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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">xbyKWT4J3853Jkc8CQNVh3p</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000300005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040188</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140188</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Correlation between C-Reactive Protein in Peripheral Vein and Coronary
               Sinus in Stable and Unstable Angina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Weverton Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Felipe Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Strunz</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;lia Maria Cassaro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangione</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Armando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das
               Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo,
               SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o
               Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o
               Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Weverton Ferreira Leite,</bold> Rua Mirassol
               216, Vila Clementino. Postal Code 04044-010, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>wfleite@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data and
                  Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Leite WF, Ramires
                  JAF, Moreira LFP, Strunz CMC, Mangione JA; Acquisition of data: Leite WF, Mangione
                  JA; Statistical analysis: Leite WF, Moreira LFP; Obtaining financing and Writing
                  of the manuscript: Leite WF, Ramires JAF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>202</fpage>
      <lpage>208</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is commonly used in clinical practice
                  to assess cardiovascular risk. However, a correlation has not yet been established
                  between the absolute levels of peripheral and central hs-CRP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the correlation between serum hs-CRP levels (mg/L) in a peripheral vein
                  in the left forearm (LFPV) with those in the coronary sinus (CS) of patients with
                  coronary artery disease (CAD) and a diagnosis of stable angina (SA) or unstable
                  angina (UA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was conducted at the
                  Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade
                  de S&#227;o Paulo, and at the Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de Sao Paulo, where CAD
                  patients referred to the hospital for coronary angiography were evaluated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Forty patients with CAD (20 with SA and 20 with UA) were included in the study.
                  Blood samples from LFPV and CS were collected before coronary angiography.
                  Furthermore, analysis of the correlation between serum levels of hs-CRP in LFPV
                  versus CS showed a strong linear correlation for both SA (r = 0.993, p &lt; 0.001)
                  and UA (r = 0.976, p &lt; 0.001) and for the entire sample (r = 0.985, p &lt;
                  0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Our data suggest a strong linear correlation between hs-CRP levels in LFPV versus
                  CS in patients with SA and UA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>C-Reactive Protein</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Angina, Stable</kwd>
        <kwd>Angina, Unstable</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Sinus</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Fapesp</funding-source>
          <award-id>2010/09072-6</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de
               S&#227;o Paulo (Fapesp, process n.&#186; 2010/09072-6).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The investigation of biological markers to assess the risk of cardiovascular disease is
            one of the greatest challenges of medicine in recent decades, particularly in
            cardiology. These markers include glucose, creatinine, renin, low&#8209;density lipoprotein
            cholesterol, leukocytes as well as inflammatory markers such as lipoprotein
            phospholipase A2, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, intercellular adhesion
            molecule, vascular cell adhesion molecule, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and
            selectin, among others.</p>
      <p>More recently, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs&#8209;CRP) has been introduced as an
            inflammatory marker<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> to assess endothelial assault<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> and
            destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>Several studies using hs-CRP suggest that it may be an important biological marker for
            identifying higher-risk cases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>It is known that the synthesis of CRP is mainly hepatic<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, and some studies have
            reported the extrahepatic CRP synthesis in inflamed tissues<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. If inflamed coronary arteries are the source of
            CRP in patients with coronary atherosclerosis, one hypothesis is that CRP levels in the
            cardiac sinus would be greater than those in the systemic circulation.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare serum hs-CRP levels (absolute values) in
            a peripheral vein in the left forearm (LFPV) with those found in the coronary sinus (CS)
            in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and a diagnosis of stable angina (SA) or
            unstable angina (UA).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study approval and ethical considerations</title>
        <p>This study was approved by the Science Committee and the Ethics Committee for
               Research Projects (CAPPesq) of InCor, HC&#8211;FMUSP, and Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa
               de S&#227;o Paulo. All patients participating in the study signed a free informed consent
               form. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study characteristics</title>
        <p>This observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was conducted at Instituto
               do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) at the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade
               de S&#227;o Paulo, and at the Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, where CAD
               patients referred to the hospital for coronary angiography were evaluated. Of these,
               40 patients who fulfilled the selection criteria were included in the study and were
               classified into two groups: SA (n = 20) and UA (n = 20).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Selection of study participants</title>
        <p>Inclusion criteria were SA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, UA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, stenosis diameter &#8805; 70% in one of the main
               coronary arteries, normal left ventricular systolic function at rest (LVEF &#8805; 55%
               calculated using the modified Simpson&#8217;s method) observed via echocardiogram (ECHO),
               age between 40 and 75 years, normal sinus rhythm in electrocardiogram (ECG), and
               normal troponin I level (with high-sensitivity detection).</p>
        <p>To eliminate the conditions that could be associated with elevated CRP levels, the
               following exclusion criteria were used: patients who underwent ablation,
               electrophysiological examination, or percutaneous coronary intervention &lt; 3
               months; history of alcohol abuse or abstinence from alcohol &lt; 3 months; anemia;
               stroke &lt; 3 months; bradycardia or tachycardia; congenital cardiopathy; cancer &lt;
               5 years; general or cardiac surgery &lt; 3 months; peripheral arterial occlusive
               disease or carotid disease; diabetes mellitus; aortic dissection; chronic
               inflammatory disease, infectious or non-infectious acute inflammatory disease or
               trauma &lt; 3 months; chronic renal failure (creatinine level &#8805; 1.5 mg /dL);
