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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Y4xVKCyDmnjTrYG8v4DBSrB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000300009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040193</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140193</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hypotensive Response Magnitude and Duration in Hypertensives: Continuous
               and Interval Exercise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael Santos Teodoro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>C&#225;ssio Mascarenhas Robert</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Junqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Dayana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marchi-Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Leila Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da
               Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Raphael Santos Teodoro de Carvalho</bold>,
               Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeir&#227;o Preto/USP - Departamento de Enfermagem Geral e
               Especializada - Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Postal Code 14.040-902, Monte Alegre,
               Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil. E-mail:
               <email>raphaelstcarvalho@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Carvalho RST, Pires CMR, Marchi-Alves LM;
                  Acquisition of data: Carvalho RST, Junqueira GC, Marchi-Alves LM; Analysis and
                  interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Carvalho RST, Marchi-Alves
                  LM; Writing of the manuscript: Carvalho RST, Freitas D, Marchi-Alves LM; Critical
                  revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Carvalho RST, Pires CMR,
                  Freitas D, Marchi-Alves LM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>234</fpage>
      <lpage>241</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Although exercise training is known to promote post-exercise hypotension, there is
                  currently no consistent argument about the effects of manipulating its various
                  components (intensity, duration, rest periods, types of exercise, training
                  methods) on the magnitude and duration of hypotensive response.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To compare the effect of continuous and interval exercises on hypotensive response
                  magnitude and duration in hypertensive patients by using ambulatory blood pressure
                  monitoring (ABPM).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The sample consisted of 20 elderly hypertensives. Each participant underwent three
                  ABPM sessions: one control ABPM, without exercise; one ABPM after continuous
                  exercise; and one ABPM after interval exercise. Systolic blood pressure (SBP),
                  diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and
                  double product (DP) were monitored to check post-exercise hypotension and for
                  comparison between each ABPM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>ABPM after continuous exercise and after interval exercise showed post-exercise
                  hypotension and a significant reduction (p &lt; 0.05) in SBP, DBP, MAP and DP for
                  20 hours as compared with control ABPM. Comparing ABPM after continuous and ABPM
                  after interval exercise, a significant reduction (p &lt; 0.05) in SBP, DBP, MAP
                  and DP was observed in the latter.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Continuous and interval exercise trainings promote post-exercise hypotension with
                  reduction in SBP, DBP, MAP and DP in the 20 hours following exercise. Interval
                  exercise training causes greater post-exercise hypotension and lower
                  cardiovascular overload as compared with continuous exercise.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Post-Exercise Hypotension</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure Monitoring</kwd>
        <kwd>Ambulatory</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="27"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is a multifactorial clinical condition
            characterized by high and sustained blood pressure (BP) levels. Increased BP relates to
            age, the prevalence of SAH being higher than 50% among individuals aged 60-69 years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Regarding the therapeutic approach, the treatment of SAH can be based on pharmacological
            and non-pharmacological measures, mainly aimed at reducing cardiovascular morbidity and
               mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Non-pharmacological treatment comprises body weight reduction, sodium intake decrease,
            potassium intake increase, adhesion to a diet rich in fruits, vegetables and low-fat
            food, alcohol consumption decrease, smoking cessation and physical exercise practice,
            the latter being one of the most studied and used forms of non-pharmacological treatment
            of SAH<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Some studies have shown that one single session of physical exercise promotes
            post-exercise hypotension (PEH), which means BP reduction after physical exercise to
            levels lower than those measured prior to exercise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Some studies have reported that, among hypertensives, physical exercise chronically
            reduces systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at rest, on
            average, 8.3 mmHg and 5.2 mmHg, respectively, the chronic reduction in BP being
            associated with a cumulative effect of acute reductions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Therefore, in recent
            years, several studies have attempted to describe the benefits and peculiarities of
            physical exercise, mainly the aerobic one, to the SAH treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>Although the acute hypotensive effect of physical exercise and its mechanisms have been
            reported, so far there is no effective and consistent argumentation on the effects of
            the manipulation of the various components of training workload (intensity, duration,
            rest intervals, exercise types, training methods) on the hypotensive response magnitude
            and duration. The established propositions lack investigation and scientific
            evidence.</p>
      <p>In addition, knowing the efficiency of each type of physical training can help defining
            and guiding the therapeutic approach capable of more effectively contributing to the SAH
            treatment.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Objective</title>
        <p>To compare the effects of dynamic exercises (continuous and interval) on the
               hypotensive response magnitude and duration in hypertensive individuals by using
               ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample</title>
        <p>This study sample comprised 20 elderly hypertensives who diligently participated in
               activities provided by a philanthropic entity of a municipality of inner S&#227;o Paulo
               state, during the data collection period. This study included all individuals aged 60
               years and older, with no limitation to exercise, who had medical clearance for
               participation in physical activity, self-reported sedentary life style and unaltered
               pharmacological therapy for at least three months. Elderly individuals with the
               following characteristics were excluded from the study: disabling chronic
               cardiovascular, renal, pulmonary or psychological disorders. The present study was
               approved by the Committee on Ethics and Research of the Nursing School of Ribeir&#227;o
               Preto of the Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (protocol number 12116113.7.0000.5393), in
               accordance with the Brazilian Health Board 196/96 Resolution.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Anthropometric assessment</title>
        <p>The anthropometric data of body weight, height and body mass index (BMI) were
               collected according to the World Health Organization recommendation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Hemodynamic and cardiovascular measurements</title>
        <p>Indirect BP measurements prior to exercise sessions were taken after a 10-minute rest
               according to the specifications of the VI Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>Heart rate (HR) was measured before and during the exercise sessions by using a
                  Polar<sup>&#174;</sup> F6 heart rate monitor.</p>
        <p>Cardiovascular overload was estimated based on the mean double product (DP) obtained
               from the results of each ABPM and calculated by using the formula: mean HR of 20
               hours &#215; mean SBP of 20 hours. Cardiovascular overload was compared under the
               following different situations: control, after continuous exercise, and after
               interval exercise.</p>
        <p>The participants underwent three ABPM exams: control ABPM, ABPM after continuous
               exercise, and ABPM after interval exercise. All ABPM were performed during 20 hours
               of daily activities and in accordance with the V Brazilian Guidelines on Ambulatory
               Blood Pressure Monitoring and III Brazilian Guidelines on Home Blood Pressure
                  Monitoring<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>The Spacelabs<sup>&#174;</sup> (model 90207) device was used, the cuff being appropriately
               sized for the participant's arm.</p>
        <p>To prevent health damage, the routine use of anti-hypertensive drugs was maintained
               during ABPM. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiorespiratory assessment</title>
        <p>All participants underwent cardiopulmonary exercise test to assess cardiovascular
               health, to measure maximum oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2max</sub>) and to determine
               ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) and respiratory compensation threshold (RCT)
               for the prescription of continuous and interval exercises.</p>
        <p>The modified Bruce protocol, which is reserved for individuals with physical
               limitations, such as older and sedentary individuals, was selected for this
                  study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. The test was performed on a
               treadmill (Technogym<sup>&#174;</sup>, Run model).</p>
        <p>Participants underwent 12-lead electrocardiography at rest and continuous
               electrocardiography monitoring during the cardiopulmonary exercise test, which was
               performed in a temperature-controlled (21-23&#176;C) environment, at least one hour and a
               half after the last meal. They were encouraged to exercise until muscle fatigue was
               achieved.</p>
        <p>The VAT and RCT (expressed as oxygen consumption [VO<sub>2</sub>] and treadmill
               velocity and inclination) corresponded to the points where the ventilatory response
               linearity was lost [ventilation (Ve), ventilatory equivalent of carbon dioxide
                  (VCO<sub>2</sub>)], while VO<sub>2</sub> continued to linearly increase regarding
               the power applied.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exercise protocols</title>
        <p>Participants randomly underwent two sessions of dynamic exercises in different days,
               at a minimum one&#8209;week interval between sessions, at which the &#8216;training intensity'
               and &#8216;specific exercise method' were manipulated. The exercise sessions were scheduled
               for the beginning of the morning and they preceded the installation of the ABPM
               equipment. In one session, the participants exercised continuously on the treadmill
               for 42 minutes at the VAT intensity. In the other, they exercised according to the
               interval exercise method.</p>
        <p>The individuals exercised at the RCT for four minutes during the active phase, and,
               in the recovery phase, at 40% of VO<sub>2max</sub> for two minutes. The total session
               duration was 42 minutes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical aspects</title>
        <p>The present study was approved by the Committee on Ethics and Research with Human
               Beings of the Nursing School of Ribeir&#227;o Preto of the Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo
               (research protocol number 12116113.7.0000.5393), in accordance with the Brazilian
               Health Board 196/96 Resolution.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Descriptive analysis with absolute and percentage frequencies of the qualitative
               variables, and means, standard deviation and medians of quantitative variables was
               performed by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences &#8211; SPSS software,
               version 15.0.</p>
