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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZnnrHJTsxwbbmDDf9bWBgmg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000300007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040196</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140196</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prevalence of Burnout Syndrome in Patients Admitted with Acute Coronary
               Syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Prosd&#243;cimo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cl&#225;udia Giaxa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lucina</surname>
            <given-names>Luciane Boreki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marcia</surname>
            <given-names>Olandoski</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jobs</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Megda Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schio</surname>
            <given-names>Nicolle Amboni</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baldanzi</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Fachin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costantini</surname>
            <given-names>Costantino Ortiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benevides-Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Maria Teresa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guarita-Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Cesar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do
               Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; &#8211; PUCPR,
               Curitiba, PR - Brazil Mailing</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini, Curitiba, PR -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Jos&#233; Rocha Faria-Neto</bold>, Av. Getulio
               Vargas, 2932, cj 1101, Postal Code 80.240-040, Curitiba, PR - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>jrochafaria@cardiol.br</email>;
               <email>jose.faria@pucpr.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Prosd&#243;cimo ACG, Lucina LB,
                  Benevides-Pereira AMT; Acquisition of data: Prosd&#243;cimo ACG, Baldanzi FF, Jobs
                  Priscila; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Prosd&#243;cimo ACG, Olandoski M,
                  Benevides-Pereira AMT; Statistical analysis: Olandoski M; Writing of the
                  manuscript: Prosd&#243;cimo ACG, Schio NA, Schio NA, Benevides-Pereira AMT; Critical
                  revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Costantini CO.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>218</fpage>
      <lpage>225</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Burnout Syndrome is the extreme emotional response to chronic occupational stress,
                  manifesting as physical and mental exhaustion. Although associated with higher
                  prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, no study so far has evaluated whether
                  the Burnout Syndrome could be a prevalent factor in non-elderly individuals active
                  in the labor market, admitted for acute coronary syndrome (ACS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the prevalence of the Burnout Syndrome in non-elderly, economically
                  active patients, hospitalized with ACS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary and private cardiology center, with
                  economically active patients aged &lt;65 years, hospitalized with diagnosis of
                  ACS. The Burnout Syndrome was evaluated with the Burnout Syndrome Inventory (BSI),
                  which assesses workplace conditions and four dimensions that characterize the
                  syndrome: emotional exhaustion (EE), emotional distancing (EmD), dehumanization
                  (De) and professional fulfillment (PF). The Lipp&#8217;s Stress Symptoms Inventory for
                  Adults (LSSI) was applied to evaluate global stress.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Of 830 patients evaluated with suspected ACS, 170 met the study criteria, 90% of
                  which were men, overall average age was 52 years, and 40.5% had an average income
                  above 11 minimum wages. The prevalence of the Burnout Syndrome was 4.1%. When we
                  evaluated each dimension individually, we found high EE in 34.7%, high De in
                  52.4%, high EDi in 30.6%, and low PF in 5.9%. The overall prevalence of stress was
                  87.5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>We found a low prevalence of Burnout Syndrome in an economically active,
                  non-elderly population among patients admitted for ACS in a tertiary and private
                  hospital.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Burnout, Professional</kwd>
        <kwd>Inpatients: Stress, Psychological</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="26"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Stress is a complex psychophysiological reaction that characterizes the need of the
            organism to face a threat to its internal homeostasis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Although the response that characterizes the stress is acutely necessary
            against an aggressive stimulus, its chronicity is deleterious. In this situation, there
            is a continuous activation of the autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrine axis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Therefore, chronic stress is a recognized risk factor for coronary heart
               disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, although situations of extreme acute
            stress are also associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>In the last decades, several factors, such as demand for increased productivity, have
            generated greater occupational (i.e. work-related) stress. Like other forms of stress,
            occupational stress increases the chances of illness in the population, although a
            healthy lifestyle seems to mitigate this risk<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.
            The Burnout Syndrome is the extreme emotional response to occupational chronic stress.
            The term "burnout, or "burn to exhaustion", indicates the collapse that arises after use
            of all available energy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, manifesting as a
            process of physical and mental exhaustion. The syndrome consists of multiple factors and
            is expressed in three dimensions: high levels of emotional exhaustion (EE) and
            depersonalization (composed by emotional distancing [EmD] and dehumanization [De]) and
            low professional fulfillment (PF). It depends directly on the conditions under which the
            work is performed and also in the interpersonal relationships involved in its
               execution<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Its prevalence has been widely evaluated in several professional
            groups, in particular, health care workers such as doctors and nurses, in addition to
            workers in social fields, such as lawyers and teachers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>Like other forms of stress, the Burnout Syndrome is associated with the presence of
            several cardiovascular risk factors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. However, a possible
            association between the syndrome and triggering of cardiovascular events in economically
            active professionals has not yet been explored in the national literature. The aim of
            this study was to evaluate the prevalence of the Burnout Syndrome in individuals active
            in the labor market, admitted with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The prevalence of
            global stress, not necessarily associated with work, was also evaluated.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Recruitment of Patients</title>
        <p>We evaluated patients with complaint of chest pain admitted to an emergency service
               of a tertiary private hospital specialized in cardiology in the city of Curitiba
               (PR), and who were hospitalized for investigation or treatment of ACS. We included
               patients with confirmed diagnosis of ACS (angiographic evidence), aged &#8805; 21 years and
               &lt; 65 years, of both genders, and economically active in the labor market.</p>
        <p>Recruitment was carried out in two phases. During the first phase, we conducted a
               pilot study with duration of 36 weeks in which 94 patients were included. For the
               second phase and continuation of data collection, the sample size was calculated
               based on the initial pilot study. Considering an initial estimated frequency of
               Burnout of 4%, with a maximum margin of error of 3.2% (95% confidence interval [95%
               CI]: 1.1% to 7.1%), a minimum of 164 patients would be required.</p>
        <p>Data collection of both phases occurred from 5/17/10 to 3/1/12. The present study was
               approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the institution with assigned number
               1940. All patients included in the study were informed about the goals of the study
               and signed an informed consent form (ICF).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation Protocol</title>
        <p>The cardiological clinical evaluation followed a pre&#8209;established protocol for care of
               patients with chest pain and suspected ACS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.
