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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">StZzcKN5FpCZk8CTcXYh9Rr</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000300010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Electrical Properties of Isolated Cardiomyocytes in a Rat Model of
               Thiamine Deficiency</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos-Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Artur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Jader Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Roman-Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Minas Gerais</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais,
               MG - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Minas
               Gerais</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Danilo Roman Campos,</bold> Rua Botucatu 862,
               Edif&#237;cio de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas. Vila Clementino, Postal Code 04023-062. S&#227;o Paulo,
               SP &#8211; Brazil Email: <email>drcampos@unifesp.br; drcbio@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Santos-Miranda A, Cruz JS, Roman-Campos D.
                  Acquisition of data: Santos- Miranda A. Analysis and interpretation of the data:
                  Santos- Miranda A, Roman-Campos D. Statistical analysis: Santos- Miranda A.
                  Obtaining financing:Cruz JS, Roman-Campos D. Writing of the manuscript:
                  Santos-Miranda A, Cruz JS, Roman-Campos D. Critical revision of the manuscript for
                  intellectual content: Santos-Miranda A, Roman-Campos D.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>242</fpage>
      <lpage>245</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution NonCommercial License which permits unrestricted noncommercial
                  use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is
                  properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>In modern society, thiamine deficiency (TD) remains an important medical condition
               linked to altered cardiac function. There have been contradictory reports about the
               impact of TD on heart physiology, especially in the context of cardiac excitability.
               In order to address this particular question, we used a TD rat model and patch-clamp
               technique to investigate the electrical properties of isolated cardiomyocytes from
               epicardium and endocardium. Neither cell type showed substantial differences on the
               action potential waveform and transient outward potassium current. Based on our
               results we can conclude that TD does not induce major electrical remodeling in
               isolated cardiac myocytes in either endocardium or epicardium cells.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocytes, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Electric Stimulation</kwd>
        <kwd>Thiamine Deficiency/ physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Action Potentials</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats, Heart Failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Thiamine is a pivotal cofactor involved in distinct biochemical reactions. Its
            deprivation causes significant changes in physiology, especially in neurons and cardiac
               tissue<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. In the industrialized world, thiamine
            deficiency (TD) is particularly related to chronic alcohol consumption and
            administration of loop diuretics, such as furosemide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. In both cases, some degree of heart remodeling is reported, such as
            high-output heart failure, the most common clinical manifestation of TD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. In some cases, patients with TD may develop heart
            failure in association with cardiac electrical remodeling<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Based on previous data
            from the literature and using animal models, our group and others have determined
            electrical remodeling of cardiomyocytes. However, there are conflicting results in the
               literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. In the present study, we
            determined whether TD leads to electrical remodeling of isolated myocytes from the
            endocardium (ENDO) and epicardium (EPI) of rats. </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Experimental group</title>
        <p>Male Wistar rats (250&#160;g) were fed a control (containing thiamine) or a thiamine-free
               diet for 35 days as previously described by our group<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Cell isolation</title>
          <p>ENDO and EPI cells of the left ventricle from age-matched control and TD rats were
                  enzymatically dissociated as previously reported<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Electrophysiological recordings</title>
          <p>All records were obtained using methods and solutions as previously described<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Cells were maintained at a holding
                  potential of -80mV. Action potentials (APs) were elicited by short pulses (3-5 ms)
                  of 1nA current at 1 Hz frequency for 3 minutes. During K current records, cells
                  were perfused with a modified Tyrode&#8217;s solution, replacing NaCl by
                  N-metyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) (to abolish sodium current), and 100&#181;M
                     CdCl<sub>2</sub> (to block L-type calcium current). A junction potential of
                  -20mV was measured and should be applied to every tested potential.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>All results are expressed as mean &#177; standard error of the mean. For
                  statistical analysis, we used One-way anova followed by Tukey&#8217;s post-hoc test.