        <p>The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the normality of the distribution of
               quantitative variables. To assess the statistically significant differences, Wilcoxon
               nonparametric test was used for variables with no normal distribution. The
                  <italic>t</italic> test was used for paired samples of variables with normal
               distribution. In all analyses, the 5% statistical significance level was adopted (p
               &lt;0.05).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> shows the clinical variables of
            participants, according to the values obtained before the first physical exercise
            program.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Participants' mean values prior to the exercise program: minimum, maximum,
                  median, mean and standard deviation of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP,
                  DBP, respectively), heart rate (HR), double product (DP), body mass index (BMI),
                  abdominal circumference (AC), maximum oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2max</sub>),
                  ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) and respiratory compensation threshold (RCT)
                  (Ribeir&#227;o Preto, 2013)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Minimum</th>
              <th align="center">Maximum</th>
              <th align="center">Median</th>
              <th align="center">Mean</th>
              <th align="center">Standard deviation</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">113.00</td>
              <td align="center">160.00</td>
              <td align="center">144.50</td>
              <td align="center">143.45</td>
              <td align="center">10.18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">72.00</td>
              <td align="center">103.00</td>
              <td align="center">88.50</td>
              <td align="center">88.50</td>
              <td align="center">7.11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HR (bat/min)</td>
              <td align="center">66.00</td>
              <td align="center">85.00</td>
              <td align="center">75.95</td>
              <td align="center">76.00</td>
              <td align="center">5.10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DP</td>
              <td align="center">8.50</td>
              <td align="center">12.70</td>
              <td align="center">10.95</td>
              <td align="center">10.87</td>
              <td align="center">1.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">22.20</td>
              <td align="center">39.70</td>
              <td align="center">28.44</td>
              <td align="center">29.36</td>
              <td align="center">3.84</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>AC (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">86.00</td>
              <td align="center">115.00</td>
              <td align="center">101.00</td>
              <td align="center">110.08</td>
              <td align="center">9.48</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>VO<sub>2max</sub> (mL/kg.min)</td>
              <td align="center">17.50</td>
              <td align="center">27.00</td>
              <td align="center">23.30</td>
              <td align="center">22.84</td>
              <td align="center">2.58</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>VAT (mLl/kg.min)</td>
              <td align="center">12.20</td>
              <td align="center">18.20</td>
              <td align="center">15.64</td>
              <td align="center">15.35</td>
              <td align="center">1.74</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>RCT (mL/kg.min)</td>
              <td align="center">14.00</td>
              <td align="center">21.69</td>
              <td align="center">19.00</td>
              <td align="center">18.87</td>
              <td align="center">1.79</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">3</xref> show the clinical variables obtained on ABPM recording (control and after
            continuous and interval exercise programs), considering wakefulness and sleep.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mean values of minimum, maximum and median of systolic and diastolic blood
                  pressure (SBP, DBP, respectively) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) recorded during
                  wakefulness and sleep on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) of
                  participants (n = 20) undergoing continuous and interval exercise programs
                  (Ribeir&#227;o Preto, 2013)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr align="left">
              <th colspan="2">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Minimum</th>
              <th align="center">Maximum</th>
              <th align="center">Median</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td colspan="6">
                <bold>SBP (mmHg)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Control</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Wakefulness</td>
              <td align="center">110.46</td>
              <td align="center">152.50</td>
              <td align="center">140.09</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Sleep</td>
              <td align="center">92.06</td>
              <td align="center">145.25</td>
              <td align="center">122.84</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Continuous exercise</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Wakefulness</td>
              <td align="center">109.31</td>
              <td align="center">138.00</td>
              <td align="center">129.79</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Sleep</td>
              <td align="center">99.13</td>
              <td align="center">141.67</td>
              <td align="center">113.59</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Interval exercise</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Wakefulness</td>
              <td align="center">101.35</td>
              <td align="center">130.19</td>
              <td align="center">124.63</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>/0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Sleep</td>
              <td align="center">88.94</td>
              <td align="center">138.92</td>
              <td align="center">110.53</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>/0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td colspan="6">
                <bold>DBP (mmHg)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Control</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Wakefulness</td>
              <td align="center">68.08</td>
              <td align="center">98.85</td>
              <td align="center">88.80</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Sleep</td>
              <td align="center">55.63</td>
              <td align="center">80.00</td>
              <td align="center">73.22</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Continuous exercise</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Wakefulness</td>
              <td align="center">64.96</td>
              <td align="center">91.35</td>
              <td align="center">77.56</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Sleep</td>
              <td align="center">58.13</td>
              <td align="center">73.08</td>
              <td align="center">64.53</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Interval exercise</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Wakefulness</td>
              <td align="center">63.35</td>
              <td align="center">84.46</td>
              <td align="center">73.08</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>/0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Sleep</td>
              <td align="center">53.13</td>
              <td align="center">70.92</td>
              <td align="center">63.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>/0.079<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td colspan="6">
                <bold>MAP (mmHg)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Control</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Wakefulness</td>
              <td align="center">85.00</td>
              <td align="center">114.00</td>
              <td align="center">105.73</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Sleep</td>
              <td align="center">67.81</td>
              <td align="center">98.75</td>
              <td align="center">89.43</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Continuous exercise</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Wakefulness</td>
              <td align="center">83.00</td>
              <td align="center">107.00</td>
              <td align="center">93.56</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Sleep</td>
              <td align="center">74.00</td>
              <td align="center">96.00</td>
              <td align="center">80.97</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Interval exercise</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Wakefulness</td>
              <td align="center">76.54</td>
              <td align="center">98.46</td>
              <td align="center">89.56</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>/0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Sleep</td>
              <td align="center">66.44</td>
              <td align="center">87.67</td>
              <td align="center">79.44</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>/0.017<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Wilcoxon test compared to control.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Wilcoxon test compared to continuous exercise.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mean values of minimum, maximum and median of heart rate (HR) and double
                  product (DP) recorded during wakefulness and sleep on ambulatory blood pressure
                  monitoring (ABPM) of participants (n = 20) undergoing continuous and interval
                  exercise programs (Ribeir&#227;o Preto, 2013)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2" align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Minimum</th>
              <th align="center">Maximum</th>
              <th align="center">Median</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <bold>HR (beat/min)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Control</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Wakefulness</td>
              <td align="center">69.00</td>
              <td align="center">89.00</td>
              <td align="center">76.27</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Sleep</td>
              <td align="center">57.81</td>
              <td align="center">72.75</td>
              <td align="center">63.09</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Continuous exercise</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Wakefulness</td>
              <td align="center">66.69</td>
              <td align="center">85.46</td>
              <td align="center">74.94</td>
              <td align="center">0.062<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Sleep</td>
              <td align="center">54.31</td>
              <td align="center">72.08</td>
              <td align="center">62.09</td>
              <td align="center">0.030<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Interval exercise</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Wakefulness</td>
              <td align="center">66.88</td>
              <td align="center">85.58</td>
              <td align="center">75.36</td>
              <td align="center">0.313<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref> /
                           0.896<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Sleep</td>
              <td align="center">55.19</td>
              <td align="center">75.88</td>
              <td align="center">62.64</td>
              <td align="center">0.067<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref> /
                           0.538<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <bold>DP</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Control</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Wakefulness</td>
              <td align="center">7.00</td>
              <td align="center">11.00</td>
              <td align="center">10.00</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Sleep</td>
              <td align="center">5.00</td>
              <td align="center">10.00</td>
              <td align="center">7.00</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Continuous exercise</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Wakefulness</td>
              <td align="center">8.21</td>
              <td align="center">11.35</td>
              <td align="center">9.67</td>
              <td align="center">0.002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Sleep</td>
              <td align="center">5.80</td>
              <td align="center">9.80</td>
              <td align="center">7.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Interval exercise</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Wakefulness</td>
              <td align="center">8.05</td>
              <td align="center">11.22</td>
              <td align="center">9.12</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref> /