               The approach to invite the patient to participate in the study was individual and
               conducted by a psychologist in the patient's room, between the 3rd and 5th days of
               hospitalization. The application allocated 20 to 30 minutes for completion of the two
               instruments of psychological assessment of the Burnout Syndrome (BSI) and global
               stress (LSSI). For patients who preferred to fill out the questionnaires alone, this
               possibility was offered.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Psychological Instruments</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment of the Burnout Syndrome</title>
          <p>For assessment of the Burnout Syndrome, we used the Burnout Syndrome Inventory
                  (BSI) by Benevides-Pereira<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. This
                  inventory is composed of two parts and assessed in a Likert-type scale (0 to 4).
                  Part I consists of 16 items related to the background of the work environment: the
                  positive and the negative organizational conditions, with scores of 0 (never) to 4
                  (very often). Part II consists of 19 items that assess each dimension of the
                  Burnout Syndrome individually (EE, EmD, De and low PF) with scores of 0 (never)
                  and 1 (a few times per year) to 4 (every day). The reference values, between
                  minimum and maximum averages, for the assignment of high, moderate or low levels
                  were: Positive Organizational Conditions (POC, 22 &#8211; 26), Negative Organizational
                  Conditions (NOC, 8 &#8211; 17), EE (4 &#8211; 9) and depersonalization, which is represented
                  by the dimensions EmD (2 &#8211; 6) and De (4 &#8211; 7). The third dimension is the PF
                  (10-15) which is inversely related to the above. According to this instrument, the
                  dimensions are evaluated individually, also covering professions that are not
                  assistive. As a diagnostic criterion for the Burnout Syndrome, this instrument
                  follows the classic criterion of Maslach et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> which requires the occurrence of high emotional exhaustion and
                  depersonalization (De and/or EmD), concurrently with reduced PF at work.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment of Stress</title>
          <p>To evaluate the occurrence of stress, phase and prevalence of physical or
                  psychological symptoms, we used the Lipp's Stress Symptoms Inventory for Adults
                  (LSSI) validated in Brazil by and marketed by <italic>Editora Casa do
                     Psic&#243;logo</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. This questionnaire
                  consists of three parts assessing physical and psychological symptoms observed in
                  the previous 24 hours (15 items), which define the Alert phase, during the
                  previous week (15 items), which identifies the Resistance and Near-exhaustion
                  phases, and during the previous month (23 items), which refers to the period of
                  Exhaustion of the stress. Symptoms identified by the patient were marked in the
                  questionnaire, and each item identified received one point.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Categorization of the Cohort Professions</title>
        <p>Burnout Syndrome is linked to working activities. Much of the research has focused on
               the categories of assistive and health professionals, but in the 1990s it was
               observed that other professionals could also suffer from burnout<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Therefore, since the objective was to assess the prevalence of
               the Burnout Syndrome in economically active individuals, all occupational categories
               were included. For categorization, the professions were subdivided into three groups,
               according to the degree of bureaucracy involved or the need for interpersonal
               interaction involved: 1) assistive or health care, 2) administrative, and 3)
               operational. Although this division is arbitrary, it was based on the classification
               used in the international literature which defines as "white collar" those
               professionals with bureaucratic, managerial and empowerment of functions, and as
               "blue collar", those with less decision-making power, subordinates, as well as
               operational and manual laborers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>We present in this study descriptive statistical analysis of the data we obtained.
               The results are expressed by frequencies and percentages (qualitative variables) or
               by averages and standard deviations (quantitative variables). The data were analyzed
               with the software IBM SPSS Statistics v. 20.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>a total of 830 patients with ACS were identified, 298 of whom were &#8805; 65 years and 330
            were not economically active, yielding 202 potentially eligible patients. Of these, 13
            were discharged from the hospital before screening, two were unwilling to cooperate and
            10 did not undergo coronary angiography. In total, 170 patients filled out the
            questionnaires (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>) and 160 patients filled
            up the Stress Inventory.</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Method of inclusion of the patients during the period of recruitment.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0218-40196-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <sec>
        <title>Characterization of the Cohort</title>
        <p>The sample was composed predominantly by men (90.6%), and the average age of the
               overall cohort was 52.1 &#177; 7.2 years. With regard to schooling, 43.5% reported
               complete tertiary education. As for professional activity, 46.5% were employees in an
               administrative area, the average time in the profession was 20.0 &#177; 10.9 years and the
               average wage earning of 40.5% of the cohort was above 11 minimum wages. The weekly
               workload was greater than 40 hours per week in 54.7% of the patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). The clinical history of the patients
               included in the study is described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table
               2</xref>. Regarding the cardiac diagnosis, 46.5% of the patients were identified with
               unstable angina, 26.5% with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and 27.1%
               with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). These patients had more
               extensive coronary heart disease, in addition to the event&#8209;related artery: the
               average number of arteries with lesions (&gt; 50%) per patient was 2.4 &#177; 1.3.
