare System (SUS). In 2010, that
            municipality was changing its healthcare provision system, leaving the population with
            an insufficient number of basic healthcare units. From that year on, teams of Family
            Healthcare Strategy were implemented according to the needs of each neighborhood, and
            more healthcare units were built. The model of healthcare provided exclusively through
            basic healthcare units might not ensure the coverage of all pregnant women regarding
            prenatal visits, which can be facilitated in the presence of a family healthcare
            strategy. The family healthcare approach widens healthcare access and improves user's
            adherence, increasing the capacity to solve problems and the quality of the healthcare
            provided.</p>
      <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of infant mortality in the Rio Grande do Sul state (RS) and
                  municipality of Novo Hamburgo (NH) in 2007-2010. Source: Health Secretariat of Rio
                  Grande do Sul State.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0257-40203-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In Brazil, neonatal mortality has stabilized at elevated levels, with a small change in
            its early neonatal component, playing an important role in infant mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. This reflects the care provided to pregnant
            women and fetuses during the antepartum and delivery periods, and the immediate care
            provided to newborns at birth<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Novo Hamburgo
            follows that trend, with 66.9% of deaths in the neonatal period. In a study conducted in
            Porto Alegre between 2000 and 2003, Jobim and Aerts<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> have reported 56.9% of the deaths occurring in the neonatal period.</p>
      <p>Most infant deaths in the period studied (35.3%) could have been reduced through
            prevention, diagnosis and early treatment actions. That is, they were caused by
            treatable diseases, such as diseases of the circulatory, respiratory, nervous and
            endocrine systems, whose treatment could be highly complex. Twenty-five percent of
            deaths were classified as reducible by means of partnerships with other sectors and
            could have been prevented by expanding basic sanitation, educational measures (related
            to AIDS), and prevention of accidents, violence and malnutrition. Non-preventable deaths
            corresponded to 19.2% of the total and were related to either congenital malformations
            incompatible with life or birth weight lower than 1,000 g. Adequate pregnancy monitoring
            could have reduced 11.5% of the deaths, and adequate delivery care, 5.1%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. In a study performed in the Brazilian Federal District in 1999 and 2000,
            classifying death according to preventability, Monteiro and Schmitz<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> have reported a similar result, with 35.5% of deaths being
            reducible by means of prevention, diagnosis and early treatment actions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. In a study carried out from 2000 to 2003 in the
            city of Porto Alegre, where 1,139 deaths occurred, Jobim and Aerts<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> reported that 76.6% were classified as preventable.</p>
      <p>The present study found that 77% of the deaths were considered preventable. A study
            conducted in the city of Londrina, Paran&#225; state, has assessed two birth cohorts and
            found that 71.6% of the infant deaths of the 2000-2001 cohort and 65.5% of those of the
            2007-2008 cohort were considered preventable<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.
            Another study, carried out in the city of Recife, Pernambuco state, has reported that,
            from 2000 to 2009, 76.4% of the infant deaths could have been prevented<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Preventable deaths are those that can be reduced
            through effective actions of health services. They are also considered sentinel events
            of healthcare quality, their presence indicating a flaw in healthcare. The
            classification of deaths as preventable is aimed at: monitoring and assessing healthcare
            services; analyzing temporal trends; comparing indicators between regions; and planning
            measures for their reduction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
      <p>This study showed that 60.9% of pregnant women had a maximum of six prenatal visits,
            only 39.2% had more than six prenatal visits, and the infants who died due to heart
            diseases had not been prenatally diagnosed. It is worth noting that, even with prenatal
            care and obstetrical echography, the prenatal detection rate of heart disease is very
               low<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the study by Soares and Menezes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, the number
            of prenatal visits had a protective effect against early infant mortality. The newborn,
            whose mother had none or only one to three prenatal visits, had a four-fold increased
            risk of dying than that whose mother had at least six prenatal visits. In the present
            study, 60.9% of the pregnant women had a maximum of six prenatal visits, and most of
            them (41.3%) had four to six visits. Several studies have shown the importance of
            prenatal care to prevent neonatal morbidity and mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Although infant
            mortality in Brazil has significantly decreased in past decades, the velocity of
            neonatal death reduction is lower than desired. A significant number of deaths is still
            part of the Brazilian social and sanitary reality, being due to preventable causes,
            mainly related to healthcare actions, such as prenatal, delivery and newborn care. The
            Brazilian Ministry of Health recommends at least six prenatal visits<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
      <p>The present study identified that 13.4% of the deaths were due to cardiovascular causes,
            corresponding to an incidence of 1.8 death/1000 live births. There is agreement between
            that and the incidence reported by several studies with specific populations (2-10/1000
            live births)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. However, a study conducted in the
            Rio Grande do Sul state, screening 3,980 fetuses by use of echography at a reference
            service from 1996 to 2000, has reported an incidence of 25.8/1000<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Another study, performed at a maternity in the Minas Gerais
            state from 1990 to 2003, has analyzed a data bank with 29,770 deaths and found a heart
            disease prevalence of 37.2% of live newborns and of 18.7% of stillbirths<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
      <p>When analyzing data regarding deaths due to heart diseases and the variables studied,
            23.1% of the infants died in the postneonatal period, which might represent a low
