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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">QNffMTM8QfhR78Xr5Yr9YRL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000300004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040192</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140192</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Role of microRNAs 221/222 on Statin Induced Nitric Oxide Release in Human
               Endothelial Cells</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerda</surname>
            <given-names>Alvaro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fajardo</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Moreno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Basso</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Gouveia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hirata</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Hiroyuki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hirata</surname>
            <given-names>Rosario Dominguez Crespo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas e
               Toxicol&#243;gicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas e Toxicol&#243;gicas -
               Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de La Frontera</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Excelencia en Estudios Gen&#233;ticos e
               Inmunol&#243;gicos</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Biolog&#237;a Molecular y
               Farmacogen&#233;tica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Temuco</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Chile</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Biolog&#237;a Molecular y Farmacogen&#233;tica -
               Centro de Excelencia en Estudios Gen&#233;ticos e Inmunol&#243;gicos - Universidade de La
               Frontera, Temuco - Chile</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Alvaro Cerda</bold>, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes
               580 Bl 17, Butant&#227;. Postal Code 05508-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. Email:
                  <email>alvarocerda@usp.br</email>;
               <email>tmalvarocerda@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, analysis and interpretation of the data and
                  critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cerda A, Hirata MH,
                  Hirata RDC; acquisition of data: Cerda A, Moreno FC, Basso RG; statistical
                  analysis and writing of the manuscript: Cerda A; obtaining financing: Cerda A,
                  Hirata RDC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>195</fpage>
      <lpage>201</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Nitric oxide (NO) has been largely associated with cardiovascular protection
                  through improvement of endothelial function. Recently, new evidence about
                  modulation of NO release by microRNAs (miRs) has been reported, which could be
                  involved with statin-dependent pleiotropic effects, including anti-inflammatory
                  properties related to vascular endothelium function.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the effects of cholesterol-lowering drugs including the inhibitors of
                  cholesterol synthesis, atorvastatin and simvastatin, and the inhibitor of
                  cholesterol absorption ezetimibe on NO release, NOS3 mRNA expression and miRs
                  potentially involved in NO bioavailability.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were exposed to atorvastatin,
                  simvastatin or ezetimibe (0 to 5.0 <italic>&#956;</italic>M). Cells were submitted to
                  total RNA extraction and relative quantification of <italic>NOS3</italic> mRNA and
                  miRs -221, -222 and -1303 by qPCR. NO release was measured in supernatants by
                  ozone-chemiluminescence.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Both statins increased NO levels and <italic>NOS3</italic> mRNA expression but no
                  influence was observed for ezetimibe treatment. Atorvastatin, simvastatin and
                  ezetimibe down-regulated the expression of miR-221, whereas miR-222 was reduced
                  only after the atorvastatin treatment. The magnitude of the reduction of miR-221
                  and miR-222 after treatment with statins correlated with the increment in
                     <italic>NOS3</italic> mRNA levels. No influence was observed on the miR-1303
                  expression after treatments.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>NO release in endothelial cells is increased by statins but not by the inhibitor
                  of cholesterol absorption, ezetimibe. Our results provide new evidence about the
                  participation of regulatory miRs 221/222 on NO release induction mediated by
                  statins. Although ezetimibe did not modulate NO levels, the down-regulation of
                  miR-221 could involve potential effects on endothelial function.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Nitric Oxide</kwd>
        <kwd>Cholesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelial Cells</kwd>
        <kwd>microRNAs</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>S&#227;o Paulo Research Foundation</funding-source>
          <award-id>2010/15353-8</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES-Brazil</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq-Brazil</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>The present study was supported by the grant # 2010/15353-8, S&#227;o
               Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil. A. Cerda is a recipient of a
               fellowship from CAPES-Brazil. R.G. Basso, M.H. Hirata and R.D.C. Hirata are
               recipients of fellowships from CNPq-Brazil.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="22"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Dyslipidemia is a key factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis through the
            relationship of cholesterol excess with the lipid-composition of the plaque. Cholesterol
            contents are associated with the inflammatory process by modulating inflammatory
            cytokines, adhesion molecules and other molecules related to the endothelial function in
            early atherosclerosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Nitric oxide (NO) has been largely associated with cardiovascular protection through
            improvement of the endothelial function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Several mechanisms
            have been described to regulate the expression of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase
            (eNOS) and NO release in the endothelium, including transcriptional and
            post-transcriptional regulation of the gene encoding eNOS (<italic>NOS3</italic>), as
            well as post-translational modifications<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Post-transcriptional
            regulation mediated by non-coding small RNAs has also demonstrated participation in this
            process and, in this way, new evidence about modulation of NO release by microRNAs
            (miRs) has been reported. An example of the miR-mediated regulation of NO release is
            observed for miRs-221/222 which have been related to lower <italic>NOS3</italic> mRNA
            and reduced NO release in endothelial cells<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>Cholesterol-lowering therapies have been largely related with a reduced risk of
            cardiovascular diseases. Among them, statins are recognized as the main
            cholesterol-lowering drugs by reducing the cholesterol contents through the inhibition
            of the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coA reductase (HMGCR), an enzyme with a key function
            in the endogenous biosynthesis of the cholesterol<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. On the other hand, ezetimibe also reduces cholesterol contents by
            interacting with the Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1), which results in a decreased
            cholesterol absorption<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. In addition, a number of
            pleiotropic effects have been described for statin therapy, including anti-inflammatory
            properties related to the vascular endothelium function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Molecular mechanisms involved in statin-related anti&#8209;inflammatory effects
            and whether or not this depends on intracellular cholesterol reduction remains
            controversial.</p>
      <p>Here, we analyzed the effects of cholesterol-lowering drugs including the inhibitors of
            cholesterol synthesis, atorvastatin and simvastatin, and the inhibitor of cholesterol
            absorption ezetimibe on NO release, <italic>NOS3</italic> mRNA expression and their
            effects on the expression of miRs related to <italic>NOS3</italic> mRNA modulation:
            miR-221, miR-222 as well as the miR-1303, a miR predicted to interact with
               <italic>NOS3</italic> mRNA by bioinformatics tools.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Cell culture, treatments and cell viability analysis</title>
        <p>Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium
               supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 44 mmol/L sodium bicarbonate, 100 &#181;g/mL
               streptomycin and 100 U/mL penicillin. Cells were grown at 37&#176;C in a humidified
               atmosphere containing 5% CO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
        <p>Cells at passage 4-8 were treated with atorvastatin (kindly provided by Pfizer
               Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Guarulhos, SP, Brazil), simvastatin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA)
               or ezetimibe (kindly provided by Merck/Schering-Plough, NJ, USA). Atorvastatin was
               dissolved in methanol whereas simvastatin and ezetimibe were dissolved in ethanol.
               Simvastatin was activated by incubation with 0.1N NaOH solution at 50&#176;C for 2 h,
               followed by neutralization at pH 7.0 and adjustment of the concentration to 5.6 mM.