               Patients remained hospitalized for an average of 8.3 &#177; 4.2 days.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characterization of the cohort</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Social Data</th>
                <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">Mean</th>
                <th align="center">&#177; SD</th>
                <th align="center">N</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">52.1</td>
                <td align="center">7.2</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Race</td>
                <td align="center">White</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">134 (78.9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Hybrid (Black/White)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">30 (17.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Black</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">6 (3.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gender</td>
                <td align="center">Male</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">154 (90.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Marital Status</td>
                <td align="center">Married</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">166 (97.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Education</td>
                <td align="center">Incomplete elementary education</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">14 (8.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Complete elementary education</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">13 (7.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Incomplete secondary education</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">5 (3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Complete secondary education</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">51 (30%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Incomplete tertiary education</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">13 (7.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Complete tertiary education</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">74 (43.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Professional Category</td>
                <td align="center">Interpersonal/Health</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">44 (25.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Administrative</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">79 (46.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Operational</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">47 (27.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Time in the Occupation</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">10.9</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Employment Status</td>
                <td align="center">Self-employed</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">59 (35%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Contract/Tenure track</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">58 (34%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">Both</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">53 (31%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Weekly Workload</td>
                <td align="center">Up to 40 hours per week</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">77 (45.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 40 hours per week</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">93 (54.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Monthly Income</td>
                <td align="center">Up to 5 MW</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">55 (32.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">6 to 10 MW</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">46 (27%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 11 MW</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">69 (40.5%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>MW: Minimum wage.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical history</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Health information</th>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="left">Mean</th>
                <th align="left">&#177; SD</th>
                <th align="left">N</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Hypertension</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>89 (52.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Previous CAD</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>57 (33.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>35 (20.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Family History</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>83 (48.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>75 (44.1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Stroke/TIA</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>3 (1.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Depression</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>3 (1.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acute Coronary Syndrome</td>
                <td>Unstable angina</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>79 (46.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>NSTEMI</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>45 (26.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>STEMI</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>46 (27.1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Number of Affected Arteries</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>2.4</td>
                <td>1.3</td>
                <td>-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inpatient Days</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>8.3</td>
                <td>4.2</td>
                <td>-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Physical Activity</td>
                <td>Sedentary</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>166 (97.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>2 to 3 a week</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>4 (2.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Smoking Status</td>
                <td>Never smoked</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>81 (47.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Smoked until 6 months before</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>44 (25.9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Previous smoker for &gt; 6 m</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>45 (26.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alcoholism</td>
                <td>Abstinence</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>39 (23%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Up to 30 g day</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>5 (2.9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&gt;30 g day</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>1 (0.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Weekends</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>-</td>
                <td>125 (73.5%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>CAD: coronary artery disease; TIA: transient ischemic attack; NSTEMI: non-ST
                        elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial
                        infarction.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Levels of the Dimensions of the Burnout Syndrome</title>
        <p>Considering as diagnostic criteria the presence of elevated EE and depersonalization
               (De and/or EmD), concurrently with reduced PF at work, the Burnout Syndrome was
               identified in 7 patients, yielding a prevalence of 4.1%. When we analyzed the
               dimensions individually, 34.7% of the sample had elevated EE, 52.4% had elevated EmD,
               30.6% had elevated De, and 5.9% had low PF. Regarding background factors for the
               syndrome, there were high indices of negative work conditions in 52.9% of the
               participants, whereas positive work conditions were found in 34.1%.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> quantifies the individual dimensions
               of the Burnout Syndrome.</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Levels of individual dimensions of the Burnout Syndrome.</title>
            <p>EE: Emotional Exhaustion; EmD: Emotional Distancing; De: Dehumanization; PF:
                     Professional Fulfillment.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0218-40196-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Stress Phases in Lipp's Quadriphasic Model</title>
        <p>Of 160 responded LSSI questionnaires, 87.5% showed stress. The Alert phase was
               detected in 2.6%, the Resistance phase was present in 65.6%, Near Exhaustion occurred
               in 25.6% and Exhaustion in 6.2%. There was a prevalence of psychological symptoms in
               51.3% of the subjects in the cohort, followed by physical symptoms in 39.4%, and a
               combination of both in 9.3% of the cases. According to Lipp<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, the Quadriphasic Model of stress indicates that the phase of
               Resistance has two different moments characterized by increased symptoms. Thus, the
               beginning with a predominance of physical symptoms is regarded as the Resistance
               phase and the final stages, markedly psychological, are those of Near Exhaustion.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref> indicates the stages and symptoms of
               stress in the overall cohort.</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Stages and types of stress symptoms.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0218-40196-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this study, we observed that the Burnout Syndrome, an extreme form of occupational
            stress, was present in 4.1% of a non-elderly population still active in the job market,
            hospitalized with a confirmed diagnosis of ACS. This is the first national study
            correlating the Burnout Syndrome with major cardiovascular events. Global stress, not
            necessarily related to work, was diagnosed in 87.5% of the individuals in this
            cohort.</p>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in Brazil and in the world, and
            ACSs account for a significant portion of these deaths<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. The socioeconomic impact of ACS is larger when it reaches a younger and
            more productive segment of the population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.
            Therefore, the recognition of all the factors that might be associated with its
            triggering is critical to reduce its damages. The role of chronic stress as a coronary
            risk factor is well known<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Since it is
            associated with continuous activation of the neuroendocrine-pituitary axis, not only it
            significantly increases the prevalence of risk factors, it also exposes to an increased
            risk of major cardiovascular events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Occupational stress is no different and also
            increases the incidence of coronary events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. This form of stress is better explained by the Karasek model<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, or Demand-Control model, in which the power of decision involved in the
            performed activity is more important than the workload. The professional categories
            involved also interfere with the perception of the presence of occupational stress.
