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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.1" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RSZM66fX4Y5SBvfKqkPrNFp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000300008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0074-0276130323</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Chronic Stress Improves NO- and Ca2+ Flux-Dependent Vascular Function: A
               Pharmacological Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bruder-Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Dijon Henrique Salome</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cicogna</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlose</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Farmacologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Farmacologia - Instituto de
               Bioci&#234;ncias de Botucatu - Universidade do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (UNESP), Botucatu, S&#227;o
               Paulo - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de
               Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (UNESP), Botucatu, S&#227;o
               Paulo - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Mailing Address: Thiago Bruder do Nascimento, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900,
               Monte Alegre. Postal Code 14049-900, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil. Email:
                  <email>bruderthiago@usp.br</email>;
               <email>bruderthiago@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Statistical analysis and Obtaining
                  financing: Bruder-Nascimento T, Cicogna AC, Cordellini S; Acquisition of data:
                  Bruder-Nascimento T, Campos DHS; Analysis and interpretation of the data and
                  Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Bruder-Nascimento T,
                  Campos DHS, Cicogna AC, Cordellini S; Writing of the manuscript: Bruder-Nascimento
                  T.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>226</fpage>
      <lpage>233</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Stress is associated with cardiovascular diseases.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>This study aimed at assessing whether chronic stress induces vascular alterations,
                  and whether these modulations are nitric oxide (NO) and Ca2+ dependent.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Wistar rats, 30 days of age, were separated into 2 groups: control (C) and Stress
                  (St). Chronic stress consisted of immobilization for 1 hour/day, 5 days/week, 15
                  weeks. Systolic blood pressure was assessed. Vascular studies on aortic rings were
                  performed. Concentration-effect curves were built for noradrenaline, in the
                  presence of L-NAME or prazosin, acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside and KCl. In
                  addition, Ca<sup>2+</sup> flux was also evaluated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Chronic stress induced hypertension, decreased the vascular response to KCl and to
                  noradrenaline, and increased the vascular response to acetylcholine. L-NAME
                  blunted the difference observed in noradrenaline curves. Furthermore, contractile
                  response to Ca<sup>2+</sup> was decreased in the aorta of stressed rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Our data suggest that the vascular response to chronic stress is an adaptation to
                  its deleterious effects, such as hypertension. In addition, this adaptation is NO-
                  and Ca<sup>2+</sup>-dependent. These data help to clarify the contribution of
                  stress to cardiovascular abnormalities. However, further studies are necessary to
                  better elucidate the mechanisms involved in the cardiovascular dysfunction
                  associated with stressors. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014; [online].ahead print,
                  PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Stress, Physiological / physiopatology</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Nitric Oxide / physiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasoconstrictor Agents / pharmacology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Fapesp</funding-source>
          <award-id>2009/03771-2</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by Fapesp add the process number
               2009/03771-2.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="33"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Stress is known as a complex and multidimensional condition<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. The responses to stressor agents depend on the intensity,
            frequency, duration, and type of stressor agent. Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)
            axis and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) are the major responsible systems that
            modulate the organism to stressor agents<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. When
            stimulated, HPA and SNS release glucocorticoid hormone, such as cortisol, and biogenic
            amines, such as adrenaline and noradrenaline, respectively<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Stress triggers different dysfunctions and pathologies including asthma, allergy,
            depression, anxiety, ulcer, metabolism dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases, such as
            stroke, hypertension and infarction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>The literature and previous data from our laboratory have shown that stress induces
            cardiac alterations, such as fibrosis, systolic and diastolic left ventricle (LV)
            dysfunction and Ca<sup>2+</sup> transit alteration<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Moreover, cardiovascular changes are not
            restricted only to the heart, some evidence implicates that different types of acute
            stress induce modulated vascular response to different agonists, such as increased
            acetylcholine response and decreased contractile effect of noradrenaline, which are
            nitric oxide (NO) and endothelium-dependent<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. However, more studies are necessary to elucidate
            the mechanisms involved in modulated stress-induced responses.</p>
      <p>Given that information, the aim of the present study was to assess whether chronic
            stress induces vascular alterations, and whether these modulations are NO- and
               Ca<sup>2+</sup>-dependent, in addition, the real involvement of a1-adrereceptor also
            was analyzed.. Our hypothesis was that chronic stress promotes adaptive vascular NO- and
               Ca<sup>2+</sup>-dependent responses and desensitization of &#945;1-adrenoreceptor. To
            understand the involvement of mediators and of &#945;1-adrenoreceptor, pharmacological tools
            were used.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals</title>
        <p>Thirty-day-old male <italic>Wistar</italic> rats (70-100 g) obtained from the Animal
               Center of Botucatu Medical School (Botucatu, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) were housed in
               individual cages. The environment was controlled in terms of light (12-hour
               light/dark cycle starting at 6 AM), clean-air, room temperature (23 &#177; 3&#176;C), and
               relative humidity (60% &#177; 5%). After 7 days of acclimatization, the rats were
               distributed into two groups: control (C, n = 8) and chronic stress (St, n = 8). All
               experiments and procedures were performed in accordance with the <italic>Guide for
                  the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals</italic>, published by the National
               Research Council (1996), and were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto
               de Bioci&#234;ncias UNESP-Botucatu (protocol n&#186; 95/08-CEEA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Chronic stress</title>
        <p>The stress characteristics taken into consideration were quality, frequency, type,
               physical or emotional, as well as the animal species being studied<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Immobilization stress is a model of emotional
               stress and one of the most used in research<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.
               After 37 days of age, the St group animals were immobilized individually in metal
               capsules at room temperature (25&#176;C) for 1 hour per day, five days a week, for 15
               weeks.</p>
        <p>During the stress session, the C group animals remained in cage at room temperature
               (25&#176;C), receiving neither food nor water. Then, the St group animals were returned to
               their cages. Forty-eight hours after the last stress session, the animals were
               subjected to experimental protocols.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiac and adrenal hypertrophy test</title>
        <p>The animals were sacrificed, and hypertrophy of adrenals glands and LV was assessed.
               The glands and LV were removed, dissected and weighed. Cardiac hypertrophy was
               assessed by using the LV/tibia (mm) ratio and, on echocardiography, the LV (g)/final
               body weight (FBW) ratio, according to our previous study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Systolic blood pressure (SBP)</title>
        <p>Systolic blood pressure was assessed at the end of stress exposure by use of the
               non-invasive tail-cuff method with a Narco BioSystems<sup>&#174;</sup>
               Electro-Sphygmomanometer (International Biomedical, Austin, TX, USA). The mean of two
               SBP readings was recorded for each animal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Corticosterone level</title>
        <p>Animals were submitted to a 12-15-hour fasting, anesthetized with sodium
               pentobarbital (50 mg/kg i.p.), and sacrificed by use of decapitation. Blood samples
               were collected in heparinized tubes, centrifuged at 3000 X g for 15 minutes at 4&#176;C,
               and the serum was separated and stored at &#8722;80&#176;C for further analysis. Corticosterone
               level was measured by using a specific radioimmunoassay kit (Coat-A-Count Rat
               Corticosterone - Diagnostic Products Corporation).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vascular function</title>
        <p>After 15 weeks of stress exposure, the rats were decapitated. The descending thoracic
               aorta was excised and trimmed free of adhering fat and connective tissue. Two
               transverse rings of the same artery, measuring 4 mm in length each, were cut and
               mounted at the optimal length for isometric tension recording in organ chambers. One
               ring served as control, while the endothelium was mechanically removed from the
               others by gently rubbing the luminal surface. The preparations were mounted in organ
               baths containing 7 mL of Krebs-Henseleit solution, whose composition in mM was as
               follows: NaCl 113.0; KCl 4.7; CaCl<sub>2</sub> 2.5; KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> 1.2;
                  MgSO<sub>4</sub> 1.1; NaHCO<sub>3</sub> 25.0; glucose 11.0; ascorbic acid 0.11.