                           0.019<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Sleep</td>
              <td align="center">5.59</td>
              <td align="center">10.28</td>
              <td align="center">6.63</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref> /
                           0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">&#8224;</xref></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Wilcoxon test compared to control.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Wilcoxon test compared to continuous exercise.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Comparing the control and post-continuous exercise ABPM results, a statistically
            significant difference was observed in SBP, DBP, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and DP
            during wakefulness and sleep, and in sleep HR.</p>
      <p>Similarly, comparing the control and post-interval exercise ABPM results, a reduction in
            post-interval exercise values was observed, with a statistically significant difference
            in SBP, DBP, MAP and DP during wakefulness and sleep. No HR difference was observed
            between post-interval exercise and control ABPM values.</p>
      <p>Comparing continuous and interval exercise, a statistically significant difference was
            observed in wakefulness and sleep SBP, MAP and DP, and in wakefulness DBP. No difference
            was observed in sleep DBP and in wakefulness and sleep HR.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref> shows significant PEH for SBP and DBP
            after the continuous and interval exercise programs, during wakefulness and sleep, as
            compared with the pre-exercise resting period.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Post-exercise hypotension (PEH) for systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP
                  and DBP, respectively) during wakefulness and sleep as compared with values prior
                  to continuous and interval exercise programs (Ribeir&#227;o Preto, 2013)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Minimum</th>
              <th align="center">Maximum</th>
              <th align="center">Median</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <bold>Continuous exercise</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>pre-exercise SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">135.0</td>
              <td align="center">152.0</td>
              <td align="center">145.0</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>wakefulness mean SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">111.0</td>
              <td align="center">139.0</td>
              <td align="center">129.5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>sleep mean SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">100.0</td>
              <td align="center">138.0</td>
              <td align="center">113.5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>pre-exercise DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">75.0</td>
              <td align="center">102.0</td>
              <td align="center">90.0</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>wakefulness mean DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">65.0</td>
              <td align="center">88.0</td>
              <td align="center">77.5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>sleep mean DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">58.0</td>
              <td align="center">84.0</td>
              <td align="center">64.0</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <bold>Interval exercise</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>pre-exercise SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">132.0</td>
              <td align="center">154.0</td>
              <td align="center">142.0</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>wakefulness mean SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">102.0</td>
              <td align="center">131.0</td>
              <td align="center">123.5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>sleep mean SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">90.0</td>
              <td align="center">137.0</td>
              <td align="center">109.5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>pre-exercise DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">75.0</td>
              <td align="center">97.0</td>
              <td align="center">87.5</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>wakefulness mean DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">64.0</td>
              <td align="center">85.0</td>
              <td align="center">73.0</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>sleep mean DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">55.0</td>
              <td align="center">69.0</td>
              <td align="center">61.5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>* Wilcoxon test comparing pre-exercise period with the wakefulness and sleep
                     periods.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Our results indicate that continuous and interval physical exercise promotes PEH, and
            that BP reduction persists during wakefulness and sleep, at least in the first 20 hours
            following exercise practice.</p>
      <p>Similarly, PEH has been reported by several researchers. However, most of them have
            assessed the effect of physical exercise on BP for 60-120 minutes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>Few studies have assessed the effect of the manipulation of several training workload
            components (interval versus continuous training, exercise intensity and duration) on the
            hypotensive response magnitude and duration for 24 hours.</p>
      <p>Ciolac et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>have been one of the first research
            teams to compare the effects of continuous and interval exercises on PEH for 24 hours
            using reserve HR as a criterion for physical exercise prescription. Those authors have
            reported a reduction in 24-hour mean SBP and DBP after continuous and interval exercise,
            with 2.6 mmHg and 2.3 mmHg reductions in SBP and DBP, respectively, after continuous
            exercise, and a significant 2.8 mmHg reduction in only SBP after interval exercise.</p>
      <p>We found greater SBP and DBP reductions after both exercise modalities. Considering
            continuous exercise, reductions of 15.5 mmHg and 12.5 mmHg were found in SBP and DBP,
            respectively. Considering the interval modality, 18.5 mmHg and 14.5 mmHg reductions were
            observed in SBP and DBP, respectively. Differences were observed in wakefulness as
            compared with pre-exercise values.</p>
      <p>Some methodological divergences might have contributed to the differences between our
            findings and those of the study by Ciolac et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. We used other parameters for physical exercise prescription, such as VAT and
            RCT, because they are effective for exercise prescription and indicated by other
               researchers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Heart rate is influenced by different factors, such as
            environment temperature, relative air humidity, hydration level, sleep, use of beverages
            that alter the sympathetic nervous system activity, exercise hour and psychological
            stress level<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
      <p>Blood pressure levels before exercise practice also influence the PEH magnitude,
            because, the higher the BP level before physical exercise, the greater its
               reduction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. In the study by Ciolac et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, participants were hypertensives but had their BP
            under control. In our study, participants had high pre-exercise BP levels, despite all
            being on anti-hypertensive drugs.</p>
      <p>Muscle mass is another important factor that can determine greater magnitude and longer
            duration of PEH, because, the greater the muscle mass involved in exercise, the higher
            the production of vasodilator agents, such as adenosine, potassium, lactate, nitric
            oxide and prostaglandin<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Those vasodilator
            agents change peripheral vascular resistance, thus contributing to BP reduction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. We believe that the use of a treadmill for
            exercise training contributed to the greater PEH magnitude detected in our study,
            because that ergometer involves a larger number of muscle groups. On the other hand, the
            bicycle favors the use of lower limb muscles.</p>
      <p>In addition, Cunha et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> have assessed PEH
            after continuous and interval exercise practice for 120 minutes, using 60% of reserve HR
            as the intensity for continuous exercise and 80% (during one minute) and 50% (during two
            minutes) of reserve HR as the intensity for interval exercise. However, those authors
            have reported that the intensity used was within the same domain, probably below the
            VAT, and both sessions were defined as low-intensity. Those authors could not conclude
            whether interval exercise (characteristically of high intensity) could generate higher
            PEH as compared with continuous exercise (characteristically of moderate intensity), but
            have found statistical significance in the SBP reduction in both training sessions and
            in the DBP reduction for 30 minutes only after continuous exercise.</p>
      <p>To assess the effect of the manipulation of the exercise training workload on BP
            reduction, Lacombe et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> have used a bicycle
            and a sample of individuals with a mean age of 57 &#177; 4 years, who had borderline BP
            levels or had been diagnosed with stage 1 SAH. The intensity of continuous exercise was
            60% of VO<sub>2max</sub> and that of interval exercise was 85% of VO<sub>2max</sub> for
            two minutes, with recovery of 40% of VO<sub>2max</sub> for two minutes. The continuous
            exercise sessions lasted 21 minutes and those of interval exercise, 20 minutes. The
            results indicated a significant reduction in only SBP for both sessions (3 &#177; 4 mmHg
            after continuous exercise and 4 &#177; 6 mmHg after interval exercise). However, that study
            has not provided a more comprehensive analysis of BP reduction, because BP was monitored
            for only 60 minutes after exercise training.</p>
      <p>Considering the BP classification recommended by the V Brazilian Guidelines on
            Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring and III Brazilian Guidelines on Home Blood Pressure
               Monitoring<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, the results of control ABPM
            revealed that, on the day participants practiced no physical exercise, their BP levels
            were compatible with borderline BP during wakefulness and ambulatory hypertension during
            sleep, despite the use of drug therapy for the disease; they were, thus, at high
            cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p>The ABPM after continuous exercise showed a reduction in SBP of 10.3 mmHg and in DBP of
            11.24 mmHg as compared with control ABPM during wakefulness. Thus, wakefulness BP was
            classified as normal. Despite the significant reduction in SBP during sleep as compared
            with control ABPM (9.25 mmHg reduction), SBP was classified as borderline. During sleep,
            DBP decreased by 8.69 mmHg, being classified as optimal.</p>
      <p>After interval exercise practice, the ABPM results during wakefulness indicated an SBP
            reduction of 15.46 mmHg and a DBP decrease of 15.72 mmHg as compared with those of the
            same period of control ABPM. Thus, SBP was classified as normal, and DBP, as optimal.
            During sleep, an SBP reduction of 12.31mmHg and a DBP decrease of 10.19 mmHg were
            observed as compared with control ABPM. Thus, SBP during sleep was classified as normal,
            and DBP as optimal, meaning a normalization in mean BP levels for 20 hours, for both
            wakefulness and sleep.</p>
      <p>Other authors have found similar results comparing BP variation over the 24 hours
            following physical exercise training and that during a no exercise period<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. However, we found no studies assessing the effects of the manipulation of
            the different training workload components on the PEH magnitude and duration of elderly
            hypertensives.</p>
      <p>When comparing ABPM performed after interval exercise with ABPM after continuous
            exercise, we identified in the former a significant reduction in SBP, DBP and MAP during
            wakefulness, and in SBP and MAP during sleep.</p>
      <p>Concerning DP, a significant reduction (p &lt;0.05) during wakefulness and sleep was
            observed in ABPM after continuous and interval exercise as compared with control ABPM.