                  P&#160;&lt;&#160;0.05 was set as significant level.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>In the present study we evaluated the electrical properties of isolated myocytes from
            ENDO and EPI cells. Our results showed that control myocyte have longer action potential
            duration (APD) in ENDO cells when compared to EPI cells (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). This phenomenon is connected to larger outward potassium current
            in EPI when compared to ENDO cells (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>),
            corroborating previous data from the literature. To our surprise, TD had minor impact on
            electrical properties of isolated cardiomyocytes. When compared the repolarization time
            (RT) at 90% of EPI CTR to EPI TD, it was 26.33&#160;&#177;&#160;1.56&#160;ms, n&#160;=&#160;26 vs.
            30.35&#160;&#177;&#160;2.49&#160;ms, n&#160;=&#160;22, respectively. ENDO cells showed similar results. For
            instance, RT at 90% was 38.93 &#177; 2.96ms, n&#160;=&#160;18 vs. 46.40 &#177; 6.11&#160;ms, n&#160;=&#160;20
            for CTR vs. TD cells (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). In line with
            these results, peak outward and inward potassium current was similar, when comparing EPI
            CT to EPI TD. For example at +80 mV it was (A/F) 23.01 &#177; 1.77, n&#160;=&#160;18 and 20.62
            &#177; 1.50, n&#160;=&#160;15, respectively. Similar profile was observed for ENDO cells (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). Finally, in line with previous results, TD
            myocytes showed smaller capacitance when compared to CTR cells (data not shown).</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Action potentials in isolated cardiac myocytes. Top panels show representative
                  recordings for (A) epicardium (EPI) cells (left) and (B) Endocardium (ENDO) cells
                  (right), considering control (CT) (green line) and thiamine-deficient (TD) (blue
                  line) groups. Bottom panels show average time required for the action potential
                  repolarization to occur at 10%, 50% and 90% of the repolarization in control
                  (green bars) and TD (blue bars) groups for EPI- CT (n = 26), EPI-DT (n = 22)
                  (left) and ENDO-CT (n = 18), ENDO-TD (n = 20) (right).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0242-50010-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Whole-cell potassium current. Currents were elicited upon stimulation steps
                  ranging from -140 to +80mV (for 4s) from a holding potential of -70 mV in steps of
                  20 mV, every 15s. Top (CTR) and middle (TD) panels show representative recordings
                  for (A) epicardium (EPI) and (B) endocardium (ENDO) cells. Insets represent the
                  initial 500 ms of recordings. Bottom panels represent the current x voltage for
                  maximum potassium current. Green and blue squares represent CTR and TD groups, for
                  EPI (A) and ENDO (B) cells.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0242-50010-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In previous studies, using a rat model, our group showed that TD is able to induce
            cardiomyocyte contractility dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Such
            changes were attributed to altered calcium handling, with reduced sarcoplasmatic
            reticulum calcium content<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Additionally, an
            increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed, which may have
            contributed to the reduced heart mass observed in this model<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Together, these results are able to explain the reduced heart and
            myocyte function during TD.</p>
      <p>In the context of electrical alteration, it is more difficult to draw a more conclusive
            idea. There have been many reports in the literature showing distinct alterations in the
            electrocardiogram of humans and animals during TD, including tachycardia, ST elevation
            and depression, altered T wave morphology with prolonged QT interval, accompanied by A-V
            block and QRS prolongation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. In the context of animal models, it seems that
            cardiomyocytes from young rats are more prone to develop electrical disturbances than
            adult rats (the latter were used in the present study)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>However, it is intriguing that TD is not able to induce robust electrical remodeling in
            cardiomyocytes, especially in the context of increased ROS production<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. It is well know that ROS is able reduce outward
            potassium current in myocytes, due to reduced expression of Kv<sub>4.3</sub>, which is
            responsible for the transient outward potassium current<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Thus, it is possible to speculate that there are endogenous systems
            and/or aging factors that modulate the electrical remodeling of myocytes in the setting
            of TD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Thiamine deficiency leads to minor changes in the electrical properties of isolated
            cardiac myocytes in both endocardium and epicardium cells. This study was supported by
            FAPEMIG, CNPq and CAPES.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CNPq, Capes e FAPEMIG.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Propriedades El&#233;tricas de Cardiomi&#243;citos Isolados em um Modelo Animal em
               Ratos com Defici&#234;ncia de Tiamina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos-Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Artur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Jader Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Roman-Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Minas Gerais</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais,
               MG - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Minas
               Gerais</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Danilo Roman Campos</bold>, Rua Botucatu 862,
               Edif&#237;cio de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas. Vila Clementino. CEP 04023-062, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211;
               Brasil Email: <email>drcampos@unifesp.br</email>;
               <email>drcbio@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Santos-Miranda A, Cruz JS, Roman-Campos D.