               uncontrolled systemic arterial hypertension (SAH); hypo- or hyperthyroidism; acute
               myocardial infarction &lt; 3 months; liver failure; cardiomyopathy; obesity;
               pneumopathy; smoking history, or abstinence from smoking &lt; 3 months; previous
               organ transplant; drug therapy with glucocorticoids, immunosuppressant s, or
               non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs &lt; 3 months; valvopathy or congestive heart
               failure.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Laboratory assays and blood sample collection</title>
        <p>The initial assessment comprised routine laboratory quantification of alanine
               aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, glucose, complete blood count,
               thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and troponin I, following routine methodologies
               used in the centers involved in the study as well as quantitative coronary
               angiography, ECHO, and ECG.</p>
        <p>Blood samples were collected in the hemodynamics room with the patient lying supine
               at rest for at least 60 min. After fasting for 12 h, the last dose of statin (10 mg
               rosuvastatin), nitrate, or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) was administered at least 11 h
               and 20 min before blood sample collection, which was performed between 7:20 a.m. and
               10:10 a.m. on the following day.</p>
        <p>All the blood samples were collected from LFPV (peripheral sample) through direct
               venipuncture and from CS (central sample) through direct catheterization before a
               contrasting agent, nitrate, or heparin was administered; the collected samples were
               transferred to 5-mL Vacuette<sup>&#174;</sup> serum-separating tubes (Greiner Bio-One,
               Americana, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quantitative coronary angiography</title>
        <p>The access points for coronary angiography included the right femoral artery and
               right radial artery. The position of the CS catheter was confirmed by immediately
               injecting the contrasting agent after blood sample collection (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Catheter in the coronary sinus in antero-posterior projection (A) and left
                     anterior oblique view (C). Angiogram of the coronary sinus in antero-posterior
                     projection (B) and left anterior oblique view (D).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0202-40188-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Next, coronary angiography was performed using standardized projections, and the
               results of this examination indicated the degree of severity of stenosis. No
               complications occurred during coronary angiography or during blood sample collection
               from LFPV or CS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quantification of C-reactive protein</title>
        <p>Serum samples were analyzed on the same day using high-sensitivity methodology, and
               CRP was quantified using an automated BN II Systems&#174; equipment and the Cardio Phase
                  hs-CRP<sup>&#174;</sup> Kit (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products, Marburg,
               Germany).</p>
        <p>The reference value to assess the risk of vascular disease was &lt; 1.0 mg/L. The
               detection limit of the method was 0.15 mg/L, and the coefficient of variation was
               7.6% at a concentration of 0.4 mg/L.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Sample size was calculated on the basis of the Pearson correlation coefficient
                  (<italic>r</italic>). Our hypothesis was that the correlation between hs-CRP
               levels in LFPV <italic>versus</italic> CS would be above 0.70. Based on the estimated
               correlation of 0.70, power of 80%, and a significance level of 5%, the sample size
               was obtained for each group (20 patients with UA and 20 with SA).</p>
        <p>The quantitative variables were analyzed by calculating the means &#177; standard
               deviations, and for the qualitative variables, absolute and relative frequencies (%)
               were calculated.</p>
        <p>The Shapiro&#8211;Wilk test was used to assess whether hs-CRP levels conformed to a normal
               distribution. CRP was analyzed by logarithmic transformation to achieve data
               normality.</p>
        <p>To study the influence of the two factors on the mean values of the studied
               variables, two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. The means were compared
               using Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic>-test and proportions were calculated using the
               chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test.</p>
        <p>To correlate the hs-CRP levels in LFPV <italic>versus</italic> CS, the Pearson
               correlation coefficient was used. A simple linear regression model was used to obtain
               a predictor model.</p>
        <p>The values obtained in each statistical test were considered significant when p &lt;
               0.05. All calculations were performed using Statistical Package for the Social
               Sciences (SPSS Inc<sup>&#174;</sup>, Chicago, IL, United States) software, version
               17.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Between November 2011 and September 2012, 40 patients presenting with atherosclerotic
            CAD and diagnosed with angina pectoris were evaluated and classified into two groups, SA
            (n = 20) and UA (n = 20), thereby forming the sample groups for this study.</p>
      <p>The analysis of patients with SA and UA revealed no significant difference in their
            baseline characteristics (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline Characteristics of study participants</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2" align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Total (n = 40)</th>
              <th align="center">Stable angina (n = 20)</th>
              <th align="center">Unstable angina (n = 20)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">59.25 &#177; 9.34</td>
              <td align="center">59.50 &#177; 9.12</td>
              <td align="center">59.00 &#177; 9.79</td>
              <td align="center">0.868</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Sex: male, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (65.0)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (65.0)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (65.0)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">26.00 &#177; 2.98</td>
              <td align="center">25.77 &#177; 3.29</td>
              <td align="center">26.24 &#177; 2.69</td>
              <td align="center">0.621</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Ex-smoker, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (62.5)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (60.0)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (65.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.744</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Alcohol abuse, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Ex-drinker, never, rarely</td>
              <td align="center">31 (77.5)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (80.0)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (75.0)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Mild to moderate alcohol abuse</td>
              <td align="center">9 (22.5)</td>
              <td align="center">40 (20.0)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (25.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">SAH, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">29 (72.5)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (80.0)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (65.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.288</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) </td>
              <td align="center">122.50 &#177; 10.00</td>
              <td align="center">120.75 &#177; 11.27</td>
              <td align="center">124.25 &#177; 8.47</td>
              <td align="center">0.274</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">73.88 &#177; 7.88</td>
              <td align="center">75.00 &#177; 6.07</td>
              <td align="center">72.75 &#177; 9.39</td>