               The bathing fluid, kept at 37.0 &#177; 0.5 &#176;C, was saturated with a gas mixture of 95%
                  O<sub>2</sub> and 5% CO<sub>2</sub>, and the pH was 7.4. The preparations were
               allowed to equilibrate for at least 1 h under a resting tension of 1.5 g, which is
               ideal for inducing maximum contraction. Tension was recorded by use of a myograph
               (Ugo Basile).</p>
        <p>Cumulative concentration-effect (CCE) curves were constructed from the tissue
               response to potassium chloride (KCl) and to noradrenaline. Cumulative
               concentration-effect curves to noradrenaline were constructed in the absence and
               presence of L-NAME (3 x 10<sup>-4</sup> M, inhibitor of NO synthase - NOS) or
               prazosin (10<sup>-8</sup> M, &#945;1-adrenoreceptor antagonist) (Sigma Chemical Co., St
               Louis, Missouri, USA).</p>
        <p>In another set of experiments, CCE curves were constructed for acetylcholine, in
               intact aortic rings (+E), and for sodium nitroprusside (SNP), in endothelium denuded
               aortic rings (-E) (Sigma Chemical Co., St Louis, Missouri, USA).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Contribution of intracellular and extracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> in the
                  decreased response of endothelium-free aortic rings to noradrenaline</title>
          <p>Adapted from Tirapelli et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, we
                  investigated the contribution of intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> release on the
                  decreased vascular function to noradrenaline, contractile response to this agonist
                  was obtained in Krebs' solution without Ca<sup>2+</sup>. The rings were exposed to
                  this solution for 1 minute, then stimulated with 10<sup>-7</sup> and
                     10<sup>-6</sup> M noradrenaline, and then the tension was assessed.
                  Furthermore, the role of extracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> mobilization was
                  investigated by using CaCl<sub>2</sub>-induced contraction in the presence of
                  noradrenaline. In Ca<sup>2+</sup>-free solution containing EDTA (1 mM),
                  endothelium-free aortic rings were contracted with noradrenaline (10<sup>-4</sup>
                  M) to deplete the intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> stores and then rinsed in Krebs
                  solution without Ca<sup>2+</sup> and EDTA and containing noradrenaline (0.1 mM).
                  The process was repeated several times until the extinction of
                  noradrenaline-induced contraction, when we considered that Ca<sup>2+</sup> was
                  completely depleted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data are reported as means &#177; standard error of the mean (SEM). The cardiac mass
                  and adrenal hypertrophy, corticosterone levels and final SBP of the groups were
                  compared by using <italic>t-</italic>test and <italic>post hoc</italic> Tukey-test
                  with the GraphPad Prism 6.04 software. Individual concentration-effect curves were
                  fitted into a curve by use of non-linear regression analysis. The negative
                  logarithm of EC50 values (pD2) and the maximal response were compared by use of
                  Student <italic>t</italic> test or ANOVA, when appropriate. The significance level
                  of 5% was adopted.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Chronic stress did not increase cardiac mass as follows: LV (g)/tibia (mm) values in the
            C and St groups were 0.15 &#177; 0.02 <italic>vs</italic> 0.16 &#177; 0.03, respectively; and the
            results of the echocardiography test [LV (g)/FBW (g)] in the C and St groups were 1.45 &#177;
            0.16 <italic>vs</italic> 1.52 &#177; 0.11, respectively. However, chronic stress increased
            the wet adrenal weight (C = 0.57 &#177; 0.08 <italic>vs</italic> St = 0.76 &#177; 0.05). In
            addition, animals exposed to chronic stress developed high blood pressure [C = 118.3 &#177;
            12.3 <italic>vs</italic> St = 148.8 &#177; 9.43* (mmHg)] and had increased corticosterone
            levels in plasma [C = 48.3 &#177; 10.2 <italic>vs</italic> St = 97.2 &#177; 16.3* (ng/mL)] *p &lt;
            0.05.</p>
      <p>Chronic stress promoted decreased maximal response to KCl in aortic rings with or
            without endothelium [+E (C: 2.65 &#177; 0.48 <italic>vs</italic> St: 2.06 &#177; 0.26*); -E (C:
            2.62 &#177; 0.64 <italic>vs</italic> St: 2.18 &#177; 0.62*)]. Moreover, no pD<sub>2</sub>
            difference was observed in rings with and without endothelium [(C: 3.47 &#177; 0.10
               <italic>vs</italic> St: 3.36 &#177; 0.09) and (C: 11.51 &#177; 2.80 <italic>vs</italic> St:
            11.17 &#177; 2.81)] (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>) *p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Concentration-effect curves for KCl obtained with two rings, one with (A) and
                  the other without (B) endothelium, of the same thoracic aorta from control (empty
                  symbol) and stressed (solid symbol) rats. Data are reported as means &#177; SEM (n = 6)
                  *p &lt; 0.05.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0226-40207-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Similarly to the KCl response, aortic rings with or without endothelium from stressed
            rats also had decreased maximal response to noradrenaline. Pre-incubation with L-NAME
            blunted these changes. No pD<sub>2</sub> difference was observed in the experimental
            groups without L-NAME pre-incubation. L-NAME pre-incubation increased the sensitivity to
            noradrenaline in both rings, endothelium-intact and denuded (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Concentration-effect curves for noradrenaline obtained in intact endothelium
                  (E+) (A and C) and in denuded endothelium (E-) aortic rings (B and D), in presence
                  (C and D) or absence (A and B) of L-NAME (3x10<sup>-4</sup> M), from control
                  (empty symbol) and stressed (solid symbol) rats. Data are reported as means &#177; SEM
                  (n = 5-7) *p &lt; 0.05.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0226-40207-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Vascular reactivity to noradrenaline In presence or absence of L-NAME</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="3">
                <bold>Groups</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="3">
                <bold>Agonist</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="4" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Parameters</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Maximal response</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>pD<sub>2</sub></bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>+E</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>-E</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>+E</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center">
                <bold>-E</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">C</td>
              <td align="center">Nor</td>
              <td align="center">2.65 &#177; 0.21</td>
              <td align="center">4.58 &#177; 0.64<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center">6.33 &#177; 0.07</td>
              <td align="center">7.60 &#177; 0.23<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">#</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Nor/L-NAME</td>
              <td align="center">4.62 &#177; 0.70<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">$</xref></td>
              <td align="center">4.40 &#177; 0.63<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center">7.05 &#177; 0.29<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">$</xref></td>
              <td align="center">7.47 &#177; 0.52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2">St</td>
