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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">wY7Q99GDFQjxjb4DkJJ5ZLB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000300013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140220</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nico-radiogr&#225;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 3/2015 A 32-year-old Female Patient with Coarctation of the Aorta,
               Bicuspid Aortic Valve and Dilatation of the Ascending Aorta</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Edmar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arrieta</surname>
            <given-names>Raul</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP
               &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Edmar Atik</bold>, Rua Dona Adma Jafet, 74,
               conj. 73, Bela Vista. Postal Code 01308-050, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail:
                  <email>eatik@cardiol.br</email>; <email>conatik@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>e19</fpage>
      <lpage>e21</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution NonCommercial License which permits unrestricted noncommercial
                  use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is
                  properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coarctation of Aorta</kwd>
        <kwd>Bicuspid Aortic Stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Dilatation of Aorta</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="1"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p><bold>Clinical data</bold>: The patient reports that a heart murmur had been heard at
         childhood; however, the diagnosis of coarctation of the aorta was made 1 month ago by
         echocardiogram and CT scan, performed due to recent complaints of tired legs. She performed
         physical activities on a regular basis and did not report headache. She was not receiving
         any specific medication.</p>
    <p><bold>Physical examination</bold>: Normal breathing; acyanotic; brisk pulses in upper
         limbs, absent in lower limbs. Weight: 58 kg; height: 166 cm; blood pressure (BP) in right
         arm equal to that in left arm = 140/80 mmHg, BP in legs: 80 mmHg; heart rate (HR): 78 bpm;
         oxygen saturation: 96%. Aorta clearly palpable on the suprasternal notch. Thrill and grade
         1/4 mild systolic murmur on the suprasternal notch.</p>
    <p>The apical impulse was not palpable in the precordium, and there were no systolic impulses
         on the left sternal border. Normal heart sounds; grade 1/4 systolic murmur in the aortic
         area and back, both on the right and left sides. Liver not palpable.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Laboratory tests</title>
      <p><bold>Electrocardiogram</bold> showed normal sinus rhythm with no signs of chamber
            overload. The Sokolow index was 34 mm and there was no ventricular repolarization
            abnormalities. PA: +60&#186;; QRSA: +70&#186;; TA: +40&#186;.</p>
      <p><bold>Chest radiograph</bold> showed normal cardiac silhouette (cardiothoracic ratio of
            0.47). The pulmonary vascular network was normal and the arch of the pulmonary artery
            was concave. The right upper arch was elongated, suggesting dilatation of the ascending
            aorta (AscAo). The posterior aortic arch was somewhat prominent and the descending aorta
            (DescAo) was dilated. Hyperdensity was observed in some ribs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Chest radiograph shows normal cardiac silhouette, with slightly bulged right
                  upper arch (dilated ascending aorta) and also dilated descending aorta.
                  Hyperdensity can be observed in some lower borders of ribs.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0e19-40220-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><bold>Echocardiogram</bold> showed bicuspid aortic valve with maximum and mean pressure
            gradients of 31 and 17 mmHg, respectively. The AscAo was dilated (44 mm), the aortic
            arch had 37 mm and the isthmic region was narrowed, with a pressure gradient of 47 mmHg.
            The size of the cardiac chambers was normal, with no myocardial hypertrophy
            (septum/posterior wall = 10 mm). Left ventricular function was normal (70%).</p>
      <p><bold>CT angiography of the aorta </bold>showed dilated AscAo (42&#160;mm), aortic crossing
            (22 mm) and clear 8-mm diameter narrowing in the beginning of the DescAo, being 20 mm
            diameter at the level of the diaphragm. There was marked collateral circulation.</p>
      <p><bold>Cardiac catheterization</bold> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).
            Pressure levels were as follows: left ventricle (LV) = 160/12; AscAo = 140/82; and
            DescAo = 100/80 mmHg. Angiography showed clear narrowing in the aortic isthmus and
            dilatation of the AscAo and DescAo.</p>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Angiography showing dilated ascending aorta. Diameter of the aortic crossing
                  decreases up to the isthmic coarctation; descending aorta dilatation in A and B.