            Employees with administrative offices, known as "white collars", tend to have greater
            decision-making power when compared with operational employees, the so-called "blue
            collars". The low decision making and the high demand of work, which are prevalent in
            "blue collar" workers, have been described as instrumental to a higher elevation of
            diastolic blood pressure after stimulation with an &#945;-agonist (phenylephrine), especially
            in black workers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. However, in a prospective
            study with follow-up of 18 years, the work category ("white" or "blue") was not
            determinant of an increased risk of myocardial infarction. In this same study, the only
            occupational characteristic associated with greater risk was the lack of future
            prospects at work<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>The progress of occupational stress to Burnout Syndrome is a continuous changing
            phenomenon of individual dimensions of the syndrome. We chose the BSI (Burnout Syndrome
            Inventory) as a diagnostic tool motivated by the process of standardization in the
            Brazilian population, but also because it contemplates all areas of professional
            activity. To verify the presence of the syndrome, four dimensions are considered, two of
            which (EmD and De) are the equivalent of depersonalization in the Maslach Burnout
            Inventory (MBI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. The BSI has been previously applied to a sample
            of Brazilian physicians and showed, as in our study, changes beyond the average in
            negative work conditions, EE and De<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. In this
            study, adverse work conditions also prevailed over positive ones, indicating that the
            participants notice more demands than resources in performing their professional
            activities. As for the dimensions of the syndrome, we observed that they use
            predominantly EmD as a way to counter the feeling of exhaustion. It draws attention in
            our cohort the high prevalence of PF. Considering that Burnout is understood as a form
            of defense - even if inadequate - against occupational stress, the data are consistent
            with the theoretical assumptions. More professionals were found in stress than in
            Burnout in our sample. A hypothesis for this is that the LSSI is unable to distinguish
            between types of stress, measuring instead the overall stress. On the other hand,
            Burnout arises when the worker, unable to find ways to cope with stressing stimuli
            arising in the work environment, remains in exhaustion which then follows a chronic
            course. Most of the participants were in the phase of Resistance according to the LSSI,
            which matches the theoretical condition of Burnout as coping and defense against the
            perceived stress. Patients may be resisting the stress through high dimensions of the
            Burnout Syndrome.</p>
      <p>This study has a limitation in the extrapolation of its results (external validity). The
            patients were recruited from a single, tertiary, and private cardiology center. This
            justifies some findings, such as the high prevalence of individuals with higher
            education and earning above 11 minimum wages. An accurate estimation of the general
            prevalence of Burnout Syndrome in patients admitted with ACS would only be possible
            using a representative sample of the entire national population. Another limitation,
            determined by the cross-sectional design of the study, is the impossibility of assessing
            the Burnout Syndrome as a triggering factor of the ACS. We believe that even prospective
            studies have limitations in this regard, since in the long run, professionals are
            subject to changes in functions and even in jobs. However, we believe that by performing
            the first evaluation of the frequency of the Burnout Syndrome in patients with ACS,
            leaving the traditional model of evaluating its prevalence in an specific professional
            category, we are enabling a new area of investigation in which the Burnout Syndrome is
            no longer seen as just a labor problem, alerting to the possibility of its association
            with a greater impact on the overall health of the worker.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the Burnout Syndrome has a low prevalence in
            non-elderly, economically active patients who are admitted to the hospital with ACS.
            Future analyses involving populations with distinct economic realities from this cohort
            may expand the understanding of the association of occupational stress and
            cardiovascular diseases.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the dissertation of master submitted by Ana Claudia Merchan
               Giaxa Prosd&#243;scimo from Pont&#237;fica Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; - PUC-PR.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costantini</surname>
            <given-names>Costantino Ortiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benevides-Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Maria Teresa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guarita-Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Cesar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do
               Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; &#8211; PUCPR,
               Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini, Curitiba, PR -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#233; Rocha Faria-Neto</bold>, Av. Getulio
               Vargas, 2932, cj 1101, CEP 80.240-040, Curitiba, PR - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>jrochafaria@cardiol.br</email>;
               <email>jose.faria@pucpr.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Prosd&#243;cimo ACG, Lucina LB, Benevides-Pereira AMT;
                  Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Prosd&#243;cimo ACG, Baldanzi FF, Jobs Priscila; An&#225;lise e
                  interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Prosd&#243;cimo ACG, Olandoski M, Benevides-Pereira AMT;
                  An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Olandoski M; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Prosd&#243;cimo ACG, Schio NA,
                  Schio NA, Benevides-Pereira AMT; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do
                  intelectual importante: Costantini CO.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>S&#237;ndrome de Burnout (SB) &#233; a resposta emocional extrema ao estresse cr&#244;nico
                  ocupacional, manifestando-se como processo de esgotamento f&#237;sico e ps&#237;quico.
                  Embora associada com maior preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco, nenhum estudo avaliou
                  at&#233; o momento se a SB poderia ser um fator prevalente em indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o idosos,
                  ativos no mercado de trabalho, admitidos por s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda (SCA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia da SB em pacientes economicamente ativos, n&#227;o idosos,
                  hospitalizados com diagn&#243;stico de SCA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal realizado em um centro de cardiologia terci&#225;rio e privado, com
                  pacientes economicamente ativos, com idade &lt; 65 anos, hospitalizados com
                  diagn&#243;stico de SCA. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da SB, aplicou-se o Invent&#225;rio da S&#237;ndrome de
                  Burnout (ISB), que avalia as condi&#231;&#245;es do ambiente de trabalho e as dimens&#245;es que
                  caracterizam a SB: exaust&#227;o emocional (EE), distanciamento emocional (DEm),
                  desumaniza&#231;&#227;o (Des) e realiza&#231;&#227;o profissional (RP). Aplicou-se ainda o Invent&#225;rio
                  de Sintomas de Stress para Adultos de Lipp (ISSL) para avalia&#231;&#227;o de estresse
                  global.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Dos 830 pacientes avaliados com suspeita de SCA, 170 preencheram os crit&#233;rios do
                  estudo, sendo 90% homens, com idade m&#233;dia de 52 anos, e rendimento m&#233;dio acima de
