<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vXcxjFrFRTQr38QkZDZj9Wc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000300012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150013</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Patients with Chronic Non-Dialytic Renal
               Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Wagner Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aras</surname>
            <given-names>Roque</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Ana Neri</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Ana Neri, Universidade Federal da
                  Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Wagner Ramos Borges</bold>, Rua Doutor Augusto
               Lopes Pontes, 170, apto. 602. Postal Code 41760-035, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>wagner2076@bol.com.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>253</fpage>
      <lpage>254</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution NonCommercial License which permits unrestricted noncommercial
                  use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is
                  properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Renal Insufficiency, Chronic</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcium/metabolism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="6"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Cardiovascular diseases are currently the major cause of morbidity and mortality.
         Atherosclerosis alone is their most important cause and is characterized by a progressive
         multifactorial disease caused by genetic and acquired factors such as lipid accumulation,
         development of fibrosis and artery obstruction. The risk among patients with chronic renal
         failure (CRF) is higher than that among the general population, with a high prevalence of
         coronary artery disease (40%) and mortality from 10 to 20 times higher, especially among
         those in a hemodialysis program, accounting for 50% of deaths in dialytic patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.
         Investigation and assessment of subclinical atherosclerosis using imaging methods (calcium
         score in coronary CT scan, ultrasonography or angiography) may be used to identify and
         stratify the atherosclerotic risk, considering that the atherosclerotic plaque burden
         correlates with the risk of coronary events, especially in patients with chronic dialytic
         renal failure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
    <p>Measurement of the myointimal thickness is a safe, low-cost, easy-access method to identify
         patients with subclinical or obstructive disease. Groot et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> showed that myointimal thickness of up to 0.8 mm could be considered
         normal, and higher values would characterize early stages of arterial wall thickening. In
         patients with non-dialytic CRF, there is a high prevalence of myointimal thickening in the
         different age ranges, thus showing an active process of subclinical atherosclerosis.
         However, the lack of a standard reference table for the Brazilian population is a
         limitation for inferences.</p>
    <p>The risk of coronary events in asymptomatic patients may be assessed by prognostic scores,
         such as Framingham&#8217;s, or by reclassifying the risk individually using noninvasive
         techniques to determine changes in the arterial wall, such as coronary calcium, myointimal
         thickness, and assessment of endothelial dysfunction, thus improving the identification of
         individuals at a low and intermediate risk.</p>
    <p>Studies such as the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) and The Heinz Nixdorf
         Recall Study show that risk stratification may be improved when the Coronary Calcium Score
         (CCS) is added to conventional risk factors such as those defined by the Framingham score.
         Considering that patients with chronic renal failure are at a high risk of cardiovascular
         events and that CCS is an independent predictor that reclassifies the individuals&#8217;
         cardiovascular risk, it is possible that this score be useful in risk stratification for
         cardiovascular events in patients with CRF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
    <p>Age, gender and race are important factors in the determination of CCS and CIMT. Studies
         show that the assessment of WC in the age range from 35 to 55 year or 60 years shows the
         highest specificity for the detection of coronary events risk.</p>
    <p>Raggi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref> compared type-2 diabetic patients with
         non&#8209;diabetic patients with calcium score zero and reported that both groups had the same
         time of survival. Although CCS plays a role in risk stratification for coronary events in
         the general population, further prospective studies are necessary to define its prognostic
         importance in diabetics. </p>
    <p>Noninvasive tests, such as CCS and myointimal thickness, may identify subclinical
         atherosclerosis in patients with non&#8209;dialytic CRF. However, further studies with larger
         samples are required to define whether this could interfere with the clinical and
         prognostic outcomes.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta ao Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aterosclerose Subcl&#237;nica em Pacientes Renais Cr&#244;nicos N&#227;o
               Dial&#237;ticos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Wagner Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aras</surname>
