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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.1" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">sxhSSncLxMLspPVBbhvffSL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000300003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040189</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140189</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Vascular Response of Ruthenium Tetraamines in Aortic Ring from Normotensive Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Concei&#231;&#227;o-Vertamatti</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Gabriela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Calandreli</surname>
            <given-names>Ivy</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chiba</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>Douglas Wagner</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tfouni</surname>
            <given-names>Elia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grassi-Kassisse</surname>
            <given-names>Dora Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), Campus Ribeir&#227;o Preto, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), Campus S&#227;o Carlos, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Dora Maria Grassi Kassisse,</bold> Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Bar&#227;o Geraldo. Postal Code 13083-862, Campinas, SP &#8722; Brazil. E-mail: <email>doramgk@unicamp.br</email>; <email>doramgk@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Franco DW, Grassi&#8209;Kassisse DM; Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Concei&#231;&#227;o-Vertamatti AG, Ramos LAF, Calandreli I, Chiba AN, Franco DW, Tfouni E, Grassi-Kassisse DM; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Concei&#231;&#227;o-Vertamatti AG, Ramos LAF, Grassi-Kassisse DM; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Concei&#231;&#227;o&#8209;Vertamatti AG, Grassi-Kassisse DM; Obtaining financing: Franco DW, Tfouni E, Grassi-Kassisse DM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>185</fpage>
      <lpage>194</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Ruthenium (Ru) tetraamines are being increasingly used as nitric oxide (NO) carriers. In this context, pharmacological studies have become highly relevant to better understand the mechanism of action involved.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the vascular response of the tetraamines trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(Py)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup>, trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(Cl)(NO) (cyclan)](PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, and trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(4-acPy)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Aortic rings were contracted with noradrenaline (10<sup>&#8722;6</sup> M). After voltage stabilization, a single concentration (10<sup>&#8722;6</sup> M) of the compounds was added to the assay medium. The responses were recorded during 120 min. Vascular integrity was assessed functionally using acetylcholine at 10<sup>&#8722;6</sup> M and sodium nitroprusside at 10<sup>&#8722;6</sup> M as well as by histological examination.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Histological analysis confirmed the presence or absence of endothelial cells in those tissues. All tetraamine complexes altered the contractile response induced by norepinephrine, resulting in increased tone followed by relaxation. In rings with endothelium, the inhibition of endothelial NO caused a reduction of the contractile effect caused by pyridine NO. No significant responses were observed in rings with endothelium after treatment with cyclan NO. In contrast, in rings without endothelium, the inhibition of guanylate cyclase significantly reduced the contractile response caused by the pyridine NO and cyclan NO complexes, and both complexes caused a relaxing effect.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The results indicate that the vascular effect of the evaluated complexes involved a decrease in the vascular tone induced by norepinephrine (10<sup>&#8722;6</sup> M) at the end of the incubation period in aortic rings with and without endothelium, indicating the slow release of NO from these complexes and suggesting that the ligands promoted chemical stability to the molecule. Moreover, we demonstrated that the association of Ru with NO is more stable when the ligands pyridine and cyclan are used in the formulation of the compound.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Ruthenium</kwd>
        <kwd>Nitric Oxide</kwd>
        <kwd>Norepinephrine</kwd>
        <kwd>Pyridine</kwd>
        <kwd>Cyclan</kwd>