               The final concentration of methanol or ethanol in the culture medium did not exceed
               0.1% and 0.2%, respectively.</p>
        <p>Toxicity of the drugs was evaluated by measuring the percentage of cells with a loss
               of membrane integrity and DNA fragmentation. Regarding membrane integrity, cells (5 x
                  10<sup>5</sup>) were treated with each drug and the percentage of viable cells was
               determined by flow cytometry using propidium iodide solution (50 mg/mL in phosphate
               buffer saline), which intercalates with DNA and is unable to pass through intact
               membranes. For the DNA fragmentation assay, the percentage of fragmented DNA was
               detected by flow cytometry after cells (5 x 10<sup>5</sup>) were incubated for 2 h
               with a hypotonic solution (0.1% sodium citrate and 0.1% Triton X-100) containing 50
               mg/mL of propidium iodide.</p>
        <p>Cells (numbering 10,000) were analysed in a FACSCanto II<italic/> flow cytometer
               (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA, USA). Red (propidium iodide) fluorescence was
               evaluated using a585&#160;nm filter. Data were acquired and analyzed using the FACS/Cell
               Quest software (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA, USA).</p>
        <p>HUVEC (1.0 x 10<sup>6</sup> cells/mL) were treated with atorvastatin, simvastatin or
               ezetimibe for 24 h. Cells were incubated for 6 h (18 h after starting drug treatment)
               with 10 ng/mL of human TNF&#945; (Invitrogen &#8211; Life Technologies, CA, USA) in order to
               stimulate an inflammatory response simulating the chronic inflammation observed in
               early atherosclerosis. After incubations, supernatants of cell cultures were
               separated and cells were submitted to RNA extraction.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Nitric oxide measurement</title>
        <p>NO concentration in supernatants from HUVEC treated with cholesterol-lowering drugs
               was determined by ozone-chemiluminescence using the Sievers NO Analyzer 280 (GE
               Analytical instruments, CO, USA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Total RNA isolation</title>
        <p>RNA extraction from HUVEC was performed using the mirVvana miRNA isolation kit
               (Ambion Inc., TX, USA), which separates total RNA including miRNA fraction, following
               the manufacturer's suggested protocol. RNA concentration was measured by
               spectrophotometry using NanoDrop &#174; (NanoDrop Technologies INC., DE, USA) and RNA
               integrity was further evaluated using the Bioanalyzer&#174;2100 (Agilent Technologies, CA,
               USA). Samples with RNA integrity number (RIN) lower than 5&#160;were not used for mRNA
               experiments. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title><italic>NOS3</italic> mRNA quantification</title>
        <p>cDNA for <italic>NOS3</italic> (NM_000603.4) relative quantification was produced
               from 1 &#956;g of total RNA with Superscript&#8482; II Reverse Transcriptase (Life Technologies,
               CA, USA). <italic>NOS3</italic> mRNA expression was measured by quantitative
               real-time PCR (qPCR) using the SYBR&#174; Green system. The sequences of primers for
                  <italic>NOS3</italic> transcript are described as follows: forward,
               5'-TCCCCGGGTCCTGTGTATG-3'; and reverse, 5'-TCCATCAGGGCAGCTGCAAA-3'. The qPCR assays
               were carried out in 96-well plates using a 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR system (Life
               Technologies, CA, USA).</p>
        <p>Six reference genes [ubiquitin C (<italic>UBC</italic>), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
               dehydrogenase (<italic>GAPD</italic>), beta-2-microglobulin (<italic>B2M</italic>),
               hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl-transferase I (<italic>HPRTI</italic>), succinate
               dehydrogenase complex, subunit A (<italic>SDHA</italic>) and hydroxymethyl-bilane
               synthase (<italic>HMBS</italic>)] were tested and analyzed using the geNorm
                  software<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, in order to choose the gene
               with lower variability for our cellular model under each experimental condition.The
               most stable gene in experimental conditions was <italic>HMBS</italic>, and the
               sequences of primers used for this endogenous gene are described as follows: forward,
               5'-GGCAATGCGGCTGCAA-3'; and reverse, 5'-GGGTACCCACGCGAATCAC-3'.</p>
        <p>All samples were assayed in duplicate. The relative quantification of gene expression
               was analyzed using the comparative Ct method using the formula 2<sup>-&#916;&#916;Ct</sup>
               <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> using cells treated with the vehicle
               stimulated for 6 h of TNF&#945; (10 ng/mL) as a calibrator.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>microRNA analysis</title>
        <p>miR-221 and miR-222 (MI00000298 and MI00000299, respectively) were selected from
               previous reports from the literature whereas miR-1303 (MI0006370) was chosen using
               bioinformatics tools. Predictive analysis using TargetScan (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.targetscan.org">www.targetscan.org</ext-link>) showed that miR-1303 is a conserved miR with a
               high score for mRNA-miR interaction (context score percentile: 99) and this
               prediction was further confirmed using the miRNA target prediction databases miRDB
                  (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mirdb.org">www.mirdb.org</ext-link>) and Target Miner (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.isical.ac.in/~bioinfo_miu">www.isical.ac.in/~bioinfo_miu</ext-link>).</p>
        <p>miR relative quantification was performed by stem loop TaqMan&#174; RT-qPCR (Life
               Technologies, CA, USA). Specific stem loop primers were used to synthetize the cDNA
               from 10 ng of total RNA using the micro-RNA transcription kit (Life Technologies, CA,
               USA). Predesigned assays were purchased from Life Technologies to perform the
               relative quantification using the RNU24 as an endogenous reference. RNU24 was
               selected as the most stable endogenous reference among 4 small nucleolar RNAs (RNU24,
               RNU6B, RNU58, RNU44), which were evaluated by using the geNorm software<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analyses were performed using Prism v.5.0 for Windows (Graph Pad Software
               Inc., CA, USA) and SPSS v.15 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Madrid, Spain). Data are
               presented as mean &#177; SEM and differences among means were tested by one-way ANOVA
               followed by the Tukey post-test comparing each treatment with control. Statistical
               significance was set for p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>After 24h of treatment with statins, HUVEC had increased loss of membrane integrity (11%
            and 12% for atorvastatin and simvastatin, respectively) and increased DNA fragmentation
            (31% and 28% for atorvastatin and simvastatin, respectively) when using concentrations
            equal or higher than 10 &#181;M. Cell viability was not affected by any treatment &#8211;
            atorvastatin, simvastatin or ezetimibe &#8211; after 24 h exposure with up to 5&#160;&#181;M of each
            drug (data not shown).</p>
      <p>Stimulation of inflammatory response by TNF&#945; did not modify <italic>NOS3</italic> mRNA
            expression or NO release in endothelial cells, as observed in Figures <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2</xref>,
            respectively. Atorvastatin and simvastatin increased <italic>NOS3</italic> mRNA at 5 &#181;M
            after 24h (p &lt; 0.05), whereas no effect on <italic>NOS3</italic> mRNA was observed
            for ezetimibe (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). Both statins induced the
            release of NO from HUVEC when incubated for 24 h with 5 &#181;M (p &lt; 0.05) whereas
            ezetimibe did not modify the NO concentration in supernatants (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Influence of atorvastatin, simvastatin and ezetimibe on NOS3 mRNA expression
                  in HUVEC. Columns and error bars represents mean and SEM and were compared with
                  the vehicle control stimulated with TNF&#945; [(0 tnf); dotted line)] by one-way ANOVA
                  followed by Tukey post-test. HUVEC were treated for 24 h and stimulated with human
                  TNF&#945; (10 ng/mL) 6 h before RNA extraction. Data were obtained from 4-6 independent
                  experiments and mRNA expression was calculated using the comparative Ct method
                  using the HMBS as endogenous reference. (*), p &lt; 0.05.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0195-40192-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Influence of atorvastatin, simvastatin and ezetimibe on nitric oxide release
                  in HUVEC. Columns and error bars represent mean and SEM and were compared by
                  one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post-test. HUVEC cells were treated for 24 h and
                  stimulated with human TNF&#945; [10 ng/mL; 0(tnf)] 6 h before supernatant isolation for
                  NO measurements. Data were obtained from 5 independent experiments and NO was
                  measured by ozone-chemiluminescence. (*), p &lt; 0.05.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0195-40192-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The effects of atorvastatin, simvastatin and ezetimibe on the expression of miR-221,
            miR-222 and the miR-1303 are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>.