              <td align="center">0.374</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Heart rate (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">64.65 &#177; 10.43</td>
              <td align="center">63.75 &#177; 10.45</td>
              <td align="center">65.55 &#177; 10.60</td>
              <td align="center">0.592</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>Ex-smoker: abstinence from tobacco &gt; 3 months; ex-drinker: abstinence from
                     alcohol &gt; 3 months; rare alcohol use: &#8804; 1 dose/month; light alcohol use:
                     male or female &#8804; 3 doses/week; moderate alcohol use: woman, 4&#8211;7 doses/week;
                     man, 4&#8211;14 doses/week. Data are presented as means &#177; standard deviation, and
                     percentage.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>According to the laboratory evaluation criteria, there was also no significant
            difference between patients with SA and those with UA when the levels of ALT,
            creatinine, glucose, TSH, troponin I, and complete blood count were compared.</p>
      <p>Considering that all the patients presented with symptomatic CAD, the prescribed
            medications (ASA, calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, angiotensin receptor
            blockers, clopidogrel, diuretics, statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and
            nitrates) were maintained. No significant differences were observed between patients
            with stable and unstable angina after treatment with these medications, with the
            exception of nitrates. The use of nitrates was justified by the greater intensity and
            frequency of angina pectoris in patients with UA 16 (80%) when compared with those with
            SA 5 (25%), with p &lt; 0.001 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Medications used by patients at the time of the study</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Medication</th>
              <th align="center">Stable angina (n = 20)</th>
              <th align="center">Unstable angina (n = 20)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>ASA, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (90)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (90)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CCB, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (20)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (30)</td>
              <td align="center">0.465</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Beta blocker, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (70)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (70)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ARB, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (25)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (30)</td>
              <td align="center">0.723</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Clopidogrel, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (35)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (45)</td>
              <td align="center">0.519</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diuretic, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (30)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (20)</td>
              <td align="center">0.465</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Statin, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (65)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (70)</td>
              <td align="center">0.736</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ACE, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (35)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (50)</td>
              <td align="center">0.337</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Nitrate, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (25)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (80)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <p>ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; CCB: calcium channel blocker; ARB: angiotensin
                     receptor blocker; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>ANOVA was used to test the difference and to assess the possible impact of hs-CRP levels
            in patients with each type of angina. No interactive effect was observed between the two
            types of angina and the use of nitrates on hs-CRP levels from LFPV (p = 0.559) and CS (p
            = 0.532), and there was no significant difference in LFPV (p = 0.762) or CS (p = 0.856)
            between the groups treated or untreated with nitrate (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Levels of hs-CRP (mg/L) in LFPV and CS in patients with and without use of
                  nitrate in stable and unstable angina</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">Stable angina (n = 20)</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">Unstable angina (n = 20)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>hs-CRP</th>
              <th align="center">With nitrate</th>
              <th align="center">Without nitrate</th>
              <th align="center">With nitrate</th>
              <th align="center">Without nitrate</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>LFPV</td>
              <td align="center">3.11 &#177; 2.53</td>
              <td align="center">2.93 &#177; 2.83</td>
              <td align="center">3.13 &#177; 3.61</td>
              <td align="center">2.68 &#177; 1.83</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>log </td>
              <td align="center">0.82 &#177; 0.96</td>
              <td align="center">0.44 &#177; 1.33</td>
              <td align="center">0.65 &#177; 0.99</td>
              <td align="center">0.77 &#177; 0.78</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CS</td>
              <td align="center">2.84 &#177; 2.33</td>
              <td align="center">2.67 &#177; 2.58</td>
              <td align="center">2.72 &#177; 3.30</td>
              <td align="center">2.35 &#177; 1.54</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>log </td>
              <td align="center">0.72 &#177; 0.93</td>
              <td align="center">0.38 &#177; 1.27</td>
              <td align="center">0.47 &#177; 1.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.66 &#177; 0.75</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="5"/>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <p>ANOVA&#8722;LFPV: interaction: p = 0.559; nitrate: p = 0.762; angina: p = 0.850.
                     ANOVA&#8722;CS: interaction: p = 0.532; nitrate: p = 0.856; angina: p = 0.971. Data
                     are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation and logarithmic transformation
                     (log).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Considering the lack of significant difference between patients with SA and UA for the
            baseline characteristics, effects of medications, and laboratory evaluation criteria,
            patients were also analyzed as a whole.</p>
      <p>The analysis of the correlation between serum hs-CRP levels from LFPV versus CS showed a
            strong linear correlation for both patients with SA (r = 0.993, p &lt; 0.001) and those
            with UA (r = 0.976, p &lt; 0.001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2B</xref>) and
            for the entire sample (r = 0.985, p &lt; 0.001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure
               2C</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Linear correlation between the logarithmic hs-CRP levels in LFPV versus CS in
                  patients with stable angina (A), unstable angina (B), and in the entire sample
                  (C).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0202-40188-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The understanding that atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease with complex
            and autoimmune pathogenesis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> has mobilized researchers to search for an ideal
            marker or a predictor of cardiovascular disease risk. To date, hs-CRP is used in
            clinical practice and has been reported in several studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. However, its
            prognostic significance and its role as a marker or predictor of coronary risk are
            debatable. In this respect, Sposito et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> did
            not find good sensitivity of serum CRP for the detection of inflammation in patients
            with acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation; 70% of these patients