                  11 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos em 40,5% da amostra. A preval&#234;ncia da SB foi de 4,1%. Elevada
                  EE esteve presente em 34,7%, elevado DEm em 52,4%, elevada Des em 30,6% e baixa RP
                  em 5,9%. A preval&#234;ncia de estresse geral foi de 87,5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A SB foi pouco prevalente em pacientes ativos no mercado de trabalho, n&#227;o idosos,
                  e internados por SCA nesta amostra avaliada em um hospital cardiol&#243;gico privado e
                  terci&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Esgotamento Profissional</kwd>
        <kwd>Pacientes Internados</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Psicol&#243;gico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O estresse &#233; uma rea&#231;&#227;o psicofisiol&#243;gica complexa que caracteriza a necessidade do
               organismo fazer frente a algo que ameace sua homeostase interna<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Embora a resposta que caracteriza o estresse seja agudamente
               necess&#225;ria frente a um est&#237;mulo agressor, sua cronicidade &#233; delet&#233;ria. Nesta
               situa&#231;&#227;o, h&#225; cont&#237;nua ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo e do eixo
                  neuroend&#243;crino<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Portanto, o estresse cr&#244;nico &#233; um reconhecido
               fator de risco para doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, embora
               tamb&#233;m situa&#231;&#245;es de estresse agudo extremo associem-se a um aumento na incid&#234;ncia de
               eventos cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, diversos fatores, como a demanda por aumento da produtividade,
               geraram maior estresse ocupacional, ou seja, relacionado ao trabalho. Assim como
               outras formas de estresse, o ocupacional aumenta as chances de adoecimento da
               popula&#231;&#227;o, embora um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel pare&#231;a atenuar este risco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. A S&#237;ndrome de Burnout (SB) &#233; a resposta
               emocional extrema ao estresse cr&#244;nico ocupacional. O termo "Burnout" (do ingl&#234;s,
               "queimar at&#233; a exaust&#227;o"), indica o colapso que sobrev&#233;m ap&#243;s a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de toda a
               energia dispon&#237;vel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, manifestando-se como um
               processo de esgotamento f&#237;sico e ps&#237;quico. Sua composi&#231;&#227;o &#233; multifatorial e se
               expressa em tr&#234;s dimens&#245;es: n&#237;veis elevados de exaust&#227;o emocional (EE) e de
               despersonaliza&#231;&#227;o (composta pelo distanciamento emocional [Dem] e desumaniza&#231;&#227;o
               [Des]) e pela baixa realiza&#231;&#227;o profissional (RP). Depende diretamente das condi&#231;&#245;es
               em que o trabalho &#233; realizado e tamb&#233;m das rela&#231;&#245;es interpessoais envolvidas na sua
                  execu&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Sua preval&#234;ncia tem sido amplamente avaliada em diversos
               grupos profissionais, em especial, trabalhadores da &#225;rea da sa&#250;de, como m&#233;dicos e
               enfermeiros, al&#233;m das &#225;reas sociais, como advogados e professores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>A exemplo de outras formas de estresse, a SB est&#225; associada &#224; presen&#231;a de diversos
               fatores de risco cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Entretanto,
               nenhum aspecto sobre uma poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o entre a SB e o desencadeamento de
               eventos cardiovasculares em profissionais economicamente ativos foi explorado at&#233; o
               momento nas publica&#231;&#245;es nacionais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a preval&#234;ncia
               da SB em indiv&#237;duos ativos no mercado de trabalho, admitidos com s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria
               aguda (SCA). A preval&#234;ncia de estresse global, n&#227;o necessariamente associado ao
               trabalho, tamb&#233;m foi avaliada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Recrutamento dos Pacientes</title>
          <p>Foram avaliados pacientes com queixa de dor tor&#225;cica admitidos em um servi&#231;o de
                  emerg&#234;ncia de um hospital terci&#225;rio, privado, especializado em cardiologia, na
                  cidade de Curitiba (PR), e que foram hospitalizados para investiga&#231;&#227;o ou
                  tratamento da SCA. Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de SCA
                  (evid&#234;ncia angiogr&#225;fica), com idade &#8805; 21 anos e &lt; 65 anos, de ambos os sexos, e
                  economicamente ativos no mercado de trabalho.</p>
          <p>O recrutamento foi realizado em duas fases: na 1&#170; realizou&#8209;se um projeto piloto
                  com dura&#231;&#227;o de 36 semanas, no qual foram inclu&#237;dos 94 pacientes. Para a 2&#170; fase e
                  continuidade de coleta, o c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra foi feito com base no
                  estudo piloto anterior. Considerando-se como estimativa inicial de pacientes que
                  apresentam Burnout o valor de 4%, com uma margem de erro m&#225;xima de 3,2% (intervalo
                  de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC 95%]: 1,1% a 7,1%), seria necess&#225;rio um n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de
                  164 pacientes.</p>
          <p>A coleta das duas fases ocorreu no per&#237;odo de 17/05/10 a 01/03/12. O presente
                  estudo teve sua aprova&#231;&#227;o pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o sob o N&#186;
                  1940. Todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos foram esclarecidos sobre os objetivos do estudo
                  e assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo de Avalia&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica cardiol&#243;gica dos pacientes seguiu protocolo pr&#233;-estabelecido
                  para atendimento de pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica e suspeita de SCA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. A abordagem ao paciente para a
                  participa&#231;&#227;o na pesquisa foi individual e realizada por um psic&#243;logo no quarto do
                  paciente, entre o 3&#186; e 5&#186; dias da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. A aplica&#231;&#227;o foi programada para
                  20 a 30 minutos para preencher os dois instrumentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o psicol&#243;gica da SB
                  (ISB) e do estresse geral (ISSL). Para os pacientes que preferiram preencher os
                  question&#225;rios sozinhos foi ofertada esta possibilidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Instrumentos Psicol&#243;gicos</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da SB</title>
            <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da SB foi utilizado o Invent&#225;rio da S&#237;ndrome de Burnout (ISB) de
                        Benevides-Pereira<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Ele &#233; composto
                     de duas partes e pontuado em escala do tipo Likert (0 a 4). A Parte I &#233;
                     composta de 16 itens relacionados aos antecedentes do ambiente de trabalho: as
                     condi&#231;&#245;es organizacionais positivas e as negativas, com pontua&#231;&#245;es de 0 (nunca)
                     a 4 (muito frequentemente). A Parte II &#233; composta de 19 itens que avaliam cada
                     dimens&#227;o da SB isoladamente (exaust&#227;o emocional, distanciamento emocional,
                     desumaniza&#231;&#227;o e baixa realiza&#231;&#227;o profissional) com pontua&#231;&#245;es de 0 (nunca) e 1
                     (algumas vezes ao ano) a 4 (todos os dias). Os valores de refer&#234;ncia, entre as
                     m&#233;dias m&#237;nimas e m&#225;ximas, para a atribui&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis elevados, moderados ou
                     baixos foram: Condi&#231;&#245;es Organizacionais Positivas (COP, 22 &#8211; 26); Condi&#231;&#245;es