            diagnosis rate of those diseases, which were neither detected during prenatal care nor
            diagnosed and treated at birth. The gestation of 24.2% of the infants dying due to heart
            diseases lasted more than 36 weeks, and the birth weight of 26.7% of them was 1500-2499
            g. These data evidence that they had neither extremely low birth weight nor extreme
            prematurity. If diagnosed at an early phase, they could have been referred to a
            specialized service and properly treated, preventing some deaths.</p>
      <p>Regarding the limitations of this study, it is worth noting the lack of information in
            the infant death investigation records (incomplete medical records, family not found) of
            some cases. For infants born in other municipalities, not all information on death could
            be obtained, because the Mortality Information System is centralized in the Brazilian
            Ministry of Health and not provided to the municipalities. Regarding prenatal care, the
            infant death investigation records provided the number of prenatal visits, but not the
            gestational trimester of the visit, which limits prenatal care assessment. In addition,
            infant death investigation records classified the number of prenatal visits as 'four to
            six' or 'more than six', hindering the description of the exact number of visits. Such
            limitations do not invalidate the results of this study, which are in accordance with
            the literature.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Heart diseases were the major cause of infant mortality in this study. The risk factors
            related to infant mortality and the circumstances under which the deaths occur need to
            be known. Thus, better planning of healthcare actions specific for local realities will
            be possible, resulting in a decrease in childhood mortality rates. By reducing
            preventable deaths, the early identification of complex situations, such as heart
            diseases, is increasingly needed.</p>
      <p>Although the Brazilian Ministry of Health recommends at least six prenatal visits, 60.9%
            of the pregnant women in this study had a maximum of six visits, which did not prevent
            infant death. Auditing is thus required to assess the quality of prenatal care at basic
            healthcare units, as well as planning strategies to facilitate the access of pregnant
            women to healthcare services.</p>
      <p>Based on the fact that the major causes of infant death in the municipality of Novo
            Hamburgo could have been reduced by means of actions of diagnosis, prevention and early
            treatment, it is mandatory to enhance prenatal care, newborn care at hospitals and at
            basic healthcare units, and to ensure the availability of tests to assess the fetal
            heart at prenatal visits to avoid deaths due to cardiovascular diseases.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the dissertation of master submitted by Camila de Andrade
               Brum, from Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/ Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de
               Cardiologia.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>We thank the Health Secretariat of Novo Hamburgo for providing data for this study.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Portal ODM. Acompanhamento Brasileiro dos objetivos de
               Desenvolvimento do Mil&#234;nio. [Acesso em 2011 mar 3]. Dispon&#237;vel em:
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mortalidade Infantil em Novo Hamburgo: Fatores Associados e Causas
               Cardiovasculares</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brum</surname>
            <given-names>Camila de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Airton Tetelbom</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de
               Cardiologia (IC/FUC); Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto
               Alegre (UFCSPA); Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo Hospitalar Concei&#231;&#227;o (GHC); Porto Alegre, RS
               - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA); Porto
               Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Lucia Campos Pellanda</bold>, Av. Princesa
               Isabel, 370, Santana. CEP 90.620-000, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>luciapell.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Pellanda LC, Stein AT. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Brum
                  CA. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Brum CA, Pellanda LC, Stein AT. An&#225;lise
                  estat&#237;stica: Brum CA, Pellanda LC, Stein AT. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Brum CA,
                  Pellanda LC, Stein AT. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do
                  intelectual importante: Brum CA, Pellanda LC, Stein AT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>taxa de mortalidade infantil vem diminuindo no Brasil, mas continua alta se
                  comparada &#224; de outros pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento. O Rio Grande do Sul, em 2010,
                  apresentou o melhor indicador de mortalidade infantil do Brasil. Entretanto, Novo
                  Hamburgo apresentou o mais alto &#237;ndice de mortalidade infantil da regi&#227;o
                  metropolitana de Porto Alegre.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Descrever as causas da mortalidade infantil no munic&#237;pio de Novo Hamburgo, Rio
                  Grande do Sul, no per&#237;odo de 2007 a 2010, identificando as causas de mortes
                  relacionadas a cardiopatias e se elas foram diagnosticadas no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-natal, e
                  avaliar o acesso aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos os dados das crian&#231;as menores de um ano de idade que morreram,
                  residentes no munic&#237;pio, coletados das fichas de investiga&#231;&#245;es do &#243;bito
                  infantil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>No per&#237;odo, ocorreram 157 &#243;bitos, sendo que 35,3% eram reduz&#237;veis por a&#231;&#245;es de
                  diagn&#243;stico e tratamento precoces, 25% reduz&#237;veis atrav&#233;s de parcerias com outros
                  setores, 19,2% n&#227;o evit&#225;veis, 11,5% reduz&#237;veis por adequado controle na gravidez,
                  5,1% reduz&#237;veis por adequada aten&#231;&#227;o ao parto e 3,8% mal definidos. A principal
                  causa de &#243;bito estava relacionada a cardiopatias (13,4%). A ocorr&#234;ncia de
                  cardiopatias apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s
                  vari&#225;veis &#8216;idade do &#243;bito&#8217;, &#8216;idade gestacional&#8217; e &#8216;peso ao nascimento&#8217;. Em rela&#231;&#227;o
                  ao acesso aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, 60,9% das gestantes realizaram seis ou menos
                  consultas de pr&#233;-natal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Mostra-se necess&#225;ria a qualifica&#231;&#227;o do pr&#233;-natal, assim como o atendimento ao
                  rec&#233;m-nascido em n&#237;vel hospitalar e na rede b&#225;sica de sa&#250;de para preven&#231;&#227;o da