        <kwd>Aorta</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The endothelium plays an important role in the vascular system through the production of vasoactive mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> {Furchgott, 1987 # 14}. The impaired vascular function has been the focus of research on vasoactive compounds, particularly antihypertensive compounds, with the aim to restore the amount of NO necessary to achieve hemodynamic balance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Therefore, complexes capable of delivering NO efficiently and in a controlled manner have been studied not only to understand their chemical nature but also for future medical applications. These studies can significantly contribute to the treatment of vascular diseases.</p>
      <p>NO can serve as a ligand for many transition metals, such as iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), and chromium (Cr), among others. Metal complexes of Ru (II) have become the focus of research because of its remarkable ability to bind to various compounds. In addition, it is the element that best forms nitrosyl complexes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>In this respect, the class of tetraamines of Ru (II) <italic>trans</italic>&#8209;Ru<sup>II</sup>(NO)(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(L)]<sup>n+</sup>, reported in the literature as [Ru<sup>II</sup>NO<sup>+</sup>], has significant thermal stability in the Ru&#8211;NO bond, ligand L being the guiding element of this stabilization. The disassociation of this bond using a substitution is controlled by the rate constant of NO (K<sub>NO</sub>) via monoelectronic reduction, wherein the reductive potential of the ligand should lie between 0.320 V and 0.132 V<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
      <p>K<sub>NO</sub> is important because it determines the duration of the vascular effect<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.The kinetic constant of NO (k<sub>NO</sub>) varies between 0.02 s<sup>&#8722;1</sup> (L = 4-pic) and 4 s<sup>&#8722;1</sup> (L = imC) at 25&#186;C and increases in the order: isn ~ pic ~ nic ~ H<sub>2</sub>O ~ py ~ pz &lt; L-His ~ imN &lt; P (OEt)<sub>3</sub> &lt; imC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>Considering the existing medications and aiming at the improvement of clinical applications for treatment of vascular diseases, this system is advantageous because of the possibility of the controlled release of NO to specific biological targets<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of the Ru tetraamines <italic>trans</italic>-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(Py)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup> (PyNO), <italic>trans</italic>-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(Cl)(NO)(Cyclan)](PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (CyNO), and <italic>trans</italic>-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(4-acPy)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup> (4-acPyNO) on the vascular response.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The protocols used were approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experimentation of the State University of Campinas (Universidade Estadual de Campinas&#8211;UNICAMP) under protocol number 2099-2. The study was conducted in accordance with the standards of the <italic>Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals established</italic> in 1993<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and with the Ethical Principles of Animal Experimentation of the Brazilian School of Animal Experimentation (Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal&#8211;COBEA) from 1991 on the use of animals for research and teaching purposes.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals</title>
        <p>The animals were obtained from the Multidisciplinary Center for Biological Investigation (Centro Multidisciplinar para Investiga&#231;&#227;o Biol&#243;gica&#8211;CEMIB) in the Division for the Study of Laboratory Animals at UNICAMP. The animals were maintained in collective cages (four animals per cage). The room temperature was maintained at 22&#186;C &#177; 2&#186;C in 12/12 h light&#8211;dark cycles with the light cycle starting at 6:30 am. We used 42, 12-week-old, male rats of the Wistar strain (<italic>Rattus norvegicus albinus</italic>, Rodentia, Mammalia), weighing 330 &#177; 2.45 g.</p>
        <p>All normolipidemic animals were fed standard laboratory chow food (Nuvilab CR1; Nuvital Nutrients S.A., Brazil), and food and water were provided daily <italic>ad libitum</italic>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Histological analysis</title>