                     Organizacionais Negativas (CON, 8 &#8211; 17); EE (4 &#8211; 9) e despersonaliza&#231;&#227;o, a qual
                     &#233; indicada pelas dimens&#245;es DEm (2 &#8211; 6) e Des (4 &#8211; 7). A terceira dimens&#227;o &#233; a
                     RP (10 &#8211; 15), que &#233; inversamente relacionada &#224;s citadas. De acordo com este
                     instrumento, as dimens&#245;es s&#227;o avaliadas isoladamente, abrangendo tamb&#233;m
                     profiss&#245;es que n&#227;o s&#227;o assistenciais. Como crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico da SB, este
                     instrumento segue o crit&#233;rio cl&#225;ssico de Maslach e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, para o qual s&#227;o necess&#225;rias a presen&#231;a de elevada EE e
                     despersonaliza&#231;&#227;o (Des e/ou DEm), concomitantemente com reduzida RP no
                     trabalho.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Estresse</title>
            <p>Para a verifica&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de estresse, fase e preval&#234;ncia de sintomas
                     f&#237;sicos ou psicol&#243;gicos, foi utilizado o Invent&#225;rio de Sintomas de Stress para
                     Adultos de Lipp (ISSL) validado no Brasil pelo e comercializado pela Editora
                     Casa do Psic&#243;logo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Este question&#225;rio &#233;
                     composto por tr&#234;s partes, avaliando sintomas f&#237;sicos e psicol&#243;gicos que tenham
                     sido observados nas &#250;ltimas 24 horas (15 itens) o que define a fase de Alerta,
                     durante a &#250;ltima semana (15 itens) que identifica as fases de Resist&#234;ncia e
                     Quase Exaust&#227;o, e durante o &#250;ltimo m&#234;s (23 itens), que se refere ao per&#237;odo de
                     Exaust&#227;o do estresse. O preenchimento se deu pelo assinalamento de sintomas
                     identificados pelo paciente e foi atribu&#237;do um ponto para cada item
                     identificado.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Categoriza&#231;&#227;o das Profiss&#245;es da Amostra</title>
          <p>A SB est&#225; vinculada &#224;s atividades laborais. Grande parte das pesquisas estiveram
                  voltadas para categorias de profissionais assistenciais e da sa&#250;de, mas nos anos
                  90 observou-se que tamb&#233;m outros profissionais poderiam sofrer de Burnout<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">09</xref>. Portanto, considerando que o objetivo foi
                  a avalia&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia da SB em indiv&#237;duos economicamente ativos, todas as
                  categorias profissionais foram inclu&#237;das. Para categoriza&#231;&#227;o, as profiss&#245;es
                  referidas foram subdivididas em tr&#234;s grupos de acordo com a necessidade da
                  burocracia envolvida ou pela necessidade de intera&#231;&#227;o interpessoal para
                  realiz&#225;-las: 1) &#225;rea da sa&#250;de ou assistencial, 2) administrativa, e 3)
                  operacional. Embora arbitr&#225;ria, tal divis&#227;o baseou-se na classifica&#231;&#227;o utilizada
                  na literatura internacional que define como "white collar" os profissionais com
                  fun&#231;&#245;es burocr&#225;ticas, gerenciais e de maior poder de decis&#227;o, e "blue collar" os
                  trabalhadores com menor poder de decis&#227;o, subordinados, operacionais e tamb&#233;m mais
                     bra&#231;ais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Neste estudo, apresentamos uma an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica descritiva dos dados obtidos.
                  Os resultados s&#227;o expressos por frequ&#234;ncias e percentuais (vari&#225;veis qualitativas)
                  ou por m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#245;es (vari&#225;veis quantitativas). Os dados foram
                  analisados com o programa computacional IBM SPSS Statistics v.20.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram identificados 830 pacientes com SCA. Deste universo, 298 tinham idade &#8805; 65 anos
               e 330 n&#227;o eram economicamente ativos. Portanto, foram 202 pacientes potencialmente
               eleg&#237;veis. Destes, 13 receberam alta hospitalar antes de terem sido abordados, dois
               n&#227;o se dispuseram a colaborar e 10 n&#227;o foram submetidos &#224; cinecoronariografia. Foram
               v&#225;lidos, portanto, os question&#225;rios preenchidos por 170 pacientes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1</xref>). Cento e sessenta pacientes preencheram
               o Invent&#225;rio de Estresse.</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o da amostra.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0218-40196-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da Amostra</title>
          <p>A amostra foi composta predominantemente por homens (90,6%), e a idade m&#233;dia foi
                  de 52,1 &#177; 7,2 anos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; escolaridade, 43,5% referiram ter 3&#186; grau
                  completo. Quanto &#224; atua&#231;&#227;o profissional, 46,5% eram trabalhadores da &#225;rea
                  administrativa, o tempo m&#233;dio na profiss&#227;o foi de 20,0 &#177; 10,9 anos e o ganho
                  salarial m&#233;dio de 40,5% da amostra estava acima da faixa de 11 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos. A
                  carga hor&#225;ria semanal foi maior que 40 horas em 54,7% dos pacientes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 1</xref>). Os antecedentes cl&#237;nicos dos
                  pacientes inclu&#237;dos est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela
                     2</xref>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao diagn&#243;stico cardiol&#243;gico, foram identificados com
                  angina inst&#225;vel 46,5% dos pacientes, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supra de ST
                  (IAMSSST) em 26,5% e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supra de ST (IAMCSST) em
                  27,1%. Estes pacientes apresentavam doen&#231;a coronariana mais extensa, al&#233;m da
                  art&#233;ria culpada pelo evento: a m&#233;dia foi de 2,4 &#177; 1,3 art&#233;rias com les&#245;es (&gt;
                  50%) por paciente. Em m&#233;dia, os pacientes permaneceram internados por 8,3 &#177; 4,2
                  dias.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t03">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Dados Sociais</th>
                  <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
                  <th align="center">&#177; DP</th>
                  <th align="center">N</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">52,1</td>
                  <td align="center">7,2</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ra&#231;a</td>
                  <td align="center">Branca</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">134 (78,9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">Parda</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (17,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">Negra</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (3,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo</td>
                  <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">154 (90,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estado Civil</td>
                  <td align="center">Casado</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">166 (97,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escolaridade</td>
                  <td align="center">1&#186; grau incompleto</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (8,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">1&#186; grau completo</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (7,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">2&#186; grau incompleto</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">2&#186; grau completo</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (30%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">3&#186; grau incompleto</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (7,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">3&#186; grau completo</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (43,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Categoria Profissional</td>