              <td align="center">Nor</td>
              <td align="center">1.20 &#177; 0.40<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">3.87 &#177; 0.58<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center">6.49 &#177; 0.32</td>
              <td align="center">7.27 &#177; 0.21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">#</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Nor/L-NAME</td>
              <td align="center">4.64 &#177; 0.55<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">$</xref></td>
              <td align="center">4.16 &#177; 0.78<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">#</xref></td>
              <td align="center">7.08 &#177; 0.38<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">$</xref></td>
              <td align="center">7.03 &#177; 0.44</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Effects of chronic stress on maximal response and pD2 (negative logarithm of
                     the EC50) for noradrenaline (Nor) in aortic rings from Wistar rats, in L-NAME
                     presence or absence (3x10<sup>-4</sup> M). Concentration-effect curves (CCE)
                     were constructed in intact endothelium (E+) and denuded endothelium (E-) aortic
                     rings. Results are shown as means &#177; SEM of 5-7 rats in each experimental
                     group.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 C vs St *p &lt; 0.05 C vs St;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>$</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 L-NAME vs Nor;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <label>#</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 -E vs +E; C: control group; St: Stress group.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Prazosin, &#945;<sub>1</sub> competitive antagonist, was used to assess the real
               &#945;<sub>1</sub> adrenoreceptor involvement. It shifted the noradrenaline response to
            the right in endothelium-free aortic rings; however, there was no pD<sub>2</sub>
            difference between the C and St groups (C = 7.82 &#177; 0.08; St = 7.81 &#177; 0.09; C/Prazosin =
            6.02 &#177; 0.05*; St/Prazosin = 6.14 &#177; 0.06*) *p &lt; 0.05 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f03">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Concentration-effect curves for noradrenaline in denuded endothelium (E-)
                  aortic rings, in presence (solid line) or absence (dotted line) of prazosin
                     (10<sup>-8</sup> M) from control (empty symbol) and stressed (solid symbol)
                  rats. Data are reported as means &#177; SEM (n = 6) *p &lt; 0.05.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0226-40207-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Chronic stress enhanced the maximal response to acetylcholine in aortic rings with
            endothelium, as well as its sensitivity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure
               4.A</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>). Moreover,
            endothelium-denudedaortic rings from stressed rats showed shift to the left for NO
            donor, SNP, and no difference was observed in the maximal response parameter (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4.B</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table
               2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f04">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Concentration-effect curves for acetylcholine (A) obtained in intact
                  endothelium (E+) aortic rings and sodium nitroprusside (B) obtained in denuded
                  endothelium (E-) aortic rings from control (empty symbol) and stressed (solid
                  symbol) rats. Data are reported as means &#177; SEM (n = 5-7) *p &lt; 0.05.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0226-40207-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Vascular reactivity to acetylcholine</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="3">
                <bold>Groups</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="3">
                <bold>Agonist</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Parameters</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Maximal response</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>pD<sub>2</sub></bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>+E</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>C</td>
              <td rowspan="2">ACh (%)</td>
              <td align="center">62.4 &#177; 8.63</td>
              <td align="center">7.27 &#177; 0.47</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>St</td>
              <td align="center">95.3 &#177; 16.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">8.37 &#177; 0.63<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td colspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>-E</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>C</td>
              <td rowspan="2">SNP (%)</td>
              <td align="center">101 &#177; 5.4</td>
              <td align="center">8.38 &#177; 0.10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>St</td>
              <td align="center">103 &#177; 5.7</td>
              <td align="center">9.58 &#177; 0.22<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Effects of chronic stress on maximal response and pD2 (negative logarithm of
                     the EC50) for acetylcholine (ACh) in intact endothelium (E+) aortic rings and
                     sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in denuded endothelium (E-) aortic rings from Wistar
                     rats. Concentration-effect curves (CCE) were constructed. Results are shown as
                     means &#177; SEM of 5-7rats in each experimental group.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 C vs St; C: control group; St: Stress group.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Stressed rats had decreased contractile response to noradrenaline in Krebs solution
            without Ca<sup>2+</sup>. Furthermore, CCE curves for CaCl<sub>2</sub>, in presence of
            noradrenaline, in endothelium-free aortic rings from chronically stressed rats also had
            decreased maximal response. No difference was observed in pD<sub>2</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table
               3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f05">
        <label>Figure 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Contractile response for noradrenaline in denuded endothelium (E-) aortic
                  rings from control (empty bar) and stressed (solid bar) rats in Krebs solution
                  without Ca<sup>2+</sup> (A). Concentration- effect curves for CaCl<sub>2</sub> in
                  aortic rings without endothelium from control (empty symbol) and stressed (solid
                  symbol) rats. Data are reported as means &#177; SEM (n = 5-7) *p &lt; 0.05.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0226-40207-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title> Vascular reactivity to CaCl<sub>2</sub>
               </title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="3">
                <bold>Groups</bold>
              </th>
              <th rowspan="3">
                <bold>Agonist</bold>
              </th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Parameters</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Maximal response</bold>
              </th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>pD<sub>2</sub></bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>-E</bold>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>C</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">CaCl<sub>2</sub></td>
              <td align="center">2.76 &#177; 0.13</td>
              <td align="center">8.81 &#177; 0.34</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>St</td>
              <td align="center">2.03 &#177; 0.10*</td>
              <td align="center">8.97 &#177; 0.37</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Effects of chronic stress on maximal response and pD2 (negative logarithm of
                     the EC50) for CaCl<sub>2</sub> in aortic rings from Wistar rats.