            <given-names>Roque</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label/>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Ana Neri</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Ana Neri, Universidade Federal da Bahia,
               UFBA, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Wagner Ramos Borges</bold>, Rua Doutor Augusto
               Lopes Pontes, 170, apto. 602. CEP 41760-035, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>wagner2076@bol.com.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcio/metabolismo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o a principal causa de morbimortalidade na atualidade. A
            aterosclerose &#233; o fator causal, isoladamente, mais importante e se caracteriza como uma
            doen&#231;a multifatorial progressiva, causada por fatores gen&#233;ticos e adquiridos, com
            ac&#250;mulo de lip&#237;dios e desenvolvimento de fibrose e obstru&#231;&#227;o nas art&#233;rias. O risco entre
            pacientes com DRC (doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica) &#233; superior ao da popula&#231;&#227;o geral com elevada
            preval&#234;ncia de coronariopatia (40%) e mortalidade de 10 a 20 vezes superior,
            principalmente naqueles que est&#227;o em programa de hemodi&#225;lise, sendo respons&#225;vel por 50%
            dos &#243;bitos em pacientes dial&#237;ticos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. A pesquisa e a
            avalia&#231;&#227;o de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica por m&#233;todos de imagem (escore de c&#225;lcio na
            tomografia coron&#225;ria, ultrassonografia ou angiografia) pode ser utilizada na
            identifica&#231;&#227;o e estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco ateroscler&#243;tico, considerando que a carga de
            placa ateroscler&#243;tica correlaciona-se com o risco de eventos coronarianos,
            principalmente em portadores de DRC dial&#237;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>A medida de espessura miointimal da car&#243;tida (EMIC) &#233; um m&#233;todo seguro, de baixo custo e
            de f&#225;cil acessibilidade, identificando pacientes com doen&#231;a subcl&#237;nica ou obstrutiva.
            Groot e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> mostraram que at&#233; 0,8mm de
            espessura miointimal seria considerado normal e acima deste valor &#233; espessamento
            arterial precoce. Em pacientes com DRC-n&#227;o dial&#237;tica h&#225; elevada preval&#234;ncia de
            espessamento miointimal nas diversas faixas et&#225;rias demonstrando o processo ativo de
            aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica, por&#233;m a falta de uma tabela padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para a
            popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira limita as infer&#234;ncias.</p>
      <p>O risco de eventos coronarianos em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos pode ser avaliado por
            escores progn&#243;sticos como Framingham ou reclassificando risco individualmente por
            t&#233;cnicas n&#227;o invasivas para determinar altera&#231;&#245;es na parede arterial como c&#225;lcio
            coron&#225;rio, espessura miointimal e pesquisa de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, melhorando a
            identifica&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos de baixo e intermedi&#225;rio riscos.</p>
      <p>Estudos como o <italic>Multi-Ethnic of Atherosclerosis (MESA) e The Heinz Nixdorf
               Recall</italic> mostraram que a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco pode ser melhorada quando se
            adiciona o escore de c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio (ECC) a fatores de risco tradicionais como
            definidos pelo escore de Framingham. Considerando que pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica
            est&#227;o em risco elevado de eventos cardiovasculares e que o ECC &#233; um preditor
            independente e reclassifica o risco cardiovascular dos indiv&#237;duos, &#233; poss&#237;vel que o ECC
            em pacientes com DRC n&#227;o dial&#237;tica seja &#250;til na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para eventos
               cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>A idade, o sexo e a ra&#231;a s&#227;o fatores importantes na determina&#231;&#227;o do ECC e da EMIC.
            Estudos mostram que a maior especificidade para detec&#231;&#227;o de risco de eventos
            coronarianos est&#225; na avalia&#231;&#227;o da calcifica&#231;&#227;o coronariana entre as faixas de 35 a 55
            anos ou a 60 anos.</p>
      <p>Raggi e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, comparando diab&#233;ticos tipo 2 e
            n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos com escore de c&#225;lcio zero, relataram que ambos tiveram a mesma sobrevida.
            Apesar do ECC ter papel na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para eventos coronarianos na
            popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, mais estudos prospectivos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para defini&#231;&#227;o de sua
            import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica em diab&#233;ticos.</p>
      <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de exames n&#227;o invasivos em portadores de DRC n&#227;o dial&#237;tica, pode
            identificar aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica, atrav&#233;s do ECC e EMIC. Entretanto, mais estudos
            s&#227;o necess&#225;rios com uma maior amostra para definir se h&#225; interfer&#234;ncia na evolu&#231;&#227;o
            cl&#237;nica e progn&#243;stico.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