            Atorvastatin reduced the expression of miR-221 at 1 and 5 &#181;M and the expression of the
            miR-222 at 5 &#181;M. Simvastatin down-regulated only miR-221 at 5 &#181;M after 24 h of treatment
            whereas ezetimibe also reduced the expression of miR-221 at 5 &#181;M. Moreover, the
            variation of miR-221 after 5 &#181;M treatment with atorvastatin and simvastatin correlated
            negatively with <italic>NOS3</italic> mRNA expression (r<sup>2</sup>: -0.989 and 0.915
            for atorvastatin and simvastatin, respectively; p&#160;&lt;&#160;0.05; data not shown). The
            magnitude of the variation of <italic>NOS3</italic> also correlated negatively with
            miR-222 change after statin treatment (r<sup>2</sup>: -0.992 and 0.890 for atorvastatin
            and simvastatin, respectively; p &lt; 0.05; data not shown). On the other hand, miR-1303
            did not show statistical differences after any treatment.</p>
      <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Influence of atorvastatin, simvastatin and ezetimibe on expressions of
                  miR-221, miR-222 and miR-1303 in HUVEC. Columns and error bars represent mean and
                  SEM and were compared with the vehicle control stimulated with TNF&#945; (0 tnf; dotted
                  line) by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post-test. HUVEC were treated for 24 h
                  and stimulated with human TNF&#945; (10 ng/mL) 6 h before RNA extraction. Data were
                  obtained from 4 independent experiments and mRNA expression was calculated using
                  the comparative Ct method using the RNU24 as endogenous reference. (*), p &lt;
                  0.05.&lt;</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0195-40192-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this study, the inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by statins, but not the
            inhibition of cholesterol absorption by ezetimibe, modulated the NO release in
            endothelial cells. Our results showed a correlation between <italic>NOS3</italic> mRNA
            expression and NO release in HUVEC treated with statins, as previously observed in
            cultured endothelial cells exposed to fluvastatin treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Moreover, previous works have also suggested that the regulation
            of eNOS and the NO release by statins is also dependent on posttranslational
            modifications. For example, Aoki <italic>et al.</italic> reported that, besides the
               <italic>NOS3</italic> mRNA up-regulation, fluvastatin also modified the
            phosphorylation pattern of endothelial cells<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. A
            similar posttranslational modification was observed in isolated rat arteries treated
            with simvastatin<sup>13</sup>, which also caused an enhanced phosphorylation of eNOS at
            the Ser 1177 through regulation of the PKB/Akt, a process that leads to a higher enzyme
            activity and increased NO release<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>The modulation of NO by statins has been proposed as a central mechanism by which these
            drugs can exert their anti&#8209;inflammatory effects on the vascular endothelium. Due to this
            hypothesis, previous works using an animal model knockout for <italic>NOS3</italic> have
            been performed to evaluate whether pleiotropic effects of statins are dependent on eNOS
            modulation. Atorvastatin did not reduce NF&#954;B activation or infarct size in eNOS<sup>-/-
            </sup>mice undergoing coronary artery occlusion as compared with wild-type mice<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Similarly, rosuvastatin failed to attenuate the
            leucocyte-endothelium interactions in peri-intestinal venules of eNOS<sup>-/-</sup>
               mice<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. These data suggest that
            anti-inflammatory effects observed for statins require the release of NO by the vascular
            endothelium; however recent data have shown that anti-inflammatory effects of statins
            were also present in eNOS deficient animals, as in eNOS<sup>-/-</sup> mice treated with
            atorvastatin that had similar platelet activation compared with wild-type mice<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
      <p>Despite the controversial results about the role of eNOS in statins-induced
            anti-inflammatory effects, it is indubitable that an increased release of NO in the
            vascular endothelium by these or other treatments will be beneficial in reducing the
            risk of cardiovascular diseases. The emergence of new molecular mechanisms regulating
            the gene expression of <italic>NOS3</italic> and the release of NO, as the
            posttranscriptional regulation by miRs, are very interesting for the understanding of
            this process and for exploring new therapeutic targets.</p>
      <p>Here, we evaluated the effect of statins &#8211; atorvastatin and simvastatin &#8211; as well as the
            effect of the cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe on the expression of miR&#8209;221,
            miR-222 and miR-1303. Atorvastatin reduced the expression of miR&#8209;221 and miR-222,
            whereas simvastatin down-regulated only miR-221. Interestingly, ezetimibe also reduced
            the expression of miR-221 showing that the expression of this miR could be dependent on
            the regulation of intracellular cholesterol, regardless of the mechanism by which
            cholesterol content is modulated. On the other hand, none of the treatments modified the
            expression of the miR-1303, demonstrating that the modulation of <italic>NOS3</italic>
            and release of NO by statins are not dependent on this miR, although a miR:mRNA
            interaction was predicted by bioinformatics tools. A limitation of our study is that we
            focused only on the effects of cholesterol-lowering therapies on the proposed
            miRNA&#8209;mediated NO modulation and we did not evaluate the effects of the drugs on eNOS
            protein level or its posttranscriptional modifications. Here, we propose a mechanism by
            which statins contribute to the modulation of NO release in vascular endothelium.
            However, this mechanism should be considered one of a number of actions mediated by
            statins to improve endothelial function.</p>
      <p>The miRs -221 and -222 have demonstrated their participation in the progression of
            cardiovascular diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, as observed in rat
            carotid artery lesions after angioplasty in which their expression was increased<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. In the same way, miR-221 and miR-222 were
            increased in endothelial progenitor cells from patients with coronary artery disease
            (CAD) and in those patients, 12 months of treatment with atorvastatin, but not with
            pravastatin, diminished the expression of miRs-221/222<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Those results are in agreement with the reduction of these miRs mediated
            by statins in our study.</p>
      <p>Endothelial cells transfected with miRs-221/222 showed a reduction in both eNOS protein
            level and release of NO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. However, the direct
            mechanism by which these miRs may exert that effect is unknown because there is no
            target region for miRs-221/222 in the <italic>NOS3</italic> mRNA molecule generating a
            mRNA:miR interaction according to the predictive analysis by bioinformatics tools.