            exhibited a value of &lt; 1.0 mg/L.</p>
      <p>Although CRP has been known as an inflammatory marker since 1930<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, it also seems to be nonspecific. However, this fact does not
            decrease its importance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. CRP levels must always
            be used and interpreted based on the patient&#8217;s clinical data, just as temperature,
            another non-specific parameter, is clinically important<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>Other factors are associated with the inflammatory process and can be measured in
            several ways. One factor is the temperature change in the atherosclerotic plaque or
            coronary/myocardial trunk<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, which could affect hs-CRP levels. We did not
            check this parameter, but it was expected that inflammation would affect hs-CRP levels
            in CS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, a finding observed in our study.</p>
      <p>According to Buffon et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, generalized coronary
            inflammation occurs in the endothelium of different coronary arteries, regardless of the
            plaque location. On the other hand, it is noteworthy that one third of the blood flow
            through CS comes from the posterior vein, draining the blood from the right coronary
            artery (RCA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. In our study, we had only five
            patients (three with SA and two with UA) with isolated stenosis in RCA. Therefore, the
            impact on blood flow in RCA in CS was very low.</p>
      <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that examined the correlation
            between the absolute levels of hs-CRP in LFPV <italic>versus</italic> CS in patients
            presenting with symptomatic CAD and with SA or UA.</p>
      <p>To address the main objective of the study, the correlation between hs-CRP levels in
            LFPV <italic>versus</italic> CS in patients with SA or UA was assessed and the Pearson
            correlation coefficient was calculated. This analysis showed a strong linear correlation
            and an almost perfect correlation between these levels, clearly shown by the linear
            regression line, where the correlation coefficient was significant and close to 1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figures 2A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2B</xref>).</p>
      <p>Our data suggest that the strong correlation observed separately in patients with SA or
            UA was maintained in the entire sample (40 patients with CAD and angina pectoris) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2C</xref>), thereby drawing our attention because if
            increased local temperature is associated with the inflammatory process, and this
            process in turn is related to increased levels of hs-CRP, why were the peripheral blood
            hs-CRP levels (LFPV) the same as those obtained from the CS? The half-life of CRP in
            plasma is 19 hours<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Considering that coronary
            flow is approximately 5% of the cardiac output, even at rest, the additional increase in
            extrahepatic CRP on coronary circulation during the few minutes of coronary transit
            should be insignificant.</p>
      <p>Wang et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> "compared the gradients of hs-CPR
            levels between the CS&#8722;aortic root and peripheral vein&#8722;aortic root," in patients with
            acute and chronic CAD (SA and UA). Their results indicated no difference in the
            gradients of hs&#8209;CRP levels between the coronary and systemic circulation. However, the
            study limitations may have affected the analysis of UA because they did not eliminate
            the possibility of acute myocardial infarction without ST&#8209;segment elevation through the
            determination of troponin, which can be a risk factor for increased hs&#8209;CRP levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
      <p>The results of our study, unlike those of other authors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, showed that hs-CRP
            levels in LFPV reflected the levels in CS, and therefore levels in the coronary
            circulation. This result could have future implications in clinical practice and
            research in order to avoid invasive techniques for blood sample collection from CS,
            which at present is considered the ideal location for assessing inflammatory markers and
            coronary circulation31, considering that the hs-CRP levels found in LFPV and CS were
            similar and showed a strong linear correlation.</p>
      <p>Considering the results presented herein, three formulas can be used to calculate hs-CRP
            levels in CS using the data from LFPV in patients with SA or UA or in the entire sample,
            with no difference between the groups with SA and UA.</p>
      <p>We recognize the limitations of our study and its clinical applicability to all patients
            owing to the exclusion criteria involving patients with 100% suspected or known CAD
            referred to coronary angiography and patients having received at least one dose of
            statin immediately before the examination. These limitations may have contributed to the
            underestimation of the actual hs-CRP levels by interfering in the assessment of their
            absolute levels but not in the correlation between the levels in LFPV
               <italic>versus</italic> CS.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Our data suggest that in patients with CAD diagnosed with SA or UA, serum hs-CRP levels
            in LFPV <italic>versus</italic> CS showed a strong linear correlation.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo
               (Fapesp, process n.&#186; 2010/09072-6). The author received a scholarship from the
               Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (Capes).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Weverton Ferreira Leite,
               from Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre Prote&#237;na C-Reativa em Veia Perif&#233;rica e Seio Coron&#225;rio
               na Angina Est&#225;vel e Inst&#225;vel</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Weverton Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Felipe Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Strunz</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;lia Maria Cassaro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangione</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Armando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das
               Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo,
               SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o
               Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o
               Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Weverton Ferreira Leite,</bold> Rua Mirassol
               216, Vila Clementino. CEP 04044-010, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>wfleite@cardiol.br</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o
                  cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Leite WF, Ramires
                  JAF, Moreira LFP, Strunz CMC, Mangione JA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Leite WF, Mangione
                  JA; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Leite WF, Moreira LFP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e
                  Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Leite WF, Ramires JAF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade (PCR-as) &#233; comumente utilizada na
                  pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica para avaliar o risco cardiovascular. Entretanto, a correla&#231;&#227;o
                  entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCR-as (valores absolutos) perif&#233;rico
                     <italic>versus</italic> central ainda n&#227;o foi feita.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCR-as (mg/L) em veia perif&#233;rica
                  do antebra&#231;o esquerdo (VPAE) <italic>versus</italic> seio coron&#225;rio (SC), em
                  pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (DAC) com diagn&#243;stico de angina