                  Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Santos&#8209;Miranda A. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados:
                  Santos&#8209;Miranda A, Roman&#8209;Campos D. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Santos-Miranda A. Obten&#231;&#227;o
                  de financiamento: Cruz JS, Roman-Campos D. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Santos-Miranda
                  A, Cruz JS, Roman&#8209;Campos D. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do
                  intelectual importante: Santos-Miranda A, Roman-Campos D.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <p>Na sociedade moderna, a defici&#234;ncia de tiamina (DT) ainda &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica
               importante ligada &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca alterada. H&#225; relatos contradit&#243;rios sobre o
               impacto da DT sobre a fisiologia do cora&#231;&#227;o, especialmente no contexto da
               excitabilidade card&#237;aca. A fim de resolver essa quest&#227;o em particular, n&#243;s utilizamos
               de um modelo de DT para investigar as propriedades el&#233;tricas de cardiomi&#243;citos
               isolados das diferentes sub-regi&#245;es do mioc&#225;rdio de ratos, epic&#225;rdio e endoc&#225;rdio,
               por meio da t&#233;cnica de &#8220;patch clamp&#8221;. Nenhum dos dois tipos de c&#233;lula estudados
               apresentou diferen&#231;as significativas na morfologia do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o e corrente
               transit&#243;ria r&#225;pida de sa&#237;da de pot&#225;ssio. Com base em nossos resultados, podemos
               concluir que a DT n&#227;o induz grande remodelamento el&#233;trico em mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos
               isolados tanto nas c&#233;lulas do endoc&#225;rdio quanto nas do epic&#225;rdio.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Mi&#243;citos Card&#237;acos</kwd>
        <kwd>Estimula&#231;&#227;o El&#233;trica</kwd>
        <kwd>Defici&#234;ncia de Tiamina/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Potenciais de A&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A tiamina &#233; um importante cofator envolvido em rea&#231;&#245;es bioqu&#237;micas diversas. A sua
               priva&#231;&#227;o gera altera&#231;&#245;es significativas na fisiologia, especialmente em neur&#244;nios e
               tecido card&#237;aco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. No mundo industrializado, a
               defici&#234;ncia de tiamina (DT) est&#225; particularmente associada ao consumo cr&#244;nico de
               &#225;lcool e administra&#231;&#227;o de diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a, como a furosemida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Em ambos os casos, foi relatado algum grau de remodelamento
               card&#237;aco, tal como a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de alto d&#233;bito, a&#160;manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica
               mais comum da DT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Em alguns casos,
               os&#160;pacientes com DT podem desenvolver insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em associa&#231;&#227;o com
               remodelamento el&#233;trico do cora&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Baseado em dados
               pr&#233;vios da literatura e usando modelos animais, nosso grupo e outros determinaram o
               remodelamento el&#233;trico dos cardiomi&#243;citos. No entanto, h&#225; resultados conflitantes na
                  literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. No presente estudo,
               determinamos se a DT leva ao remodelamento el&#233;trico de mi&#243;citos isolados do
               endoc&#225;rdio (ENDO) e do epic&#225;rdio (EPI) de ratos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Grupo Experimental</title>
          <p>Ratos machos Wistar (250&#160;g) foram alimentados com uma dieta controle (contendo
                  tiamina) ou uma dieta livre de tiamina durante 35 dias, tal como descrito
                  anteriormente pelo nosso grupo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Isolamento celular</title>
          <p>C&#233;lulas do ENDO e EPI do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de ratos do grupo controle pareados
                  por idade e ratos com DT foram enzimaticamente dissociadas como relatado
