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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">tKVj8DLDwrg3KgLtyBVzDXf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000300006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040197</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140197</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Right Ventricular Doppler Echocardiographic Study of Indeterminate Form
               of Chagas Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Furtado</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Frota</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela do Carmo Rassi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Batista Masson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Romano</surname>
            <given-names>Minna Moreira Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Oswaldo C&#233;sar de</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Salvador</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da
               UFG, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o
               Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de
               Ribeir&#227;o Preto, USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Furtado RG, Romano MMD, Schmidt A, Rassi S;
                  Acquisition of data: Furtado RG, Rassi S; Analysis and interpretation of the data:
                  Furtado RG, Frota DCR, Silva JBM, Romano MMD, Rassi S; Obtaining financing:
                  Furtado RG; Statistical analysis: Furtado RG, Romano MMD, Rassi S; Writing of the
                  manuscript: Furtado RG, Frota DCR, Silva JBM, Rassi S; Critical revision of the
                  manuscript for intellectual content: Furtado RG, Frota DCR, Silva JBM, Romano MMD,
                  Almeida Filho OC, Schmidt A, Rassi S; Private funding in research: Furtado RG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rog&#233;rio Gomes Furtado</bold>, Centro de
               Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem: 62 3285 1515 Avenida Portugal 1155, Setor Marista &#8211; Postal
               Code 74150-030, Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#225;s &#8211; Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>rogerio.sbcgo@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>209</fpage>
      <lpage>217</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Patients with indeterminate form of Chagas disease/cardiac normality (ICD/CN)
                  exhibited normal electrocardiograms and chest X-rays; however, more sophisticated
                  tests detected some degree of morphological and functional changes in the
                  heart.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the prevalence of systolic and diastolic dysfunction of the right
                  ventricle (RV) in patients with ICD/CN.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This was a case&#8211;control and prevalence study. Using Doppler two-dimensional
                  echocardiography (2D), 92 patients were assessed and divided into two groups:
                  group I (normal, n = 31) and group II (ICD/CN, n = 61).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The prevalence of RV systolic dysfunction in patients in groups I and II was as
                  follows: fractional area change (0.0% versus 0.6%), mobility of the tricuspid
                  annulus (0.0% versus 0.0%), and S-wave tissue Doppler (6.4% versus 26.0%, p =
                  0.016). The prevalence of global disorders such as the right myocardial
                  performance index using tissue Doppler (16.1% versus 27.8%, p = 0.099) and pulsed
                  Doppler (61.3% versus 68%, p = 0.141) and diastolic disorders such as abnormal
                  relaxation (0.0% versus 6.0%), pseudonormal pattern (0.0% versus 0.0%), and
                  restrictive pattern (0.0% versus 0.0%) was not statistically different between
                  groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The prevalence of RV systolic dysfunction was estimated to be 26% (S wave velocity
                  compared with other variables), suggesting incipient changes in RV systolic
                  function in the ICD/CN group.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction Right</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Doppler</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="38"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Chagas disease is an infection caused by the protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi, discovered by
            Carlos Chagas in 1909<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>This disease presents in three stages: acute, chronic indeterminate (ICD) and chronic
            (in the following variants: cardiac, digestive, cardio&#8211;digestive, and the nervous
               system)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>The indeterminate stage was defined as the presence of T. cruzi infection and the
            absence of clinical, radiological, and electrocardiographic indications of cardiac or
            digestive involvement<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Half of the patients
            infected in endemic areas fall in this ICD stage, and although the principal
            characteristic of these patients is the absence of these abnormalities, morphofunctional
            cardiac alterations are observed when using other complementary methods such as exercise
               testing<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, dynamic electrocardiography<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, noninvasive autonomic tests<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, radionuclide ventriculography<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, and echocardiography<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>Doppler echocardiogram is a noninvasive heart assessment method, and various
            morphological and functional analyses of patients with Chagas disease have demonstrated
            the usefulness of M mode<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and 2-D in analyzing
            global and segmental contractility of the ventricles as well as systolic and diastolic
            left and right ventricular function and detecting thrombi and aneurysms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
      <p>In Chagas disease, RV involvement appears early and frequently<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Although echocardiography is a noninvasive and versatile
            diagnostic tool for assessing cardiac morphology and function, RV assessment is
            technically limited and subjective. In 2010, guidelines were published<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> with quantitative suggestions for analyzing
            systolic and diastolic RV function.</p>
      <p>The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of early systolic and diastolic RV
            dysfunction in adult patients with ICD/CN, according to the recommendations of the
            aforementioned guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Description of the study</title>
        <p>This was an observational, epidemiological case&#8211;control study, with descriptions and
                  prevalence<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, approved in 2011 by the
               HC-UFG Ethics and Research Committee.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Patients</title>
      <p>The patients were selected and divided in a nonblinded manner into two groups. The
            patients selected for group I (n = 31) were without previous pathologies, blood donors,
            and with normal results for electrocardiogram (ECG), hemoglobin (HB), creatinine (CT),
            thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and glucose (G) levels as well as nonreactive
            indirect immunofluorescence serology (IgG IFI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
            for Chagas disease.</p>
      <p>Patients selected for group II (n = 61) were diagnosed with ICD/CN (regardless of
            origin, the patients did not undergo proctological evaluation to rule out intestinal
            involvement) and were seen on an outpatient basis at the HC-UFG Chagas and cardiology
            clinic; they had the following test results:</p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>Normal ECG and chest X-ray.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Reactive serology for Chagas disease using two of the following three tests: IgG
                     IFI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
                     (ELISA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, and hemagglutination
                  inhibition (HAI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Normal CT, G, TSH, and HB levels.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>The free and informed consent form (ICF) was signed by all patients or legal
                  guardians.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <sec>
        <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Inadequate cardiac window</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Pregnancy.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Chronic alcoholism.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Hematologic, thyroid, and rheumatic diseases.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Diabetes mellitus and glucose intolerance.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Kidney and liver diseases.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Heart and lung diseases of any etiology.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Inability to sign the consent form.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Age &lt; 18 years.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic assessment</title>
        <p>Echocardiography was performed using an Xsario device (Toshiba), with images being
               digitally recorded; it was performed by a single observer. Each measurement for the
               variable was obtained in the online mode as the average of three consecutive beats in
               regular sinus rhythm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Images were recorded in parasternal
               longitudinal planes, transverse short axis, and apical two-, three-, and four-chamber
               (A4C) views <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        <p>The parameters for RV systolic function were as follows: tricuspid annulus movement
               (TAM), calculation of fractional area change (FAC), and systolic velocity (S wave)
               obtained by tissue Doppler (TD)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>TAM is a method that estimates the distance of systolic excursion of the lateral
               tricuspid valve annulus and should be obtained using the M-mode cursor in the
               longitudinal A4C view, measuring the largest longitudinal displacement of the
               tricuspid base toward the apex during systole<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        <p>FAC is defined as follows: end diastolic area (RV EDA) &#8722; end systolic area (RV
               ESA)/(EDA &#215; 100). FAC measures RV systolic function with a good correlation with
               ejection fraction (RVEF) estimated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. It was performed
               by tracing the RV endocardial edge in the telediastole and telesystole.</p>
        <p>TD of the lateral annulus in the basal segment of the RV free wall provides the
               longitudinal velocity of the systolic excursion wave (S wave), and it was conducted
               in the A4C window obtained by pulsed Doppler (PD) in the middle of the basal portion
               of the free wall, being relevant and reproducible<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>The right myocardial performance index (RMPI) represents the overall index of
               systolic and diastolic function, defined by the following ratio: isovolumetric
               relaxation time (IVRT) and contraction time (IVCT) divided by ejection time (ET), or
               [(IVRT + IVCT)/ET]. The opening and closing time (OCT) is IVCT + ET + IVRT. RMPI can
               be obtained by two methods: PD and TD. In PD, ET was measured in the RV outflow tract
               at the level of the pulmonary valve and OCT was measured at the level of the
               tricuspid valve. In TD, ET was estimated using the duration of the S wave and OCT was
               measured using the duration of the time from the end of the late expansion wave (a')
               to the beginning of the initial expansion wave (e')<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
        <p>Analysis of RV diastolic function was performed in the A4C window by PD aligned