                  Effective 40 x 20-mm stent placement in the stenotic region in C.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0e19-40220-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><bold>Clinical diagnosis:</bold> Severe coarctation of the aorta in the isthmic region
            and mild aortic valve stenosis in a bicuspid valve with marked ascending aorta
            dilatation, in natural course.</p>
      <p><bold>Clinical reasoning: </bold>The clinical elements of coarctation of the aorta are
            clear and easy to identify, and are mainly represented by contrasting pulses and BP
            between the upper and lower limbs. Noteworthy, despite the long-standing heart disease
            with pressure overload, no myocardial hypertrophy or signs of electric overload are
            observed, and the symptoms are recent and mild. This results from the development of an
            efficient collateral circulation. Chest radiograph with normal cardiac silhouette
            expresses preserved ventricular function, and AscAo dilatation suggests the possibility
            of DescAo obstruction, in addition to the aortic valve stenosis.</p>
      <p><bold>Differential diagnosis:</bold> Aortic obstruction in adulthood generally results
            from previous aortitis, as occurs in Takayasu and Kawasaki diseases; connective tissue
            diseases; and infectious diseases, such as syphilis.</p>
      <p><bold>Management:</bold> In view of the long-standing systolic impact, even without
            myocardial hypertrophy and with increased pressures in the proximal aorta circuit,
            operation is mandatory aiming at relieving the arterial obstruction, which would imply a
            greater possibility of development of myocardial fibrosis, heart failure, arrhythmias
            and earlier death. Dilatation of the isthmic region was chosen using therapeutic cardiac
            catheterization from the right femoral artery with placement of a 40 x 20-mm stent just
            past the origin of the left subclavian artery. BP levels immediately increased to 200
            mmHg and decreased in the sequence. Adequate enlargement of the region was achieved
               (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure&#160;2</xref>) with equalization of pressures
            between limbs. Severe chest pain extending to the back persisted for 12&#160;hours,
            accompanied by BP elevation to 150/100&#160;mmHg; both were relieved by dolantine and
            beta&#8209;blockers. BP decreased to normal levels of 125/80 mmHg in upper and lower limbs.
            The systolic murmur of aortic valve stenosis remained unchanged.</p>
      <p><bold>Commentaries: </bold>Obstructive congenital anomaly usually manifests early in
            life by means of a heart murmur. In sudden obstruction during the neonatal period, as
            occurs in coarctation of the aorta, classic signs of congestive heart failure appear and
            require immediate surgical intervention. Cardiac compensation with maintained antegrade
            flow is achieved by the myocardial hypertrophy and development of collateral
            circulation. In the present case, the favorable course up to the fourth decade of life,
            with more recent manifestation of symptoms, resulted from an efficient collateral
            circulation. Even when it causes less impact, this obstructive anomaly should be treated
            earlier to prevent an unfavorable outcome in relation to the development of myocardial
            fibrosis, arrhythmias and heart failure. In the course of bicuspid aortic valve,
            unfavorable elements such as AscAo dilatation with deficiency of the parietal
               muscle<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> arise, and this should be invariably
            treated surgically in due time.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Reference</title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>Grewal N, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Poelmann RE, Klautz RJ, Lindeman JH,
               Goumans MJ, et al. Ascending aorta dilation in association with bicuspid aortic
               valve: a maturation defect of the aortic wall. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg.
               2014;148(4):1583-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grewal</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gittenberger-de Groot</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poelmann</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klautz</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lindeman</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goumans</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ascending aorta dilation in association with bicuspid aortic valve: a
                  maturation defect of the aortic wall</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>148</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1583</fpage>
          <lpage>1590</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nico-radiogr&#225;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 3/2015 Mulher de 32 Anos com Coarcta&#231;&#227;o da Aorta, Valva A&#243;rtica
               Bivalvulada e Aorta Ascendente Dilatada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Edmar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>arrieta</surname>
            <given-names>Raul</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP
               &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Edmar Atik</bold>, Rua Dona Adma Jafet, 74,
               conj. 73, Bela Vista. CEP 01308-050, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>eatik@cardiol.br</email>; <email>conatik@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Coarcta&#231;&#227;o da Aorta</kwd>
        <kwd>Estenose A&#243;rtica Bivalvulada</kwd>
        <kwd>Dilata&#231;&#227;o da Aorta</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><bold>Dados cl&#237;nicos</bold>: relata que, na inf&#226;ncia, havia sido auscultado sopro
            card&#237;aco, mas diagn&#243;stico da coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta foi realizado h&#225; 1 m&#234;s por
            ecocardiograma e tomografia, em vista de queixas recentes de cansa&#231;o nas pernas.