                  mortalidade infantil.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Mortalidade Infantil</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade Perinatal / epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte Fetal / epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias / epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Tocologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Sa&#250;de Materno-Infantil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A mortalidade infantil no Brasil, em 2010, foi de 19,88/1.000 nascimentos vivos. Essa
               taxa vem diminuindo ao longo das d&#233;cadas, mas continua alta se comparada &#224; de outros
               pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Naquele mesmo ano,
               o estado do Rio Grande do Sul apresentou o melhor indicador de mortalidade infantil
               no Brasil (11,2 &#243;bitos/1.000)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, mas, na regi&#227;o
               metropolitana de Porto Alegre, o munic&#237;pio de Novo Hamburgo apresentou a taxa de
               mortalidade infantil mais elevada da regi&#227;o (14,2 &#243;bitos/1.000 nascimentos
                  vivos)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparativo de mortalidade infantil na Regi&#227;o Metropolitana de Porto Alegre
                     em 2010. Fonte: Secretaria Estadual da Sa&#250;de do Rio Grande do Sul.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0257-40203-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>No Brasil, as principais causas de mortalidade neonatal s&#227;o asfixia intrauterina e
               intraparto e baixo peso ao nascer/prematuridade. Em compara&#231;&#227;o, nos pa&#237;ses
               desenvolvidos, as principais causas de morte nesse per&#237;odo s&#227;o prematuridade extrema
               e malforma&#231;&#227;o cong&#234;nita<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Da mesma forma que a
               mortalidade neonatal precoce, taxas elevadas de mortalidade neonatal tardia est&#227;o
               relacionadas &#224;s m&#225;s condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de da m&#227;e e &#224; insatisfat&#243;ria assist&#234;ncia
               pr&#233;-natal, ao parto e ao rec&#233;m-nascido<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Com a redu&#231;&#227;o das causas evit&#225;veis, que decorrem dos determinantes sociais, cresce a
               necessidade de se estudarem as malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas, entre as quais, as
               cardiopatias apresentam maior impacto. O objetivo deste estudo &#233; descrever as causas
               de mortalidade infantil no munic&#237;pio de Novo Hamburgo no per&#237;odo de 2007 a 2010.
               Tamb&#233;m se objetiva identificar as causas de mortes relacionadas a cardiopatias, se
               elas foram diagnosticadas no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-natal, assim como avaliar o acesso aos
               servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de no munic&#237;pio de Novo Hamburgo nos casos de &#243;bito infantil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>A coleta dos dados foi realizada no per&#237;odo de 2010 a 2011 no munic&#237;pio de Novo
               Hamburgo (RS) a partir das fichas de investiga&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito infantil da Vigil&#226;ncia em
               Sa&#250;de do per&#237;odo de 2007 a 2010 e do Sistema de Mortalidade Infantil (SIM). Todos os
               dados foram obtidos pelo mesmo pesquisador, com larga experi&#234;ncia nessa tarefa. A
               amostra foi composta por 157 &#243;bitos infantis ocorridos no per&#237;odo estudado. Trata-se
               de um estudo de casos (&#243;bitos) de base populacional.</p>
        <p>Inclu&#237;ram-se os dados das crian&#231;as menores de um ano de idade residentes no munic&#237;pio
               que foram a &#243;bito, tendo-se exclu&#237;do os dados de vari&#225;veis n&#227;o encontradas nas fichas
               de investiga&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bitos.</p>
        <p>O n&#250;mero de nascidos vivos foi coletado a partir do Sinasc (Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es de
               Nascidos Vivos da Secretaria da Sa&#250;de do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul). As datas de
               nascimento e &#243;bito e a causa da morte foram coletadas da declara&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito pelo
               profissional respons&#225;vel pela investiga&#231;&#227;o do &#243;bito infantil. As vari&#225;veis 'idade
               gestacional', 'peso ao nascer' e 'n&#250;mero de consultas de pr&#233;-natal' foram obtidas no
               prontu&#225;rio do hospital do rec&#233;m-nascido ou na caderneta da gestante pelo profissional
               respons&#225;vel pela investiga&#231;&#227;o do &#243;bito infantil.</p>
        <p>As fichas de investiga&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito s&#227;o preenchidas por profissional da sa&#250;de
               (enfermeiro ou m&#233;dico), que realiza a investiga&#231;&#227;o do &#243;bito com base no prontu&#225;rio da
               crian&#231;a, caderneta da gestante ou da crian&#231;a e entrevista com familiares em visita
               domiciliar.</p>
        <p>A causa de &#243;bito foi categorizada segundo a Classifica&#231;&#227;o da Funda&#231;&#227;o Seade (Sistema
               Estadual de An&#225;lise de Dados do Governo de S&#227;o Paulo), de acordo com a possibilidade
               de preven&#231;&#227;o, sendo utilizada pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. As cardiopatias s&#227;o
               classificadas como causas evit&#225;veis, que podem ser reduzidas por interven&#231;&#245;es
               precoces de manejo.</p>
        <p>Utilizaram-se an&#225;lise descritiva percentual para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, e m&#233;dia e
               desvio-padr&#227;o para as cont&#237;nuas. Utilizaram-se ainda o teste qui-quadrado de
               associa&#231;&#227;o e a an&#225;lise dos res&#237;duos. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5%. A
               an&#225;lise dos dados foi realizada no programa SPSS vers&#227;o 19.</p>
        <p>O estudo usou dados secund&#225;rios, foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do
               Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul e n&#227;o houve necessidade de termo de
               consentimento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Dos 157 &#243;bitos identificados no per&#237;odo de 2007 a 2010, 44,6% ocorreram no per&#237;odo
               neonatal precoce, 22,3% no neonatal tardio e 33,1% no p&#243;s-neonatal. Segundo a
               Classifica&#231;&#227;o da Funda&#231;&#227;o Seade, as principais causas de &#243;bito infantil em Novo
               Hamburgo (35,3%) s&#227;o reduz&#237;veis por a&#231;&#245;es de diagn&#243;stico, preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento
               precoces, 25% s&#227;o reduz&#237;veis por parceria com outros setores e 19,2% s&#227;o n&#227;o
               evit&#225;veis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 2</xref>). Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos
               nascimentos, 77,4% ocorreram em hospitais do munic&#237;pio e 21,3% em hospitais de fora.