                  est&#225;vel (AE) ou angina inst&#225;vel (AI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo observacional, descritivo, transversal, realizado no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o
                  do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo e
                  no Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, onde foram avaliados os
                  pacientes encaminhados ao hospital com DAC para angiografia coron&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Quarenta pacientes com DAC (20 AE e 20 AI) foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Amostras de
                  sangue na VPAE e SC foram coletadas simultaneamente antes da angiografia
                  coron&#225;ria. A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCR-as em VPAE
                  versus SC mostrou forte correla&#231;&#227;o linear tanto para AE (r = 0,993, p &lt; 0,001)
                  como para AI (r = 0,976, p &lt; 0,001) e em toda a amostra (r = 0,985, p &lt;
                  0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Nossos dados sugeriram forte correla&#231;&#227;o linear entre os n&#237;veis de PCR-as em VPAE
                     <italic>versus</italic> SC na AE e AI.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Prote&#237;na C-Reativa</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Angina Est&#225;vel</kwd>
        <kwd>Angina Inst&#225;vel</kwd>
        <kwd>Seio Coron&#225;rio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Fapesp</funding-source>
          <award-id>2010/09072-6</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa
               do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (Fapesp, protocolo n.&#186; 2010/09072-6).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A busca por marcadores biol&#243;gicos para avaliar o risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#233; um
               dos grandes desafios da medicina nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, mais especificamente na
               cardiologia. Entre esses marcadores est&#227;o glicose, creatinina, renina, colesterol de
               lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade, leuc&#243;citos, e inflamat&#243;rios como
               lipoprote&#237;na&#8209;fosfolipase A2, interleucina 6, fator de necrose tumoral alfa, mol&#233;cula
               de ades&#227;o intercelular, mol&#233;cula de ades&#227;o celular vascular, prote&#237;na 1
               quimioatrativa de mon&#243;citos e selectina E, entre outros.</p>
        <p>Mais recentemente, introduziu-se a prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade (PCR-as)
               como marcador inflamat&#243;rio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, admitindo-se que poderia representar agress&#227;o
                  endotelial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> e instabiliza&#231;&#227;o de placas
                  ateroscler&#243;ticas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios estudos utilizando PCR-as sugerem que ela seria um marcador biol&#243;gico muito
               &#250;til para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de casos de maior risco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>O entendimento atual &#233; que a s&#237;ntese de PCR &#233; principalmente hep&#225;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Existem alguns relatos de s&#237;ntese extra-hep&#225;tica da PCR em tecidos
                  inflamados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. Se a fonte de PCR
               em pessoas com aterosclerose coron&#225;ria &#233;, de fato, as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias inflamadas,
               uma hip&#243;tese seria que a concentra&#231;&#227;o de PCR no SC seria maior do que na circula&#231;&#227;o
               sist&#234;mica.</p>
        <p>Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi correlacionar os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCR-as
               (valores absolutos) na veia perif&#233;rica do antebra&#231;o esquerdo (VPAE) com os valores
               encontrados no seio coron&#225;rio (SC), em pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a arterial
               coron&#225;ria (DAC) com diagn&#243;stico de angina est&#225;vel (AE) ou angina inst&#225;vel (AI).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Aprova&#231;&#227;o do protocolo e considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelos Comit&#234;s Cient&#237;ficos e de &#201;tica para An&#225;lise de
                  Projetos de Pesquisa (CAPPesq) do InCor-HC-FMUSP e Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia
                  Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo. Todos os pacientes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento
                  Livre e Esclarecido. O estudo foi realizado conforme a Declara&#231;&#227;o de
                  Helsinque.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Estudo observacional, descritivo, transversal, realizado no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o
                  (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o
                  Paulo (HC&#8209;FMUSP) e no Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, onde foram
                  avaliados os pacientes encaminhados ao hospital com DAC para angiografia
                  coron&#225;ria. Destes, 40 pacientes que preencheram os crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o foram
                  inclu&#237;dos no estudo e classificados em AE (n = 20) e AI (n = 20).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos participantes do estudo</title>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: AE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>;
                     AI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>; estenose &#8805; 70% do di&#226;metro da luz
                  vascular em uma das principais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias; fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo
                  esquerdo normal em repouso (FEVE &#8805;55% calculada pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson
                  modificado), ao ecocardiograma (ECO); idade entre 40-75 anos; ritmo sinusal ao
                  eletrocardiograma (ECG) e troponina I normal (com detec&#231;&#227;o de alta
                  sensibilidade).</p>
          <p>Para descartar condi&#231;&#245;es que pudessem estar associados a n&#237;veis elevados de PCR,
                  exclu&#237;ram-se todos os pacientes que foram submetidos a abla&#231;&#227;o, estudo
                  eletrofisiol&#243;gico ou interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea &lt; 3 meses; alcoolismo ou
                  etilista pesado ou abstin&#234;ncia &lt; 3 meses; anemia; acidente vascular cerebral
                  &lt; 3 meses; bradicardia ou taquicardia, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita; c&#226;ncer &lt; 5
                  anos; cirurgia card&#237;aca ou geral &lt; 3 meses; doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva
                  perif&#233;rica ou doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea; diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic>; dissec&#231;&#227;o da
                  aorta; doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria infecciosa ou n&#227;o
                  infecciosa aguda ou trauma &lt; 3 meses; insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica (creatinina &#8805;
                  1,5 mg/dL); hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) n&#227;o controlada;
                  hipo/hipertireoidismo; infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio &lt;3 meses; insufici&#234;ncia
                  hep&#225;tica; miocardiopatia; obesidade; pneumopatia; tabagismo ativo ou abstin&#234;ncia
                  &lt; 3 meses; transplante de &#243;rg&#227;o pr&#233;vio; uso de glicocorticoides,
                  imunossupressores ou agentes anti-inflamat&#243;rios n&#227;o esteroides &lt; 3 meses;
                  valvopatia ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial e coleta da amostra de sangue</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial constou de exames laboratoriais de rotina: alanina
                  aminotransferase (ALT), creatinina, glicose, hemograma, horm&#244;nio tiroestimulante
                  (TSH), troponina I, seguindo a metodologia de rotina dos centros envolvidos, e
                  angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa, ECO e ECG.</p>