            Praticava atividade f&#237;sica regularmente e n&#227;o referia cefaleia. N&#227;o recebia medica&#231;&#227;o
            espec&#237;fica.</p>
      <p><bold>Exame f&#237;sico</bold>: eupneica, acian&#243;tica, pulsos amplos nos membros superiores e
            ausentes nos membros inferiores. Peso: 58 kg; altura: 166 cm; press&#227;o arterial (PA) de
            membro superior direito igual ao de membro superior esquerdo = 140/80 mmHg, PA MIs: 80
            mmHg; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC): 78 bpm; satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio: 96%. Aorta nitidamente
            palpada na f&#250;rcula. Fr&#234;mito e sopro sist&#243;licos discretos na f&#250;rcula, + de
            intensidade.</p>
      <p>No prec&#243;rdio, <italic>ictus cordis</italic> n&#227;o palpado e aus&#234;ncia de impuls&#245;es
            sist&#243;licas na borda esternal esquerda (BE E). Bulhas card&#237;acas normofon&#233;ticas; sopro
            sist&#243;lico, +/4, rude, na &#225;rea a&#243;rtica e em todo o dorso, &#224; direita e esquerda. O f&#237;gado
            n&#227;o era palpado.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Exames complementares</title>
        <p><bold>Eletrocardiograma</bold> mostrava ritmo sinusal e sem sinais de sobrecarga
               cavit&#225;ria. O &#237;ndice de Sokolov era de 34 mm e n&#227;o havia altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o
               ventricular. AP: +60&#186;; AQRS: +70&#186;; AT: +40&#186;. </p>
        <p><bold>Radiografia de t&#243;rax</bold> mostrava &#225;rea card&#237;aca normal (&#237;ndice
               cardiotor&#225;cico de 0,47). A trama vascular pulmonar era normal e o arco m&#233;dio,
               escavado. Havia arco superior direito alongado indicativo de aorta ascendente (AoAsc)
               dilatada. O arco a&#243;rtico posterior era algo proeminente e a aorta descendente
               (AoDesc), dilatada. Notou-se hiperrefring&#234;ncia em algumas costelas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Radiografia de t&#243;rax mostra &#225;rea card&#237;aca normal, arco superior direito
                     discretamente abaulado (aorta ascendente dilatada) e aorta descendente tamb&#233;m
                     dilatada. Hiperrefring&#234;ncia &#233; notada em alguns bordos inferiores das
                     costelas.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0e19-40220-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p><bold>Ecocardiograma</bold> mostrou valva a&#243;rtica bivalvulada com gradiente de
               press&#227;o m&#225;ximo de 31 e m&#233;dio de 17 mmHg. A AoAsc era dilatada (44 mm), o arco a&#243;rtico
               tinha 37 mm e havia estreitamento na regi&#227;o &#237;stmica, com gradiente de press&#227;o de 47
               mmHg. As cavidades card&#237;acas tinham dimens&#245;es normais, sem hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica
               (septo/parede posterior =&#160;10 mm). Fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda era normal (70%).</p>
        <p><bold>Angiotomografia da aorta </bold>mostrou AoAsc dilatada (42 mm), cro&#231;a (22 mm) e
               estreitamento n&#237;tido com 8 mm de di&#226;metro, no in&#237;cio da AoDesc, sendo na altura do
               diafragma de 20 mm. Havia circula&#231;&#227;o colateral intensa.</p>
        <p><bold>Cateterismo card&#237;aco</bold> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>).