        <p>After the completion of the experiment, the aortic rings with endothelium (<sup>E+</sup>) and without endothelium (E<sup>&#8211;</sup>) were isolated and placed in formalin solution (200 mL of distilled water, 50 mL of 40% formaldehyde, and 250 mL of 0.2-M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for 24 h. Subsequently, the samples were washed with 70% ethanol and stored in formalin solution until paraffin embedding. For inclusion, dehydration was performed using an ascending series of ethyl alcohol solutions until the absolute concentration, clarification was performed in xylol (alcohol-xylol 1:1 and pure xylol), and inclusion was performed in xylol-paraffin (1:1). Inclusion and embedding were performed at 58&#186;C in Paraplast Plus&#174; (a mixture of paraffin, plastic polymers, and dimethylsulfoxide). The embedded aortic rings were glued on wooden blocks and cut into 2-mm-thick sections in a 820 Spencer microtome (American Optical Corporation, USA). Approximately three sections were placed on each slide. After deparaffinization, the sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The images were captured with a Nikon Eclipse 80i optical microscope coupled to a computer and video camera (Nikon Express Series, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan) and analyzed using NIS-Elements AR 3.0 software at a magnification of 40&#215; and 100&#215;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> .</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurement of blood pressure</title>
        <p>To measure blood pressure, we used 10 rats randomly selected from the experimental groups. The catheterization procedure was performed, in which a cannula (PE 50) was inserted into the right carotid artery and connected to a strain gauge pressure transducer, which in turn was connected to an amplifier (MLS370/7 Blood Pressure Module; ADInstruments, Australia) and to a PowerLab 8/30 data acquisition system (ADInstruments, Australia). For data analysis, the LabChart Pro software (ADInstruments, Australia) was used<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of Ru complexes</title>
        <p>The complexes were characterized using elemental analysis, electronic spectroscopy in the infrared region, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and electrochemical techniques (PPD, VC) by the research group of Dr. Elia Tfouni from the University of S&#227;o Paulo (USP) in Ribeir&#227;o Preto.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Preparation of isolated aortic rings</title>
        <p>The aortic rings were isolated and prepared according to the protocol established by Zanichelli et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> The sample size was determined as described by Lenth<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> using the Statistica 7.0 software (StatSoft, Inc., USA), and the following parameters were used: minimum test power of 0.80 and alpha value prefixed at 0.05, and optimal number of experiments per experimental protocol equal to six. Based on these parameters, we used 14 experimental groups divided into aorta samples with endothelium (E<sup>+</sup>) and aorta samples without endothelium (E<sup>&#8211;</sup>), resulting in 28 experimental groups.</p>
        <p>The animals were sacrificed under deeper anesthesia. The chest was opened with a midline incision and the thoracic aorta portion was removed and divided into four rings, each with approximately 4 mm.</p>
        <p>The endothelium of two rings was removed mechanically from the inner surface of the aorta with the help of a cotton swab whereas the endothelial layer of the other two rings remained intact. Each ring was mounted on two L-shaped stainless steel hooks, and the smaller portion traversed the inside of the ring, after which these hooks were individually placed in a container containing 10 mL of Krebs&#8211;Hanseleit physiological solution (115.0 mM of NaCl, 4.6 mM of KCl, 25.0 mM of NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, 2.5 mM of MgSO<sub>4</sub>.7H<sub>2</sub>O, 2.5 mM of CaCl<sub>2</sub>.2H<sub>2</sub>O, 1.2 mM of KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, 11.0 mM of glucose, and 0.11 mM of ascorbic acid) and coupled to an isometric voltage transducer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. The solution was maintained in a water bath at 37&#186;C with the aid of an infusion pump and was constantly bubbled with 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide for maintenance of pH. After placing the samples in the container, a voltage of 1.5 g was induced in the transducer and maintained throughout the experiment for both E<sup>+</sup> and E<sup>&#8722;</sup> rings. For voltage recording, an isometric voltage transducer (BIOPAC System) containing a four&#8209;channel polygraph (MP-100, USA) was used. The rings were stabilized for 50 min and the Krebs&#8211;Hanseleit solution was replaced every 20 min.</p>
        <p>After the stabilization period, the rings were precontracted with noradrenaline (NA, 10<sup>&#8722;6</sup> M) dissolved in 2% ascorbic acid and maintained in the bath throughout the assay. After voltage stabilization, a single concentration of the compound to be studied (10<sup>&#8722;6</sup> M) was added to the bath and the recording was made without interruption for 120 min. Immediately after that, a single concentration of acetylcholine (ACh, 10<sup>&#8722;6</sup> M) was added to the assay medium to confirm the presence or absence of endothelial cells and stabilize the response. In addition, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) at 10<sup>&#8722;6</sup> M was added to verify the integrity of the vascular smooth muscle.</p>