               Das crian&#231;as que foram a &#243;bito, 57,2% eram do sexo masculino e 64,1% nasceram com
               peso inferior a 2.500 g.</p>
        <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Causas de mortalidade infantil no munic&#237;pio de Novo Hamburgo no per&#237;odo de
                     2007-2010, segundo a Funda&#231;&#227;o Seade.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0257-40203-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Analisando-se as caracter&#237;sticas maternas, observou-se que a maior parcela dos &#243;bitos
               ocorreu entre os filhos de mulheres com idade inferior a 35 anos (84,6%) e, em 39,7%
               das gestantes, a gesta&#231;&#227;o durou mais de 36 semanas. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao acesso aos servi&#231;os
               de sa&#250;de, 39,2% das gestantes realizaram seis ou mais consultas de pr&#233;-natal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>n = 157</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da idade do &#243;bito - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Neonatal precoce</td>
                <td align="center">70 (44,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Neonatal tardio</td>
                <td align="center">35 (22,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P&#243;s-neonatal</td>
                <td align="center">52 (33,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo da crian&#231;a n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">90 (57,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">67 (42,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Local de nascimento<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref> -
                              n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hospital dentro do munic&#237;pio</td>
                <td align="center">120 (77,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hospital fora do munic&#237;pio</td>
                <td align="center">33 (21,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outro (fora do hospital)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Gesta&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">**</xref> - n
                              (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#218;nica</td>
                <td align="center">135 (87,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dupla</td>
                <td align="center">19 (12,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Parto<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">**</xref> - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vaginal</td>
                <td align="center">81 (52,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ces&#225;rea</td>
                <td align="center">73 (47,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade da m&#227;e<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">***</xref> - n
                              (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 35 anos</td>
                <td align="center">132 (84,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 35 anos</td>
                <td align="center">24 (15,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Renda<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">#</xref> - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem renda/at&#233; 1 sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo</td>
                <td align="center">17 (18,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1-3 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos</td>
                <td align="center">53 (58,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; 3 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos</td>
                <td align="center">20 (22,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Escolaridade materna<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">##</xref>
                              - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Analfabeta/1-3 anos</td>
                <td align="center">15 (10,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4-8 anos</td>
                <td align="center">86 (58,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; 8 anos</td>
                <td align="center">47 (31,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade gestacional<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">***</xref>
                              (semanas) - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>22-27</td>
                <td align="center">39 (25,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>28-31</td>
                <td align="center">27 (17,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>32-36</td>
                <td align="center">28 (17,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; 36</td>
                <td align="center">62 (39,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Peso ao nascer<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">***</xref>
                              (gramas) - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 1.000 - extremo baixo peso</td>
                <td align="center">53 (34,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1.000-1.499 - muito baixo peso</td>
                <td align="center">17 (10,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1.500-2.499 - baixo peso</td>
                <td align="center">30 (19,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; 2.500 - eutr&#243;fico</td>
                <td align="center">56 (35,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref> de consultas de
                              pr&#233;-natal - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o realizou</td>
                <td align="center">9 (6,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1-3</td>
                <td align="center">19 (13,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4-6</td>
                <td align="center">59 (41,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; 6</td>
                <td align="center">56 (39,2)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Dois indiv&#237;duos (1,3%) sem registro do local de nascimento;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN09">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>Tr&#234;s indiv&#237;duos (1,9%) n&#227;o possu&#237;am a informa&#231;&#227;o;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>***</label>
              <p>Um indiv&#237;duo (0,6%) sem a informa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>67 registros (42,7%) n&#227;o tinham essa informa&#231;&#227;o;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>##</label>
              <p>Nove registros (5,7%) n&#227;o tinham esse dado.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As cardiopatias foram a principal causa de &#243;bito infantil (13,4%), seguidas por
               s&#237;ndrome da ang&#250;stia respirat&#243;ria do rec&#233;m-nascido (8,9%) e septicemia bacteriana n&#227;o
               especificada do rec&#233;m-nascido (8,3%). As cardiopatias citadas na declara&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito
               como causas de mortalidade foram: malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas sem especifica&#231;&#227;o (7,6%),
               malforma&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; s&#237;ndrome de Edwards (1,3%), malforma&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o especificada
               das c&#226;maras e das comunica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas (0,6%), malforma&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o especificada de
               grande veia (0,6%), coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta (0,6%), estenose mitral cong&#234;nita (0,6%),
               tronco arterial comum (0,6%), atresia da valva pulmonar (0,6%) e s&#237;ndrome do cora&#231;&#227;o
               esquerdo hipopl&#225;sico (0,6%). A maior parte desses &#243;bitos aconteceu no per&#237;odo
               p&#243;s-neonatal (61,9%).</p>
        <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de cardiopatias apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com
               as vari&#225;veis 'idade do &#243;bito', 'idade gestacional' e 'peso ao nascer'. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;
               associa&#231;&#227;o entre causa da morte e as vari&#225;veis em estudo, observou-se associa&#231;&#227;o
               estatisticamente significativa com a idade do &#243;bito (p = 0,043), sendo que, entre os
               &#243;bitos no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-neonatal, 23,1% estavam relacionados a causas cardiovasculares.