          <p>Coletaram-se amostras de sangue na sala de hemodin&#226;mica, com paciente em dec&#250;bito
                  dorsal horizontal, repouso de, no m&#237;nimo, 60 minutos e jejum pr&#233;vio de 12 horas,
                  tendo-se administrado a &#250;ltima dose de estatina (rosuvastatina 10 mg), nitrato ou
                  &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (AAS), no m&#237;nimo, 11 horas e 20 minutos antes da coleta da
                  amostra de sangue, realizada entre 7h20 e 10h10 do dia seguinte.</p>
          <p>Todas as amostras de sangue foram adquiridas antes da administra&#231;&#227;o de contraste,
                  nitrato ou heparina, simultaneamente a partir de uma VPAE (amostra perif&#233;rica) por
                  meio de pun&#231;&#227;o venosa direta e do SC (amostra central) por cateterismo direto; o
                  material coletado foi acondicionado em tubos de 5 mL de Vacuette<sup>&#174;</sup> com
                  gel separador (Greiner Bio-One, Americana, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa</title>
          <p>As vias de acesso empregadas para angiografia coron&#225;ria foram art&#233;ria femoral
                  direita ou art&#233;ria radial direita. A posi&#231;&#227;o do cateter mantida em SC foi
                  confirmada por meio de inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste, imediatamente ap&#243;s a coleta das
                  amostras de sangue (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cateter no seio coron&#225;rio em proje&#231;&#227;o anteroposterior (A) e obl&#237;qua
                        anterior esquerda (C). Angiografia do seio coron&#225;rio em proje&#231;&#227;o
                        anteroposterior (B) e obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda (D).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0202-40188-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>A seguir, realizou-se angiografia coron&#225;ria nas proje&#231;&#245;es padronizadas e
                  determinou-se, por meio de an&#225;lise, o grau de gravidade da estenose. N&#227;o houve
                  complica&#231;&#245;es durante as angiografias coron&#225;rias ou relativas &#224;s coletas das
                  amostras de sangue em VPAE ou SC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dosagem da prote&#237;na C-reativa</title>
          <p>As amostras de soro foram analisadas no mesmo dia por meio de metodologia de alta
                  sensibilidade, e a PCR foi quantificada em equipamento automatizado BN II
                     Systems<sup>&#174;</sup>, utilizando-se o Kit Cardio Phase hs-CRP<sup>&#174;</sup>
                  (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products, Marburg, Alemanha).</p>
          <p>O valor de refer&#234;ncia foi inferior a 1,0 mg/L para avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco de doen&#231;a
                  vascular. O limite de detec&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo foi de 0,15 mg/L. O coeficiente de
                  varia&#231;&#227;o foi de 7,6% para uma concentra&#231;&#227;o de 0,4 mg/L.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>O c&#225;lculo amostral foi realizado com base no valor do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de
                  Pearson (<italic>r</italic>). Nossa hip&#243;tese era de que haveria uma correla&#231;&#227;o
                  entre os n&#237;veis de PCR-as na VPAE <italic>versus</italic> SC acima de 0,70. Com
                  base na estimativa de correla&#231;&#227;o de 0,70, poder de 80% e n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia do
                  teste de 5%, obteve-se o tamanho da amostra para cada grupo (20 AE e 20 AI).</p>
          <p>Para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas, a an&#225;lise foi feita por meio do c&#225;lculo de m&#233;dias
                  &#177; desvios-padr&#227;o. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis qualitativas, calcularam-se frequ&#234;ncias
                  absolutas e relativas (%).</p>
          <p>Com o objetivo de avaliar se os n&#237;veis de PCR-as obedeciam &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o normal,
                  utilizou-se o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. A PCR foi analisada por meio de transforma&#231;&#227;o
                  dos dados para uma escala logar&#237;tmica (transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica) para obtermos
                  normalidade dos dados.</p>
          <p>Para o estudo de dois fatores influenciando as m&#233;dias dos valores estudados,
                  optou-se pela an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia a dois fatores (ANOVA). M&#233;dias foram comparadas
                  por meio do teste t de Student e propor&#231;&#245;es por meio do teste qui-quadrado ou
                  teste exato de Fisher.</p>
          <p>Para a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de PCR-as em VPAE <italic>versus</italic> SC
                  utilizou-se o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. Quanto &#224; obten&#231;&#227;o de um modelo
                  preditor, foi utilizado o modelo de regress&#227;o linear simples.</p>
          <p>Os valores obtidos nos testes foram considerados significativos quando p &lt;
                  0,05. Todos os c&#225;lculos foram realizados com o <italic>software</italic>
                  Statistical Package for The Social Sciences (SPSS Inc.<sup>&#174;</sup>, Chicago, IL,
                  Estados Unidos) vers&#227;o 17.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de novembro de 2011 a setembro de 2012, 40 pacientes portadores de
               DAC ateroscler&#243;tica com diagn&#243;stico de angina <italic>pectoris</italic> foram
               avaliados, classificados em AE (n = 20) e AI (n = 20), e compuseram a amostra do
               presente estudo.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise dos pacientes com AE e AI n&#227;o revelou diferen&#231;a significativa quanto &#224;s
               suas caracter&#237;sticas basais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos participantes do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">Total (n = 40)</th>
                <th align="center">Angina est&#225;vel (n = 20)</th>
                <th align="center">Angina inst&#225;vel (n = 20)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">59,25 &#177; 9,34</td>
                <td align="center">59,50 &#177; 9,12</td>
                <td align="center">59,00 &#177; 9,79</td>
                <td align="center">0,868</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Sexo masculino n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (65,0)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (65,0)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (65,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">26,00 &#177; 2,98</td>
                <td align="center">25,77 &#177; 3,29</td>
                <td align="center">26,24 &#177; 2,69</td>
                <td align="center">0,621</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Ex-fumante n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (62,5)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (60,0)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (65,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,744</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Uso de &#225;lcool n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Ex-etilista, nunca, raramente</td>
                <td align="center">31 (77,5)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (80,0)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (75,0)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Etilismo leve a moderado</td>
                <td align="center">9 (22,5)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (25,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">HAS n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (72,5)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (80,0)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (65,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,288</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">122,50 &#177; 10,00</td>
                <td align="center">120,75 &#177; 11,27</td>
                <td align="center">124,25 &#177; 8,47</td>
                <td align="center">0,274</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">73,88 &#177; 7,88</td>
                <td align="center">75,00 &#177; 6,07</td>
                <td align="center">72,75 &#177; 9,39</td>
                <td align="center">0,374</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">FC (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">64,65 &#177; 10,43</td>