                     Concentration-effect curves (CCE) were constructed in denuded endothelium (E-)
                     aortic rings. Results are shown means &#177; SEM of 5-7 rats in each experimental
                     group.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN05">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 C vs St; C: control group; St: Stress group.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In the present study, chronic stress increased adrenal wet weight and plasma
            corticosterone levels, which suggest increased HPA axis activity, and corroborate the
            literature that shows these same effects in different stress models<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Stress can lead to
            hypertension through the production of several mediators or hyperactivation of some
            systems, including renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, and vasoactive amines, such as
            adrenaline, that are associated with blood pressure regulation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Our stress
            model led to high blood pressure that might be associated with adrenaline release by
            adrenal glands, because we found increased adrenal mass, which indicates SNS
            hyperactivation, corroborating findings from literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
      <p>Stress, in acute or chronic models, improves vascular function to different
               agonists<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Our results
            corroborate these data, in which increased responses to noradrenaline and acetylcholine
            were observed. In addition, we can suggest that these responses are NO-dependent for two
            reasons: i) the previous incubation with NOS inhibitor abolished the decreased maximal
            response to noradrenaline in aortic rings from stressed rats compared with that of the
            control group; ii) we found that acetylcholine-induced relaxation was higher in aortic
            rings from the St group than from the C group. Acetylcholine, an endothelium-dependent
            agonist, is able to release NO when it binds to a muscarinic receptor located in
            endothelial cells, leading to vascular relaxation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
      <p>Another interesting finding from our study shows that vascular smooth muscle from
            stressed rats is more sensitive to NO than that from the non-stressed group, because the
            NO donor, SNP, induced shift to the left in endothelium-free aortic rings. We did not
            assess pathways associated with NO production, such as AKT (protein kinase B), which is
            able to phosphorylate NO synthase<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, but we can
            confirm that both NO releasing and sensitivity to NO are involved in the modulated
            vascular response to chronic stress.</p>
      <p>We assessed whether &#945;1-adrenoreceptor participates in the vascular function of stressed
            rats by using a competitive &#945;<sub>1</sub>-adrenoreceptor antagonist. We concluded that
            &#945;1-adrenoreceptor activity does not change in the aorta of stressed rats, and the
            decreased maximal response observed in the experimental group might be linked to
            downstream events to &#945;1-adrenoreceptor, such as NO release and sensitivity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, or NO release might be associated with
            &#945;2-adrenoreceptor activation by noradrenaline<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
      <p>Similarly to noradrenaline response, KCl, a contractile agonist not receptor-dependent,
            also had decreased maximal response in aorta rings of the St group. These data, together
            with prazosin and noradrenaline, strengthen that some intracellular mediator is involved
            in stress vascular response, NO being a strong candidate, since the KCl-induced vascular
            contraction does not depend on a specific receptor, but on action potential.</p>
      <p>Ca2+ plays a crucial role in vascular homeostasis, modulating vascular function and
            structure, the intracellular Ca2+ and uptake being essential for perfect operation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. We examined whether intracellular Ca2+ and
            uptake are involved in the attenuated vascular contraction to noradrenaline in stressed
            rats. Attenuated vascular response to single concentrations of noradrenaline was
            observed in this study. So, we could suggest that intracellular Ca2+ release, which
            occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) after interaction of inositol trisphosphate
            (IP3) with its receptor located in the ER membrane<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, or the low Ca2+
            concentration in the ER could participate in this modulation. Moreover, Ca2+ uptake by
            some channel, such as L-type calcium channels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, might have low
            activity to uptake Ca2+ in the vasculature from the St group, because the CCE curve for
            Ca2+, in a Ca2+-free medium in presence of noradrenaline, was attenuated in
            endothelium-free aortic rings of stressed rats.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Our study advances the understanding and identifies new mediators involved in the
            attenuated vascular response to noradrenaline in stressed rats. Nitric oxide and Ca2+
            fluxes are the possible mediators. We believe these mediators are positively activated
            to counterbalance the deleterious cardiovascular effects caused by stressful conditions.
            However, more studies are necessary to better elucidate the adaptive response to chronic
            stress.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Fapesp add the process number 2009/03771-2.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Thiago Bruder do
               Nascimento, from Universidade do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estresse Cr&#244;nico Melhora a Fun&#231;&#227;o Vascular Dependente de NO e Fluxo De
               Ca2+: Um Estudo Farmacol&#243;gico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname> Bruder-Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Dijon Henrique Salome</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cicogna</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cordellini</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Bioci&#234;ncias de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Farmacologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Farmacologia - Instituto de
               Bioci&#234;ncias de Botucatu - Universidade do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (UNESP); Botucatu, S&#227;o
               Paulo - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de
               Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (UNESP), Botucatu, S&#227;o
               Paulo - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Thiago Bruder do Nascimento</bold>, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900,
               Monte Alegre. CEP 14049-900, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil Email:
                  <email>bruderthiago@usp.br</email>;
               <email>bruderthiago@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento:
                  Bruder-Nascimento T, Cicogna AC, Cordellini S; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados:
                  Bruder-Nascimento T, Campos DHS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o
                  cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Bruder-Nascimento
                  T, Campos DHS, Cicogna AC, Cordellini S; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Bruder-Nascimento
                  T.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Estresse est&#225; associado com complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar se o estresse cr&#244;nico induz altera&#231;&#245;es
                  vasculares, e se essas altera&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o dependentes de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) e
                     Ca<sup>2+</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Ratos machos Wistar com 30 dias de idade foram separados em 2 grupos: controle (C)
                  e Estresse (St). Utilizou-se estresse cr&#244;nico de imobiliza&#231;&#227;o por 1 hora/dia, 5
                  dias/semana, 15 semanas. Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica foi avaliada. A fun&#231;&#227;o