            Therefore, it is important to highlight that the modulation of eNOS by miRs-221/222
            lacks a molecular explanation, although it was demonstrated empirically. On the other
            hand, Liu <italic>et al.</italic> proposed that miRs-221/222 might modulate the
            proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the endothelium by targeting p27 (Kip1) and p57
               (Kip2)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> However, no relation of miRs-221/222
            with <italic>NOS3</italic> modulation and NO release was related in that work.</p>
      <p>An important extension of our work was the evaluation of the effect on the expression of
            the studied miRs of a non&#8209;statin cholesterol-lowering drug, the ezetimibe. Although most
            beneficial effects of ezetimibe in humans relate to its capacity to reduce cholesterol
            absorption in the intestine, the influence of this drug in other tissues, as the
            vascular endothelium, is an important issue to be investigated. In this way, the
            reduction of the expression of miR-221 could be considered an important indicator of
            possible pleiotropic effects of the ezetimibe therapy. A recent study also evaluated the
            effect of ezetimibe in an extra&#8209;intestinal tissue and showed that the ezetimibe
            inhibited the PMA-induced monocyte to macrophage differentiation, and the authors
            suggested that one of the mechanisms involved in the process could be the regulation of
            the miRs -155, -222, -424 and -503 by the ezetimibe in that cellular model<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Although miR-222 expression was not modified by
            ezetimibe in our work, the differences in the cellular models should be considered in
            this divergence. Moreover, the reduction of isoprenoids synthesis by statins &#8211; described
            as the main mechanism by which these drugs could exert their anti-inflammatory
               effects<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> - could also influence the
            differences observed between inhibitors of synthesis and absorption of cholesterol on
            endothelial NO modulation observed in this study. On the other hand, the observed
            reduction of miR-221 without an increment of NO release by ezetimibe led us to think
            that the reduction of this miR is not necessarily the only mechanism modulating the NO
            pathway. However, it is feasible to propose that using ezetimibe in a combination
            therapy with a statin could result in more benefits regarding endothelial function;
            however other studies are needed to elucidate this hypothesis.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Statin-induced down-regulation of miRs-221/222 is a new potential pathway by which the
            cholesterol-lowering treatment may exert its beneficial effects on NO release in human
            endothelium. Moreover, the observed reduction of miR-221 by ezetimibe should be
            investigated in the future as a potential contribution of this drug in endothelial
            function when used in a combination therapy.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Alvaro Cerda, from
               Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>The present study was supported by the grant # 2010/15353-8, S&#227;o Paulo Research
            Foundation (FAPESP), S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil. A. Cerda is a recipient of a fellowship from
            CAPES-Brazil. R.G. Basso, M.H. Hirata and R.D.C. Hirata are recipients of fellowships
            from CNPq-Brazil.</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Papel dos microRNAs 221/222 na Libera&#231;&#227;o de &#211;xido N&#237;trico Induzida por
               Estatinas em C&#233;lulas Endoteliais Humanas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerda</surname>
            <given-names>Alvaro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fajardo</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Moreno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Basso</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Gouveia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hirata</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Hiroyuki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hirata</surname>
            <given-names>Rosario Dominguez Crespo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas e
               Toxicol&#243;gicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas e Toxicol&#243;gicas -
               Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas - Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, SP -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de La Frontera</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Excelencia en Estudios Gen&#233;ticos e
               Inmunol&#243;gicos</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Biolog&#237;a Molecular y Farmacogen&#233;tica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Temuco</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Chile</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Biolog&#237;a Molecular y Farmacogen&#233;tica - Centro de
               Excelencia en Estudios Gen&#233;ticos e Inmunol&#243;gicos - Universidade de La Frontera,
               Temuco - Chile</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Alvaro Cerda</bold>, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes,
               580 Bl. 17, Butant&#227;. CEP 05508-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>alvarocerda@usp.br</email>;
               <email>tmalvarocerda@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e revis&#227;o
                  cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Cerda A, Hirata
                  MH, Hirata RDC; obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Cerda A, Moreno FC, Basso RG; An&#225;lise
                  estat&#237;stica e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cerda A; obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Cerda A,
                  Hirata RDC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; potenciais conflitos de interesse relevantes reportados para este
                  artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) tem sido amplamente associado com prote&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular
                  atrav&#233;s de melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Recentemente, novas evid&#234;ncias sobre a
                  modula&#231;&#227;o do NO na libera&#231;&#227;o de microRNAs (miRs) t&#234;m sido relatadas, o que poderia
                  estar envolvido com efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos dependentes de estatinas, incluindo
                  propriedades anti-inflamat&#243;rias relacionadas com a fun&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio
                  vascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar os efeitos dos medicamentos redutores de colesterol, incluindo os
                  inibidores da s&#237;ntese de colesterol, atorvastatina e sinvastatina, e o inibidor da
                  absor&#231;&#227;o de colesterol, ezetimiba, na libera&#231;&#227;o de NO, express&#227;o do mRNA do NOS3 e
                  miRs potencialmente envolvidos na biodisponibilidade do NO.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>C&#233;lulas endoteliais da veia umbilical humana (HUVEC) foram expostas &#224;
                  atorvastatina, sinvastatina ou ezetimiba (0 a 5,0 &#956;M). As c&#233;lulas foram submetidas
                  &#224; extra&#231;&#227;o do RNA total e quantifica&#231;&#227;o relativa de mRNA do NOS3 e dos
                  miRs-221,-222 e -1303 por qPCR. A libera&#231;&#227;o de NO foi medida em sobrenadantes por
                  oz&#244;nio-quimioluminesc&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Ambas as estatinas aumentaram os n&#237;veis de NO e a express&#227;o do mRNA do NOS3, mas
                  nenhum efeito foi observado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento com ezetimiba. A
                  atorvastatina, sinvastatina e ezetimiba regularam negativamente a express&#227;o do
                  miR-221, enquanto que o miR-222 reduziu somente ap&#243;s o tratamento com
                  atorvastatina. A magnitude da redu&#231;&#227;o de miR-221 e miR-222 ap&#243;s tratamento com
                  estatinas correlacionou com o incremento nos n&#237;veis de mRNA do NOS3. Nenhuma
                  influ&#234;ncia foi observada sobre a express&#227;o do miR-1303 ap&#243;s os tratamentos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A libera&#231;&#227;o de NO pelas c&#233;lulas endoteliais &#233; aumentada por estatinas, mas n&#227;o
                  pelo inibidor da absor&#231;&#227;o de colesterol ezetimiba. Nossos resultados fornecem
                  novas evid&#234;ncias sobre a participa&#231;&#227;o dos miRs regulat&#243;rios 221/222 na libera&#231;&#227;o
                  de NO mediada por estatinas. Embora a ezetimiba n&#227;o tenha modulado os n&#237;veis de
                  NO, a regula&#231;&#227;o negativa do miR-221 poderia envolver efeitos potenciais sobre a
                  fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>&#211;xido N&#237;trico</kwd>
        <kwd>Colesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases</kwd>
        <kwd>C&#233;lulas Endoteliais</kwd>
        <kwd>microRNAs</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</funding-source>
          <award-id>15353/2010-8</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES-Brasil</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq-Brasil</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa
               do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP, Projeto no. 15353/2010-8), S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil. A.
               Cerda &#233; benefici&#225;rio de uma bolsa da CAPES-Brasil. R.G. Basso, M.H. Hirata e R.D.C.