               parallel to the tricuspid flow, placing the sample volume at 1 cm from the tip of the
               leaflets of the tricuspid valve<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, and
               measurements were performed at the end of expiration<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. E and A waves were measured along with the E/A ratio, deceleration
               time (DT), and IVRT. In addition, e' and a' waves as well as e'/a' and E/e' ratios
               were assessed using TD.</p>
        <p>The area (RAA) and volume of the right atrium (RAV) were obtained in the A4C window
               using planimetry<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> and the Simpson method<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>, respectively.</p>
        <p>The right atrial pressure (RAP) was assessed by measuring the diameter of the
               inferior vena cava (IVC) in the subcostal projection (JSC) at 0.5&#8211;3.0 cm from the RA
               ostium at the end of expiration as well as the estimated inspiratory collapse
                  (CIVC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
        <p>RA inflow was observed using subcostal projection at the level of the hepatic
                  vein<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> because for normal or low RAP, the
               predominance of systolic wave velocity (Vs) is greater than that of diastolic wave
               velocity (Vd). When RAP is elevated, Vs decreases in the ratio Vs/Vd &lt; 1<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. The fraction of hepatic vein diastolic
               filling is the ratio Vs/Vs + Vd, and the value &lt; 55% was the most sensitive and
               specific finding for elevated RAP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.</p>
        <p>The systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) was estimated from the measurement of
               the velocity of the tricuspid regurgitant jet with the addition of RAP because there
               was no obstruction of the right ventricular outflow<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic criteria</title>
        <p>The definition of systolic and diastolic dysfunction of RV was based on one of the
               following criteria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>:</p>
        <sec>
          <title>1. Systolic dysfunction:</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>RMPI &gt; 0.40 by PD and &gt; 0.55 by TD.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>TAM &lt; 16 mm.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>FAC &lt; 35%.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>S &lt; 10 cm/s.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2. Diastolic dysfunction:</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Abnormal relaxation (AR): transtricuspid E/A wave ratio &lt; 0.8.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Pseudonormal pattern (PP): transtricuspid E/A ratio between 0.8 to 2.1 and
                        E/e' ratio &gt; 6<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> or predominant diastolic flow in the
                        hepatic vein.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Restrictive filling pattern (RP): E/A ratio &gt; 2.1 with DT &lt; 120 ms.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data were entered and analyzed in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS)
               (17.0) software program. Continuous quantitative variables were expressed as means
               and standard deviation, and categorical variables were expressed as frequency and
               percentage. The Komolgorov&#8211;Smirnov test was used to assess whether the continuous
               quantitative variables presented normal distribution. When the variables and the
               groups they showed normal distribution, Student's t-test was used; when they did not,
               the Mann&#8211;Whitney test was used. To compare discrete variables as well as the groups,
               Fisher's exact test was used. For all analyses, a 95% confidence level was used (p
               &lt; 0.05 as significant).</p>
        <p>Considering that there are five new cases per week of patients with ICD referred to
               the Chagas clinic, it was estimated that during the period of data collection (32
               weeks), the presumed population would be 130 patients. With a 5% significance level,
               test power of 80%, and 5% margin of error, the sample size would be 92 patients,
               divided into 31 for group I and 61 for group II.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of the 92 patients evaluated, the mean and standard deviation for the variables of
            general and echocardiographic characteristics between groups I and II are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">2</xref>, respectively.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>General characteristics of normal patients and patients with ICD/CN</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">Variables</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Group</th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>Normal (n = 31)</th>
              <th>ICD/CN (n = 61)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (years)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">45.32 &#177; 12.36</td>
              <td align="center">39.73 &#177; 12.94</td>
              <td align="center">0.071</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Weight (kg)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">67.66 &#177; 12.37</td>
              <td align="center">71.29 &#177; 14.91</td>
              <td align="center">0.270</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Height (cm)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">156.88 &#177; 30.56</td>
              <td align="center">159.24 &#177; 32.63</td>
              <td align="center">0.749</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>BSA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">1.69 &#177; 0.19</td>
              <td align="center">1.77 &#177; 0.24</td>
              <td align="center">0.174</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">70.36 &#177; 9.83</td>
              <td align="center">71.90 &#177; 10.43</td>
              <td align="center">0.509</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LVDD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">47.05 &#177; 5.22</td>
              <td align="center">46.71 &#177; 5.21</td>
              <td align="center">0.779</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LVEF (Teichholz)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
              <td align="center">73.56 &#177; 7.35</td>
              <td align="center">73.55 &#177; 6.66</td>
              <td align="center">0.996</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sex (female)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">**</xref></td>
              <td align="center">24/77.4%</td>
              <td align="center">45/73.8%</td>
              <td align="center">0.190</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Student&#8217;s t-test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>Fisher&#8217;s exact test.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn>
            <p>Cm: centimeters; LVDD: LV diastolic dimension in millimeters; HR: heart rate,
                     beats per minute; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction, %; ICD/CN:
                     indeterminate form of Chagas disease/cardiac normality; BSA: body surface area;
                     kg: kilogram.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of echocardiographic variables between groups I (normal) and II
                  (ICD/CN)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">Variables</th>
              <th colspan="4" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Group</th>
              <th rowspan="2" align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>n</th>
              <th>Normal (n = 31)</th>
              <th>n</th>
              <th>FIDC/NC (n = 61)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>RV EDA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">2</xref></td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">15,53 &#177; 8,17</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
              <td align="center">12,41 &#177; 3,28</td>
              <td align="center">0,026*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>RV ESA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">1</xref></td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">6,85 &#177; 2,39</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
              <td align="center">6,22 &#177; 1,54</td>
              <td align="center">0,199</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>RAA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">1</xref></td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">10,72 &#177; 2,04</td>
              <td align="center">59</td>
              <td align="center">10,89 &#177; 2,64</td>
              <td align="center">0,741</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IVC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">1</xref></td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">15,83 &#177; 2,91</td>
              <td align="center">54</td>
              <td align="center">14,91 &#177; 3,82</td>
              <td align="center">0,219</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CIVC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">1</xref></td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">8,21 &#177; 2,83</td>
              <td align="center">55</td>
              <td align="center">7,45 &#177; 2,34</td>
              <td align="center">0,218</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>RAP<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">1</xref></td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">5,00 &#177; 0,00</td>
              <td align="center">58</td>
              <td align="center">5,10 &#177; 0,55</td>
              <td align="center">0,309</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SPAP<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">1</xref></td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">18,06 &#177; 9,02</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">19,73 &#177; 10,18</td>
              <td align="center">0,623</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>RAV<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">1</xref></td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">24,16 &#177; 7,90</td>
              <td align="center">58</td>
              <td align="center">23,74 &#177; 8,64</td>
              <td align="center">0,820</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IRVV<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">1</xref></td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">14,34 &#177; 4,45</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">13,49 &#177; 6,12</td>
              <td align="center">0,499</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TAM<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">1</xref></td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">23,74 &#177; 3,33</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
              <td align="center">23,67 &#177; 3,83</td>
              <td align="center">0,927</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ET using TD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">1</xref></td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">283,95 &#177; 36,08</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
              <td align="center">284,79 &#177; 35,44</td>
              <td align="center">0,915</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>OCT using TD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">1</xref></td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">409,98 &#177; 42,35</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
              <td align="center">425,23 &#177; 43,21</td>
              <td align="center">0,110</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>RMPI using TD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">2</xref></td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">0,46 &#177; 0,17</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
              <td align="center">0,51 &#177; 0,21</td>
              <td align="center">0,159</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ET using PD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">1</xref></td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">298,05 &#177; 28,39</td>
              <td align="center">60</td>
              <td align="center">300,23 &#177; 33,90</td>