            In addition, a higher reduction in DP was observed during wakefulness and sleep after
            interval exercise as compared with continuous exercise.</p>
      <p>The lower DP observed after continuous and interval exercise training is of great
            clinical relevance, because it indicates lower cardiovascular overload, and, thus, a
            reduction in the risk for adverse events, such as ischemic heart disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. In addition, we
            observed a higher benefit from interval exercise as compared with continuous, with lower
            cardiac overload in the 20 hours following exercise practice.</p>
      <p>Heart rate was significantly reduced (p &lt;0.05) only after continuous exercise
            training and only during sleep. In addition, HR reduction in the 24 hours following
            physical exercise practice as compared with the control session was not identified in
            other studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. We believe that acute HR reduction after continuous and interval
            aerobic exercise is not an expected response. Brand&#227;o Rondon et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> have shown that, after aerobic exercise training, HR remained
            significantly elevated for 60 minutes. According to those authors, that acute
            physiological HR response is due to the exacerbated sympathetic nervous activity for a
            few hours after exercise.</p>
      <p>Our results showed that, the higher the exercise intensity, the greater the PEH
            magnitude over 20 hours. The hypotensive effects of continuous and interval exercises
            were sustained during daily activities, and BP decreased to normal levels. However, over
            20 hours, we observed that interval exercise training determined a more significant
            reduction in BP and DP as compared with continuous exercise training.</p>
      <p>Similarly to other researchers, we believe that the greater reduction in SBP, DBP, MAP
            and DP after interval exercise practice results from the high BP levels generated during
            the exercise session and from the total duration of BP elevation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
      <p>During more intense exercise training (interval exercise), BP levels are higher than
            during moderate intensity exercise (continuous exercise). Thus, there is greater
            pressure stress during interval exercise training with subsequent greater homeostatic
               imbalance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>Considering that the body systems are aimed at homeostasis, during the 20 hours
            following interval exercise, the physiological mechanisms of BP control would act more
            markedly than after continuous exercise to minimize the pressure stress generated during
            the exercise session and achieve homeostasis. Some of the mechanisms involved in that
            adjustment are as follows: baroreceptor action; vascular relaxation due to stress; fluid
            exchange through capillary walls; decrease in peripheral vascular resistance mediated by
            vasodilator agents produced during muscle contraction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>; and decrease in systolic volume<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.
            Thus, exercise sessions that induce greater acute BP increases, such as interval
            exercise, would also induce greater PEH in the following 20 hours.</p>
      <p>We believe that working with reported morbidity might have limited the participation of
            individuals who ignored their hypertensive condition. In addition, the strategy adopted
            to recruit participants might represent a selection bias, because the sample was small
            and previously defined. In addition, all individuals could be submitted to neither the
            same dietary regimen nor to the same pharmacological prescription. To minimize that bias
            and to preserve the participants' clinical conditions, they were instructed to maintain,
            from the beginning to the end of data collection, their same dietary and pharmacological
            regimens.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In conclusion, continuous and interval exercise trainings promote PEH, with reductions
            in SBP, DBP, MAP and DP over the 20 hours following the physical activity. In addition,
            interval exercise generates greater PEH and smaller cardiovascular overload, measured as
            a smaller DP, as compared with continuous exercise.</p>
      <p>Our results can also be useful to guide the appropriate therapeutic approach and BP
            reduction in elderly hypertensives. Exercise prescription for that population can be
            improved, eliminating the need for daily practice, which could contribute to better
            planning and to encourage patients' adherence. </p>
      <p>We suggest that further studies be conducted with larger and more diversified samples to
            support our findings.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by Capes.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Raphael Santos Teodoro de
               Carvalho, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Magnitude e Dura&#231;&#227;o da Resposta Hipotensora em Hipertensos: Exerc&#237;cio
               Cont&#237;nuo e Intervalado</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael Santos Teodoro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>C&#225;ssio Mascarenhas Robert</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Junqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Dayana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marchi-Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Leila Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da
               Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Raphael Santos Teodoro de Carvalho</bold>,
               Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeir&#227;o Preto/USP - Departamento de Enfermagem Geral e
               Especializada - Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, CEP 14.040-902, Monte Alegre, Ribeir&#227;o Preto,
               SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>raphaelstcarvalho@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Carvalho RST, Pires CMR, Marchi-Alves LM;
                  Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Carvalho RST, Junqueira GC, Marchi-Alves LM; An&#225;lise e
                  interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Carvalho RST, Marchi-Alves LM;
                  Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Carvalho RST, Freitas D, Marchi-Alves LM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica
                  do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Carvalho RST, Pires CMR,
                  Freitas D, Marchi-Alves LM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Embora se saiba que o exerc&#237;cio promova hipotens&#227;o p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio, at&#233; o momento
                  n&#227;o h&#225; argumenta&#231;&#245;es consistentes sobre os efeitos da manipula&#231;&#227;o de seus diversos
                  componentes (intensidade, dura&#231;&#227;o, intervalos de descanso, tipos de exerc&#237;cio,
                  m&#233;todos de treinamento) na magnitude e dura&#231;&#227;o da resposta hipotensora.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Comparar os efeitos dos exerc&#237;cios din&#226;micos, cont&#237;nuo e intervalado, sobre a
                  magnitude e dura&#231;&#227;o da resposta hipotensora em hipertensos por meio da
                  monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>A amostra foi composta por 20 idosos hipertensos. Cada participante realizou tr&#234;s
                  sess&#245;es de MAPA, sendo uma controle (sem exerc&#237;cio), uma ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo e
                  uma ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio intervalado. O monitoramento de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica
                  (PAS), press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD), press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM), frequ&#234;ncia
                  card&#237;aca (FC) e duplo produto (DP) foi realizado para verifica&#231;&#227;o da hipotens&#227;o
                  p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio e compara&#231;&#227;o entre cada MAPA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>As MAPAs ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo e intervalado demonstraram hipotens&#227;o
                  p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio e redu&#231;&#227;o significativa (p &lt; 0,05) de PAS, PAD, PAM e DP por 20
                  horas, na compara&#231;&#227;o com a MAPA controle. Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre as MAPAs ap&#243;s
                  exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo e intervalado, verificou-se redu&#231;&#227;o significativa (p &lt; 0,05)
                  de PAS, PAD, PAM e DP ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio intervalado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os exerc&#237;cios cont&#237;nuo e intervalado promovem hipotens&#227;o p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio, com
                  redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de PAS, PAD, PAM e DP ao longo das 20 horas subsequentes &#224;
                  atividade. O exerc&#237;cio intervalado gera maior magnitude de hipotens&#227;o
                  p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio e menor sobrecarga cardiovascular, medida por menor DP.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipotens&#227;o P&#243;s &#8211; Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Monitora&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica multifatorial
               caracterizada por n&#237;veis elevados e sustentados de press&#227;o arterial (PA). O aumento
               da PA est&#225; relacionado com a idade; sendo assim, a preval&#234;ncia de HAS &#233; maior que 50%
               entre indiv&#237;duos com 60-69 anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; abordagem terap&#234;utica, o tratamento da HAS pode ser baseado em medidas