                  vascular foi avaliada em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos. Curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-efeito foram
                  realizadas para noradrenalina, na presen&#231;a de L-NAME ou prazosina, cloreto de
                  pot&#225;ssio (KCl), acetilcolina e nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio. Tamb&#233;m foi efetuado um
                  estudo para avalia&#231;&#227;o para fluxo de Ca<sup>2+</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Estresse cr&#244;nico induziu hipertens&#227;o e resposta vascular diminu&#237;da para
                  noradrenalina e KCl e aumentada para acetilcolina. A pr&#233;-incuba&#231;&#227;o com L-NAME
                  eliminou a diferen&#231;a para noradrenalina. A resposta contr&#225;til vascular para
                     Ca<sup>2+</sup> foi reduzida em animais estressados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Nossos dados sugerem que a resposta vascular ao estresse cr&#244;nico seria uma
                  adapta&#231;&#227;o aos efeitos delet&#233;rios do estresse, incluindo a hipertens&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso,
                  esses mecanismos adaptativos dependem de libera&#231;&#227;o de NO e fluxo de
                     Ca<sup>2+</sup>. Esses resultados ajudam a esclarecer os mecanismos envolvidos
                  nas altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares associadas ao estresse. Entretanto, mais estudos
                  s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para a melhor compreens&#227;o desses mecanismos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Estresse Fisiol&#243;gico / fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>&#211;xido N&#237;trico / fisiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasoconstritores / farmacologia.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Fapesp</funding-source>
          <award-id>2009/03771-2</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Fapesp processo:
               2009/03771-2.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O estresse &#233; conhecido como uma condi&#231;&#227;o complexa e multidimensional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. As respostas aos agentes estressores dependem
               da intensidade, da frequ&#234;ncia, da dura&#231;&#227;o e do tipo desses agentes. O eixo
               hipot&#225;lamo-hip&#243;fise-adrenal (HHA) e o sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico (SNS) s&#227;o os
               principais respons&#225;veis pela modula&#231;&#227;o do organismo ao agente estressor<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Quando esses sistemas s&#227;o estimulados,
               horm&#244;nio glicocorticoide, como o cortisol, e aminas biog&#234;nicas, como adrenalina e
               noradrenalina, s&#227;o liberados atrav&#233;s do eixo HHA e do SNS, respectivamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>O estresse desencadeia diferentes disfun&#231;&#245;es e patologias, como asma, alergia,
               depress&#227;o, ansiedade, &#250;lcera, disfun&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, como
               acidente vascular cerebral, hipertens&#227;o e infarto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Dados da literatura e de nosso laborat&#243;rio mostraram que o estresse induz altera&#231;&#245;es
               card&#237;acas, como fibrose, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE)
               e altera&#231;&#227;o do tr&#226;nsito de Ca<sup>2+</sup>
               <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, as
               altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares n&#227;o est&#227;o restritas apenas ao cora&#231;&#227;o, havendo evid&#234;ncia
               de que diferentes tipos de estresse agudo modulam a resposta vascular a diferentes
               agonistas, como eleva&#231;&#227;o da resposta a acetilcolina e diminui&#231;&#227;o do efeito contr&#225;til
               da noradrenalina, que s&#227;o dependentes do &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) e do endot&#233;lio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. No entanto, mais
               estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para melhor entender os mecanismos envolvidos nas respostas
               moduladas induzidas por estresse.</p>
        <p>Portanto, este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar se o estresse cr&#244;nico induz
               altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares, se tais modula&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o dependentes de NO- e Ca<sup>2+</sup>, e
               o real envolvimento do receptor adren&#233;rgico &#945;<sub>1</sub>. Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que o
               estresse cr&#244;nico promova respostas adaptativas vasculares dependentes de NO e
                  Ca<sup>2+</sup>, assim como a dessensibiliza&#231;&#227;o do receptor adren&#233;rgico
                  &#945;<sub>1</sub>. Para a compreens&#227;o do envolvimento dos mediadores e do receptor
               adren&#233;rgico &#945;<sub>1 </sub>mencionados acima, utilizaram-se ferramentas
               farmacol&#243;gicas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais</title>
          <p>Ratos machos Wistar de 30 dias de idade (70-100 g) provenientes do Biot&#233;rio da
                  Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (Botucatu, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) foram mantidos em
                  gaiolas individuais. Foram mantidos constantes no ambiente a luz (ciclos de
                  claro/escuro de 12 horas, come&#231;ando &#224;s 6 h), o ar limpo, a temperatura (23 &#177; 3&#186;C)
                  e a umidade relativa (60% &#177; 5%). Ap&#243;s sete dias de aclimata&#231;&#227;o, os ratos foram
                  distribu&#237;dos em dois grupos: controle (C, n = 8) e estresse cr&#244;nico (St, n = 8).
                  Todos os experimentos e os procedimentos foram realizados conforme o <italic>Guia
                     para Cuidado e Uso de Animais de Laborat&#243;rio</italic> publicado pelo Conselho
                  Nacional de Pesquisa (1996) e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto de
                  Bioci&#234;ncias da UNESP-Botucatu (protocolo n&#186; 95/08-CEEA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estresse cr&#244;nico</title>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas do estresse a serem consideradas qualidade, frequ&#234;ncia, tipo,
                  f&#237;sico ou emocional, assim como a esp&#233;cie animal estudada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. A imobiliza&#231;&#227;o &#233; um modelo de estresse emocional, sendo um
                  dos mais usados em pesquisa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>. A partir dos
                  37 dias de idade, os animais do grupo St foram imobilizados individualmente em
                  c&#225;psulas de metal em temperatura ambiente (25&#186;C) por uma hora ao dia, cinco dias
                  por semana e por 15 semanas.</p>
          <p>Durante a sess&#227;o de estresse, os animais do grupo C permaneceram nas gaiolas em
                  temperatura ambiente (25 &#186;C) sem receber alimento nem &#225;gua. Ent&#227;o, os animais do
                  grupo St foram recolocados em suas gaiolas. Ap&#243;s 48 horas da &#250;ltima sess&#227;o de
                  estresse, os animais foram submetidos aos protocolos experimentais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste de hipertrofia card&#237;aca e adrenal</title>
          <p>Os animais foram sacrificados e avaliados quanto a hipertrofia de gl&#226;ndulas
                  adrenais e de VE. Essas gl&#226;ndulas e o VE foram removidos, dissecados e pesados. A
                  hipertrofia card&#237;aca foi avaliada atrav&#233;s da rela&#231;&#227;o VE/t&#237;bia (mm) e, na
                  ecocardiografia, pela rela&#231;&#227;o VE/peso corporal final (PCF), conforme nosso estudo
                     pr&#233;vio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS)</title>
          <p>A PAS foi avaliada ao final da exposi&#231;&#227;o ao estresse usando-se o m&#233;todo n&#227;o
                  invasivo de pletismografia de cauda (Narco BioSistemas<sup>&#174;</sup>, International
                  Biomedical, Austin, TX, EUA). A m&#233;dia de duas medidas de PAS foi considerada para
                  cada animal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>N&#237;vel de corticosterona</title>
          <p>Os animais foram submetidos a jejum de 12-15 horas, anestesiados com pentobarbital
                  s&#243;dico (50 mg/kg i.p.) e sacrificados por decapita&#231;&#227;o. As amostras de sangue foram