        <p>To complement the pharmacological investigation of the mechanism of action involved, i.e., after the first analysis of temporal concentration&#8211;effect curves, the involvement of the endogenous NO pathways, their mechanism of action via cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), and possible interference of endogenous eicosanoids were investigated. For this study, assays were conducted using the complexes cyclan NO (CyNO) and pyridine NO (PyNO) at 10<sup>&#8722;6</sup> M using both E<sup>+</sup> and E<sup>&#8722;</sup> rings, which were previously incubated with the following compounds: 10&#8211;30 mM of L-NAME hydrochloride (Enzo Life Sciences International, Inc. Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA)&#8212;a NO synthase inhibitor<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, 5.6 &#956;M of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (Enzo Life Sciences International, Inc. Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, 3&#8211;10 &#956;M of the soluble guanylate cyclase (GC) inhibitor ODQ (Enzo Life Sciences International, Inc. Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, 10&#8211;300 &#956;M of the NO sequester carboxy-PTIO (Enzo Life Sciences International (Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA).</p>
        <p>To further evaluate the effect caused by these complexes, assays were performed using 10<sup>&#8722;6</sup> M PyNO interacting with more than one enzyme inhibitor, e.g ., by the preincubation with L-NAME and indomethacin or with L-NAME, indomethacin, and ODQ, maintaining the specific concentration for each inhibitor.</p>
        <p>All salts used for the preparation of the Krebs&#8211;Hanseleit solution were of American Chemical Society (ACS) standard. The NA stock solutions were prepared in 2% ascorbic acid and stored at &#8722;20&#186;C for a maximum of 7 days. For the preparation of the indomethacin solution, a 5% sodium bicarbonate buffer was used. The dilutions were made in Krebs&#8211;Hanseleit buffer immediately before use and then discarded.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The results are presented as mean &#177; standard error of mean (SEM) of the percentage of response. Normality was confirmed using the Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test. Student&#8217;s t test was used to compare the different experimental protocols for the following variables: response in the presence of vascular tone induced by NA, response before the addition of the compound, and response after different assay periods in the presence and absence of antagonists and enzyme inhibitors. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnet test was performed to compare the areas under the curve. In all cases, p values of &lt;5% were accepted as indicating statistically significant differences. The curves were performed using GraphPad Prism software (GraphPad Software, San Diego, California, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood pressure</title>
        <p>The values of blood pressure of the study animals were similar to those previously reported for young adult rats with average weight and following anesthesia: systolic pressure of 119.4 &#177; 3.862 mmHg, diastolic pressure of 92.75 &#177; 6.125 mmHg, and mean arterial pressure of 104.5 &#177; 4.29 mmHg, indicating that these animals were normotensive<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Histological analysis</title>
        <p>Histological analysis confirmed the experimental data, which indicated the presence or absence of endothelial cells (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig fig-type="other" id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Photomicrographs of (A) aortic rings with endothelium (E+) and (B) without endothelium (E&#8722;) isolated from normotensive rats (100&#215;). The arrows indicate the presence of endothelial cells.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0185-40189-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vascular reactivity</title>