                <td align="center">63,75 &#177; 10,45</td>
                <td align="center">65,55 &#177; 10,60</td>
                <td align="center">0,592</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <p>Ex-fumante: com abstin&#234;ncia de tabaco &gt;3 meses; ex-etilista: com
                        abstin&#234;ncia de &#225;lcool &gt;3 meses; consumo de &#225;lcool raramente: &#8804;1 dose/m&#234;s;
                        etilismo leve: homem ou mulher &#8804;3 doses/semana; etilismo moderado: mulher,
                        4-7 doses/semana; homem, 4-14 doses/semana. Dados apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177;
                        desvio-padr&#227;o e porcentual.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>De acordo com os crit&#233;rios de avalia&#231;&#227;o de laborat&#243;rio, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a
               significativa entre os pacientes com AE e AI quando os valores de ALT, creatinina,
               glicose, hemograma completo, TSH e troponina I foram comparados.</p>
        <p>&#192; medida que os pacientes tinham DAC sintom&#225;tica, os medicamentos (AAS, bloqueadores
               do canal de c&#225;lcio, betabloqueadores, bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina,
               clopidogrel, diur&#233;ticos, estatina, inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina e
               nitratos) foram mantidos para todos os indiv&#237;duos do estudo. Na an&#225;lise das
               medica&#231;&#245;es utilizadas nos dois tipos de angina, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as
               significativas, com exce&#231;&#227;o de nitratos. O uso de nitratos foi justificado pela maior
               intensidade e frequ&#234;ncia de angina <italic>pectoris</italic> nos pacientes com AI 16
               (80%), quando comparados com AE 5 (25%), com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p &lt; 0,001)
               &#8211; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>F&#225;rmacos utilizados pelos pacientes no momento da inclus&#227;o no
                     estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">F&#225;rmaco</th>
                <th align="center">Angina est&#225;vel (n = 20)</th>
                <th align="center">Angina inst&#225;vel (n = 20)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>AAS n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (90)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (90)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BCC n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,465</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (70)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (70)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRA n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (25)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,723</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Clopidogrel n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (35)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (45)</td>
                <td align="center">0,519</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;tico n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,465</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatina n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (65)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (70)</td>
                <td align="center">0,736</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (35)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,337</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nitrato n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (25)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (80)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <p>AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; BCC: bloqueador do canal de c&#225;lcio; BRA:
                        bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora
                        de angiotensina.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>ANOVA foi utilizada para testar essa diferen&#231;a e avaliar poss&#237;vel interfer&#234;ncia nos
               n&#237;veis de PCR-as em cada tipo de angina. Constatou-se que n&#227;o houve efeito de
               intera&#231;&#227;o entre os dois tipos de angina e o uso de nitratos nos n&#237;veis de PCR-as em
               VPAE (p = 0,559) e SC (<italic>p</italic> = 0,532), e n&#227;o existiu diferen&#231;a
               significativa entre os grupos de uso ou n&#227;o de nitratos em ambas as medidas, VPAE (p
               = 0,762) e SC (p = 0,856) &#8211; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>N&#237;veis de PCR-as (mg/L) na VPAE e SC em pacientes com e sem uso de nitrato
                     na angina est&#225;vel e inst&#225;vel</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">Angina est&#225;vel (n = 20)</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">Angina inst&#225;vel (n = 20)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>PCR-as</th>
                <th align="center">Com nitrato</th>
                <th align="center">Sem nitrato</th>
                <th align="center">Com nitrato</th>
                <th align="center">Sem nitrato</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>VPAE</td>
                <td align="center">3,11 &#177; 2,53</td>
                <td align="center">2,93 &#177; 2,83</td>
                <td align="center">3,13 &#177; 3,61</td>
                <td align="center">2,68 &#177; 1,83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>log </td>
                <td align="center">0,82 &#177; 0,96</td>
                <td align="center">0,44 &#177; 1,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,65 &#177; 0,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,77 &#177; 0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SC</td>
                <td align="center">2,84 &#177; 2,33</td>
                <td align="center">2,67 &#177; 2,58</td>
                <td align="center">2,72 &#177; 3,30</td>
                <td align="center">2,35 &#177; 1,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>log </td>
                <td align="center">0,72 &#177; 0,93</td>
                <td align="center">0,38 &#177; 1,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,47 &#177; 1,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,66 &#177; 0,75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5"/>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <p>ANOVA&#8722;VPAE: intera&#231;&#227;o: p = 0,559; nitrato: p = 0,762; angina: p = 0,850.
                        ANOVA&#8722;SC: intera&#231;&#227;o: p = 0,532; nitrato: p = 0,856; angina: p = 0,971. Dados
                        apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o e transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica (log).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Considerando que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre AE e AI (caracter&#237;sticas
               basais, medica&#231;&#245;es e crit&#233;rios de avalia&#231;&#227;o de laborat&#243;rio), os pacientes tamb&#233;m
               foram analisados como um todo.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCR-as em VPAE
                  <italic>versus</italic> SC mostrou forte correla&#231;&#227;o linear tanto para AE (r =
               0,993, p &lt; 0,001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2A</xref>) como para AI (r
               = 0,976, p &lt; 0,001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2B</xref>) e em toda a
               amostra (r = 0,985, p &lt; 0,001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura
               2C</xref>)</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o linear entre os logaritmos da PCR-as em VPAE versus SC na angina
                     est&#225;vel (A), na angina inst&#225;vel (B) e em toda a amostra (C).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0202-40188-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O reconhecimento de que a aterosclerose &#233; uma doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica, com
               patog&#234;nese complexa e autoimune<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, mobiliza
               pesquisadores em busca de um marcador ou preditor de risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular
               ideal. A PCR-as &#233; utilizada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e em v&#225;rios estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> com esse prop&#243;sito.