               Hirata s&#227;o benefici&#225;rios de bolsas do CNPq-Brasil.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A dislipidemia &#233; um fator-chave na patog&#234;nese da aterosclerose atrav&#233;s da rela&#231;&#227;o
               entre o excesso de colesterol e a composi&#231;&#227;o de lip&#237;dios da placa. O conte&#250;do de
               colesterol est&#225; associado com o processo inflamat&#243;rio atrav&#233;s da modula&#231;&#227;o de
               citocinas inflamat&#243;rias, mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o e outras mol&#233;culas relacionadas com a
               fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial na aterosclerose precoce<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>O &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) tem sido amplamente associado com prote&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular
               atrav&#233;s da melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. V&#225;rios mecanismos
               t&#234;m sido descritos como reguladores da express&#227;o da sintase do oxido n&#237;trico
               endoletial (eNOS) e libera&#231;&#227;o de NO no endot&#233;lio, incluindo a regula&#231;&#227;o
               transcricional e p&#243;s-transcricional do gene que codifica a eNOS
                  (<italic>NOS3</italic>), assim como modifica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s&#8209;translacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. A regula&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-transcricional mediada por pequenos RNAs n&#227;o
               codificantes demonstrou tamb&#233;m ter participa&#231;&#227;o neste processo e, desta forma, novas
               evid&#234;ncias sobre a modula&#231;&#227;o do NO por micro-RNAs (miRs) t&#234;m sido relatadas. Um
               exemplo de regula&#231;&#227;o de NO mediada por miRs &#233; observado com os miRs-221/222 que foram
               relacionados &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do mRNA do <italic>NOS3</italic> e redu&#231;&#227;o da libera&#231;&#227;o do NO
               pelas c&#233;lulas endoteliais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Terapias para reduzir o colesterol t&#234;m sido em grande parte relacionadas com redu&#231;&#227;o
               do risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Entre elas, as estatinas s&#227;o reconhecidas como
               os principais medicamentos para reduzir o colesterol, diminuindo o conte&#250;do de
               colesterol atrav&#233;s da inibi&#231;&#227;o da 3-hidroxi-3-metilglutaril CoA redutase (HMG-CoA
               redutase), uma enzima com fun&#231;&#227;o-chave na bioss&#237;ntese do colesterol end&#243;geno<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Por outro lado, a ezetimiba tamb&#233;m reduz o
               conte&#250;do de colesterol interagindo com o Niemann&#8209;Pick C1&#8211;<italic>like</italic> 1
               (NPC1L1), o que resulta em uma absor&#231;&#227;o reduzida de colesterol<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Al&#233;m disto, uma s&#233;rie de efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos foram descritos
               com a terapia com estatina, incluindo propriedades anti-inflamat&#243;rias relacionadas
               com a fun&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio vascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Os
               mecanismos moleculares envolvidos nos efeitos anti-inflamat&#243;rios da estatina, e se
               estes s&#227;o dependentes da redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol intracelular, s&#227;o fatos ainda
               controversos.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, n&#243;s analisamos os efeitos dos medicamentos redutores de colesterol,
               incluindo os inibidores da s&#237;ntese do colesterol, atorvastatina e sinvastatina, e do
               inibidor da absor&#231;&#227;o do colesterol ezetimiba na libera&#231;&#227;o de NO, express&#227;o do mRNA do
                  <italic>NOS3</italic> e seus efeitos sobre a express&#227;o de miRs relacionados com a
               modula&#231;&#227;o do mRNA do <italic>NOS3</italic>: miR-221, miR-222, bem como o miR-1303, um
               miR previsto por ferramentas de que tem intera&#231;&#227;o com o mRNA do
               <italic>NOS3</italic>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Cultura de c&#233;lulas, tratamentos e an&#225;lise da viabilidade celular</title>
          <p>C&#233;lulas endoteliais da veia umbilical humana (HUVEC) foram cultivadas em meio RPMI
                  1640 suplementado com 10% de soro fetal bovino, 44 mmol/L de bicarbonato de s&#243;dio,
                  100 &#181;g/mL de estreptomicina e 100 U/mL de penicilina. As c&#233;lulas foram cultivadas
                  a 37&#176;C em uma atmosfera umidificada contendo 5% de CO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
          <p>Entre a quarta e a oitava passagem, as c&#233;lulas foram tratadas com atorvastatina
                  (gentilmente fornecida pela Pfizer Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Guarulhos, SP, Brasil),
                  sinvastatina (Sigma, St Louis, MO, EUA) ou ezetimiba (gentilmente cedida pela
                  Merck/Schering-Plough, NJ, EUA). A atorvastatina foi dissolvida em metanol,
                  enquanto que a sinvastatina e a ezetimiba foram dissolvidas em etanol. A
                  sinvastatina foi ativada pela incuba&#231;&#227;o com 0.1N de solu&#231;&#227;o de NaOH a 50&#176;C durante
                  2 h, seguida de neutraliza&#231;&#227;o em pH 7,0 e ajuste da concentra&#231;&#227;o para 5,6 mM. A
                  concentra&#231;&#227;o final de metanol ou etanol no meio de cultura n&#227;o excedeu 0,1% e
                  0,2%, respectivamente.</p>
          <p>A toxicidade dos medicamentos foi avaliada pela medida da porcentagem de c&#233;lulas
                  com perda de integridade de membrana e fragmenta&#231;&#227;o de DNA. Sobre a integridade de
                  membrana, as c&#233;lulas (5 x 10<sup>5</sup>) foram tratadas com cada medicamento e a
                  porcentagem de c&#233;lulas vi&#225;veis foi determinada por citometria de fluxo utilizando
                  solu&#231;&#227;o de iodeto de prop&#237;dio (50 mg/mL em solu&#231;&#227;o salina tamponada com fosfato),
                  que intercala com o DNA e &#233; incapaz de passar atrav&#233;s de membranas intactas. Para
                  o ensaio de fragmenta&#231;&#227;o de DNA, a porcentagem de DNA fragmentado foi detectada
                  por citometria de fluxo ap&#243;s as c&#233;lulas (5 x 10<sup>5</sup>) serem incubadas
                  durante 2 h com uma solu&#231;&#227;o hipot&#244;nica (citrato de s&#243;dio a 0,1% e Triton X-100 a
                  0,1%) contendo 50 mg/mL de iodeto de prop&#237;dio.</p>
          <p>C&#233;lulas (em n&#250;mero de 10.000) foram analisadas por citometria de fluxo (FACSCanto
                  II, Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA, EUA). A fluoresc&#234;ncia vermelha (iodeto de
                  prop&#237;dio) foi avaliada usando filtro a585 nm. Os dados foram adquiridos e
                  analisados com o software FACS/Cell Quest (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA,
                  EUA).</p>
          <p>HUVEC (1,0 x 10<sup>6</sup> c&#233;lulas/mL) foram tratadas com atorvastatina,
                  sinvastatina ou ezetimiba por 24 h. As c&#233;lulas foram incubadas durante 6 h (18 h
                  ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do tratamento com os medicamentos) com 10 ng/mL de TNF&#945; humano
                  (Invitrogen &#8211; Life Technologies, CA, EUA) para estimular uma resposta
                  inflamat&#243;ria, simulando a inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica observada na aterosclerose precoce.