              <td align="center">0,747</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>OCT using PD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">1</xref></td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">419,23 &#177; 32,41</td>
              <td align="center">60</td>
              <td align="center">442,41 &#177; 35,78</td>
              <td align="center">0,003*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>RMPI using PD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">1</xref></td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">0,41 &#177; 0,08</td>
              <td align="center">60</td>
              <td align="center">0,49 &#177; 0,20</td>
              <td align="center">0,037*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>FAC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">1</xref></td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">0,54 &#177; 0,08</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
              <td align="center">0,50 &#177; 0,07</td>
              <td align="center">0,014*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>S wave<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">1</xref></td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">11,73 &#177; 1,64</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
              <td align="center">10,98 &#177; 1,83</td>
              <td align="center">0,051</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>E<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">1</xref></td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">49,89 &#177; 12,40</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
              <td align="center">47,37 &#177; 9,53</td>
              <td align="center">0,324</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>A<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">1</xref></td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">29,19 &#177; 7,33</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
              <td align="center">30,95 &#177; 9,95</td>
              <td align="center">0,339</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>E/A<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">1</xref></td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">1,83 &#177; 0,71</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
              <td align="center">1,69 &#177; 0,62</td>
              <td align="center">0,355</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DT<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">1</xref></td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">214,77 &#177; 78,36</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
              <td align="center">240,30 &#177; 61,90</td>
              <td align="center">0,120</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>e'<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">1</xref></td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">13,09 &#177; 3,18</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
              <td align="center">11,20 &#177; 2,65</td>
              <td align="center">0,006*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>a'<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">1</xref></td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">10,85 &#177; 3,43</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
              <td align="center">11,31 &#177; 3,73</td>
              <td align="center">0,550</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>e'/a'<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">2</xref></td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">1,71 &#177; 2,49</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
              <td align="center">1,08 &#177; 0,40</td>
              <td align="center">0,034*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>E/e'<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">1</xref></td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">4,02 &#177; 1,29</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
              <td align="center">4,43 &#177; 1,18</td>
              <td align="center">0,149</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Vs<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">1</xref></td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">49,83 &#177; 26,39</td>
              <td align="center">36</td>
              <td align="center">54,71 &#177; 23,41</td>
              <td align="center">0,503</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Vd<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">1</xref></td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">36,56 &#177; 19,75</td>
              <td align="center">36</td>
              <td align="center">38,09 &#177; 18,08</td>
              <td align="center">0,780</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Vr<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">1</xref></td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">23,71 &#177; 6,82</td>
              <td align="center">36</td>
              <td align="center">24,93 &#177; 9,27</td>
              <td align="center">0,582</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Vs (Vs + Vd)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">1</xref></td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">0,57 &#177; 0,06</td>
              <td align="center">35</td>
              <td align="center">0,57 &#177; 0,13</td>
              <td align="center">0,979</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <label>1</label>
            <p>Variables with normal distribution: Student&#8217;s t-test.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <label>2</label>
            <p>Variables not showing normal distribution: Mann&#8211;Whitney test.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn>
            <p>A: late diastolic wave; a': late diastolic wave in TD; RAA: right atrial area;
                     RV EDA: end diastolic area of the right ventricle; RV ESA: end systolic area of
                     the RV; CIVC: collapsed inferior vena cava; TD: tissue Doppler; PD: pulsed
                     Doppler; E: initial diastolic wave; e': initial diastolic wave in TD; RMPI:
                     right myocardial performance index; FAC: fractional area change; TAM: tricuspid
                     annulus movement; S wave: systolic wave in TD; RAP: right atrial pressure;
                     SPAP: systolic pulmonary artery pressure; DT: deceleration time; ET: ejection
                     time; OCT: opening and closing time; RAV: right atrial volume; IVC: inferior
                     vena cava; Vd: diastolic wave velocity; RAVI: right atrial volume index; Vr:
                     reverse diastolic velocity of the hepatic vein; Vs: systolic wave velocity.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Parameters for RV systolic function (EDA, ESA, FAC, TAM, and S wave), indices such as
            RMPI (ET and OCT in TD or PD), diastolic function (E and A waves, DT, e' and a' waves,
            E/A, e'/a', and E/e' ratios, Vs, Vd, Vr, and (Vs/Vs + Vd), as well as the dimensions of
            RA and IVC for groups I and II are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table
               2</xref> (measurements conducted in the online mode).</p>
      <p>The prevalence of RV systolic dysfunction in both groups was as follows: FAC (0.0%
            versus 0.6%), TAM (0.0% versus 0.0%), and S wave (6.4% versus 26.0% with p = 0.016), as
            seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence of RV systolic dysfunction. ICD/CN: indeterminate form of Chagas
                  disease/cardiac normality; S wave: systolic S wave velocity in tissue Doppler;
                  FAC: fractional area change; TAM: tricusp&#237;d annulus movement.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0209-40197-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The prevalence of global RV dysfunction in groups I and II was as follows: RMPI in TD
            (16.1% <italic>versus</italic> 27.8%, p = 0.099) and in PD (61.3%
               <italic>versus</italic> 68%, p = 0.141), with no statistically significant
            difference, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence of overall RV systolic dysfunction. PD: pulsed Doppler; TD: tissue
                  Doppler; ICD/CN: indeterminate form of Chagas disease/cardiac normality; RMPI:
                  right myocardial performance index; R V: right ventricle.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0209-40197-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The prevalence of RV systolic dysfunction in both groups was as follows:</p>
      <p>RA (0.0% <italic>versus</italic> 6.0%), PP (0.0% <italic>versus</italic> 0.0%), and RP
            (0.0% <italic>versus</italic> 0.0%), with no significant difference between the groups
            (p &gt; 0.05), as seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence of RV diastolic dysfunction in patients in groups I and II (ICD):
                  A: transtricusp&#237;d velocity A; AR: alteration in relaxation; E: transtricuspid
                  velocity E; e': initial diastolic velocity in tissue Doppler; ICD/CN:
                  indeterminate form of Chagas disease/cardiac normality; PP: pseudonormal pattern;
                  RP: restrictive pattern; DT: deceleration time.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0209-40197-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>We analyzed 92 patients in our series, and there was no significant statistical
            difference between the two groups with regard to age, sex, weight, height, BSA, LVEF,
            and LVDD; however, there was a predominance of females (24/77.4% versus 45/73.8%) in
            both the groups. In comparison, Barros et al.36 studied a sample with 12 patients in the
            control group and 18 with Chagas disease.</p>
      <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>, three echocardiographic
            variables (RV EDA, RMPI in TD, and e'/a' ratio) did not present normal distribution and
            were subjected to the Mann&#8211;Whitney test. The variables RV, EDA, and e'/a' ratio were
            statistically significant, while RMPI in TD was not.</p>
      <p>The other variables [RV ESA, IVC, CIVC, RAP, SPAP, RAV, IRVV, TAM, ET, and OCT in TD, ET
            and OCT and RMPI in PD, FAC, S wave, E, A, DT, e', a', Vs, Vd, and Vr, as well as E/A,
            E/e', and (Vs/Vs + Vd) ratios] showed normal distribution, with a significant value for
            p between the groups for variables RMPI in PD, FAC, and e'.</p>
      <p>As a continuous variable, in both the groups, the mean S wave in TD presented values
            greater than 10 cm/s as normal. However, in such a relatively small sample, as a
            categorical variable, compared with group II, a statistically significant prevalence of
            26% for S wave velocity &lt; 10 cm/s was identified in patients in group II (6.4%),
            suggesting that TD is important in evaluating incipient damage to longitudinal RV
            contractile function in ICD/CN. In the study by Barros et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>, this change in TD was not identified, and only a change in IVCT
            was identified in the RV free wall in patients with Chagas disease (90.2 &#177; 2.9
               <italic>versus</italic> 106.5 &#177; 2.3 p = 0.0003).</p>
      <p>Pavlicek et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> in a cohort with 203 non-Chagas
            patients, studied the variables of RV systolic function best related to RVEF, obtained
            by NMR. The patients were divided into three groups: group I, 129 patients with RVEF &gt;
            50%; group II, 67 patients with RVEF between 30%&#8211;50%; and group III, 27 patients with
            RVEF &lt; 30% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figures 4A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">B</xref>). A strong correlation was observed between S wave &lt; 11 cm/s in
            TD in the RV lateral annulus and RVEF &lt; 50% obtained by NMR (95% confidence
            intervals).</p>
      <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A) TD of the lateral annulus of the RV free wall demonstrating S wave of 11.2
                  cm/s in patients from group I. B) TD with S waves of 9.6 cm/s and 9.1 cm/s in
                  patients from group II.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0209-40197-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>FAC averages in both the groups were above the lower limit for normal, with
            statistically significant differences; however, the variable RV EDA presented an average
            below the recommended values, without normal distribution between the groups. In the
            guidelines for assessing RV in adults<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, reviews
            of approximately 20 studies showed average values for RV EDA to be around 18 (16&#8211;19).