               Entretanto, seu significado progn&#243;stico, bem como o seu papel como marcador ou
               preditor de risco coron&#225;rio, &#233; discut&#237;vel. Sposito e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> n&#227;o encontraram boa sensibilidade da PCR s&#233;rica para detec&#231;&#227;o
               de inflama&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento
               ST, chegando a ter um valor de &lt;1,0 mg/L em 70% desses pacientes.</p>
        <p>A PCR, apesar de ser um marcador inflamat&#243;rio estabelecido desde 1930<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, parece ser tamb&#233;m inespec&#237;fica, embora o fato
               de ser inespec&#237;fica n&#227;o diminua sua import&#226;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Por&#233;m, os n&#237;veis de PCR devem ser sempre utilizados e interpretados
               com base nos dados cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes, tal qual a temperatura, um par&#226;metro
               igualmente inespec&#237;fico, mas de grande utilidade cl&#237;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Existem fatores que poderiam estar associados ao processo inflamat&#243;rio, e este pode
               ser medido de v&#225;rias formas. Uma delas &#233; a mudan&#231;a de temperatura na placa
               ateroscler&#243;tica ou &#225;rvore coron&#225;ria/mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, que poderia
               interferir nos n&#237;veis de PCR-as. N&#243;s n&#227;o aferimos a temperatura, mas esperava-se que
               a inflama&#231;&#227;o trouxesse repercuss&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de PCR-as no SC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, uma constata&#231;&#227;o observada em nosso estudo.</p>
        <p>De acordo com Buffon e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, h&#225; inflama&#231;&#227;o
               coron&#225;ria generalizada envolvendo o endot&#233;lio de diferentes art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias,
               independentemente da localiza&#231;&#227;o da placa. Por outro lado, &#233; muito importante lembrar
               que um ter&#231;o do fluxo do SC se d&#225; a partir da veia posterior, drenando o sangue da
               art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Em nosso
               estudo tivemos apenas cinco pacientes (tr&#234;s com AE e dois com AI) com estenose
               isolada em ACD. Assim, a influ&#234;ncia do fluxo de ACD no SC foi muito fraca.</p>
        <p>Este estudo, ao que se sabe, &#233; o primeiro da literatura que analisou a correla&#231;&#227;o
               entre os n&#237;veis de PCR-as (valores absolutos) em VPAE <italic>versus</italic> SC nos
               pacientes portadores de DAC sintom&#225;tica com AE e AI.</p>
        <p>Para responder &#224; pergunta principal do objetivo do presente estudo, realizou-se
               an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de PCR-as em VPAE <italic>versus</italic> SC na
               AE e na AI, e determinou-se o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. Os dados dessa
               an&#225;lise mostraram forte correla&#231;&#227;o linear, quase correla&#231;&#227;o perfeita entre esses
               n&#237;veis, claramente evidenciada pela linha de regress&#227;o linear, onde o coeficiente de
               correla&#231;&#227;o foi significativo e pr&#243;ximo da unidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figuras 2A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">2B</xref>).</p>
        <p>Com base na an&#225;lise de toda a amostra (40 pacientes com DAC e angina
                  <italic>pectoris</italic>), os nossos dados sugeriram que manteve-se a forte
               correla&#231;&#227;o evidenciada separadamente nos pacientes com AE e AI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2C</xref>). Esse fato chamou a nossa aten&#231;&#227;o porque, se o aumento
               da temperatura local est&#225; associado ao processo inflamat&#243;rio, e esse processo est&#225;
               relacionado com o aumento da PCR-as, por que no sangue perif&#233;rico (VPAE) os valores
               de PCR-as se mantiveram no mesmo n&#237;vel que no SC? A meia-vida da PCR no plasma &#233; de
               19 horas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Tendo-se em conta que o fluxo
               coron&#225;rio &#233; da ordem de 5% do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, mesmo em repouso o incremento
               adicional da PCR extra&#8209;hep&#225;tica &#224; circula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria durante os poucos minutos de
               tr&#226;nsito coron&#225;rio deve ser insignificante.</p>
        <p>Wang e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> "compararam os gradientes dos
               n&#237;veis de PCR-as entre SC&#8722;raiz da aorta e veia perif&#233;rica&#8722;raiz da aorta", em
               pacientes com DAC aguda e cr&#244;nica (AE e AI). Nessa compara&#231;&#227;o relatam que n&#227;o h&#225;
               diferen&#231;a em tais gradientes de PCR-as entre as circula&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;ria e sist&#234;mica.
               Mas as limita&#231;&#245;es reconhecidas em seu estudo podem ter prejudicado as an&#225;lises sobre
               AI, porque eles n&#227;o exclu&#237;ram infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST
               por meio da dosagem de troponina, o que pode ser um fator de aumento nos n&#237;veis de
                  PCR-as<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
        <p>Com os dados do nosso estudo, ao contr&#225;rio de outros autores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,
               constatou-se que os n&#237;veis de PCR-as na VPAE refletiram os n&#237;veis no SC, portanto na
               circula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>Esse fato poderia ter implica&#231;&#245;es futuras em cl&#237;nica e pesquisa, de modo a evitar
               t&#233;cnicas invasivas para coleta de amostras de sangue no SC, at&#233; o momento considerado
               o lugar ideal para estudos de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e circula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, porque o presente estudo sugeriu que os
               n&#237;veis de PCR-as encontrados na VPAE e no SC foram semelhantes e apresentaram forte
               correla&#231;&#227;o linear.</p>
        <p>Um fato interessante &#233; que, com os dados do presente estudo, &#233; poss&#237;vel calcular por
               meio de tr&#234;s f&#243;rmulas o n&#237;vel de PCR-as no SC a partir dos dados de uma VPAE, na AE,
               na AI e em toda a amostra, sem separa&#231;&#227;o entre AE e AI.</p>
        <p>Reconhecemos as limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso estudo e sua aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica para grande
               universo de pacientes, devido ao grande n&#250;mero de crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, tendo os
               pacientes sido encaminhados por seus m&#233;dicos para a angiografia coron&#225;ria com 100% de
               suspeita de DAC ou DAC conhecida, com 100% dos pacientes tendo recebido pelo menos
               uma dose de estatina na v&#233;spera do exame. Esses fatos podem ter contribu&#237;do para
               subestimar os reais n&#237;veis de PCR-as, interferindo nas considera&#231;&#245;es a respeito dos
               valores absolutos de tais n&#237;veis, mas n&#227;o na correla&#231;&#227;o entre esses n&#237;veis em VPAE
                  <italic>versus</italic> SC, objetivo principal deste estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os nossos dados sugeriram que, nos pacientes portadores de DAC com diagn&#243;stico de AE
               ou AI, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCR-as na VPAE versus SC apresentaram forte correla&#231;&#227;o
               linear.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de
                  S&#227;o Paulo (Fapesp, protocolo n.&#186; 2010/09072-6). O autor recebeu uma bolsa da
                  Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (Capes).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo &#233; parte da tese de Doutorado de Weverton Ferreira Leite pela Faculdade
                  de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