               medicamentosas e n&#227;o medicamentosas, tendo como objetivo principal reduzir a
               morbidade e a mortalidade cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>O tratamento n&#227;o medicamentoso inclui diminuir o peso corporal, diminuir a ingest&#227;o
               de s&#243;dio, aumentar a ingest&#227;o de pot&#225;ssio, aderir a dieta rica em frutas, vegetais e
               alimentos com baixo teor de gordura, atenuar o consumo de &#225;lcool, cessar o tabagismo
               e praticar exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, sendo esta &#250;ltima uma das mais estudadas e exploradas
               formas de tratamento n&#227;o medicamentoso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Estudos demonstram que uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico proporciona hipotens&#227;o
               p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio (HPE), que consiste na redu&#231;&#227;o da PA ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico para
               valores inferiores &#224;queles medidos antes do exerc&#237;cio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>Pesquisas reportam que, entre hipertensos, o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico diminui cronicamente a
               press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) de repouso, em
               m&#233;dia, 8,3 mmHg e 5,2 mmHg, respectivamente, estando a redu&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica da PA
               associada ao efeito cumulativo das redu&#231;&#245;es agudas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Sendo assim, nos
               &#250;ltimos anos, diversos estudos t&#234;m procurado descrever os benef&#237;cios e as
               peculiaridades do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, principalmente o aer&#243;bio, no tratamento da
                  HAS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Embora investiga&#231;&#245;es mostrem o efeito hipotensivo agudo do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e os seus
               mecanismos, at&#233; o momento n&#227;o h&#225; argumenta&#231;&#245;es efetivas e consistentes sobre os
               efeitos da manipula&#231;&#227;o dos variados componentes da carga de treino (intensidade,
               dura&#231;&#227;o, intervalos de descanso, tipos de exerc&#237;cio, m&#233;todos de treinamento) na
               magnitude e dura&#231;&#227;o da resposta hipotensora. As proposi&#231;&#245;es estabelecidas carecem de
               investiga&#231;&#227;o e comprova&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, o conhecimento da efici&#234;ncia de cada tipo de treinamento f&#237;sico pode
               auxiliar na defini&#231;&#227;o e orienta&#231;&#227;o da abordagem terap&#234;utica capaz de contribuir de
               maneira mais eficaz para o tratamento da HAS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objetivo</title>
        <p>Comparar os efeitos dos exerc&#237;cios din&#226;micos cont&#237;nuo e intervalado sobre a magnitude
               e dura&#231;&#227;o da resposta hipotensora em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos por meio da utiliza&#231;&#227;o da
               monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Amostra</title>
          <p>A amostra foi composta por 20 idosos hipertensos que participavam assiduamente de
                  atividades disponibilizadas por uma entidade filantr&#243;pica de um munic&#237;pio do
                  interior paulista, durante o per&#237;odo de coleta dos dados. Foram inseridos no
                  estudo todos os usu&#225;rios com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos, sem limita&#231;&#245;es ao
                  esfor&#231;o e com libera&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica para pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio, sedentarismo
                  autodeclarado e indica&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica medicamentosa inalterada h&#225; pelo menos tr&#234;s
                  meses. Foram exclu&#237;dos da amostra idosos com hist&#243;rico de altera&#231;&#245;es
                  cardiovasculares, renais, pulmonares, cr&#244;nicas ou psicol&#243;gicas incapacitantes. O
                  presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Escola de
                  Enfermagem de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo e est&#225; registrado sob
                  protocolo n&#250;mero 12116113.7.0000.5393, cumprindo a Resolu&#231;&#227;o 196/96 do Conselho
                  Nacional de Sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica</title>
          <p>Os dados antropom&#233;tricos de peso corporal, estatura e &#237;ndice de massa corporal
                  (IMC) foram coletados de acordo com recomenda&#231;&#227;o da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da
                     Sa&#250;de<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas hemodin&#226;micas e cardiovasculares</title>
          <p>As medidas indiretas da PA pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio foram feitas ap&#243;s o indiv&#237;duo permanecer
                  em repouso por 10 minutos e conforme as especifica&#231;&#245;es das VI Diretrizes
                  Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
          <p>A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) foi medida pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio e durante as sess&#245;es de
                  exerc&#237;cio com um cardiofrequenc&#237;metro Polar<sup>&#174;</sup> (modelo F6).</p>
          <p>A sobrecarga cardiovascular foi estimada a partir do duplo produto (DP) m&#233;dio
                  obtido dos resultados de cada MAPA, calculado por meio da equa&#231;&#227;o: FC m&#233;dia das 20
                  horas &#215; PAS m&#233;dia das 20 horas. Comparamos a sobrecarga cardiovascular nas
                  diferentes situa&#231;&#245;es: controle, ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo e ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio
                  intervalado.</p>
          <p>Os participantes foram submetidos a tr&#234;s exames de MAPA: MAPA controle, MAPA ap&#243;s
                  exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo e MAPA ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio intervalado. Todos os exames de MAPA
                  foram monitorados durante 20 horas de atividades cotidianas do participante.</p>
          <p>Os exames foram realizados conforme preconizado pelas V Diretrizes de
                  Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial e III Diretrizes de Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o
                  Residencial da Press&#227;o Arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
          <p>Utilizamos equipamentos Spacelabs<sup>&#174;</sup>, modelo 90207, tendo o manguito sido
                  adequado ao tamanho do bra&#231;o do participante.</p>
          <p>Para evitar danos &#224; sa&#250;de, n&#227;o houve interfer&#234;ncia na rotina de uso de
                  medicamentos anti-hipertensivos durante a MAPA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria</title>
          <p>Todos os participantes foram submetidos ao teste ergoespirom&#233;trico para avalia&#231;&#227;o
                  da sa&#250;de cardiovascular, medida do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub>)
                  e determina&#231;&#227;o do limiar anaer&#243;bio ventilat&#243;rio (LA) e do limiar de compensa&#231;&#227;o
                  respirat&#243;ria (LCR) para prescri&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios cont&#237;nuo e intervalado.</p>
          <p>Selecionou-se o protocolo de Bruce modificado, que &#233; reservado para indiv&#237;duos com
                  limita&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas, como idosos e sedent&#225;rios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. O teste foi realizado em esteira ergom&#233;trica da marca
                     Technogym<sup>&#174;</sup>, modelo Run.</p>
          <p>Os participantes foram submetidos ao eletrocardiograma de repouso com 12
                  deriva&#231;&#245;es convencionais e ao monitoramento cont&#237;nuo do eletrocardiograma durante
                  todo o teste ergoespirom&#233;trico, realizado em ambiente com temperatura controlada
                  (21-23&#176;C) e, pelo menos, uma hora e trinta minutos ap&#243;s a &#250;ltima refei&#231;&#227;o. Os
                  volunt&#225;rios foram estimulados a realizar o exerc&#237;cio at&#233; uma pot&#234;ncia em que se
                  atingia fadiga muscular.</p>
          <p>A obten&#231;&#227;o do LA e LCR correspondeu ao ponto [expresso em valores de consumo de
                  oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>) e velocidade e inclina&#231;&#227;o da esteira] em que ocorria a
                  perda da linearidade das respostas ventilat&#243;rias [ventila&#231;&#227;o (Ve), equivalente
                  ventilat&#243;rio de g&#225;s carb&#244;nico (VCO<sub>2</sub>)], enquanto o VO<sub>2</sub>
                  continuava a se elevar linearmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; pot&#234;ncia aplicada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolos de exerc&#237;cios</title>
          <p>Os participantes foram submetidos a duas sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios din&#226;micos, de forma
                  aleat&#243;ria, em dias distintos, com no m&#237;nimo uma semana de intervalo entre as
                  sess&#245;es, nas quais houve manipula&#231;&#227;o da intensidade de treinamento e do m&#233;todo do
                  exerc&#237;cio espec&#237;fico. As sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio foram agendadas para o in&#237;cio da
                  manh&#227; e realizadas antes da instala&#231;&#227;o do equipamento de MAPA. Em uma das sess&#245;es,
                  os participantes realizaram o exerc&#237;cio sob o m&#233;todo cont&#237;nuo na esteira
                  ergom&#233;trica durante 42 minutos na intensidade do LA. Em outra sess&#227;o, os
                  participantes submeteram-se ao exerc&#237;cio sob o m&#233;todo intervalado.</p>
          <p>Durante a fase ativa, os indiv&#237;duos trabalharam no LCR por quatro minutos e, na
                  fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o, trabalharam a 40% do VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> durante dois minutos.