                  coletadas em tubos heparinizados, centrifugadas a 3000 X g por 15 minutos a 4&#186;C, e
                  o soro separado e estocado a -80&#186;C para an&#225;lise posterior. O n&#237;vel de
                  corticosterona foi medido com um <italic>kit</italic> espec&#237;fico de
                  radioimunoensaio (Coat-A-Count Rat Costicosterone - Diagnostic Products
                  Corporation).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o vascular</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s exposi&#231;&#227;o ao estresse por 15 semanas, os ratos foram sacrificadas. A aorta
                  tor&#225;cica descendente foi excisada e dela retirados a gordura e o tecido conjuntivo
                  aderidos. Dois an&#233;is transversais da mesma art&#233;ria, medindo cerca de 4 mm de
                  comprimento, foram cortados e montados no comprimento ideal para o registro da
                  tens&#227;o isom&#233;trica em c&#226;mara de &#243;rg&#227;os. Um anel serviu como controle, tendo o
                  endot&#233;lio sido mecanicamente removido dos demais por fric&#231;&#227;o suave na superf&#237;cie
                  luminal. As prepara&#231;&#245;es foram montadas em banhos de &#243;rg&#227;o contendo 7 ml de solu&#231;&#227;o
                  de Krebs-Henseleit, com a seguinte composi&#231;&#227;o em mM: NaCl 113,0; KCl 4,7;
                     CaCl<sub>2</sub> 2,5; KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> 1,2; MgSO<sub>4</sub> 1,1;
                     NaHCO<sub>3</sub> 25,0; glicose 11,0; &#225;cido asc&#243;rbico 0,11. O fluido de banho,
                  mantido a 37,0 &#177; 0,5 &#186;C, foi saturado com mistura gasosa de O<sub>2</sub> (95%) e
                     CO<sub>2</sub> (5%), sendo 7,4 o pH. Deixou-se que as prepara&#231;&#245;es entrassem em
                  equil&#237;brio por pelo menos uma hora, sob uma tens&#227;o de repouso de 1,5 g, ideal para
                  induzir contra&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima. A tens&#227;o foi registrada com um mi&#243;grafo (Ugo
                  Basile).</p>
          <p>Constru&#237;ram-se curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-efeito (CCE) a partir da resposta do tecido
                  ao cloreto de pot&#225;ssio (KCl) e &#224; noradrenalina. As CCE &#224; noradrenalina foram
                  constru&#237;das na aus&#234;ncia e na presen&#231;a de L-NAME [3 x 10<sup>-4</sup> M, inibidor
                  de NO sintase (NOS)] ou prazosina (10<sup>-8</sup>M, antagonista do receptor
                  adren&#233;rgico &#945;<sub>1</sub>) (Sigma Chemical Co., St Louis, Missouri, EUA).</p>
          <p>Em outro conjunto de experimentos, constru&#237;ram-se as CCE para a acetilcolina em
                  an&#233;is a&#243;rticos intactos (+E) e para nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio (NPS) em an&#233;is
                  a&#243;rticos sem endot&#233;lio (-E) (Sigma Chemical Co., St Louis, Missouri, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Contribui&#231;&#227;o do Ca<sup>2+</sup> intracelular e extracelular para a reduzida
                  resposta &#224; noradrenalina dos an&#233;is a&#243;rticos sem endot&#233;lio</title>
          <p>A partir de adapta&#231;&#227;o de Tirapelli e cols.<sup>19</sup>, investigamos a
                  contribui&#231;&#227;o da libera&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2+</sup> intracelular na diminui&#231;&#227;o da
                  resposta vascular &#224; noradrenalina, obtendo-se resposta contr&#225;til a esse agonista
                  na solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs sem Ca<sup>2+</sup>. Os an&#233;is foram expostos a essa solu&#231;&#227;o
                  por 1 minuto e ent&#227;o estimulados com 10<sup>-7</sup> e 10<sup>-6</sup> M de
                  noradrenalina, avaliando-se ent&#227;o a tens&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, o papel da mobiliza&#231;&#227;o do
                     Ca<sup>2+</sup> extracelular foi investigado usando-se contra&#231;&#227;o induzida por
                     CaCl<sub>2 </sub>na presen&#231;a de noradrenalina. Em solu&#231;&#227;o sem Ca<sup>2+</sup> e
                  contendo EDTA (1 mM), os an&#233;is a&#243;rticos desnudados foram contra&#237;dos com
                  noradrenalina (10<sup>-4</sup> M) para esgotar os estoques de Ca<sup>2+</sup>
                  intracelular e, ent&#227;o, enxaguados em solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs sem Ca<sup>2+</sup> e EDTA e
                  contendo noradrenalina (0,1 mM). O processo foi repetido v&#225;rias vezes at&#233; a
                  extin&#231;&#227;o da contra&#231;&#227;o induzida por noradrenalina, quando se considerou que o
                     Ca<sup>2+</sup> foi completamente esgotado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram apresentados como m&#233;dias &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia (EPM). A massa
                  card&#237;aca e a hipertrofia adrenal, os n&#237;veis de corticosterona e a PAS final dos
                  grupos foram comparados usando-se o teste <italic>t</italic> e o teste de Tukey
                     <italic>post hoc</italic> com o <italic>software</italic> GraphPad Prism 6.04.
                  As curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-efeito individuais foram submetidas a an&#225;lise de
                  regress&#227;o n&#227;o-linear. Os valores do algoritmo negativo de EC50 (pD2) e a resposta
                  m&#225;xima foram comparados usando-se o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student ou ANOVA,
                  quando apropriado. Adotou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>O estresse cr&#244;nico n&#227;o aumentou a massa card&#237;aca: os valores de LV (g)/t&#237;bia (mm) nos
               grupos C e St foram 0,15 &#177; 0,02 <italic>vs</italic> 0,16 &#177; 0,03, respectivamente; e
               os resultados da ecocardiografia [LV (g)/PCF (g)] nos grupos C e St foram 1,45 &#177; 0,16
                  <italic>vs</italic> 1,52 &#177; 0,11, respectivamente. No entanto, o estresse cr&#244;nico
               aumentou o peso seco da adrenal (grupo C = 0,57 &#177; 0,08 <italic>vs</italic> grupo St =
               0,76 &#177; 0,05). Al&#233;m disso, os animais expostos a estresse cr&#244;nico desenvolveram
               hipertens&#227;o [C = 118,3 &#177; 12,3 <italic>vs</italic> St = 148,8 &#177; 9,43* (mmHg)] e
               apresentaram eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de corticosterona [C = 48,3 &#177; 10,2
                  <italic>vs</italic> St = 97,2 &#177; 16,3* (ng/mL)] *p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        <p>O estresse cr&#244;nico promoveu diminui&#231;&#227;o da resposta m&#225;xima ao KCl nos an&#233;is a&#243;rticos
               com ou sem endot&#233;lio [+E (C: 2,65 &#177; 0,48 <italic>vs</italic> St: 2,06 &#177; 0,26*); -E
               (C: 2,62 &#177; 0,64 <italic>vs</italic> St: 2,18 &#177; 0,62*)]. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve
               diferen&#231;a na pD<sub>2</sub> dos an&#233;is com e sem endot&#233;lio [(C: 3,47 &#177; 0,10
                  <italic>vs</italic> St: 3,36 &#177; 0,09) e (C: 11,51 &#177; 2,80 <italic>vs</italic> St:
               11,17 &#177; 2,81)] (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 1</xref>) *p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-efeito para KCl obtidas com dois an&#233;is, um com
                     endot&#233;lio (A) e outro sem (B), da mesma aorta tor&#225;cica em ratos dos grupos
                     controle (C - c&#237;rculos vazios) e estresse (St - c&#237;rculos cheios). Dados
                     apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; EPM (n = 6) *p &lt; 0,05.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0226-40207-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>&#192; semelhan&#231;a da resposta ao KCl, os an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com ou sem endot&#233;lio dos ratos
               submetidos ao estresse tamb&#233;m apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o da resposta m&#225;xima &#224;
               noradrenalina. Pr&#233;-incuba&#231;&#227;o com L-NAME obscureceu essas altera&#231;&#245;es. N&#227;o houve
               diferen&#231;a nos par&#226;metros pD<sub>2</sub> nos grupos sem pr&#233;-incuba&#231;&#227;o com L-NAME. A
               pr&#233;-incuba&#231;&#227;o com L-NAME elevou a sensibilidade &#224; noradrenalina nos an&#233;is com e sem
               endot&#233;lio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-efeito para noradrenalina obtidas em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos
                     com endot&#233;lio intacto (E+) (A e C) e desnudado (E-) (B e D), na presen&#231;a (C e
                     D) ou aus&#234;ncia (A e B) de L-NAME (3x10<sup>-4</sup> M), em ratos dos grupos
                     controle (C - c&#237;rculos vazios) e estresse (St - c&#237;rculos cheios). Dados
                     apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; EPM (n = 5-7) *p &lt; 0,05.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0226-40207-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Reatividade vascular &#224; noradrenalina na presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de
                     L-NAME</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="3">
                  <bold>Grupos</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="3">
                  <bold>Agonistas</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="4" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Resposta m&#225;xima</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>pD<sub>2</sub></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>+E</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>-E</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>+E</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center">
                  <bold>-E</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">C</td>
                <td align="center">Nor</td>
                <td align="center">2,65 &#177; 0,21</td>
                <td align="center">4,58 &#177; 0,64<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center">6,33 &#177; 0,07</td>
                <td align="center">7,60 &#177; 0,23<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">#</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Nor/L-NAME</td>
                <td align="center">4,62 &#177; 0,70<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">$</xref></td>
                <td align="center">4,40 &#177; 0,63<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center">7,05 &#177; 0,29<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">$</xref></td>
                <td align="center">7,47 &#177; 0,52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">St</td>
                <td align="center">Nor</td>
                <td align="center">1,20 &#177; 0,40<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">3,87 &#177; 0,58<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref>
                           <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center">6,49 &#177; 0,32</td>
                <td align="center">7,27 &#177; 0,21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Nor/L-NAME</td>
                <td align="center">4,64 &#177; 0,55<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">$</xref></td>
                <td align="center">4,16 &#177; 0,78<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">$</xref>
                           <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">#</xref></td>
                <td align="center">7,08 &#177; 0,38<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">$</xref></td>
                <td align="center">7,03 &#177; 0,44</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>C: grupo controle; St: grupo estresse. Efeitos do estresse cr&#244;nico na
                        resposta m&#225;xima e pD2 (logaritmo negativo de EC50) para noradrenalina (Nor)
                        em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos de ratos Wistar, na presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de L-NAME
                           (3x10<sup>-4</sup>M). Curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-efeito (CCE) foram
                        constru&#237;das em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com endot&#233;lio intacto (E+) e endot&#233;lio
                        desnudado (E-). Resultados apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; EPM de 5-7 ratos em
                        cada grupo experimental.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 C vs St * p &lt; 0,05 C vs St;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <label>$</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 L-NAME vs Nor;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 -E vs +E</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A prazosina, antagonista &#945;<sub>1</sub> competitivo, foi usada para avaliar o real
               envolvimento do receptor adren&#233;rgico &#945;<sub>1</sub>. Ela desviou para a direita a
               resposta &#224; noradrenalina em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos sem endot&#233;lio, mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a
               entre os grupos C e St quanto ao par&#226;metro pD<sub>2</sub> (C = 7,82 &#177; 0,08; St = 7,81
               &#177; 0,09; C/Prazosina = 6,02 &#177; 0,05*; St/Prazosina = 6,14 &#177; 0,06*) *p &lt; 0,05 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-efeito para noradrenalina em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com
                     endot&#233;lio desnudado (E-), na presen&#231;a (linha s&#243;lida) ou aus&#234;ncia (linha
                     tracejada) de prazosina (10<sup>-8</sup> M), em ratos dos grupos controle (C -
                     c&#237;rculos vazios) e estresse (St - c&#237;rculos cheios). Dados apresentados como
                     m&#233;dia &#177; EPM (n = 6) *p &lt; 0,05.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0226-40207-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>O estresse cr&#244;nico aumentou a resposta m&#225;xima &#224; acetilcolina em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com
               endot&#233;lio, assim como sua sensibilidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura
                  4.A</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, an&#233;is
               a&#243;rticos sem endot&#233;lio dos ratos submetidos ao estresse apresentaram desvio para a
               esquerda para o doador de NO, NPS, e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na resposta m&#225;xima (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figura 4.B</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f09" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-efeito para acetilcolina (A), obtidas em an&#233;is
                     a&#243;rticos com endot&#233;lio intacto (E+), e para nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio (B),
                     obtidas em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com endot&#233;lio desnudado (E-), em ratos dos grupos
                     controle (C - c&#237;rculos vazios) e estresse (St - c&#237;rculos cheios). Dados
                     apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; EPM (n = 5-7) *p &lt; 0,05.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0226-40207-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Reatividade vascular &#224; acetilcolina</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="3">
                  <bold>Grupos</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="3">
                  <bold>Agonistas</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Resposta m&#225;xima</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>pD<sub>2</sub></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>+E</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>C</td>
                <td rowspan="2">ACh (%)</td>
                <td align="center">62,4 &#177; 8,63</td>
                <td align="center">7,27 &#177; 0,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>St</td>
                <td align="center">95,3 &#177; 16,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">8,37 &#177; 0,63<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>-E</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>C</td>
                <td rowspan="2">NPS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">101 &#177; 5,4</td>
                <td align="center">8,38 &#177; 0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>St</td>
                <td align="center">103 &#177; 5,7</td>
                <td align="center">9,58 &#177; 0,22<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>C: grupo controle; St: grupo estresse</p>
            </fn>
            <fn>
              <p>Efeitos do estresse cr&#244;nico na resposta m&#225;xima e pD2 (logaritmo negativo de
                        EC50) para acetilcolina (ACh) em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com endot&#233;lio intacto (E+) e
                        para nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio (NPS) em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com endot&#233;lio desnudado
                        (E-) de ratos Wistar. Curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-efeito (CCE) foram constru&#237;das.