            This scattering of averages can be explained by the difficulty in tracing the
            endocardial edges at the apex of RV where the trabeculae meet<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>In relation to the prevalence of systolic dysfunction using TAM and FAC, it was not
            possible to calculate the p value because the sample of patients with alterations was
            insufficient.</p>
      <p>RMPI in PD exhibited above-normal values, with significant p values, and this is
            probably because of measuring ET in heart cycles other than OCT, which is not observed
            in RMPI in TD. The prevalence of global RV dysfunction in groups I and II showed
            considerable values, but without statistical significant difference. Pinto et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> observed altered RMPI in 28% of Chagas patients
            without apparent heart disease in comparison with the control group (0.34 &#177; 0.10 versus
            0.26 &#177; 0.07, p = 0.001) using PD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>.</p>
      <p>In the study by Pavlicek et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>, RMPI &gt; 0.55 in
            TD showed a strong correlation with RVEF &lt; 30% in NMR (95% confidence interval).</p>
      <p>The parameters used in this study to assess diastolic RV function were essentially the
            same for the left side and were classified into AR, PP, and RP, according to the current
            recommendations in the guideline for assessing the right heart in adults<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. The presence of RV diastolic dysfunction can be
            clinically useful because it serves as an easily quantifiable early marker of
            subclinical RV dysfunction (diastolic dysfunction is present before systolic dysfunction
            is apparent and before dilatation or RV hypertrophy)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, a fact not observed in this study (26% prevalence of S wave &lt; 10
            cm/s).</p>
      <p>However, in this study, using AR, PP, and RP as categorical variables, it was not
            possible to calculate the prevalence of diastolic dysfunction because of the few changes
            with significant p values and the small sample size.</p>
      <p>The guideline for assessing the in adults15, in a review of 40 studies with 1,688
            patients, revealed e' wave values of 8&#8211;20 to be normal, with a mean of 14 cm/s with 95%
            confidence interval. However, in our study, patients had normal average values for e'
            wave, with p values being only marginally significant between the groups, and this
            finding was similar to that of Barros et al. (18.8 &#177; 0.8 versus 15.9 &#177; 0.7, p =
               0.014)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>.</p>
      <p> As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>, the quantification of RAA,
            RAV, and IRVV and the mean values and standard deviation found for RAA were within
            normal limits<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. The mean and standard deviation
            values for RAV and IRVV will be useful information that may contribute in studying RV
            diastolic function in the near future.</p>
      <p>The dimensional parameters between the groups for IVC, CIVC, and RAP showed values
            within normal limits<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>SPAP was measured in 35% and 44% of patients from groups I and II, respectively, with
            normal mean and standard deviation values, without significant differences between the
            groups. According to Badesch et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>, the normal
            value for SPAP is &lt; 35 mmHg.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Final Considerations</title>
        <p>In this study, in relatively small samples that were nonetheless matched in terms of
               general characteristics, we observed that TD could identify abnormalities of
               longitudinal contraction in patients with ICD/CN (26% of the patients with S wave
               &lt; 10 cm/s compared with the control group, p = 0.016), although the average S wave
               value was normal between the groups.</p>
        <p>The prognostic significance of these real findings has not yet been established, and
               studies with strain rate and threedimensional echocardiogram must be performed for
               early diagnosis and for determining the prognostic significance; echocardiography
               should be routinely incorporated into the evaluation of these patients with ICD.</p>
        <p>Other limitations of this study were the predominance of female patients in both the
               groups and the assessments performed by a single observer with a learning curve for
               the objective evaluation of RV.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In a relatively small sample, compared with the control group, 26% of patients with
            ICD/CN showed prevalent systolic RV dysfunction (S wave &lt; 10 cm/s), suggesting that
            TD is important for assessing potential incipient damage in longitudinal RV contraction
            in ICD/CN.</p>
      <p>No significant statistical difference was found between the groups with regard to the
            prevalence of global dysfunction.</p>
      <p>It was not possible to estimate the prevalence of RV diastolic dysfunction between the
            groups. In TD, e' wave showed above-normal values between the groups, with a significant
            p value; however, at present, this is not an established criterion for diastolic
               dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study. Study Association</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the dissertation of master submitted by Rog&#233;rio Gomes Furtado
               from Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o in Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Faculdade de Medicina da
               UFG.</p>
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              <surname>Wahl</surname>
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              <surname>de Marchi</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hille</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wustmann</surname>
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            <etal>et al</etal>
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          <article-title xml:lang="en">Right ventricular systolic function assessment: rank of
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          <source>Eur J Echocardiogr</source>
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          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>871</fpage>
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        <mixed-citation>Pinto AS, Oliveira BM, Botoni FA, Ribeiro AL, Rocha MO. Disfun&#231;&#227;o
               mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes chag&#225;sicos sem cardiopatia aparente. Arq Bras Cardiol.
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              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
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              <surname>Botoni</surname>
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              <surname>Rocha</surname>
              <given-names>MO</given-names>
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                  cardiopatia aparente</article-title>
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          <year>2007</year>
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      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudo do Ventr&#237;culo Direito na Forma Indeterminada da Doen&#231;a de Chagas
               pelo Doppler Ecocardiograma</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Furtado</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Frota</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela do Carmo Rassi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Batista Masson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Romano</surname>
            <given-names>Minna Moreira Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Oswaldo C&#233;sar de</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Salvador</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFG</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da
               UFG, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o
               Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de
               Ribeir&#227;o Preto, USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rog&#233;rio Gomes Furtado</bold>, Centro de
               Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem: 62 3285 1515 Avenida Portugal 1155, Setor Marista &#8211; CEP
               74150-030, Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#225;s &#8211; Brasil. E-mail:
               <email>rogerio.sbcgo@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Furtado RG, Romano MMD, Schmidt A, Rassi
                  S;Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Furtado RG, Rassi S; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados:
                  Furtado RG, Frota DCR, Silva JBM, Romano MMD, Rassi S; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica:
                  Furtado RG, Romano MMD, Rassi S; Obten&#231;&#227;o de Financiamento: Furtado RG; Reda&#231;&#227;o do
                  manuscrito: Furtado RG, Frota DCR, Silva JBM, Rassi S; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do
                  manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Furtado RG, Frota DCR, Silva
                  JBM, Romano MMD, Almeida Filho OC, Schmidt A, Rassi S; Financiamento particular na
                  pesquisa: Furtado RG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Pacientes com forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a de Chagas/normalidade card&#237;aca
                  (FIDC/NC) apresentam eletrocardiograma e raios X de t&#243;rax normais, por&#233;m, quando
                  submetidos a exames mais sofisticados, s&#227;o detectados alguns graus de altera&#231;&#245;es
                  morfofuncionais do cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito
                  (VD) em pacientes com FIDC/NC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo de caso-controle e preval&#234;ncia. Foram avaliados 92 pacientes com Doppler
                  ecocardiograma bidimensional (2D), divididos em dois grupos: grupo I (normal, n =
                  31) e grupo II (FIDC/NC, n = 61).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD em pacientes dos grupos I e II foi:
                  mudan&#231;a de &#225;rea fracional (0,0% versus 0,6%), mobilidade do anel tricusp&#237;deo (0,0%
                  versus 0,0%) e onda S ao Doppler tecidual (6,4% versus 26,0%, com p = 0,016). As
                  preval&#234;ncias das disfun&#231;&#245;es globais &#8211; como &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica
                  direita ao Doppler tecidual (16,1% versus 27,8% com p = 0,099) e ao Doppler
                  pulsado (61,3% versus 68% com p = 0,141) e diast&#243;lico, como altera&#231;&#227;o do