                  O tempo total da sess&#227;o foi de 42 minutos.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
            <p>O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa com Seres
                     Humanos da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo
                     (protocolo de pesquisa n&#250;mero 12116113.7.0000.5393), cumprindo a Resolu&#231;&#227;o
                     196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Tratamento estat&#237;stico</title>
            <p>As an&#225;lises descritivas com c&#225;lculo de frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e porcentagens das
                     vari&#225;veis qualitativas e descri&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias, desvio-padr&#227;o e medianas das
                     vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram realizadas por meio do pacote estat&#237;stico
                     Statistical Package for the Social Sciences &#8212; SPSS, vers&#227;o 15.0.</p>
            <p>O teste Shapiro-Wilk foi utilizado para avaliar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o
                     das vari&#225;veis quantitativas. Para avaliar as diferen&#231;as estatisticamente
                     significativas, utilizou-se o teste estat&#237;stico n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Wilcoxon
                     quando as vari&#225;veis n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. O teste
                        <italic>t</italic> tamb&#233;m foi usado para amostras pareadas quando as
                     vari&#225;veis apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Em todas as an&#225;lises, adotou-se o
                     n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 5% (p &lt;0,05).</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta os valores das vari&#225;veis
               cl&#237;nicas dos participantes no momento que antecedeu a realiza&#231;&#227;o do primeiro programa
               de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores m&#233;dios m&#237;nimo, m&#225;ximo, mediana, m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o de press&#227;o
                     arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD), frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), duplo
                     produto (DP), &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CA),
                     consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub>), limiar anaer&#243;bio (LA) e limiar
                     de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria (LCR) dos participantes, medidos no momento
                     anterior &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o do programa de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico (Ribeir&#227;o Preto,
                     2013)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">M&#237;nimo</th>
                <th align="center">M&#225;ximo</th>
                <th align="center">Mediana</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th align="center">Desvio-padr&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">113,00</td>
                <td align="center">160,00</td>
                <td align="center">144,50</td>
                <td align="center">143,45</td>
                <td align="center">10,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">72,00</td>
                <td align="center">103,00</td>
                <td align="center">88,50</td>
                <td align="center">88,50</td>
                <td align="center">7,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC (bat/min)</td>
                <td align="center">66,00</td>
                <td align="center">85,00</td>
                <td align="center">75,95</td>
                <td align="center">76,00</td>
                <td align="center">5,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DP</td>
                <td align="center">8,50</td>
                <td align="center">12,70</td>
                <td align="center">10,95</td>
                <td align="center">10,87</td>
                <td align="center">1,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">22,20</td>
                <td align="center">39,70</td>
                <td align="center">28,44</td>
                <td align="center">29,36</td>
                <td align="center">3,84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CA (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">86,00</td>
                <td align="center">115,00</td>
                <td align="center">101,00</td>
                <td align="center">110,08</td>
                <td align="center">9,48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> (ml/kg.min)</td>
                <td align="center">17,50</td>
                <td align="center">27,00</td>
                <td align="center">23,30</td>
                <td align="center">22,84</td>
                <td align="center">2,58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LA (ml/kg.min)</td>
                <td align="center">12,20</td>
                <td align="center">18,20</td>
                <td align="center">15,64</td>
                <td align="center">15,35</td>
                <td align="center">1,74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LCR (ml/kg.min)</td>
                <td align="center">14,00</td>
                <td align="center">21,69</td>
                <td align="center">19,00</td>
                <td align="center">18,87</td>
                <td align="center">1,79</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas obtidas pelo registro da MAPA controle e daquelas realizadas
               ap&#243;s os programas de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico cont&#237;nuo e intervalado, considerando os valores
               observados na vig&#237;lia e no sono, s&#227;o apresentadas nas Tabelas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">3</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores m&#233;dios m&#237;nimo, m&#225;ximo, mediana, m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o de press&#227;o
                     arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD), frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), duplo
                     produto (DP), &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CA),
                     consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO2m&#225;x), limiar anaer&#243;bio (LA) e limiar de
                     compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria (LCR) dos participantes, medidos no momento anterior &#224;
                     realiza&#231;&#227;o do programa de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico (Ribeir&#227;o Preto, 2013) </title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr align="left">
                <th colspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">M&#237;nimo</th>
                <th align="center">M&#225;ximo</th>
                <th align="center">Mediana</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td colspan="6">
                  <bold>PAS (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Controle</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Vig&#237;lia</td>
                <td align="center">110,46</td>
                <td align="center">152,50</td>
                <td align="center">140,09</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Sono</td>
                <td align="center">92,06</td>
                <td align="center">145,25</td>
                <td align="center">122,84</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Vig&#237;lia</td>
                <td align="center">109,31</td>
                <td align="center">138,00</td>
                <td align="center">129,79</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Sono</td>
                <td align="center">99,13</td>
                <td align="center">141,67</td>
                <td align="center">113,59</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Exerc&#237;cio intervalado</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Vig&#237;lia</td>
                <td align="center">101,35</td>
                <td align="center">130,19</td>
                <td align="center">124,63</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>/0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Sono</td>
                <td align="center">88,94</td>
                <td align="center">138,92</td>
                <td align="center">110,53</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>/0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td colspan="6">
                  <bold>PAD (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Controle</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Vig&#237;lia</td>
                <td align="center">68,08</td>
                <td align="center">98,85</td>
                <td align="center">88,80</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Sono</td>
                <td align="center">55,63</td>
                <td align="center">80,00</td>
                <td align="center">73,22</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Vig&#237;lia</td>
                <td align="center">64,96</td>
                <td align="center">91,35</td>
                <td align="center">77,56</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Sono</td>
                <td align="center">58,13</td>
                <td align="center">73,08</td>
                <td align="center">64,53</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Exerc&#237;cio intervalado</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Vig&#237;lia</td>
                <td align="center">63,35</td>
                <td align="center">84,46</td>
                <td align="center">73,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>/0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Sono</td>
                <td align="center">53,13</td>
                <td align="center">70,92</td>
                <td align="center">63,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>/0,079<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td colspan="6">
                  <bold>PAM (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Controle</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Vig&#237;lia</td>
                <td align="center">85,00</td>
                <td align="center">114,00</td>
                <td align="center">105,73</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Sono</td>
                <td align="center">67,81</td>
                <td align="center">98,75</td>
                <td align="center">89,43</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Vig&#237;lia</td>
                <td align="center">83,00</td>
                <td align="center">107,00</td>
                <td align="center">93,56</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Sono</td>
                <td align="center">74,00</td>
                <td align="center">96,00</td>
                <td align="center">80,97</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Exerc&#237;cio intervalado</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Vig&#237;lia</td>
                <td align="center">76,54</td>
                <td align="center">98,46</td>
                <td align="center">89,56</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>/0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Sono</td>
                <td align="center">66,44</td>
                <td align="center">87,67</td>
                <td align="center">79,44</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>/0,017<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste Wilcoxon comparado com o controle.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Teste Wilcoxon comparado com o exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores m&#233;dios, m&#237;nimo, m&#225;ximo e mediana de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e
                     duplo produto (DP), registrados nos per&#237;odos de vig&#237;lia e sono pela
                     monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) dos participantes (n =
                     20) submetidos aos programas de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico cont&#237;nuo e intervalado
                     (Ribeir&#227;o Preto, 2013)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">M&#237;nimo</th>
                <th align="center">M&#225;ximo</th>
                <th align="center">Mediana</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <bold>FC (bat/min)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Controle</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Vig&#237;lia</td>
                <td align="center">69,00</td>
                <td align="center">89,00</td>
                <td align="center">76,27</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Sono</td>
                <td align="center">57,81</td>
                <td align="center">72,75</td>
                <td align="center">63,09</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Vig&#237;lia</td>
                <td align="center">66,69</td>
                <td align="center">85,46</td>
                <td align="center">74,94</td>
                <td align="center">0,062<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Sono</td>
                <td align="center">54,31</td>
                <td align="center">72,08</td>
                <td align="center">62,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,030<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Exerc&#237;cio intervalado</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Vig&#237;lia</td>
                <td align="center">66,88</td>
                <td align="center">85,58</td>
                <td align="center">75,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,313<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref> /
                              0,896<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Sono</td>