                        Resultados apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; EPM de 5-7ratos em cada grupo
                        experimental.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN09">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 C vs St.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os ratos submetidos a estresse apresentaram diminui&#231;&#227;o da resposta contr&#225;til &#224;
               noradrenalina na solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs sem Ca<sup>2+</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, as CCE para
                  CaCl<sub>2</sub>, na presen&#231;a de noradrenalina, em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos sem endot&#233;lio de
               ratos submetidos a estresse cr&#244;nico tamb&#233;m apresentaram diminui&#231;&#227;o da resposta
               m&#225;xima. N&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a em pD<sub>2</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f10" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resposta contr&#225;til &#224; noradrenalina em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com endot&#233;lio
                     desnudado (E-) de ratos dos grupos controle (barra vazia) e estresse (barra
                     s&#243;lida) em solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs sem Ca<sup>2+</sup> (A). Curvas de
                     concentra&#231;&#227;o-efeito para CaCl2 em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com endot&#233;lio desnudado de
                     ratos dos grupos controle (C - c&#237;rculos vazios) e estresse (St - c&#237;rculos
                     cheios). Dados apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; EPM (n = 5-7) *p &lt; 0,05.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0226-40207-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title> Reatividade vascular ao CaCl<sub>2</sub>
                  </title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="3">
                  <bold>Grupos</bold>
                </th>
                <th rowspan="3">
                  <bold>Agonistas</bold>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Resposta m&#225;xima</bold>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>pD<sub>2</sub></bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>-E</bold>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>C</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">CaCL<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="center">2,76 &#177; 0,13</td>
                <td align="center">8,81 &#177; 0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>St</td>
                <td align="center">2,03 &#177; 0,10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">8,97 &#177; 0,37</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>C: grupo controle; St: grupo estresse. Efeitos do estresse cr&#244;nico na
                        resposta m&#225;xima e pD2 (logaritmo negativo de EC50) para CaCl<sub>2</sub> em
                        an&#233;is a&#243;rticos de ratos Wistar. Curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-efeito (CCE) foram
                        constru&#237;das em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com endot&#233;lio desnudado. Resultados
                        apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; EPM de 5-7 ratos em cada grupo experimental.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 C vs St</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, o estresse cr&#244;nico aumentou o peso seco da adrenal e os n&#237;veis
               plasm&#225;ticos de corticosterona, o que sugere aumento da atividade do eixo HHA,
               corroborando achados da literatura, que mostram esses mesmos efeitos em diferentes
               modelos de estresse<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. O estresse pode levar a hipertens&#227;o atrav&#233;s da produ&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios
               mediadores ou hiperatividade de alguns sistemas, como
               renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, e aminas vasoativas, como adrenalina, associadas com
               regula&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Nosso modelo de
               estresse levou a hipertens&#227;o, que pode estar associada com libera&#231;&#227;o de adrenalina
               pelas adrenais, uma vez que encontramos aumento da massa adrenal, que indica
               hiperatividade do SNS, corroborando achados da literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <p>Estresse, em modelos agudo ou cr&#244;nico, melhora a fun&#231;&#227;o vascular para diferentes
                  agonistas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Nossos resultados
               corroboram tais dados, observando-se respostas aumentadas para noradrenalina e
               acetilcolina. Al&#233;m disso, podemos sugerir que tais respostas sejam dependentes de NO
               por duas raz&#245;es: i) a incuba&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via com inibidor de NOS aboliu a redu&#231;&#227;o da
               resposta m&#225;xima &#224; noradrenalina nos an&#233;is a&#243;rticos de ratos submetidos ao estresse em
               compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles do grupo controle; ii) descobrimos que a resposta &#224;
               acetilcolina foi maior nos an&#233;is a&#243;rticos do grupo St do que naqueles do grupo C.
               Acetilcolina, um agonista endot&#233;lio-dependente, pode liberar NO ao se ligar a
               receptor muscar&#237;nico localizado em c&#233;lulas endoteliais, levando a relaxamento
                  vascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
        <p>Outro achado interessante de nosso estudo mostra que o m&#250;sculo liso vascular dos
               ratos submetidos a estresse &#233; mais sens&#237;vel ao NO do que aquele do grupo n&#227;o
               submetido ao estresse, pois o doador de NO, NPS, induziu desvio para a esquerda nos
               an&#233;is a&#243;rticos sem endot&#233;lio. N&#227;o avaliamos as vias associadas com a produ&#231;&#227;o de NO,
               como AKT (prote&#237;na quinase B), que pode fosforilar NO sintase<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, mas podemos confirmar que tanto libera&#231;&#227;o de NO quanto
               sensibilidade a ele est&#227;o envolvidas na modula&#231;&#227;o da resposta vascular ao estresse
               cr&#244;nico.</p>
        <p>Avaliamos se o receptor adren&#233;rgico &#945;1 participa da fun&#231;&#227;o vascular de ratos
               submetidos ao estresse, usando um antagonista competitivo para o receptor adren&#233;rgico
               &#945;1. Conclu&#237;mos que a atividade do receptor adren&#233;rgico &#945;1 n&#227;o se altera na aorta de
               ratos submetidos ao estresse, e que a redu&#231;&#227;o da resposta m&#225;xima observada no grupo
               deve estar ligada aos eventos <italic>downstream</italic> do receptor adren&#233;rgico &#945;1,
               como libera&#231;&#227;o de NO e sensibilidade a ele<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,
               ou a libera&#231;&#227;o de NO deve estar associada &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o do receptor adren&#233;rgico &#945;1 por
                  noradrenalina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
        <p>&#192; semelhan&#231;a da resposta &#224; noradrenalina, o KCl, um agonista contr&#225;til n&#227;o dependente
               de receptor, tamb&#233;m apresentou diminui&#231;&#227;o da resposta m&#225;xima em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos do
               grupo St. Tais dados, juntamente com prazosina e noradrenalina, refor&#231;am o
               envolvimento de um mediador intracelular na resposta vascular ao estresse, o NO sendo
               um forte candidato, pois a contra&#231;&#227;o vascular induzida por KCl n&#227;o depende de um
               receptor espec&#237;fico, mas de potencial de a&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O Ca<sup>2+</sup> tem papel crucial na homeostase vascular, modulando a fun&#231;&#227;o e a
               estrutura vasculares, o Ca<sup>2+</sup> intracelular e a sua capta&#231;&#227;o sendo
               essenciais para uma opera&#231;&#227;o perfeita<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.
               Analisamos se o Ca<sup>2+</sup> intracelular e a sua capta&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o envolvidos na
               atenua&#231;&#227;o da vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o &#224; noradrenalina em ratos submetidos ao estresse.
               Observou-se atenua&#231;&#227;o da resposta vascular a concentra&#231;&#245;es isoladas de noradrenalina
               no presente estudo. Portanto, podemos sugerir que a libera&#231;&#227;o intracelular de
                  Ca<sup>2+</sup>, que ocorre no ret&#237;culo endoplasm&#225;tico ap&#243;s intera&#231;&#227;o do inositol
               trisfosfato (IP3) com seu receptor localizado na membrana do ret&#237;culo
                  endoplasm&#225;tico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, ou a baixa concentra&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2+</sup> no
               ret&#237;culo endoplasm&#225;tico poderia participar dessa modula&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, a capta&#231;&#227;o de
                  Ca<sup>2+</sup> por algum canal, como o canal de c&#225;lcio do tipo L<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, poderia ser baixa na vasculatura do grupo St, uma vez que a CCE para
                  Ca<sup>2+</sup>, em um meio sem Ca<sup>2+</sup> e na presen&#231;a de noradrenalina,
               mostrou-se atenuada nos an&#233;is a&#243;rticos sem endot&#233;lio de ratos submetidos a
               estresse.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo auxilia a compreens&#227;o e identifica novos mediadores envolvidos na
               resposta vascular atenuada &#224; noradrenalina em ratos submetidos ao estresse, sendo a
               libera&#231;&#227;o de NO e o fluxo de Ca<sup>2+</sup> poss&#237;veis mediadores. Acreditamos que
               esses mediadores sejam positivamente ativados para contrabalan&#231;ar os delet&#233;rios
               efeitos cardiovasculares causados por situa&#231;&#245;es estressantes. No entanto, mais
               estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para melhor entendermos a resposta adaptativa ao estresse
               cr&#244;nico.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Fapesp processo: 2009/03771-2.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Thiago Bruder do Nascimento pela
                  Universidade do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