                  relaxamento (0,0% versus 6,0%), padr&#227;o pseudonormal (0,0% versus 0,0%) e padr&#227;o
                  restritivo (0,0% versus 0,0%) &#8211; n&#227;o apresentaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre
                  os grupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD foi estimada em 26% (velocidade da onda
                  S em compara&#231;&#227;o a outras vari&#225;veis), sugerindo altera&#231;&#245;es incipientes da fun&#231;&#227;o
                  sist&#243;lica do VD no grupo FIDC/NC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Direita</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Doppler</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas &#233; uma infec&#231;&#227;o causada pelo protozo&#225;rio <italic>Trypanosoma
                  cruzi</italic>, descoberta por Carlos Chagas em 1909<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Essa doen&#231;a apresenta-se em tr&#234;s est&#225;gios: agudo, cr&#244;nico indeterminado (FIDC) e
               cr&#244;nico determinado (formas card&#237;aca, digestiva, cardiodigestiva e nervosa)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>A FIDC foi estabelecida como a presen&#231;a de infec&#231;&#227;o pelo <italic>Trypanosoma
                  cruzi</italic> na aus&#234;ncia de manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, radiol&#243;gicas e
               eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas de acometimento card&#237;aco ou digestivo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Metade dos pacientes infectados em &#225;reas end&#234;micas encontra-se
               na FIDC e, embora a caracter&#237;stica principal desses pacientes seja a aus&#234;ncia dessas
               anormalidades, observam-se altera&#231;&#245;es morfofuncionais card&#237;acas quando se utilizam
               outros m&#233;todos complementares, como ergometria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>, eletrocardiografia din&#226;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>,
               provas auton&#244;micas n&#227;o invasivas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>,
               ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> e
                  ecocardiografia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>O Doppler ecocardiograma avalia o cora&#231;&#227;o de forma n&#227;o invasiva, e diversos estudos
               morfofuncionais de pacientes chag&#225;sicos t&#234;m demonstrado a utilidade do modo M<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e do 2-D na an&#225;lise da contratilidade global e
               segmentar dos ventr&#237;culos, fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica ventricular direita e
               esquerda, e na detec&#231;&#227;o de aneurismas e trombos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>O acometimento do VD na doen&#231;a de Chagas mostra-se precoce e frequente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Apesar de a ecocardiografia representar um
               m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o invasivo e vers&#225;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o morfofuncional card&#237;aca, a
               avalia&#231;&#227;o do VD &#233; tecnicamente limitada e subjetiva. Em 2010, publicou-se uma
                  diretriz<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> com propostas quantitativas para
               an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do VD.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o precoce sist&#243;lica e
               diast&#243;lica do VD em pacientes adultos com FIDC/NC, conforme as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da
               mencionada diretriz<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Estudo epidemiol&#243;gico, observacional, caso-controle, descritivo e de
                     preval&#234;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>, aprovado em
                  2011 pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa do HC-UFG.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram selecionados e divididos de forma n&#227;o cega em dois grupos:
                  grupo I (n = 31), pacientes sem patologias pr&#233;vias, doadores de sangue e com os
                  exames eletrocardiograma (ECG), hemoglobina (HB), creatinina (CT), horm&#244;nio
                  tireoestimulante (TSH), glicemia (G) normais, e sorologia imunofluoresc&#234;ncia
                  indireta (IFI IGG)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> n&#227;o reagente para
                  doen&#231;a de Chagas.</p>
          <p>Os selecionados para o grupo II (n = 61) eram portadores da FIDC/NC
                  (independentemente da origem, os pacientes n&#227;o possu&#237;am avalia&#231;&#227;o coloproctol&#243;gica
                  para descartar acometimento intestinal) com acompanhamento no ambulat&#243;rio de
                  doen&#231;a de Chagas e cardiologia do HC-UFG, tendo os seguintes exames:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>ECG e raios X de t&#243;rax normais.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Duas das tr&#234;s sorologias reagentes para doen&#231;a de Chagas: IFI IGG<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">17</xref>, ELISA (ensaio imunoenzim&#225;tico)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> e HAI (hemaglutina&#231;&#227;o indireta)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>CT, G, TSH e HB normais.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido (TCLE) assinado pelo paciente ou
                        respons&#225;vel legal.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <sec>
            <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Janela ecocardiogr&#225;fica inadequada.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Gesta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Alcoolismo cr&#244;nico.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Doen&#231;as hematol&#243;gicas, tireoidianas e reum&#225;ticas.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> e intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Nefropatias e hepatopatias.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Cardiopatias e pneumopatias de qualquer etiologia.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Incapacidade de assinar o TCLE.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Idade &lt; 18 anos.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
          <p>Ecocardiograma foi realizado no aparelho Xsario (Toshiba), com imagens gravadas
                  digitalmente e realizado por um &#250;nico observador. Cada medida de vari&#225;vel obtida
                  foi <italic>on-line</italic> como a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s batimentos consecutivos
                  regulares em ritmo sinusal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. As imagens
                  foram gravadas nos planos paraesternal longitudinal, transversal eixo curto,
                  apical de duas, tr&#234;s e quatro c&#226;maras (A4C)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
          <p>Os par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD foram: mobilidade do anel tricusp&#237;deo
                  (MAT), c&#225;lculo da mudan&#231;a da &#225;rea fracional (MAF) e velocidade sist&#243;lica (onda S)
                  obtida por Doppler tecidual<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
          <p>A MAT &#233; um m&#233;todo que estima a dist&#226;ncia da excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do anel valvar
                  lateral tricusp&#237;deo e deve ser adquirida atrav&#233;s do cursor do modo M, no corte
                  longitudinal apical de quatro c&#226;maras (A4C), medindo, durante a s&#237;stole, o maior
                  deslocamento longitudinal da base tricusp&#237;dea em dire&#231;&#227;o ao &#225;pice<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
          <p>A MAF &#233; definida como: &#225;rea diast&#243;lica final (ADF do VD) &#8211; &#225;rea sist&#243;lica final
                  (ASF do VD)/(ADF &#215; 100). A MAF &#233; o mensurador da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD com boa
                  correla&#231;&#227;o com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FEVD) estimado pela resson&#226;ncia nuclear
                  magn&#233;tica (RNM)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> e foi realizada tracejando as bordas do endoc&#225;rdio do VD na
                  teledi&#225;stole e teless&#237;stole.</p>
          <p>O Doppler tecidual (TD) no anel lateral do segmento basal da parede livre do VD
                  fornece a velocidade longitudinal da onda de excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica (onda S) e foi
                  realizado na janela A4C, obtida com Doppler pulsado (DP) no meio da por&#231;&#227;o basal
                  da parede livre, sendo relevante e reprodut&#237;vel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
          <p>O IPMD representa o &#237;ndice global da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, definido pela
                  rela&#231;&#227;o: tempo isovolum&#233;trico de relaxamento (TRIV) e de contra&#231;&#227;o (TCIV) dividido
                  pelo tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o (TE) ou [(TRIV + TCIV)/TE]. O tempo de fechamento e abertura
                  (TFA) envolve TCIV + TE + TRIV. O IPMD pode ser obtido por dois m&#233;todos: Doppler
                  pulsado e tecidual. Pelo Doppler pulsado, o TE foi mensurado na via de sa&#237;da do
                  VD, no n&#237;vel da valva pulmonar, e o TFA no n&#237;vel da valva tric&#250;spide. No Doppler
                  tecidual, o TE foi estimado pela dura&#231;&#227;o da onda S, e o TFA pela dura&#231;&#227;o do tempo
                  do final da onda de expans&#227;o tardia (a') ao in&#237;cio da onda de expans&#227;o inicial
                     (e')<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VD foi feita na janela A4C por DP alinhado em
                  paralelo ao fluxo tricusp&#237;deo, colocando-se a amostra-volume a 1 cm da ponta dos
                  folhetos da valva tric&#250;spide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, e as
                  medidas foram realizadas no final da expira&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Foram aferidas as ondas E e A, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/A, o tempo de
                  desacelera&#231;&#227;o (TD) e o TRIV, e, pelo DT, ondas e', a', rela&#231;&#245;es e'/a' e E/e'.</p>
          <p>A &#225;rea (AAD) e o volume do &#225;trio direito (VAD) foram obtidos na janela A4C,
                  respectivamente, pelo m&#233;todo da planimetria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> e Simpson<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
          <p>A medida da press&#227;o do AD (PAD) foi feita mensurando o di&#226;metro da veia cava
                  inferior (VCI), na proje&#231;&#227;o subcostal (JSC), 0,5-3,0 cm do &#243;stio do AD, no final
                  da expira&#231;&#227;o, e o colapso (CVCI) estimado na teleinspira&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
          <p>O fluxo de enchimento do AD foi realizado na JSC, ao n&#237;vel da veia hep&#225;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, sendo que, para PAD normal ou baixa, h&#225;