                <td align="center">55,19</td>
                <td align="center">75,88</td>
                <td align="center">62,64</td>
                <td align="center">0,067<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref> /
                              0,538<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <bold>DP</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Controle</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Vig&#237;lia</td>
                <td align="center">7,00</td>
                <td align="center">11,00</td>
                <td align="center">10,00</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Sono</td>
                <td align="center">5,00</td>
                <td align="center">10,00</td>
                <td align="center">7,00</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Vig&#237;lia</td>
                <td align="center">8,21</td>
                <td align="center">11,35</td>
                <td align="center">9,67</td>
                <td align="center">0,002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Sono</td>
                <td align="center">5,80</td>
                <td align="center">9,80</td>
                <td align="center">7,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Exerc&#237;cio intervalado</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Vig&#237;lia</td>
                <td align="center">8,05</td>
                <td align="center">11,22</td>
                <td align="center">9,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref> /
                              0,019<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Sono</td>
                <td align="center">5,59</td>
                <td align="center">10,28</td>
                <td align="center">6,63</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref> /
                              0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">&#8224;</xref></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste Wilcoxon comparado com o controle.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Teste Wilcoxon comparado com o exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quando comparamos os resultados da MAPA realizada ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo aos valores
               derivados da MAPA controle, encontramos diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante para
               as vari&#225;veis PAS, PAD, press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM), DP de vig&#237;lia e sono e FC
               durante o sono.</p>
        <p>De maneira semelhante, na compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados da MAPA ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio
               intervalado com os resultados da MAPA controle, constatamos que houve redu&#231;&#227;o nos
               valores ap&#243;s a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio intervalado, com diferen&#231;a estatisticamente
               significante nos achados para PAS, PAD, PAM e DP de vig&#237;lia e sono. N&#227;o encontramos
               diferen&#231;a na FC obtida ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio intervalado em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores da MAPA
               controle.</p>
        <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o das duas modalidades de exerc&#237;cio (cont&#237;nuo <italic>versus</italic>
               intervalado), encontramos diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante para as vari&#225;veis
               PAS de vig&#237;lia e sono, PAD de vig&#237;lia, PAM e DP de vig&#237;lia e sono. N&#227;o encontramos
               diferen&#231;a para a PAD durante o sono, FC de vig&#237;lia e sono.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 4</xref> monstra HPE significativa para PAS
               e PAD ap&#243;s os programas de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico cont&#237;nuo e intervalado, nos momentos de
               vig&#237;lia e sono, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao momento de repouso pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Hipotens&#227;o p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio (HPE) para press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e
                     press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD), nos per&#237;odos de vig&#237;lia e sono, comparada ao
                     momento pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo e pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio intervalado (Ribeir&#227;o Preto,
                     2013)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">M&#237;nimo</th>
                <th align="center">M&#225;ximo</th>
                <th align="center">Mediana</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <bold>Exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">135,0</td>
                <td align="center">152,0</td>
                <td align="center">145,0</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS m&#233;dia vig&#237;lia (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">111,0</td>
                <td align="center">139,0</td>
                <td align="center">129,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS m&#233;dia sono (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">100,0</td>
                <td align="center">138,0</td>
                <td align="center">113,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">75,0</td>
                <td align="center">102,0</td>
                <td align="center">90,0</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD m&#233;dia vig&#237;lia (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">65,0</td>
                <td align="center">88,0</td>
                <td align="center">77,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD m&#233;dia sono (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">58,0</td>
                <td align="center">84,0</td>
                <td align="center">64,0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <bold>Exerc&#237;cio intervalado</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">132,0</td>
                <td align="center">154,0</td>
                <td align="center">142,0</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS m&#233;dia vig&#237;lia (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">102,0</td>
                <td align="center">131,0</td>
                <td align="center">123,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS m&#233;dia sono (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">90,0</td>
                <td align="center">137,0</td>
                <td align="center">109,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">75,0</td>
                <td align="center">97,0</td>
                <td align="center">87,5</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD m&#233;dia vig&#237;lia (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">64,0</td>
                <td align="center">85,0</td>
                <td align="center">73,0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD m&#233;dia sono (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">55,0</td>
                <td align="center">69,0</td>
                <td align="center">61,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>* Teste Wilcoxon comparando o momento pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio com os per&#237;odos de
                        vig&#237;lia e sono.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados de nossa investiga&#231;&#227;o indicaram que a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, nas
               modalidades cont&#237;nua e intervalada, promove a HPE, e essa redu&#231;&#227;o da PA persiste nos
               per&#237;odos de vig&#237;lia e sono, ao menos nas 20 primeiras horas que sucedem a realiza&#231;&#227;o
               do exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        <p>De maneira similar, a HPE tem sido relatada por diversos pesquisadores. Entretanto, a
               maioria analisa o efeito do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico sobre a PA durante um per&#237;odo de 60-120
                  minutos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>S&#227;o raras as investiga&#231;&#245;es que se propuseram a analisar a manipula&#231;&#227;o dos diversos
               componentes da carga de treino (m&#233;todos de treinamento intervalado e cont&#237;nuo,
               intensidade e dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio) na magnitude e dura&#231;&#227;o da resposta hipotensora
               por 24 horas.</p>
        <p>Ciolac e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> constitu&#237;ram uma das
               primeiras equipes de investigadores a comparar os efeitos dos exerc&#237;cios cont&#237;nuo e
               intervalado na HPE por 24 horas utilizando a FC de reserva como crit&#233;rio para a
               prescri&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos. Os autores relataram redu&#231;&#227;o de PAS e PAD na m&#233;dia
               das 24 horas ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo e intervalado, com redu&#231;&#227;o de 2,6 mmHg para a
               PAS e 2,3 mmHg para a PAD ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo e redu&#231;&#227;o significativa apenas para
               a PAS ap&#243;s a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio intervalado, equivalente a 2,8 mmHg.</p>
        <p>Em nossa investiga&#231;&#227;o, encontramos maior magnitude de redu&#231;&#227;o de PAS e PAD ap&#243;s a
               pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico nas duas modalidades estudadas. Considerando o exerc&#237;cio
               cont&#237;nuo, a redu&#231;&#227;o foi de 15,5 mmHg para a PAS e de 12,5 mmHg para a PAD. Na
               modalidade intervalada, o decr&#233;scimo foi de 18,5 mmHg para a PAS e 14,5 mmHg para a
               PAD. As diferen&#231;as foram observadas no per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia em compara&#231;&#227;o com os
               valores pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        <p>Algumas diverg&#234;ncias metodol&#243;gicas podem ter contribu&#237;do para as diferen&#231;as entre os
               nossos achados e os resultados obtidos por Ciolac e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Por exemplo, optamos por utilizar outros par&#226;metros para a
               prescri&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, como o LA e o LCR, por serem eficazes para a
               prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios e indicados por outros pesquisadores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. A
               vari&#225;vel FC &#233; influenci&#225;vel por diferentes fatores, como temperatura do ambiente,
               umidade relativa do ar, n&#237;vel de hidrata&#231;&#227;o, sono, uso de bebidas que alteram a
               atividade do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico, hor&#225;rio da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio e n&#237;vel de
               estresse psicol&#243;gico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>O valor da PA no momento que antecede a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio tamb&#233;m exerce influ&#234;ncia
               sobre a magnitude da HPE porque, quanto maior o &#237;ndice press&#243;rico antes do exerc&#237;cio
               f&#237;sico, maior a magnitude de redu&#231;&#227;o da PA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">19</xref>.
               No estudo de Ciolac e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> os
               participantes, apesar de hipertensos, estavam com PA controlada. Em nosso estudo, os
               participantes apresentavam PA pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cios elevada, apesar de todos fazerem uso de
               terapia medicamentosa anti-hipertensiva.</p>
        <p>A massa muscular &#233; outro importante fator que pode determinar maior magnitude e
               dura&#231;&#227;o da HPE porque, quanto maior a massa muscular envolvida no exerc&#237;cio, maior &#233;
               a produ&#231;&#227;o de agentes vasodilatadores, como adenosina, pot&#225;ssio, lactato, &#243;xido
               n&#237;trico e prostaglandina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Esses agentes
               vasodilatadores alteram a resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica e, consequentemente,
               contribuem para a redu&#231;&#227;o da PA<sup>20</sup>. Acreditamos que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da esteira
               para a pr&#225;tica dos exerc&#237;cios contribuiu para a grande magnitude de HPE detectada em
               nosso trabalho, pois esse erg&#244;metro proporciona o envolvimento de maior n&#250;mero de
               grupos musculares; j&#225; a bicicleta favorece basicamente a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos m&#250;sculos dos
               membros inferiores.</p>
        <p>Cunha e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> tamb&#233;m analisaram a HPE ap&#243;s a
               pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo e intervalado por 120 minutos, utilizando 60% da FC de
               reserva como intensidade para o exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo e 80% (durante um minuto) e 50%
               (durante dois minutos) da FC de reserva como intensidades para o exerc&#237;cio
               intervalado. No entanto, os pr&#243;prios investigadores reportaram que a intensidade
               utilizada esteve dentro de um mesmo dom&#237;nio, provavelmente abaixo do LA, sendo ambas
               as sess&#245;es definidas como de baixa intensidade. Assim, esses autores n&#227;o puderam
               concluir se o exerc&#237;cio intervalado (caracter&#237;stico de elevada intensidade) poderia