                  Ap&#243;s incuba&#231;&#245;es, sobrenadantes das culturas celulares foram separados e as c&#233;lulas
                  foram submetidas &#224; extra&#231;&#227;o do RNA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o do &#243;xido n&#237;trico</title>
          <p>A concentra&#231;&#227;o de NO no sobrenadante de HUVEC tratadas com medicamentos para
                  redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol foi determinada por oz&#244;nio-quimioluminesc&#234;ncia usando o
                  Sievers NO Analyzer 280 (GE Analytical Instruments, CO, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Isolamento de RNA total</title>
          <p>A extra&#231;&#227;o do RNA das HUVEC foi realizada utilizando o kit de isolamento mirVana
                  miRNA (Ambion Inc., TX, EUA), que separa o RNA total, incluindo a fra&#231;&#227;o de miRNA,
                  de acordo com o protocolo sugerido pelo fabricante. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de RNA foi
                  medida por espectrofotometria usando NanoDrop&#174; (NanoDrop Technologies Inc., DE,
                  EUA) e a integridade do RNA foi ainda avaliada usando o Bioanalyzer&#174;2100 (Agilent
                  Technologies, CA, EUA). Amostras com n&#250;mero de integridade do RNA (NIR) inferior a
                  5 n&#227;o foram utilizadas para os experimentos com mRNA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quantifica&#231;&#227;o do mRNA do <italic>NOS3</italic></title>
          <p>O cDNA para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o relativa do <italic>NOS3</italic> (NM_000603.4) foi
                  produzido a partir de 1 &#956;g de RNA total com Superscript&#8482; II Reverse Transcriptase
                  (Life Technologies, CA, EUA). A express&#227;o do mRNA do <italic>NOS3</italic> foi
                  medida por PCR quantitativo (qPCR) em tempo real usando o sistema SYBR&#174; Green. As
                  sequ&#234;ncias de iniciadores para transcri&#231;&#227;o de <italic>NOS3</italic> s&#227;o descritos
                  da seguinte forma: direto, 5'-TCCCCGGGTCCTGTGTATG-3'; e reverso,
                  5'-TCCATCAGGGCAGCTGCAAA-3'. Os ensaios de qPCR foram realizados em placas de 96
                  po&#231;os com o 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR System (Life Technologies, CA, EUA).</p>
          <p>Seis genes de refer&#234;ncia [ubiquitina C (<italic>UBC</italic>),
                  gliceralde&#237;do-3-fosfato desidrogenase (<italic>GAPD</italic>),
                  beta-2-microglobulina (<italic>B2M</italic>), hipoxantina fosforibosil transferase
                  I (<italic>HPRTI</italic>), subunidade A do complexo desidrogenase succinato
                     (<italic>SDHA</italic>) e hidroximetilbilano sintase (<italic>HMBS</italic>)]
                  foram testados e analisados com o software geNorm<sup>10</sup> para a escolha do
                  gene com menor variabilidade para nosso modelo celular sob cada condi&#231;&#227;o
                  experimental. O gene mais est&#225;vel nas condi&#231;&#245;es experimentais foi o
                     <italic>HMBS</italic>, e as sequ&#234;ncias de primers utilizadas para este gene
                  end&#243;geno foram as seguintes: direto, 5'-GGCAATGCGGCTGCAA-3'; e reverso,
                  5'-GGGTACCCACGCGAATCAC-3'.</p>
          <p>Todas as amostras foram analisadas em duplicata. A quantifica&#231;&#227;o relativa da
                  express&#227;o g&#234;nica foi analisada com o m&#233;todo comparativo Ct usando a f&#243;rmula
                     2<sup>-&#916;&#916;Ct</sup>
                  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> em c&#233;lulas tratadas com o ve&#237;culo
                  estimulado por 6 horas com TNF&#945; (10 ng/mL) como calibrador.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise dos microRNAs</title>
          <p>Os miR-221 e miR-222 (MI00000298 e MI00000299, respectivamente) foram selecionados
                  de relatos anteriores da literatura, enquanto que o miR-1303 (MI0006370) foi
                  escolhido usando ferramentas de bioinform&#225;tica. A an&#225;lise preditiva usando
                  TargetScan (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.targetscan.org">www.targetscan.org</ext-link>) mostrou que o miR-1303 &#233; um miR conservado com
                  um elevado score para a intera&#231;&#227;o mRNA-miR (percentil do <italic>context
                     score</italic>: 99) e esta previs&#227;o foi adicionalmente confirmada usando os
                  bancos de dados para predi&#231;&#227;o do miRNA alvo, miRDB (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mirdb.org">www.mirdb.org</ext-link>) e Target Miner
                     (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.isical.ac.in/~bioinfo_miu">www.isical.ac.in/~bioinfo_miu</ext-link>).</p>
          <p>A quantifica&#231;&#227;o relativa de miR foi realizada por <italic>stem </italic>
                  <italic>loop</italic> TaqMan &#174; RT-qPCR (Life Technologies, CA, EUA). Primers
                     <italic>stem loop</italic> espec&#237;ficos foram utilizados para sintetizar o cDNA
                  a partir de 10 ng de RNA total utilizando o kit de transcri&#231;&#227;o de micro-RNA (Life
                  Technologies, CA, EUA). Ensaios pr&#233;-desenhados foram adquiridos da Life
                  Technologies para realizar a quantifica&#231;&#227;o relativa usando o RNU24 como refer&#234;ncia
                  end&#243;gena. O RNU24 foi selecionado como a refer&#234;ncia end&#243;gena mais est&#225;vel entre 4
                  pequenos RNAs nucleolares (RNU24, RNU6B, RNU58, RNU44), que foram avaliados usando
                  o <italic>software</italic> geNorm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do Prism v5.0 para Windows
                  (Graph Pad Software Inc., CA, EUA) e SPSS v. 15 para Windows (SPSS Inc., Madrid,
                  Espanha). Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; EPM, e as diferen&#231;as entre as
                  m&#233;dias foram testadas por ANOVA unidirecional seguida pelo p&#243;s-teste de Tukey
                  comparando cada tratamento com controle. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi
                  definido para p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s 24 horas de tratamento com estatinas, as HUVEC apresentaram aumento na perda de
               integridade da membrana (11% e 12% para a atorvastatina e sinvastatina,
               respectivamente) e aumento na fragmenta&#231;&#227;o de DNA (31% e 28% para a atorvastatina e
               sinvastatina, respectivamente) em concentra&#231;&#245;es iguais ou acima de 10 &#181;M. A
               viabilidade celular n&#227;o foi afetada por qualquer tratamento &#8211; atorvastatina,
               sinvastatina ou ezetimiba &#8211; ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o por 24 h de at&#233; 5 &#181;M de cada medicamento
               (dados n&#227;o mostrados).</p>
        <p>A estimula&#231;&#227;o da resposta inflamat&#243;ria pelo TNF&#945; n&#227;o modificou a express&#227;o do mRNA do
                  <italic>NOS3</italic> ou a libera&#231;&#227;o de NO pelas c&#233;lulas endoteliais, como
               observado nas Figuras&#160;<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">1</xref>&#160;e&#160;<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">2</xref>, respectivamente. A atorvastatina e a sinvastatina aumentaram o
               mRNA do <italic>NOS3</italic> a 5 &#181;M ap&#243;s 24 h (p &lt; 0,05), enquanto que nenhum
               efeito no mRNA do <italic>NOS3</italic> foi observado para a ezetimiba (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1</xref>). Ambas as estatinas induziram a
               libera&#231;&#227;o de NO das HUVEC quando incubadas durante 24 h com 5&#160;&#181;M (p &lt; 0,05),
               enquanto que a ezetimiba n&#227;o modificou a concentra&#231;&#227;o de NO no sobrenadante (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Influ&#234;ncia da atorvastatina, sinvastatina e ezetimiba na express&#227;o do mRNA
                     do NOS3 em HUVEC. As colunas e barras de erro representam a m&#233;dia e o EPM e
                     foram comparadas com o ve&#237;culo de controle estimulado com TNF&#945; [(0 tnf); linha
                     pontilhada)] por ANOVA unidirecional seguida do p&#243;s-teste de Tukey. As HUVEC