                  predom&#237;nio da velocidade da onda sist&#243;lica (Vs) maior que a velocidade da onda
                  diast&#243;lica (Vd). Quando a PAD est&#225; elevada, ocorre diminui&#231;&#227;o da Vs, sendo a
                  rela&#231;&#227;o Vs/Vd &lt; 1<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. A fra&#231;&#227;o de
                  enchimento diast&#243;lico da veia hep&#225;tica &#233; a rela&#231;&#227;o Vs/Vs + Vd, e o valor &lt; 55%
                  foi o achado mais sens&#237;vel e espec&#237;fico de PAD elevada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.</p>
          <p>A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP) foi estimada a partir da mensura&#231;&#227;o
                  da velocidade do jato regurgitante tricusp&#237;deo com adi&#231;&#227;o da PAD, desde que n&#227;o
                  existisse obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do VD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
          <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do VD foi baseada em um dos
                  seguintes crit&#233;rios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>:</p>
          <sec>
            <title>1. Disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica:</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>IPMD &gt; 0,40 por DP e &gt; 0,55 por DT.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>MAT &lt; 16 mm.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>MAF &lt; 35%.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>S &lt; 10 cm/s.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2. Disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica:</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Altera&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento (AR): rela&#231;&#227;o transtricusp&#237;dea ondas E/A &lt;
                           0,8.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Padr&#227;o pseudonormal (PP): rela&#231;&#227;o transtricusp&#237;dea E/A entre 0,8-2,1 e
                           rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' &gt; 6<sup>14,35</sup> ou fluxo diast&#243;lico predominante em
                           veia hep&#225;tica.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Padr&#227;o restritivo de enchimento (PR): rela&#231;&#227;o E/A&#160;&gt;&#160;2,1 com TD &lt;
                           120 ms.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram digitados e analisados no programa estat&#237;stico Statistical Package
                  for the Social Sciences &#8211; SPSS (17.0). As vari&#225;veis quantitativas cont&#237;nuas foram
                  expressas em m&#233;dias e desvio-padr&#227;o, e as categ&#243;ricas em frequ&#234;ncia e porcentagem.
                  Foi utilizado o teste de Komolgorov-Smirnov para avaliar se as vari&#225;veis
                  quantitativas cont&#237;nuas apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis
                  quanto aos grupos, quando elas apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi aplicado o
                  teste <italic>t</italic> de Student; quando n&#227;o, o teste de Mann-Whittney. Para a
                  compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis discretas quanto aos grupos, foi utilizado o teste de
                  Fisher. Para todas as an&#225;lises foi fixado o n&#237;vel de 95% de confian&#231;a (p &lt; 0,05
                  como significante).</p>
          <p>Considerando que ocorrem cinco casos novos, por semana, de pacientes com FIDC
                  encaminhados ao ambulat&#243;rio de Chagas, estima-se que, no per&#237;odo de coleta de
                  dados (32 semanas), a popula&#231;&#227;o presumida ser&#225; de 130 pacientes. Com o n&#237;vel de
                  signific&#226;ncia de 5%, poder de teste de 80% e margem de erro de 5%, o tamanho da
                  amostra ser&#225; de 92 pacientes, sendo divididos em 31 para o grupo controle e 61
                  para FIDC/NC.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Dos 92 pacientes avaliados, a m&#233;dia e o desvio-padr&#227;o das vari&#225;veis das
               caracter&#237;sticas gerais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas entre os grupos I e II foram,
               respectivamente, conforme mostram as <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabelas
                  1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos pacientes normais e FIDC/NC</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupo</th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Normal (n = 31)</th>
                <th>FIDC/NC (n = 61)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">45,32 &#177; 12,36</td>
                <td align="center">39,73 &#177; 12,94</td>
                <td align="center">0,071</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso (kg)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">67,66 &#177; 12,37</td>
                <td align="center">71,29 &#177; 14,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,270</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Altura (cm)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">156,88 &#177; 30,56</td>
                <td align="center">159,24 &#177; 32,63</td>
                <td align="center">0,749</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ISC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">1,69 &#177; 0,19</td>
                <td align="center">1,77 &#177; 0,24</td>
                <td align="center">0,174</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">70,36 &#177; 9,83</td>
                <td align="center">71,90 &#177; 10,43</td>
                <td align="center">0,509</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DDVE<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">47,05 &#177; 5,22</td>
                <td align="center">46,71 &#177; 5,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,779</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE (Teichholz)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">73,56 &#177; 7,35</td>
                <td align="center">73,55 &#177; 6,66</td>
                <td align="center">0,996</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo (feminino)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">**</xref></td>
                <td align="center">24/77,4%</td>
                <td align="center">45/73,8%</td>
                <td align="center">0,190</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste t de Student;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>Teste de Fisher.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn>
              <p>Cm: cent&#237;metros; DDVE: dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE em mil&#237;metros; FC:
                        freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, batimentos por minuto; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE%;
                        FIDC/NC: forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a de Chagas/normalidade card&#237;aca; ISC:
                        &#237;ndice de superf&#237;cie corporal; kg: quilogramas.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas entre os grupos I (normal) e II
                     (FIDC/NC)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="4" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupo</th>
                <th rowspan="2" align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>Normal (n = 31)</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>FIDC/NC (n = 61)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>ADF VD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">2</xref></td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">15,53 &#177; 8,17</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">12,41 &#177; 3,28</td>
                <td align="center">0,026*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ASF VD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">1</xref></td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">6,85 &#177; 2,39</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">6,22 &#177; 1,54</td>
                <td align="center">0,199</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AAD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">1</xref></td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">10,72 &#177; 2,04</td>
                <td align="center">59</td>
                <td align="center">10,89 &#177; 2,64</td>
                <td align="center">0,741</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VCI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">1</xref></td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">15,83 &#177; 2,91</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
                <td align="center">14,91 &#177; 3,82</td>
                <td align="center">0,219</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CVCI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">1</xref></td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">8,21 &#177; 2,83</td>
                <td align="center">55</td>
                <td align="center">7,45 &#177; 2,34</td>
                <td align="center">0,218</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">1</xref></td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">5,00 &#177; 0,00</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
                <td align="center">5,10 &#177; 0,55</td>
                <td align="center">0,309</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PSAP<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">1</xref></td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">18,06 &#177; 9,02</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">19,73 &#177; 10,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,623</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VAD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">1</xref></td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">24,16 &#177; 7,90</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
                <td align="center">23,74 &#177; 8,64</td>
                <td align="center">0,820</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VIAD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">1</xref></td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">14,34 &#177; 4,45</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">13,49 &#177; 6,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,499</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MAT<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">1</xref></td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">23,74 &#177; 3,33</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">23,67 &#177; 3,83</td>
                <td align="center">0,927</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TE do DT<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">1</xref></td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">283,95 &#177; 36,08</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">284,79 &#177; 35,44</td>