               Tamb&#233;m apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa a idade gestacional (p =
               0,013), sendo que 24,2% dos que nasceram com mais de 36 semanas de gesta&#231;&#227;o foram a
               &#243;bito por causas cardiovasculares. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; vari&#225;vel 'peso ao nascer' (p =
               0,015), pode-se observar que 96,2% dos nascidos com extremo baixo peso (&lt;1.000 g)
               tiveram associa&#231;&#227;o a &#243;bito por outras causas e 26,7% dos que nasceram pesando
               1.500-2.499 g tiveram associa&#231;&#227;o a &#243;bito por cardiopatias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o da causa do &#243;bito com as vari&#225;veis em estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>&#211;bito por causas CV</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>&#211;bitos por causas NCV</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>n (%)</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>n (%)</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o do &#243;bito</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,043</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Neonatal precoce</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">6(8,6)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (91,4)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Neonatal tardio</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">3(8,6)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (91,4)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P&#243;s-neonatal</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
                <td align="center">12 (23,1)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref></td>
                <td align="center">40 (76,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo da crian&#231;a</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,827</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">90</td>
                <td align="center">13 (14,4)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (85,6)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
                <td align="center">8 (11,9)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (88,1)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Local de nascimento</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,597</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hospital dentro do munic&#237;pio</td>
                <td align="center">120</td>
                <td align="center">15 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">105 (87,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hospital fora do munic&#237;pio</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">6 (18,2)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (81,8)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outro (fora do hospital)</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Gesta&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,470</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#218;nica</td>
                <td align="center">135</td>
                <td align="center">19 (14,1)</td>
                <td align="center">116 (85,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dupla</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,3)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (94,7)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Parto</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,625</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vaginal</td>
                <td align="center">81</td>
                <td align="center">9 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (88,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ces&#225;rea</td>
                <td align="center">73</td>
                <td align="center">11 (15,1)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (84,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade da m&#227;e</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,744</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 35 anos</td>
                <td align="center">132</td>
                <td align="center">17 (12,9)</td>
                <td align="center">115 (87,1)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 35 anos</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">4 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (83,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Renda</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,235</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem renda/at&#233; 1 sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (94,1)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1-3 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">4 (7,5)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (92,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; 3 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">4 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (80,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Escolaridade materna</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,738</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Analfabeta/1-3 anos</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (93,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4-8 anos</td>
                <td align="center">86</td>
                <td align="center">12 (14,0)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (86,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; anos</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">6 (12,8)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (87,2)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade gestacional (semanas)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,013</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>22-27</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5,1)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (94,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>28-31</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3,7)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (96,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>32-36</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">3 (10,7)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (89,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; 36</td>
                <td align="center">62</td>
                <td align="center">15 (24,2)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref></td>
                <td align="center">47 (75,8)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Peso ao nascer (gramas)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,015</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 1.000 - extremo baixo peso</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (96,2)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref></td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1.000-1.499 - muito baixo peso</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (94,1)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1.500-2.499 - baixo peso</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">8 (26,7)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref></td>