                  <td align="center">Sa&#250;de/Interpessoal</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (25,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">Administrativo</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (46,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">Operacional</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (27,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de Profiss&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">10,9</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vinculo Profissional</td>
                  <td align="center">Aut&#244;nomo</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (35%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">Contratato/Concursado</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (34%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">Ambos</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (31%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Carga Hor&#225;ria Semanal</td>
                  <td align="center">At&#233; 40 horas semanais</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (45,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 40 horas semanais</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">93 (54,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rendimentos Mensais</td>
                  <td align="center">At&#233; 5 SM</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (32,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">De 6 a 10 SM</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (27%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 11 SM</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (40,5%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>SM: Sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Antecedentes cl&#237;nico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Dados de Sa&#250;de</th>
                  <th align="center">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
                  <th align="center">&#177; DP</th>
                  <th align="center">N</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (52,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DAC pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (33,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (20,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;rico Familiar</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (48,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (44,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC/AIT</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Depress&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</td>
                  <td align="center">Angina Inst&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (46,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">IAM S/SST</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (26,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">IAM C/SST</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (27,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Quantidade Art&#233;rias Lesadas</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">2,4</td>
                  <td align="center">1,3</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dias de Internamento</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">8,3</td>
                  <td align="center">4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atividade F&#237;sica</td>
                  <td align="center">Sedent&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">166 (97,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">2 a 3 vezes/semana</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (2,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">Nunca fumou</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (47,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">Fumou at&#233; h&#225; 6 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (25,9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">Ex-tabagista h&#225; &gt; 6m</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (26,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alcoolismo</td>
                  <td align="center">Abst&#234;mio</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (23%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">At&#233; 30 g dia</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (2,9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 30 g dia</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">Finais de semana</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (73,5%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>DAC: Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; AIT:
                           acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; IAM S/SST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem
                           supra de ST; IAM C/SST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supra de ST.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>N&#237;veis Encontrados das Dimens&#245;es da SB</title>
          <p>Considerando como crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos a presen&#231;a de elevadas EE e
                  despersonaliza&#231;&#227;o (Des e/ou DEm), concomitantemente com reduzida RP no trabalho, a
                  SB foi identificada em 7 pacientes, com preval&#234;ncia de 4,1%. Observando as
                  dimens&#245;es isoladamente houve elevada EE em 34,7% da amostra, elevado DEm em 52,4%,
                  elevada Des em 30,6%, e baixa RP em 5,9%. Nos fatores antecedentes para a
                  s&#237;ndrome, houve &#237;ndices elevados para as condi&#231;&#245;es negativas de trabalho em 52,9%
                  dos participantes, sendo que as positivas foram de 34,1%.</p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 2</xref> quantifica as dimens&#245;es isoladas
                  da SB.</p>
          <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>N&#237;veis encontrados das dimens&#245;es isoladas da S&#237;ndrome de
                        Burnout.</title>
              <p>EE: Exaust&#227;o Emocional; Dem: Distanciamento Emocional; Des: Desumaniza&#231;&#227;o;
                        RP: Realiza&#231;&#227;o Profissional.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0218-40196-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fases do Estresse no Modelo Quadrif&#225;sico de Lipp</title>
          <p>Em 160 protocolos do ISSL, 87,5% apresentaram estresse. A fase de Alerta foi
                  detectada em 2,6%, a de Resist&#234;ncia em 65,6%, Quase Exaust&#227;o em 25,6% e a de
                  Exaust&#227;o em 6,2%. Houve preval&#234;ncia de sintomas psicol&#243;gicos em 51,3% dos sujeitos
                  da amostra, sendo de 39,4% o de sintomas f&#237;sicos, enquanto que o aparecimento de
                  ambos se deu em 9,3% dos casos. Segundo Lipp<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, o Modelo Quadrif&#225;sico do estresse indica que a fase de Resist&#234;ncia
                  tem dois momentos distintos, caracterizados pelo aumento da sintomatologia. Assim,
                  o in&#237;cio com predom&#237;nio de sintomas f&#237;sicos &#233; tido como fase de Resist&#234;ncia e os
                  finais, acentuadamente psicol&#243;gicos, s&#227;o os de Quase Exaust&#227;o.</p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 3</xref> indica as fases e sintomas do
                  estresse da amostra total.</p>
          <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fases e tipos de sintomas do estresse.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0218-40196-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo, observamos que a SB, uma forma extrema de estresse ocupacional, esteve
               presente em 4,1% de uma popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o idosa, ainda ativa no mercado de trabalho,
               internada com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de SCA. Este &#233; o primeiro dado nacional
               correlacionando a SB com eventos cardiovasculares maiores. O estresse global, n&#227;o
               necessariamente relacionado ao trabalho, foi diagnosticado em 87,5% desta mesma
               popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o a principal causa de morte no Brasil e no mundo, e as
               SCAs respondem por uma parcela significativa destas mortes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. O impacto socioecon&#244;mico das SCAs &#233; maior quando atinge uma
               parcela mais jovem e produtiva da popula&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.