                     anteriormente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Registros Eletrofisiol&#243;gicos</title>
          <p>Todos os registros foram obtidos utilizando m&#233;todos e solu&#231;&#245;es como descrito
                     anteriormente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. As c&#233;lulas foram
                  mantidas em um potencial de holding de -80&#160;mV. Os potenciais de a&#231;&#227;o (PA) foram
                  induzidos por pulsos curtos (3-5&#160;ms) de corrente de 1nA a 1 Hz de frequ&#234;ncia
                  durante 3 minutos. Durante os registros das correntes de pot&#225;ssio, as c&#233;lulas
                  foram perfundidas com uma solu&#231;&#227;o de Tyrode modificada, substituindo NaCl por
                  N-metyl&#8209;D&#8209;glucamina (NMDG) (para abolir a corrente de s&#243;dio), e 100&#160;&#181;M de
                     CdCl<sub>2</sub> (para bloquear a corrente de c&#225;lcio tipo L). Um potencial de
                  jun&#231;&#227;o de -20&#160;mV foi medido e deve ser aplicado a todos os potenciais
                  testados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todos os resultados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia. Para a
                  an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, utilizou-se o teste One-way anova, seguido pelo teste
                  post-hoc de Tukey. P &lt; 0,05 foi estabelecido como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, foram avaliadas as propriedades el&#233;tricas dos mi&#243;citos isolados
               das c&#233;lulas do ENDO e EPI. Os nossos resultados mostraram que o mi&#243;cito controle
               apresenta maior dura&#231;&#227;o do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o (DPA) em c&#233;lulas do ENDO quando
               comparadas com as c&#233;lulas do EPI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>).
               Esse fen&#244;meno est&#225; associado &#224; maior corrente de pot&#225;ssio de sa&#237;da presentes nas
               c&#233;lulas do EPI quando comparada com as c&#233;lulas do ENDO (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>), corroborando dados anteriores da literatura. Para
               nossa surpresa, a DT teve um impacto n&#227;o significativo sobre as propriedades
               el&#233;tricas dos cardiomi&#243;citos isolados. Quando comparado o tempo necess&#225;rio para 90%
               da repolariza&#231;&#227;o (TR)do PA das c&#233;lulas de EPI CTR com EPI DT, esse foi de 26,33
               &#177; 1.56&#160;ms, n = 26 vs. 30,35 &#177; 2,49 ms, n&#160;=&#160;22, respectivamente. As
               c&#233;lulas do ENDO apresentaram resultados semelhantes. Por exemplo, o&#160;TR a 90% foi
               38,93 &#177; 2.96&#160;ms, n = 18 vs. 46,40 &#177; 6.11&#160;ms, n&#160;=&#160;20 para c&#233;lulas CTR
               vs. com DT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>). Em concord&#226;ncia com
               esses resultados, o pico de corrente de sa&#237;da e de entrada de pot&#225;ssio foi
               semelhante, ao comparar EPI CT ao EPI DT. Por exemplo, a&#160;+80 mV foi (A/F) 23,01
               &#177; 1,77, n = 18, e 20,62&#160;&#177;&#160;1,50, n&#160;= 15, respectivamente. Perfil
               semelhante foi observado para as c&#233;lulas do ENDO (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>). Por fim, em conformidade com resultados anteriores, os mi&#243;citos
               com DT apresentam capacit&#226;ncias menores quando comparados com as c&#233;lulas CTR (dados
               n&#227;o mostrados).</p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Potenciais de a&#231;&#227;o em mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos isolados. Os pain&#233;is superiores
                     mostram os registros representativos para (A) c&#233;lulas do epic&#225;rdio (EPI) (&#224;
                     esquerda) e (B) c&#233;lulas do endoc&#225;rdio (ENDO) (&#224; direita), considerando-se os
                     grupos controle (CT) (linha verde) e de defici&#234;ncia de tiamina (DT) (linha
                     azul). Os pain&#233;is inferiores mostram o tempo m&#233;dio requerido para que ocorra a
                     repolariza&#231;&#227;o do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o em diferentes est&#225;gios, 10% ,50% e 90% da
                     repolariza&#231;&#227;o, nos grupos controle (barras verdes) e de DT (barras azuis) para