                <td align="center">0,915</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFA do DT<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">1</xref></td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">409,98 &#177; 42,35</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">425,23 &#177; 43,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,110</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IPMD do DT<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">2</xref></td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">0,46 &#177; 0,17</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">0,51 &#177; 0,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,159</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TE do DP<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">1</xref></td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">298,05 &#177; 28,39</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">300,23 &#177; 33,90</td>
                <td align="center">0,747</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFA do DP<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">1</xref></td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">419,23 &#177; 32,41</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">442,41 &#177; 35,78</td>
                <td align="center">0,003*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IPMD do DP<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">1</xref></td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">0,41 &#177; 0,08</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">0,49 &#177; 0,20</td>
                <td align="center">0,037*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MAF<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">1</xref></td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">0,54 &#177; 0,08</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">0,50 &#177; 0,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,014*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Onda S<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">1</xref></td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">11,73 &#177; 1,64</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">10,98 &#177; 1,83</td>
                <td align="center">0,051</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">1</xref></td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">49,89 &#177; 12,40</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">47,37 &#177; 9,53</td>
                <td align="center">0,324</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>A<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">1</xref></td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">29,19 &#177; 7,33</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">30,95 &#177; 9,95</td>
                <td align="center">0,339</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E/A<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">1</xref></td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">1,83 &#177; 0,71</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">1,69 &#177; 0,62</td>
                <td align="center">0,355</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">1</xref></td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">214,77 &#177; 78,36</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">240,30 &#177; 61,90</td>
                <td align="center">0,120</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>e'<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">1</xref></td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">13,09 &#177; 3,18</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">11,20 &#177; 2,65</td>
                <td align="center">0,006*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>a'<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">1</xref></td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">10,85 &#177; 3,43</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">11,31 &#177; 3,73</td>
                <td align="center">0,550</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>e'/a'<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">2</xref></td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">1,71 &#177; 2,49</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">1,08 &#177; 0,40</td>
                <td align="center">0,034*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E/e'<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">1</xref></td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">4,02 &#177; 1,29</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">4,43 &#177; 1,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,149</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vs<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">1</xref></td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">49,83 &#177; 26,39</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">54,71 &#177; 23,41</td>
                <td align="center">0,503</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vd<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">1</xref></td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">36,56 &#177; 19,75</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">38,09 &#177; 18,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,780</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vr<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">1</xref></td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">23,71 &#177; 6,82</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">24,93 &#177; 9,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,582</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o Vs (Vs + Vd)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">1</xref></td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">0,57 &#177; 0,06</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">0,57 &#177; 0,13</td>
                <td align="center">0,979</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <label>1</label>
              <p>Vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal: teste t de Student.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <label>2</label>
              <p>Vari&#225;veis que n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal: teste de Mann
                        Whitney.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn>
              <p>A: onda diast&#243;lica tardia; a': onda diast&#243;lica tardia ao DT AAD: &#225;rea do
                        &#225;trio direito; ADF VD: &#225;rea diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo direito; ASF VD:
                        &#225;rea sist&#243;lica final do VD; CVCI: colabamento da VCI; DT: Doppler tecidual;
                        DP: Doppler pulsado; E: onda diast&#243;lica inicial; e': onda diast&#243;lica inicial
                        ao DT; IPMD: &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica direita; MAF: mudan&#231;a de &#225;rea
                        fracional; MAT: mobilidade do anel tricusp&#237;deo; onda S: onda sist&#243;lica do DT
                        PAD: press&#227;o do AD; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar; TD: tempo
                        de desacelera&#231;&#227;o; TE: tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o; TFA: tempo de fechamento e abertura;
                        VAD: volume do AD; VCI: veia cava inferior; Vd: velocidade diast&#243;lica da
                        veia hep&#225;tica; VIAD: volume indexado do AD; Vr: velocidade diast&#243;lica
                        reversa da veia hep&#225;tica; Vs: velocidade sist&#243;lica da veia hep&#225;tica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD (ADF, ASF, MAF, MAT e onda S), &#237;ndices como
               IPMD (TE e TFA do DT e do DP), fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (ondas E, A, TD, ondas e', a',
               rela&#231;&#245;es E/A, e'/a', E/e', Vs, Vd, Vr e rela&#231;&#227;o Vs/Vs + Vd), bem como as dimens&#245;es do
               AD e VCI, nos grupos I e II, foram descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 2</xref> (medidas realizadas de forma <italic>on-line</italic>).</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD em ambos os grupos foi: MAF (0,0%
                  <italic>versus</italic> 0,6%), MAT (0,0% <italic>versus</italic> 0,0%) e onda S
               (6,4% <italic>versus</italic> 26,0% com p = 0,016), conforme a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD. FIDC/NC: forma indeterminada da
                     doen&#231;a de Chagas/normalidade card&#237;aca; onda S: velocidade da onda sist&#243;lica S
                     ao Doppler tecidual; MAF: mudan&#231;a de &#225;rea fracional; MAT: mobilidade do anel
                     tricusp&#237;deo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0209-40197-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia da disfun&#231;&#227;o global do VD nos grupos I e II foi, respectivamente: IMPD
               do DT (16,1% <italic>versus</italic> 27,8% com p = 0,099) e do DP (61,3%
                  <italic>versus</italic> 68% com p = 0,141), sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica
               significante, conforme demonstra a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">figura
               2</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia da disfun&#231;&#227;o global do VD. DP: Doppler pulsado; DT: Doppler
                     tecidual; FIDC/NC: forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a de Chagas/normalidade
                     card&#237;aca; IPMD: &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica direita; VD: ventr&#237;culo
                     direito.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0209-40197-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VD em ambos os grupos foi:</p>
        <p>AR (0,0% <italic>versus</italic> 6,0%), PP (0,0% <italic>versus</italic> 0,0%) e PR
               (0,0% <italic>versus</italic> 0,0%), sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos (p
               &gt; 0,05), conforme a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">figura 3</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VD em pacientes dos grupos I e II
                     (FIDC). A: velocidade transtricusp&#237;dea A; AR: altera&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento; E:
                     velocidade transtricusp&#237;dea E; e&#8242;: velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial ao Doppler
                     tecidual; FIDC/NC: forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a de Chagas/normalidade
                     card&#237;aca; PP: padr&#227;o pseudonormal; PR: padr&#227;o restritivo; TD: tempo de
                     desacelera&#231;&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0209-40197-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Na nossa casu&#237;stica, foram analisados 92 pacientes e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica
               significante entre os dois grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o a idade, sexo, peso, altura, ISC, FEVE e
               DDVE, por&#233;m houve predom&#237;nio do sexo feminino (24/77,4% <italic>versus</italic>
               45/73,8%) em ambos os grupos. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com o estudo de Barros e
                  cols.<sup>36</sup>, a amostra era de 12 pacientes do grupo controle e 18 com
               doen&#231;a de Chagas.</p>
        <p>De acordo com a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 2</xref>, tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis
               ecocardiogr&#225;ficas (ADF do VD, IPMD do DT e rela&#231;&#227;o e'/a') n&#227;o apresentaram
               distribui&#231;&#227;o normal; logo, foram submetidas ao teste de Mann-Whittney. As vari&#225;veis
               ADF do VD e a rela&#231;&#227;o e'/a' apresentaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, enquanto IPMD do
               DT n&#227;o apresentou.</p>
        <p>As demais vari&#225;veis (ASF do VD, VCI, CVCI, PAD, PSAP, VAD, VIAD, MAT, TE e TFA do DT,
               TE e TFA e IPMD do DP, MAF, onda S, E, A, TD, e', a', Vs, Vd, Vr e rela&#231;&#245;es E/A, E/e'
               e Vs/Vs + Vd) apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, sendo observado <italic>p</italic>
               significante entre os grupos nas vari&#225;veis IPMD do DP, MAF e e'.</p>
        <p>Como vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua, a m&#233;dia da onda S ao DT, em ambos os grupos, apresentou
               valores maiores que 10 cm/s, sendo normais. No entanto, em uma amostra relativamente
               pequena foi identificada, como vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica, preval&#234;ncia estatisticamente
               significante de 26% de velocidade da onda S &lt;10 cm/s nos pacientes do grupo II em
               rela&#231;&#227;o ao I (6,4%), sugerindo ser o Doppler tecidual importante na avalia&#231;&#227;o de um
               dano incipiente da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til longitudinal do VD na FIDC/NC. No estudo de
               Barros e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> essa altera&#231;&#227;o ao DT n&#227;o foi
               identificada, somente sendo observada altera&#231;&#227;o no TCIV, na parede livre do VD em
               pacientes com Chagas (90,2 &#177; 2,9 <italic>versus</italic> 106,5 &#177; 2,3 p = 0,0003).</p>
        <p>Pavlicek e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> em uma coorte com 203
               pacientes de etiologia n&#227;o chag&#225;sica, estudaram as vari&#225;veis da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do
               VD que melhor correlacionava com FEVD obtida por RNM. Os pacientes foram divididos em
               tr&#234;s grupos: grupo&#160;I 129 pacientes com FEVD &gt;50%; grupo&#160;II &#8211; 67 pacientes com FEVD
               entre 30-50%; grupo&#160;III &#8211; 27 pacientes com FEVD&#160;&lt;&#160;30% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 4A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">B</xref>). Foi
               demonstrada forte correla&#231;&#227;o da onda S&#160;&lt;&#160;11 cm/s ao DT, no anel lateral do VD, com
               FEVD &lt; 50% obtida pela RNM (95% de intervalo de confian&#231;a).</p>
        <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) DT no anel lateral basal da parede livre do VD demonstrando onda S 11,2
                     cm/s em pacientes do grupo I. B) DT com ondas S 9,6 cm/s e 9,1 cm/s em
                     pacientes do grupo II.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0209-40197-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A MAF apresentou m&#233;dias em ambos os grupos acima do limite inferior da normalidade,
               com diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significante, por&#233;m a vari&#225;vel ADF VD apresentou m&#233;dia
               abaixo dos valores recomendados, sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal entre os grupos. Na diretriz
               para avalia&#231;&#227;o do VD em adultos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, revis&#245;es em
               cerca de 20 estudos demonstraram valores m&#233;dios para ADF do VD em torno de 18
               (16-19). Essa dispers&#227;o de medidas pode ser explicada pela dificuldade de tracejar as
               bordas do endoc&#225;rdio no &#225;pice trabeculado do VD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica utilizando MAT e MAF, n&#227;o foi
               poss&#237;vel calcular o p, pois a amostra de pacientes com altera&#231;&#245;es foi
               insuficiente.</p>
        <p>O IPMD ao DP apresentou valores m&#233;dios acima do normal, com p significante, e isso se
               deve, provavelmente, ao fato de se aferir o TE em ciclos card&#237;acos diferentes do TFA,
               o que n&#227;o &#233; observado com IPMD ao DT. A preval&#234;ncia da disfun&#231;&#227;o global do VD nos
               grupos I e II apresentou valores consider&#225;veis, por&#233;m sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica
               significante. Pinto e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> observaram IPMD
               alterado em 28% dos pacientes chag&#225;sicos sem cardiopatia aparente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo
               controle (0,34 &#177; 0,10 <italic>versus</italic> 0,26&#160;&#177;&#160;0,07 com p = 0,001) utilizando o
                  DP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>.</p>
        <p>No estudo de Pavlicek e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> o IPMD &gt;
               0,55 ao DT apresentou forte correla&#231;&#227;o com FEVD &lt; 30% pela RNM (95% de intervalo
               de confian&#231;a).</p>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros utilizados neste estudo para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VD foram
               essencialmente os mesmos para o lado esquerdo, sendo classificados em AR, PP e PR,
               conforme recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais da diretriz para avalia&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o direito em
                  adultos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. A presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o
               diast&#243;lica no VD pode ser clinicamente &#250;til porque serve como marcador precoce e
               facilmente quantific&#225;vel de disfun&#231;&#227;o subcl&#237;nica do VD (a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica est&#225;
               presente antes que a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica seja aparente e antes da dilata&#231;&#227;o ou
               hipertrofia do VD)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, fato n&#227;o observado neste
               estudo (preval&#234;ncia de 26% de onda S &lt; 10cm/s).</p>
        <p>Entretanto, nesta pesquisa, utilizando AR, PP e PR como vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, n&#227;o
               foi poss&#237;vel calcular a preval&#234;ncia da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica devido a poucas
               altera&#231;&#245;es, com p significante e tamanho reduzido da amostra.</p>
        <p>A diretriz para avalia&#231;&#227;o do VD em adultos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,
               em revis&#227;o de 40 estudos com 1.688 pacientes, encontrou para onda e' valores entre
               8-20 como normais e m&#233;dia de 14 cm/s com 95% de intervalo de confian&#231;a. No entanto,
               em nosso estudo os pacientes apresentaram m&#233;dias normais da onda e' com p
               marginalmente significante entre os grupos, e esse achado foi semelhante ao
               encontrado por Barros e cols. (18,8 &#177; 0,8 <italic>versus</italic> 15,9 &#177; 0,7 com p =
                  0,014)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>.</p>
        <p>Conforme observado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 2</xref>, foi feita a
               quantifica&#231;&#227;o de AAD, VAD e VIAD, e os valores de m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o encontrados
               para AAD apresentaram-se dentro dos limites de normalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Os valores referentes a m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o do VAD e VIAD
               ser&#227;o informa&#231;&#245;es &#250;teis que poder&#227;o contribuir, no futuro pr&#243;ximo, para o estudo da
               fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VD.</p>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros de dimens&#245;es entre os grupos de VCI, CVCI e PAD apresentaram valores
               dentro dos limites da normalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>A PSAP foi aferida, respectivamente, em 35% e 44% dos pacientes dos grupos I e II,
               sendo a m&#233;dia e o desvio-padr&#227;o de seus valores normais, sem p significante entre os
               grupos. Segundo Badesch e cols.<sup>34</sup> o valor normal da PSAP &#233; &lt; 35
               mmHg.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es finais</title>
          <p>Observamos neste estudo com amostras relativamente pequenas, por&#233;m pareadas quanto
                  &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas gerais, que o Doppler tecidual foi capaz de identificar
                  anormalidades da contra&#231;&#227;o longitudinal em pacientes com FIDC/NC (26% dos
                  pacientes com onda S &lt; 10 cm/s em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle, com p = 0,016),
                  mesmo que a m&#233;dia da onda S se apresentasse normal entre os grupos.</p>
          <p>A real import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica desses achados ainda n&#227;o est&#225; estabelecida, e
                  estudos com <italic>Strain rate</italic> e ecocardiograma 3-D (tridimensional)
                  devem ser realizados visando encontrar o diagn&#243;stico precoce e o significado
                  progn&#243;stico, podendo a ecocardiografia ser incorporada, de forma rotineira, na
                  avalia&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes na FIDC.</p>
          <p>Outras limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo foram o predom&#237;nio de pacientes do sexo feminino em
                  ambos os grupos e os exames realizados por um &#250;nico observador com curva de
                  aprendizado para avalia&#231;&#227;o objetiva do VD.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Com amostra relativamente pequena, pacientes com FIDC/NC apresentaram preval&#234;ncia de
               disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica no VD em 26% (onda S &lt;10 cm/s) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle,
               sugerindo ser o DT importante na avalia&#231;&#227;o de um poss&#237;vel dano incipiente da
               contra&#231;&#227;o longitudinal do VD na FIDC/NC.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o foram encontrados entre os grupos diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significante na
               preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o global.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel estimar preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VD entre os grupos. A
               onda e' ao DT apresentou m&#233;dia acima do normal entre os grupos, com p marginalmente
               significante, por&#233;m atualmente esse n&#227;o &#233; um crit&#233;rio estabelecido para disfun&#231;&#227;o
                  diast&#243;lica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Rog&#233;rio Gomes Furtado pelo
                  Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Faculdade de Medicina da
                  UFG.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