                <td align="center">22 (73,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 2.500 - eutr&#243;fico</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">10 (17,9)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (82,1)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N&#186; de consultas pr&#233;-natal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,235</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o realizou</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">0(0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1-3</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,3)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (94,7)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4-6</td>
                <td align="center">59</td>
                <td align="center">6 (10,2)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (89,8)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; 6</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">10 (17,9)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (82,1)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>CV: cardiovascular; NCV: n&#227;o-cardiovascular.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste qui-quadrado de associa&#231;&#227;o;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>Apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa pela an&#225;lise dos
                        res&#237;duos ajustados para 5% de signific&#226;ncia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Dos casos de cardiopatia, nenhum foi diagnosticado antes do parto e nenhuma gestante
               realizou ecocardiografia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade infantil ainda &#233; um grande desafio no Brasil para os
               gestores, profissionais de sa&#250;de e a sociedade como um todo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Apesar da importante redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos na &#250;ltima
               d&#233;cada, decorrente da redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade p&#243;s-neonatal no pa&#237;s, a maioria dos
               &#243;bitos ocorre nas regi&#245;es mais pobres, refletindo as iniquidades sociais. Essa
               situa&#231;&#227;o &#233; agravada quando se reconhece que a maioria dessas mortes precoces pode ser
               considerada evit&#225;vel pelo acesso em tempo oportuno a servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de resolutivos e
               com qualidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p><italic>Segundo The Lancet - University of Oslo Commission on Global Governance for
                  Health</italic>, o objetivo da pol&#237;tica para a equidade e a sa&#250;de n&#227;o &#233; eliminar
               todas as diferen&#231;as de sa&#250;de para que todos tenham o mesmo n&#237;vel e qualidade de
               sa&#250;de, mas reduzir ou eliminar aquelas que resultam de fatores considerados evit&#225;veis
               e injustos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>No per&#237;odo neonatal precoce, os fatores de risco mais comuns s&#227;o prematuridade,
               asfixia durante o parto, infec&#231;&#245;es neonatais e baixo peso ao nascer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de estima que,
               nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, cerca de dois ter&#231;os dos rec&#233;m-nascidos de baixo peso sejam
               prematuros, enquanto um ter&#231;o &#233; pequeno para a idade gestacional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Essa rela&#231;&#227;o se inverte nos pa&#237;ses pobres, onde
               aproximadamente 75% dos rec&#233;m-nascidos de baixo peso s&#227;o pequenos para a idade
               gestacional. Nesses pa&#237;ses, o baixo peso ao nascer quase sempre est&#225; fortemente
               associado &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es de pobreza, m&#225; nutri&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica materna e consumo alimentar
                  insuficiente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>Este estudo &#233; o primeiro a avaliar as causas de morte de crian&#231;as menores de um ano
               em um munic&#237;pio desenvolvido do interior do Rio Grande do Sul (Novo Hamburgo, em
               2011, registrou PIB <italic>per capita</italic> de R$ 23.009,67, e o IDH em 2010 foi
               de 0,747)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Nos anos de 2007 a 2010, ocorreram
               157 &#243;bitos, sendo que a taxa de mortalidade foi de 13,1 &#243;bitos/1.000 nascimentos
               nesses quatro anos. O presente estudo mostrou que a principal causa de mortalidade
               infantil foi cardiovascular (13,4%), e quase metade das gestantes realizou seis ou
               mais consultas de pr&#233;-natal.</p>
        <p>A mortalidade infantil no munic&#237;pio de Novo Hamburgo foi de 14,2/1.000 nascidos vivos
               em 2010. Esse valor est&#225; acima da m&#233;dia do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, que vem
               diminuindo seus &#237;ndices (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 3</xref>) devido a
               investimentos em pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas de sa&#250;de nos munic&#237;pios priorit&#225;rios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. O estado registrou, em 2010, o coeficiente de
               11,2 &#243;bitos/1.000 nascimentos e m&#233;dia de 12 &#243;bitos/1.000 nascimentos no per&#237;odo
               estudado. O indicador de mortalidade infantil do munic&#237;pio de Novo Hamburgo &#233; baixo
               quando comparado aos dos munic&#237;pios das regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste do Brasil, mas &#233;
               elevado quando comparado a munic&#237;pios de mesmo porte da regi&#227;o metropolitana de Porto
               Alegre. Isso demonstra uma aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria em sa&#250;de pouco organizada e com pr&#233;-natal
               de baixa qualidade. A interface entre aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria n&#227;o &#233; adequada ou
               muitos casos acabam chegando at&#233; o munic&#237;pio pelo fato de ele ser refer&#234;ncia para os
               demais da regi&#227;o e possuir UTI neonatal pelo SUS. No ano de 2010, o munic&#237;pio estava
               modificando sua forma de atendimento, e a popula&#231;&#227;o contava com um n&#250;mero de unidades