               gerar maior HPE quando comparado ao exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo (caracter&#237;stico de moderada
               intensidade), mas encontraram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na redu&#231;&#227;o da PAS em ambas as
               sess&#245;es de treino e redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da PAD durante 30 minutos ap&#243;s apenas o
               exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo.</p>
        <p>Para analisar o efeito da manipula&#231;&#227;o dos componentes da carga de treino sobre a
               redu&#231;&#227;o da PA, Lacombe e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> utilizaram
               uma amostra composta por indiv&#237;duos com idade de 57 &#177; 4 anos, que apresentavam
               valores lim&#237;trofes de PA ou diagn&#243;stico de HAS est&#225;gio 1. O erg&#244;metro utilizado foi a
               bicicleta. A intensidade do exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo foi de 60% do VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> e a do
               exerc&#237;cio intervalado foi de 85% do VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> durante dois minutos, com
               recupera&#231;&#227;o a 40% do VO<sub>2m&#225;x</sub> por dois minutos. A dura&#231;&#227;o das sess&#245;es foi de
               21 minutos para o exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo e 20 minutos para o intervalado. Os resultados
               indicaram red u&#231;&#227;o significativa apenas para a PAS em ambas as sess&#245;es, sendo de 3 &#177;
               4 mmHg ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo e de 4 &#177; 6 mmHg ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio intervalado. Por&#233;m, o
               estudo citado n&#227;o permite an&#225;lise mais abrangente da redu&#231;&#227;o da PA porque o
               monitoramento da PA foi realizado apenas durante 60 minutos ap&#243;s os exerc&#237;cios.</p>
        <p>Considerando a classifica&#231;&#227;o de PA proposta pelas V Diretrizes de Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o
               Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial e III Diretrizes de Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Residencial da
               Press&#227;o Arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, os resultados da MAPA
               controle revelam que, no dia em que n&#227;o realizaram exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, os participantes
               apresentaram n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos compat&#237;veis com PA lim&#237;trofe no per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia e
               hipertens&#227;o ambulatorial no per&#237;odo de sono, embora fizessem uso de terapia
               medicamentosa para tratamento da doen&#231;a, apresentando com isso elevado risco
               cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>A MAPA realizada ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o da PAS em 10,3 mmHg e da PAD
               em 11,24 mmHg, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a MAPA controle, para o per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia. Com
               isso, a PA de vig&#237;lia passou a ser classificada como normal. A PAS durante o sono,
               embora tenha apresentado redu&#231;&#227;o significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; MAPA controle (redu&#231;&#227;o de
               9,25 mmHg), ainda foi classificada como lim&#237;trofe. A PAD durante o sono foi reduzida
               em 8,69 mmHg, passando a ser classificada como PA &#243;tima.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico na modalidade intervalada, os resultados da MAPA
               indicaram, no per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia, redu&#231;&#227;o de 15,46 mmHg na PAS e decr&#233;scimo de 15,72
               mmHg na PAD, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o mesmo per&#237;odo da MAPA controle. Dessa forma, a PAS
               passou a ser classificada como normal, e os valores de PAD foram enquadrados na
               classifica&#231;&#227;o de PA &#243;tima. Durante o sono, houve decr&#233;scimo de 12,31 mmHg para os
               valores de PAS e 10,19 mmHg para a PAD em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; MAPA controle. Assim, a PAS
               durante o sono passou para a classifica&#231;&#227;o de PA normal, e a PAD para a classifica&#231;&#227;o
               de PA &#243;tima, ou seja, normalizando os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos na m&#233;dia das 20 horas, tanto
               no per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia como no de sono.</p>
        <p>Outros autores encontraram resultados semelhantes comparando a varia&#231;&#227;o de PA ao
               longo de 24 horas subsequentes &#224; pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao momento
               sem realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios<sup>21,22</sup>. Por&#233;m, n&#227;o encontramos estudos que
               tenham avaliado os resultados da manipula&#231;&#227;o dos diferentes componentes da carga de
               treino sobre a magnitude e dura&#231;&#227;o da HPE em idosos hipertensos.</p>
        <p>Ao compararmos a MAPA realizada ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio intervalado com a MAPA ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio
               cont&#237;nuo, identificamos redu&#231;&#227;o significativa, ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio intervalado, de PAS,
               PAD e PAM no per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia, e de PAS e PAM durante o per&#237;odo de sono.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao DP, houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa (p &lt; 0,05), tanto no per&#237;odo de
               vig&#237;lia como no de sono na MAPA ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo e intervalado em compara&#231;&#227;o
               com a MAPA controle. Tamb&#233;m identificamos maior redu&#231;&#227;o do DP de vig&#237;lia e sono ap&#243;s
               o exerc&#237;cio intervalado quando comparado ao exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo.</p>
        <p>O inferior DP observado ap&#243;s a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio na modalidade cont&#237;nua e
               intervalada &#233; de grande relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, pois indica menor sobrecarga
               cardiovascular e, consequentemente, redu&#231;&#227;o do risco para eventos m&#243;rbidos, como a
               doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Constatamos tamb&#233;m benef&#237;cio maior proporcionado pelo exerc&#237;cio
               intervalado na compara&#231;&#227;o com o cont&#237;nuo, apresentando menor sobrecarga card&#237;aca nas
               20 horas que sucederam a pr&#225;tica do exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        <p>A vari&#225;vel FC mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa (p &lt; 0,05) apenas ap&#243;s a pr&#225;tica de
               exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo e somente no per&#237;odo do sono. A redu&#231;&#227;o da FC em monitoramento de
               24 horas ap&#243;s a pr&#225;tica do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a sess&#227;o controle,
               tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi identificada em outros estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Acreditamos que a
               redu&#231;&#227;o aguda da FC ap&#243;s a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bios, cont&#237;nuos ou intervalados,
               n&#227;o &#233; uma resposta esperada. Brand&#227;o Rondon e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>demostraram que, ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio, a FC permaneceu
               significativamente elevada por cerca de 60 minutos. Segundo os autores, essa resposta
               fisiol&#243;gica aguda da FC &#233; devida &#224; exacerba&#231;&#227;o da atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica por
               algumas horas ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        <p>Nossos resultados mostraram que, quanto maior a intensidade do exerc&#237;cio, maior &#233; a
               magnitude da HPE ao longo das 20 horas. Os efeitos hipotensores dos exerc&#237;cios nas
               modalidades cont&#237;nua e intervalada foram sustentados durante as atividades
               cotidianas, e a PA foi reduzida aos n&#237;veis de normalidade. Por&#233;m, ao longo das 20
               horas, observamos que a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio intervalado gerou redu&#231;&#227;o mais
               expressiva de PA e DP quando comparada &#224; pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo.</p>
        <p>Assim como outros investigadores, acreditamos que a maior magnitude de redu&#231;&#227;o das
               vari&#225;veis cardiovasculares PAS, PAD, PAM e DP ap&#243;s a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico
               intervalado seja decorrente dos altos n&#237;veis de PA gerados durante a sess&#227;o de
               exerc&#237;cio e do tempo total de manuten&#231;&#227;o desses valores elevados de PA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
        <p>Durante o exerc&#237;cio mais intenso (exerc&#237;cio intervalado), os n&#237;veis de PA
               encontram-se mais elevados em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles do exerc&#237;cio de moderada
               intensidade (exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo). Dessa forma, temos maior estresse press&#243;rico
               durante a pr&#225;tica do exerc&#237;cio intervalado e, consequentemente, maior desequil&#237;brio
               homeost&#225;tico para o organismo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>Considerando que os sistemas corporais atuam visando &#224; homeostasia, durante as 20
               horas ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio intervalado, os mecanismos fisiol&#243;gicos de controle da PA
               atuariam de forma mais acentuada que ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo, a fim de minimizar o
               estresse press&#243;rico gerado durante a sess&#227;o e alcan&#231;ar o equil&#237;brio homeost&#225;tico.
               Dentre os mecanismos envolvidos nesse ajuste podemos citar a a&#231;&#227;o dos
               barorreceptores, o relaxamento vascular por estresse, o deslocamento de l&#237;quido
               atrav&#233;s das paredes capilares, a diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica
               mediada por agentes vasodilatadores produzidos durante a contra&#231;&#227;o muscular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> e a diminui&#231;&#227;o do volume sist&#243;lico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Assim, sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio que induzem
               maiores aumentos agudos da PA, como as de exerc&#237;cio intervalado, induziriam tamb&#233;m
               maior HPE ao longo das 20 horas.</p>
        <p>Acreditamos que o fato de trabalharmos com morbidade referida pode ter limitado a
               participa&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos que desconhecem sua condi&#231;&#227;o de hipertensos. Tamb&#233;m a
               estrat&#233;gia adotada para o recrutamento dos participantes pode configurar um vi&#233;s de
               sele&#231;&#227;o, pois partimos de uma popula&#231;&#227;o reduzida e previamente definida. Al&#233;m disso,
               n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel submeter os indiv&#237;duos ao mesmo regime diet&#233;tico ou selecionar
               apenas aqueles com a mesma prescri&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica. Para minimizar esse vi&#233;s e
               preservar a condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos participantes, cada um foi orientado a manter, do
               in&#237;cio ao fim da coleta de dados, a mesma conduta alimentar e medicamentosa.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os achados de nosso estudo permitem concluir que a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico nas
               modalidades cont&#237;nua e intervalada promove a HPE, com redu&#231;&#227;o de PAS, PAD, PAM e DP
               ao longo das 20 horas subsequentes &#224; atividade. Ainda, o exerc&#237;cio intervalado gera
               maior magnitude de HPE e menor sobrecarga cardiovascular, medida por menor DP, em
               compara&#231;&#227;o com o exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo.</p>
        <p>Os resultados de nossa investiga&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m podem ser &#250;teis como instrumento de
               orienta&#231;&#227;o para adequada abordagem terap&#234;utica e redu&#231;&#227;o da PA em idosos hipertensos.
               A prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios para essa popula&#231;&#227;o pode ser mais bem conduzida, muitas
               vezes abolindo a necessidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria, o que poderia contribuir para a
               prescri&#231;&#227;o criteriosa, melhor planejamento e estrutura&#231;&#227;o, servindo de est&#237;mulo &#224;
               ades&#227;o dos pacientes.</p>
        <p>Sugerimos que outros estudos sejam conduzidos com amostra ampliada e diversificada,
               para corroborar nossos achados.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Capes</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Raphael Santos Teodoro de
                  Carvalho pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