               Portanto, reconhecer todos os fatores que possam estar associados ao seu
               desencadeamento &#233; fundamental para reduzir seus danos. O papel do estresse cr&#244;nico
               como fator de risco coronariano &#233; bem conhecido<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Por estar associado &#224; cont&#237;nua ativa&#231;&#227;o do eixo
               neuroend&#243;crino-hipofis&#225;rio, aumenta significativamente n&#227;o s&#243; a preval&#234;ncia dos
               fatores de risco, mas tamb&#233;m exp&#245;e ao risco de eventos cardiovasculares maiores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. O estresse
               ocupacional n&#227;o &#233; diferente, tamb&#233;m aumentando a incid&#234;ncia de eventos
                  coronarianos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Esta forma de
               estresse &#233; melhor explicada pelo modelo de Karasek<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, ou modelo
               Demanda&#8209;Controle, onde o poder de decis&#227;o sobre a atividade exercida &#233; mais
               importante do que a carga de trabalho. As categorias profissionais envolvidas tamb&#233;m
               interferem na percep&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a do estresse ocupacional. Funcion&#225;rios com cargos
               administrativos, conhecidos como "white collars", costumam ter maior poder de decis&#227;o
               em rela&#231;&#227;o aos operacionais, os chamados "blue collars". O baixo controle decis&#243;rio e
               a alta demanda de trabalho, prevalentes em trabalhadores "blue colar", foram
               descritos como determinantes de uma maior eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica
               ap&#243;s est&#237;mulo com um &#945;-agonista (fenilefrina), em especial em trabalhadores da ra&#231;a
                  negrao<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">03</xref>. Entretanto, em um estudo
               prospectivo com 18 anos de seguimento, a categoria de trabalho ("white" ou "blue")
               n&#227;o foi determinante de um maior risco de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Neste mesmo estudo, a
               &#250;nica caracter&#237;stica ocupacional associada com maior risco foi a aus&#234;ncia de
               perspectivas futuras no trabalho<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o do estresse ocupacional para a SB &#233; um fen&#244;meno cont&#237;nuo de altera&#231;&#227;o das
               dimens&#245;es isoladas do Burnout. A escolha do ISB (Invent&#225;rio da S&#237;ndrome de Burnout)
               como ferramenta diagn&#243;stica foi motivada pelo processo de padroniza&#231;&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o
               brasileira, como tamb&#233;m por contemplar todas as &#225;reas de atividade profissional. Para
               a verifica&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome s&#227;o consideradas quatros dimens&#245;es, sendo duas delas (o DEm
               e a Des) o equivalente da despersonaliza&#231;&#227;o no Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. O ISB j&#225; foi aplicado em uma amostra brasileira de m&#233;dicos e
               apresentou, como no nosso estudo, altera&#231;&#245;es al&#233;m da m&#233;dia nas condi&#231;&#245;es negativas de
               trabalho, na EE e na Des<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. No presente
               estudo, as condi&#231;&#245;es negativas de trabalho tamb&#233;m prevaleceram sobre as positivas,
               indicando que os participantes percebem mais demandas que recursos na execu&#231;&#227;o de
               suas atividades profissionais. Quanto &#224;s dimens&#245;es da s&#237;ndrome, observa-se que
               utilizam predominantemente o DEm como forma de enfrentamento ao sentimento de
               exaust&#227;o. Chama a aten&#231;&#227;o nesta amostra a alta preval&#234;ncia de RP. Considerando que o
               Burnout &#233; entendido como uma forma de defesa - mesmo que inadequada - contra o
               estresse ocupacional, os dados s&#227;o coerentes com os pressupostos te&#243;ricos. Foram
               encontrados mais profissionais em estresse do que em Burnout nesta amostra. Uma
               hip&#243;tese para isto &#233; que o ISSL n&#227;o faz distin&#231;&#227;o entre os tipos de estresse, medindo
               o estresse geral. Por outro lado, o Burnout sobrev&#233;m quando o trabalhador, n&#227;o
               encontrando meios de lidar com os est&#237;mulos estressores provenientes do ambiente
               laboral, permanece na exaust&#227;o que ent&#227;o se cronifica. A maioria dos participantes
               encontrava-se na fase de Resist&#234;ncia pelo ISSL, o que condiz com a condi&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica
               de Burnout como enfrentamento e defesa ao estresse percebido. Os pacientes podem
               estar resistindo ao estresse atrav&#233;s de dimens&#245;es elevadas da SB.</p>
        <p>Este estudo apresenta uma limita&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; possibilidade de extrapola&#231;&#227;o de seus
               resultados (valida&#231;&#227;o externa). Os pacientes foram recrutados a partir de um centro
               de cardiologia &#250;nico, terci&#225;rio e privado. Isto justifica alguns achados, como a alta
               preval&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos com escolaridade superior e ganho acima de 11 sal&#225;rios
               m&#237;nimo. A possibilidade de estimarmos corretamente a preval&#234;ncia da SB em pacientes
               admitidos por SCA em nosso meio seria poss&#237;vel somente a partir de um registro com
               amostragem representativa de toda a popula&#231;&#227;o nacional. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o, determinada
               pelo desenho transversal do estudo, &#233; a impossibilidade da avalia&#231;&#227;o da SB como fator
               desencadeador das SCAs. Acreditamos que mesmo estudos prospectivos ter&#227;o limita&#231;&#245;es
               neste sentido, uma vez que a longo prazo os profissionais est&#227;o sujeitos a altera&#231;&#245;es
               de fun&#231;&#245;es e mesmo de seus postos de trabalho. Entretanto, acreditamos que, ao
               realizarmos a primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia da SB em pacientes com SCA, saindo do
               tradicional modelo de avalia&#231;&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia em uma espec&#237;fica categoria
               profissional, estamos possibilitando uma nova &#225;rea de investiga&#231;&#227;o, onde a SB deixa
               de ser vista apenas como um problema laboral, alertando para a possibilidade da mesma
               estar associada a um maior impacto na sa&#250;de global do trabalhador.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em conclus&#227;o, este estudo demonstrou que a SB &#233; pouco prevalente em pacientes n&#227;o
               idosos, economicamente ativos, internados por SCA. An&#225;lises futuras, em popula&#231;&#245;es
               com realidade econ&#244;mica distinta desta amostra poder&#227;o ampliar a compreens&#227;o da
               associa&#231;&#227;o de estresse ocupacional e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Ana Claudia Merchan Giaxa
                  Prosd&#243;scimo pela Pont&#237;fica Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; - PUC-PR.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