               b&#225;sicas de sa&#250;de aqu&#233;m das necessidades da popula&#231;&#227;o. A partir daquele ano, foram
               implementadas equipes de Estrat&#233;gia de Sa&#250;de da Fam&#237;lia (ESF) conforme as
               necessidades de cada bairro e constru&#237;das mais unidades de sa&#250;de. O modelo de
               atendimento prestado somente por unidades b&#225;sicas de sa&#250;de talvez n&#227;o assegure a
               capta&#231;&#227;o de todas as gestantes para a realiza&#231;&#227;o das consultas de pr&#233;-natal, o que &#233;
               facilitado quando o munic&#237;pio tem um modelo de aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de da fam&#237;lia. A ESF
               amplia o acesso e facilita a ades&#227;o do usu&#225;rio, aumentando a resolutividade e a
               qualidade do servi&#231;o prestado &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparativo de mortalidade infantil no Rio Grande do Sul (RS) e em Novo
                     Hamburgo (NH) nos anos de 2007-2010. Fonte: Secretaria Estadual da Sa&#250;de do Rio
                     Grande do Sul.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-04-0257-40203-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>No Brasil, a mortalidade neonatal vem se mantendo estabilizada em n&#237;veis elevados,
               com pouca modifica&#231;&#227;o do componente neonatal precoce, ocupando papel importante na
               taxa de mortalidade infantil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Esse dado
               reflete a assist&#234;ncia dispensada &#224; gestante e ao rec&#233;m-nascido durante os per&#237;odos
               pr&#233;-parto e parto, e atendimento imediato &#224; crian&#231;a ao nascimento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Novo Hamburgo segue essa tend&#234;ncia quando
               apresenta 66,9% de &#243;bitos no per&#237;odo neonatal. Segundo Jobim e Aerts<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, em pesquisa realizada em Porto Alegre
               analisando os &#243;bitos entre 2000 e 2003, 56,9% deles ocorreram no per&#237;odo
               neonatal.</p>
        <p>A maior parte das causas de mortalidade infantil durante o per&#237;odo estudado (35,3%)
               poderia ser reduzida por a&#231;&#245;es de preven&#231;&#227;o, diagn&#243;stico e tratamento precoces. Ou
               seja, foram causadas por doen&#231;as, como as dos aparelhos circulat&#243;rio e respirat&#243;rio,
               e dos sistemas nervoso e end&#243;crino, para as quais existem tratamentos, que podem ser
               de alta complexidade. Vinte e cinco por cento dos &#243;bitos foram classificados como
               reduz&#237;veis atrav&#233;s de parcerias com outros setores e poderiam ter sido prevenidos por
               expans&#227;o do saneamento b&#225;sico, medidas educativas (relacionadas &#224; AIDS) e preven&#231;&#227;o
               de acidentes, viol&#234;ncia e desnutri&#231;&#227;o. Os &#243;bitos n&#227;o evit&#225;veis totalizaram 19,2% e
               estavam relacionados &#224;s malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas incompat&#237;veis com a vida ou ao peso
               inferior a 1.000 g. Outros 11,5% dos &#243;bitos poderiam ser reduz&#237;veis por adequado
               controle na gravidez e 5,1%, por adequada aten&#231;&#227;o ao parto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Um
               estudo realizado no Distrito Federal por Monteiro e Schmitz<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, classificando o &#243;bito segundo a evitabilidade, encontrou
               resultado semelhante em 2000, sendo 35,5% dos &#243;bitos reduz&#237;veis por a&#231;&#245;es de
               preven&#231;&#227;o, diagn&#243;stico e tratamento precoces<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. Na pesquisa realizada por Jobim e Aerts<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> de 2000 a 2003 em Porto Alegre, onde houve 1.139 &#243;bitos, 76,6% foram
               classificados como evit&#225;veis.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo observou que 77% dos &#243;bitos foram considerados evit&#225;veis. Um estudo
               realizado em Londrina, no Paran&#225;, avaliando duas coortes de nascimentos, observou que
               71,6% dos &#243;bitos infantis da coorte de 2000-2001 e 65,5% daqueles da coorte de
               2007-2008 foram considerados evit&#225;veis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.
               Outro estudo, realizado em Recife, Pernambuco, verificou que, entre os anos de
               2000-2009, 76,4% dos &#243;bitos infantis poderiam ter sido prevenidos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Os &#243;bitos evit&#225;veis s&#227;o aqueles que, por
               a&#231;&#245;es efetivas dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, poderiam ter sido redut&#237;veis. Tamb&#233;m s&#227;o
               considerados como eventos sentinelas da qualidade da assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de, seu
               acontecimento indicando falha na aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de. A classifica&#231;&#227;o dos &#243;bitos como
               evit&#225;veis tem como objetivo o monitoramento e a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, bem
               como a realiza&#231;&#227;o de an&#225;lises de tend&#234;ncias temporais e a compara&#231;&#227;o de indicadores
               entre as regi&#245;es; al&#233;m disso, auxilia no planejamento de medidas para a sua
                  redu&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        <p>Este estudo demonstrou que 60,9% das gestantes realizaram seis ou menos consultas de
               pr&#233;-natal e que somente 39,2% realizaram mais de seis consultas, sendo que as
               crian&#231;as que foram a &#243;bito em decorr&#234;ncia de cardiopatias n&#227;o tinham sido
               diagnosticadas no pr&#233;-natal. &#201; importante salientar que, mesmo com a realiza&#231;&#227;o do
               pr&#233;-natal e de ecografias obst&#233;tricas, a taxa de detec&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-natal das cardiopatias
               &#233; muito baixa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        <p>No estudo realizado por Soares, o n&#250;mero de consultas de pr&#233;-natal teve efeito
               protetor para a mortalidade infantil precoce. O rec&#233;m-nascido cuja m&#227;e n&#227;o fez
               pr&#233;-natal ou realizou uma a tr&#234;s consultas apresentou quatro vezes mais risco de
               morrer do que no caso de seis ou mais consultas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. No presente estudo, 60,9% das gestantes realizaram seis ou menos
               consultas de pr&#233;-natal, e a maior parte delas (41,3%), quatro a seis consultas.