                     foram tratadas durante 24 h e estimuladas com TNF&#945; humano (10 ng/mL) 6 h antes
                     da extra&#231;&#227;o do RNA. Os dados foram obtidos de 4-6 experimentos independentes e
                     a express&#227;o do mRNA foi calculada usando o m&#233;todo do Ct comparativo
                     utilizando-se o HMBS como refer&#234;ncia end&#243;gena. (*), p &lt; 0,05.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0195-40192-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Influ&#234;ncia da atorvastatina, sinvastatina e ezetimiba na libera&#231;&#227;o de NO em
                     HUVEC. As colunas e barras de erro representam a m&#233;dia e EPM e foram comparadas
                     por ANOVA unidirecional seguida do p&#243;s-teste de Tukey. As c&#233;lulas HUVEC foram
                     tratadas durante 24 h e estimuladas com TNF&#945; humano [10 ng/mL; 0(tnf)] 6 h
                     antes do isolamento do sobrenadante para medida do NO. Os dados foram obtidos a
                     partir de 5 experimentos independentes e o NO foi medido por
                     oz&#244;nio-quimioluminesc&#234;ncia. (*), p &lt; 0,05.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0195-40192-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Os efeitos da atorvastatina, sinvastatina e ezetimiba na express&#227;o de miR-221,
               miR-222 e miR-1303 s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 3</xref>. A
               atorvastatina reduziu a express&#227;o do miR-221 em concentra&#231;&#245;es de 1 e 5 &#181;M e a
               express&#227;o do miR-222 a 5 &#181;M. A sinvastatina regulou negativamente somente o miR-221 a
               5 &#181;M ap&#243;s 24 h de tratamento, enquanto que a ezetimiba tamb&#233;m reduziu a express&#227;o do
               miR-221 a 5 &#181;M. Al&#233;m disto, a varia&#231;&#227;o do miR-221 ap&#243;s o tratamento com 5 &#181;M de
               atorvastatina e sinvastatina correlacionou negativamente com a express&#227;o do mRNA do
                  <italic>NOS3</italic> (r<sup>2</sup>: -0,989 e 0,915 para atorvastatina e
               sinvastatina, respectivamente; p &lt; 0,05; dados n&#227;o apresentados). A magnitude da
               varia&#231;&#227;o do <italic>NOS3</italic> tamb&#233;m correlacionou negativamente com a mudan&#231;a do
               miR-222 ap&#243;s tratamento com estatina (r<sup>2</sup>: -0,992 e 0,890 para
               atorvastatina e sinvastatina, respectivamente; p &lt; 0,05; dados n&#227;o apresentados).
               Por outro lado, o miR-1303 n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas ap&#243;s qualquer um dos
               tratamentos.</p>
        <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Influ&#234;ncia da atorvastatina, sinvastatina e ezetimiba na express&#227;o do
                     miR-221, miR-222 e miR-1303 em HUVEC. As colunas e barras de erro representam a
                     m&#233;dia e o EPM e foram comparadas com o ve&#237;culo de controle estimulado com TNF&#945;
                     (0 tnf; linha pontilhada) por ANOVA unidirecional seguida do p&#243;s-teste de
                     Tukey. As HUVEC foram tratadas durante 24 h e estimuladas com TNF&#945; humano (10
                     ng/mL) 6 h antes da extra&#231;&#227;o do RNA. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de 4
                     experimentos independentes e a express&#227;o do mRNA foi calculada com o m&#233;todo do
                     Ct comparativo utilizando-se o RNU24 como refer&#234;ncia end&#243;gena. (*), p &lt;
                     0,05.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0195-40192-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo, a inibi&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese do colesterol por estatinas, mas n&#227;o a inibi&#231;&#227;o
               da absor&#231;&#227;o do colesterol pela ezetimiba, modulou a libera&#231;&#227;o de NO pelas c&#233;lulas
               endoteliais. Os nossos resultados mostram uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre a express&#227;o do mRNA do
                  <italic>NOS3</italic> e a libera&#231;&#227;o de NO por HUVEC tratadas com estatinas, como
               observado anteriormente em culturas de c&#233;lulas endoteliais expostas ao tratamento com
                  fluvastatina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Al&#233;m disto, estudos
               anteriores tamb&#233;m sugeriram que a regula&#231;&#227;o da eNOS e a libera&#231;&#227;o de NO por estatinas
               tamb&#233;m s&#227;o dependentes de modifica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-translacionais. Por exemplo, Aoki e
                  cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> mostraram que al&#233;m da regula&#231;&#227;o
               positiva do mRNA do <italic>NOS3</italic>, a fluvastatina tamb&#233;m modifica o padr&#227;o de
               fosforila&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas endoteliais. Uma modifica&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-translacional semelhante
               foi observada em art&#233;rias isoladas de ratos tratados com sinvastatina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, o que tamb&#233;m causou um aumento na
               fosforila&#231;&#227;o da eNOS na Ser 1177 atrav&#233;s da regula&#231;&#227;o da PKB/Akt, processo que leva a
               um aumento na atividade enzim&#225;tica e aumento na libera&#231;&#227;o de NO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>A modula&#231;&#227;o do NO por estatinas foi proposta como um mecanismo central pelo qual
               estes medicamentos podem exercer seus efeitos anti-inflamat&#243;rios no endot&#233;lio
               vascular. Devido a esta hip&#243;tese, estudos anteriores usando um modelo animal nocaute
               para o <italic>NOS3</italic> foram realizados para avaliar se os efeitos
               pleiotr&#243;picos das estatinas s&#227;o dependentes da modula&#231;&#227;o da eNOS. A atorvastatina n&#227;o
               reduziu a ativa&#231;&#227;o NF&#954;B ou o tamanho do infarto em camundongos eNOS<sup>-/-
               </sup>submetidos &#224; oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria em compara&#231;&#227;o a camundongos do tipo
                  selvagem<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. De maneira semelhante, a
               rosuvastatina n&#227;o atenuou as intera&#231;&#245;es leuc&#243;cito-endot&#233;lio em v&#234;nulas
               peri-intestinais de camundongos eNOS<sup>-/-</sup>
               <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Estes dados sugerem que os efeitos
               anti-inflamat&#243;rios observados com as estatinas exigem a libera&#231;&#227;o de NO pelo
               endot&#233;lio vascular; no entanto, dados recentes mostraram que os efeitos
               anti-inflamat&#243;rios das estatinas estavam tamb&#233;m presentes em animais eNOS
               deficientes, assim como em camundongos eNOS<sup>-/-</sup> tratados com atorvastatina
               que apresentaram ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria semelhante &#224; de camundongos do tipo
                  selvagem<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        <p>Apesar dos resultados controversos sobre o papel da eNOS nos efeitos
               anti-inflamat&#243;rios induzidos por estatinas, &#233; indubit&#225;vel que uma libera&#231;&#227;o aumentada
               de NO no endot&#233;lio vascular por estes ou outros tratamentos &#233; ben&#233;fica na redu&#231;&#227;o do
               risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. O surgimento de novos mecanismos moleculares de
               regula&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de mRNA do <italic>NOS3</italic> e a libera&#231;&#227;o do NO, como a
               regula&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-transcricional por miRs, s&#227;o muito interessantes para a compreens&#227;o
               deste processo e explora&#231;&#227;o de novos alvos terap&#234;uticos.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, n&#243;s avaliamos o efeito das estatinas &#8211; atorvastatina e sinvastatina &#8211;
               bem como do inibidor de absor&#231;&#227;o de colesterol ezetimiba sobre a express&#227;o de
               miR-221, miR-222 e miR-1303. A atorvastatina reduziu a express&#227;o do miR-221 e
               miR-222, enquanto que a sinvastatina regulou negativamente somente o miR-221.