               As press&#245;es eram: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) = 160/12 mm Hg; AoAsc = 140/82 mm Hg; e
               AoDesc = 100/80 mmHg. Angiografia mostrou estreitamento n&#237;tido no istmo da aorta e
               dilata&#231;&#227;o da AoAsc e AoDesc. </p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Angiografia mostra aorta ascendente dilatada. Cro&#231;a diminui de di&#226;metro at&#233;
                     a coarcta&#231;&#227;o &#237;stmica e dilata&#231;&#227;o da aorta descendente em A e B, e a coloca&#231;&#227;o
                     efetiva de stent 40 x 20 mm na regi&#227;o esten&#243;tica em C.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0e19-40220-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico:</bold> coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta acentuada na regi&#227;o &#237;stmica e
               estenose valvar a&#243;rtica em valva bivalvulada discreta com dilata&#231;&#227;o acentuada da
               aorta ascendente, em evolu&#231;&#227;o natural.</p>
        <p><bold>Racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico: </bold>os elementos cl&#237;nicos da coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta s&#227;o
               n&#237;tidos e de f&#225;cil identifica&#231;&#227;o, sendo principalmente representados pelo contraste
               de pulsos e da PA entre os membros superiores e inferiores. Torna-se de interesse
               notar que, mesmo em cardiopatia com sobrecarga de press&#227;o e de longa data, n&#227;o haja
               hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica, e nem sinais de sobrecarga el&#233;trica e com sintomas recentes e
               discretos. Esses aspectos se devem ao desenvolvimento de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral
               eficiente. A radiografia de t&#243;rax com &#225;rea card&#237;aca normal expressa fun&#231;&#227;o
               ventricular normal e a dilata&#231;&#227;o da AoAsc antev&#234; a possibilidade obstrutiva na
               AoDesc, al&#233;m da estenose valvar a&#243;rtica.</p>
        <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico diferencial:</bold> obstru&#231;&#245;es da aorta em adulto em geral decorrem
               de aortite pr&#233;via, como se sucede em doen&#231;a de Takayasu e de Kawasaki, em doen&#231;as do
               tecido conjuntivo e em doen&#231;as infecciosas, como s&#237;filis.</p>
        <p><bold>Conduta:</bold> em face da repercuss&#227;o sist&#243;lica de longa data, mesmo sem
               hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica e com press&#245;es aumentadas no circuito da aorta proximal,
               torna-se imperiosa a indica&#231;&#227;o operat&#243;ria, visando ao al&#237;vio da obstru&#231;&#227;o arterial,
               que suscita maior possibilidade para instala&#231;&#227;o de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, insufici&#234;ncia
               card&#237;aca, arritmias e morte mais precoce. Preferiu-se a dilata&#231;&#227;o da regi&#227;o &#237;stmica
               pelo cateterismo intervencionista a partir da art&#233;ria femoral direita com stent 40 x
               20 mm com inser&#231;&#227;o logo ap&#243;s a emerg&#234;ncia da art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda. Houve
               imediata eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA para 200 mmHg que, em seguida, diminuiu. Houve amplia&#231;&#227;o
               adequada da regi&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>) com equaliza&#231;&#227;o
               de press&#227;o entre os membros. Acentuada dor tor&#225;cica com extens&#227;o para o dorso
               persistiu por 12 horas e com eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA para 150/100 mmHg, as quais foram
               aliviadas com dolantina e betabloqueador adren&#233;rgico. PA se normalizou a n&#237;veis de
               125/80 mmHg nos membros superiores e inferiores. O sopro sist&#243;lico da estenose valvar
               a&#243;rtica permaneceu inalterado.</p>
        <p><bold>Coment&#225;rios: </bold>as anomalias cong&#234;nitas obstrutivas geralmente se
               manifestam precocemente na vida, por meio de ausculta de sopro card&#237;aco. Em obstru&#231;&#227;o
               s&#250;bita no per&#237;odo neonatal, como ocorre na coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta, surgem os sinais
               cl&#225;ssicos da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, que requer interven&#231;&#227;o operat&#243;ria
               imediata. A compensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca com manuten&#231;&#227;o do fluxo anter&#243;grado &#233; obtida pela
               hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica e pelo desenvolvimento de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral. No caso
               presente, evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel at&#233; a quarta d&#233;cada da vida, com manifesta&#231;&#227;o
               sintom&#225;tica mais recente, decorria da circula&#231;&#227;o colateral eficiente. Essa anomalia
               obstrutiva, mesmo com menor repercuss&#227;o, deve ser tratada mais precocemente, afim de
               se evitar evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel em rela&#231;&#227;o ao surgimento de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica,
               arritmias e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A evolu&#231;&#227;o da valva a&#243;rtica bivalvulada traz
               elementos desfavor&#225;veis evolutivos, como a dilata&#231;&#227;o da AoAsc, com defici&#234;ncia do
               m&#250;sculo parietal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>, que invariavelmente deve
               ser oportunamente tratada cirurgicamente.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