               In&#250;meros estudos t&#234;m mostrado a import&#226;ncia das consultas de pr&#233;-natal para a
               preven&#231;&#227;o de morbimortalidade neonatal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Apesar da redu&#231;&#227;o
               importante da mortalidade infantil no Brasil nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, os indicadores de
               &#243;bito neonatal apresentam velocidade de queda aqu&#233;m do desejado. N&#250;mero expressivo de
               mortes ainda faz parte da realidade social e sanit&#225;ria do pa&#237;s, ocorrendo por causas
               evit&#225;veis, principalmente no que diz respeito &#224;s a&#231;&#245;es dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, entre
               elas a aten&#231;&#227;o ao pr&#233;-natal, ao parto e ao rec&#233;m-nascido. O Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de
               preconiza que sejam feitas seis ou mais consultas de pr&#233;-natal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo observou que 13,4% dos &#243;bitos ocorreram por causas
               cardiovasculares, o que significou uma incid&#234;ncia de 1,8/1.000 nascidos vivos. Essa
               incid&#234;ncia est&#225; de acordo com v&#225;rios estudos realizados em popula&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas que
               relataram incid&#234;ncia de 2-10/1.000 nascidos vivos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. No entanto, em um estudo conduzido no Rio Grande do Sul, observou-se
               incid&#234;ncia de 25,8/1.000 quando 3.980 fetos foram rastreados por ultrassonografia em
               um servi&#231;o de refer&#234;ncia no per&#237;odo de 1996 a 2000<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Outro estudo, realizado em uma maternidade em Minas Gerais no per&#237;odo
               de 1990 a 2003, analisou um banco de dados de 29.770 &#243;bitos e encontrou preval&#234;ncia
               de cardiopatia em 37,2% dos rec&#233;m-nascidos vivos e em 18,7% dos natimortos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
        <p>Quando analisados os dados em rela&#231;&#227;o aos &#243;bitos decorrentes de cardiopatias e as
               vari&#225;veis do estudo, 23,1% das crian&#231;as foram a &#243;bito no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-neonatal, o que
               pode representar um baixo diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a, sendo que a cardiopatia n&#227;o foi
               detectada no pr&#233;-natal e nem diagnosticada e tratada ao nascimento. Em 24,2%, a
               gesta&#231;&#227;o das crian&#231;as que faleceram em decorr&#234;ncia de cardiopatias teve dura&#231;&#227;o de
               mais de 36 semanas, e 26,7% nasceram pesando 1.500-2.499 g. Os dados evidenciam n&#227;o
               se tratar de extremo baixo peso nem prematuridade extrema. Se diagnosticadas
               precocemente, essas crian&#231;as poderiam ter sido encaminhadas para um servi&#231;o
               especializado e tratadas de forma diferenciada, evitando-se algumas mortes.</p>
        <p>Entre as limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo, cita-se a aus&#234;ncia de informa&#231;&#227;o na ficha de
               investiga&#231;&#227;o do &#243;bito infantil (falta de preenchimento de prontu&#225;rios, fam&#237;lia n&#227;o
               encontrada) em alguns casos. Para algumas crian&#231;as nascidas fora do munic&#237;pio de Novo
               Hamburgo, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel obter todas as informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o &#243;bito, pelo fato de o
               Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es em Mortalidade (SIM) ser centralizado no Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e
               n&#227;o retroalimentado para os munic&#237;pios. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao pr&#233;-natal, na ficha de
               investiga&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito constava apenas o n&#250;mero de consultas, mas n&#227;o o trimestre em
               que as consultas foram realizadas, o que limita a avalia&#231;&#227;o do pr&#233;-natal. Tamb&#233;m em
               rela&#231;&#227;o ao pr&#233;-natal, o n&#250;mero de consultas realizadas que constava na ficha de
               investiga&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito classificava em 'quatro a seis' ou 'mais de seis',
               inviabilizando uma descri&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero exato de consultas. Tais limita&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o
               invalidam os resultados deste trabalho, uma vez que eles apresentam concord&#226;ncia com
               os dados da literatura.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>As cardiopatias foram a principal causa de mortalidade infantil no estudo. &#201;
               necess&#225;rio ter conhecimento dos fatores de risco relacionados &#224; mortalidade infantil
               e em quais circunst&#226;ncias ocorreram os &#243;bitos. Assim, ser&#225; poss&#237;vel efetivar melhor
               planejamento de a&#231;&#245;es em sa&#250;de, espec&#237;fico para a realidade local, resultando em
               diminui&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices de mortalidade de crian&#231;as. Com a redu&#231;&#227;o dos &#243;bitos por
               causas evit&#225;veis, cresce a necessidade de identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de situa&#231;&#245;es
               complexas, como as cardiopatias.</p>
        <p>Apesar de o Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de preconizar ao menos seis consultas de pr&#233;-natal,
               60,9% das gestantes deste estudo realizaram seis ou menos, o que n&#227;o evitou a morte
               de crian&#231;as. Portanto, &#233; necess&#225;ria auditoria para verificar a qualidade do pr&#233;-natal
               nas unidades b&#225;sicas de sa&#250;de, bem como planejar estrat&#233;gias que facilitem o acesso
               das gestantes aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de.</p>
        <p>Com base na principal causa de mortalidade infantil, que foram mortes reduz&#237;veis por
               a&#231;&#245;es de preven&#231;&#227;o, diagn&#243;stico e tratamento precoce, faz-se necess&#225;rio qualificar o
               pr&#233;-natal, o atendimento ao rec&#233;m-nascido em n&#237;vel hospitalar e na rede b&#225;sica de
               sa&#250;de, assim como garantir exames de avalia&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o fetal nas consultas de
               pr&#233;-natal para preven&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bitos por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Camila de Andrade Brum pelo
                  Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/ Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de
                  Cardiologia.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Agradecemos &#224; Secretaria da Sa&#250;de de Novo Hamburgo a disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o dos dados que
               permitiram a realiza&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