               Curiosamente, a ezetimiba tamb&#233;m reduziu a express&#227;o do miR-221, mostrando que a
               express&#227;o deste miR poderia ser dependente da regula&#231;&#227;o do colesterol intracelular,
               independentemente do mecanismo pelo qual o conte&#250;do de colesterol &#233; modulado. Por
               outro lado, nenhum dos tratamentos modificou a express&#227;o do miR-1303, demonstrando
               que a modula&#231;&#227;o do <italic>NOS3</italic> e libera&#231;&#227;o de NO por estatinas n&#227;o s&#227;o
               dependentes deste miR, embora uma intera&#231;&#227;o miR:mRNA tenha sido prevista pelas
               ferramentas de bioinform&#225;tica. Uma limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo &#233; que n&#243;s focamos apenas
               sobre os efeitos das terapias para redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol na modula&#231;&#227;o do NO mediada
               por miRNA e n&#227;o avaliamos os efeitos dos medicamentos sobre o n&#237;vel de prote&#237;na eNOS
               ou suas modifica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s&#8209;transcricionais. Propomos aqui um mecanismo pelo qual as
               estatinas contribuem para a modula&#231;&#227;o da libera&#231;&#227;o do NO no endot&#233;lio vascular. No
               entanto, este mecanismo deve ser considerado um de uma s&#233;rie de a&#231;&#245;es mediadas por
               estatinas para melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.</p>
        <p>Os miRs-221 e -222 t&#234;m demonstrado participa&#231;&#227;o na progress&#227;o das doen&#231;as
                  cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, como observado em
               les&#245;es da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida de rato ap&#243;s angioplastia nas quais sua express&#227;o
                  aumentou<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Da mesma forma, os miRs&#8209;221/222
               aumentaram em c&#233;lulas progenitoras endoteliais de pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial
               coronariana (DAC), e em pacientes com 12 meses de tratamento com atorvastatina mas
               n&#227;o com pravastatina, diminuiu a express&#227;o de miRs-221/222<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Estes resultados est&#227;o de acordo com a redu&#231;&#227;o destes miRs
               mediada por estatinas em nosso estudo.</p>
        <p>C&#233;lulas endoteliais transfectadas com miRs-221/222 mostraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o no n&#237;vel de
               prote&#237;na eNOS e libera&#231;&#227;o de NO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. No entanto,
               o mecanismo direto pelo qual estes miRs podem exercer este efeito &#233; desconhecido,
               porque n&#227;o h&#225; nenhuma regi&#227;o-alvo para miRs-221/222 na mol&#233;cula de mRNA do
                  <italic>NOS3</italic>, gerando uma intera&#231;&#227;o de mRNA:miR de acordo com a an&#225;lise
               preditiva pela ferramentas de bioinform&#225;tica. Portanto, &#233; importante destacar que a
               modula&#231;&#227;o da eNOS pelos miRs-221/222 carece de uma explica&#231;&#227;o molecular, embora tenha
               sido demonstrada empiricamente. Por outro lado, Liu <italic>e cols.</italic>
               propuseram que os miRs-221/222 poderiam modular a prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas de m&#250;sculo
               liso no endot&#233;lio por visar a p27 (Kip1) e a p57 (Kip2)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. No entanto, nenhuma rela&#231;&#227;o entre os miRs-221/222 com a
               modula&#231;&#227;o do <italic>NOS3</italic> e libera&#231;&#227;o de NO foi relatada naquele estudo.</p>
        <p>Uma importante extens&#227;o do nosso trabalho foi a avalia&#231;&#227;o do efeito sobre a express&#227;o
               dos miRs estudados por um medicamento redutor de colesterol n&#227;o estatina, a
               ezetimiba. Embora a maioria dos efeitos ben&#233;ficos da ezetimiba em humanos se
               relacionem &#224; sua capacidade de reduzir a absor&#231;&#227;o de colesterol no intestino, a
               influ&#234;ncia desta droga em outros tecidos como o endot&#233;lio vascular &#233; uma quest&#227;o
               importante a ser investigada. Desta forma, a redu&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o do miR-221 poderia
               ser considerada um importante indicador de poss&#237;veis efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos da terapia
               com ezetimiba. Um estudo recente tamb&#233;m avaliou o efeito da ezetimiba em um tecido
               extra-intestinal e mostrou que a ezetimiba inibe a diferencia&#231;&#227;o de mon&#243;cito a
               macr&#243;fago induzida por PMA, e os autores sugeriram que um dos mecanismos envolvidos
               neste processo poderia ser a regula&#231;&#227;o dos miRs -155,-222,-424 e-503 pela ezetimiba
               neste modelo celular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Embora a express&#227;o do
               miR-222 n&#227;o tenha sido modificada pela ezetimiba em nosso trabalho, as diferen&#231;as nos
               modelos celulares devem ser consideradas nesta diverg&#234;ncia. Al&#233;m disto, a redu&#231;&#227;o da
               s&#237;ntese de isoprenoides por estatinas &#8211; descritas como o principal mecanismo pelo
               qual estes medicamentos poderiam exercer seus efeitos anti-inflamat&#243;rios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> &#8211; poderia tamb&#233;m influenciar as diferen&#231;as
               observadas entre os inibidores da s&#237;ntese e absor&#231;&#227;o de colesterol na modula&#231;&#227;o do NO
               endotelial observada neste estudo. Por outro lado, a redu&#231;&#227;o observada do miR-221 sem
               um incremento na libera&#231;&#227;o de NO pela ezetimiba levou-nos a pensar que a redu&#231;&#227;o
               deste miR n&#227;o &#233; necessariamente o &#250;nico mecanismo de modula&#231;&#227;o da via do NO. No
               entanto, &#233; poss&#237;vel propor que o uso da ezetimiba em uma terapia de combina&#231;&#227;o com
               uma estatina poderia resultar em mais benef&#237;cios sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial; no
               entanto, outros estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para elucidar esta hip&#243;tese.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A regula&#231;&#227;o negativa dos miRs-221/222 induzida por estatina &#233; um nova via potencial
               pela qual o tratamento para redu&#231;&#227;o do colesterol poderia exercer seus efeitos
               ben&#233;ficos na libera&#231;&#227;o de NO pelo endot&#233;lio humano. Al&#233;m disto, a redu&#231;&#227;o observada
               do miR-221 pela ezetemiba deve ser investigada no futuro como uma contribui&#231;&#227;o
               potencial deste f&#225;rmaco na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, quando usado em uma terapia de
               combina&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de
                  S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Alvaro Cerda pela Universidade de S&#227;o
                  Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o
               Paulo (FAPESP, Projeto no. 15353/2010-8), S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil. A. Cerda &#233; benefici&#225;rio
               de uma bolsa da CAPES-Brasil. R.G. Basso, M.H. Hirata e R.D.C. Hirata s&#227;o
               benefici&#225;rios de bolsas do CNPq-Brasil.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