                     EPI-CT (n = 26), EPI-DT (n = 22) (&#224; esquerda) e ENDO-CT (n = 18), ENDO-DT (n =
                     20) (&#224; direita).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0242-50010-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Corrente de pot&#225;ssio. As correntes foram obtidas aplicando-se pulsos
                     quadrados que variaram entre -140 a +80 mV, com dura&#231;&#227;o de 4s e com incrementos
                     de 20mV entre eles, a partir de um potencial de holding de -70mV e com
                     intervalos de 15s entre um pulso e outo. Os pain&#233;is superior (CTR) e do meio
                     (DT) mostram registros representativos para (A) c&#233;lulas do epic&#225;rdio (EPI) e
                     (B) c&#233;lulas do endoc&#225;rdio (ENDO). As inser&#231;&#245;es representam os 500 ms iniciais
                     dos registros. Os pain&#233;is inferiores representam a corrente x voltagem para a
                     corrente m&#225;xima de pot&#225;ssio. Os quadrados verdes e azuis representam os grupos
                     CTR e DT, para as c&#233;lulas do EPI (A) e ENDO (B).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0242-50010-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em estudos anteriores, utilizando um modelo animal com ratos, o nosso grupo mostrou
               que a DT &#233; capaz de induzir a disfun&#231;&#227;o da capacidade contr&#225;til dos
                  cardiomi&#243;citos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Tais mudan&#231;as foram
               atribu&#237;das &#224; altera&#231;&#245;es no manejo intracelular de c&#225;lcio,com redu&#231;&#227;o do conte&#250;do de
               c&#225;lcio no ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Al&#233;m
               disso, observou-se um aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (ROS), que
               podem ter contribu&#237;do para a redu&#231;&#227;o da massa card&#237;aca observada nesse modelo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Juntos, esses resultados s&#227;o capazes de
               explicar a redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e dos mi&#243;citos durante a DT.</p>
        <p>No contexto da altera&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica, &#233; mais dif&#237;cil obter uma ideia mais conclusiva. H&#225;
               muitos relatos na literatura que mostram diferentes altera&#231;&#245;es no eletrocardiograma
               de humanos e animais durante a DT, incluindo taquicardia, eleva&#231;&#227;o e depress&#227;o do
               segmento ST, morfologia alterada da onda T com prolongamento do intervalo QT,
               acompanhadas de bloqueio AV e prolongamento do QRS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. No contexto dos
               modelos animais, parece que os cardiomi&#243;citos de ratos jovens s&#227;o mais propensos a
               desenvolver dist&#250;rbios el&#233;tricos quando comparados a ratos adultos (os &#250;ltimos foram
               utilizados no presente estudo)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>No entanto, &#233; intrigante que a DT n&#227;o seja capaz de induzir um remodelamento el&#233;trico
               significativo em cardiomi&#243;citos, especialmente no contexto do aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o de
                  ROS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Sabe-se que as ROS s&#227;o capazes de
               reduzir a corrente de pot&#225;ssio de sa&#237;da em mi&#243;citos, devido &#224; express&#227;o reduzida de
                  Kv<sub>3.4</sub>, que &#233; respons&#225;vel pela corrente transit&#243;ria de sa&#237;da de
                  pot&#225;ssio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Assim, &#233; poss&#237;vel especular que
               existem sistemas end&#243;genos e/ou fatores do envelhecimento que s&#227;o moduladores da
               remodelamento el&#233;trico de mi&#243;citos na presen&#231;a de DT.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A defici&#234;ncia de tiamina n&#227;o desencadeia mudan&#231;as significativas nas propriedades
               el&#233;tricas de mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos isolados tanto nas c&#233;lulas do endoc&#225;rdio quanto nas
               c&#233;lulas do epic&#225;rdio. Este estudo foi financiado pela FAPEMIG, CNPq e CAPES.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por CNPq, Capes e FAPEMIG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