        <p>Corroborating histological data, the presence of endothelial cells was confirmed by the significant relaxation effect of ACh on E<sup>+</sup> aortic rings, and the integrity of the smooth muscle was confirmed by observing the relaxation in both E<sup>+</sup> and E<sup>&#8722;</sup> aortic rings caused by sodium nitroprusside (SNP)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>In contrast to the results of previous experiments demonstrating the induction of vascular tone only by NA, all tetraamines analyzed caused a significant decrease in the vascular tone (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig fig-type="other" id="f02">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Effect of tetraamines (A) CyNO&#8722;trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(Cl)(NO)(Cyclan)](PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, (B) PyNO&#8722;trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(Py)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup>, and (C) 4-acPyNO&#8722;trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(4-acPy) (NO)]<sup>3+</sup> 10<sup>&#8722;6</sup> M in E<sup>+</sup> aortic rings (&#9632;) and E<sup>&#8722;</sup> aortic rings (&#9633;) compared with control assays. *p value of &lt;0.05 using unpaired Student&#8217;s test for the values of vascular tone induced by NA (10<sup>&#8722;6</sup> M). E<sup>+</sup>: PyNO, p = 0.0036; CyNO, p = 0.0008; 4-acPyNO, p = 0.0026; E<sup>&#8211;</sup>: PyNO, p = 0.0022; CyNO, p = 0.0022; 4-acPyNO, p = 0.0014.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0185-40189-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>After precontraction was performed with NA, the analyzed complexes caused increased vascular tone within 1 h after treatment, in both E<sup>+</sup> and E<sup>&#8722;</sup> aortic rings, and decreased vascular tone 90 min after treatment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig fig-type="other" id="f03">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Effect of tetraamines (A) CyNO&#8722;trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(Cl)(NO)(Cyclan)](PF<sup>6</sup>)<sup>2</sup>, (B) PyNO&#8722;trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(Py)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup>, and (C) 4-acPyNO&#8722;trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(4-acPy) (NO)]<sup>3+</sup> 10<sup>&#8722;6</sup> M after a single concentration of NA (10<sup>&#8722;6</sup> M) in E<sup>+</sup> aortic rings (&#9632;) and E<sup>&#8722;</sup> aortic rings (&#9633;). *p value of &lt;0.05 using unpaired Student&#8217;s t test for the values obtained immediately after administration of the compounds. E<sup>+</sup>: PyNO, p = 0.0195; CyNO, p = 00241; 4-acPyNO, p = 0.0116; E<sup>&#8211;</sup>: PyNO, p = 0.0216; CyNO, p = 0.0377; 4-acPyNO, p = 0.0179.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0185-40189-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>In E<sup>&#8722;</sup> aortic rings, inhibition of GC significantly altered the contractile response induced by CyNO, causing vascular relaxation within 30 min. No significant responses were observed in E<sup>+</sup> aortic rings (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>). </p>
        <fig fig-type="other" id="f04">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Effect of trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(Cl)(NO)(Cyclan)](PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub>&#8722;CyNO in (A) E<sup>+</sup> aortic rings and (B) E<sup>&#8722;</sup> aortic rings after treatment with enzyme inhibitors L-NAME with E<sup>+</sup> (&#9650;) and with E<sup>&#8722;</sup> (&#9651;), indomethacin with E<sup>+</sup> (t) and with E<sup>&#8722;</sup> (&#9826;), ODQ with E<sup>+</sup> (x) and with E<sup>&#8211;</sup>(&#215;), C-PTIO with E<sup>+</sup> (l) and with E<sup>&#8211;</sup> (&#161;). *p value of &lt;0.05 using unpaired Student&#8217;s t test compared with the values obtained in the absence of antagonists or enzyme inhibitors CyNO vs. ODQ with E&#8211;, p = 0.0152.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0185-40189-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>The contractile response induced by PyNO in E<sup>+</sup> aortic rings significantly decreased after the inhibition of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), cyclooxygenase, and GC. The inhibition of GC exerted a reducing effect within the first 60 min whereas the inhibition of eNOS and cyclooxygenase induced a contractile response after 120 min of incubation. In the absence of endothelial cells, only the inhibition of GC exerted a reducing effect (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
        <fig fig-type="other" id="f05">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Effect of PyNO&#8722;trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(Py)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup> on (A) E<sup>+</sup> aortic rings and (B) E<sup>&#8722;</sup> aortic rings after treatment with enzyme inhibitors: L-NAME with E<sup>+</sup> (&#9650;) and with E<sup>&#8722;</sup> (&#9651;), indomethacin with E<sup>+</sup> aorta (t) and with E<sup>&#8722;</sup> (&#9826;), ODQ with E+ (x) and with E<sup>&#8211;</sup>(&#215;), C-PTIO with E<sup>+</sup> (l) and with E<sup>&#8722;</sup> (&#161;). *p value of&lt;0.05 using unpaired Student&#8217;s t test compared with the values obtained in the absence of antagonists or enzyme inhibitors E+: PyNO vs. L-NAME, p = 0.0056; PyNO vs. indomethacin, p = 0.0459; PyNO vs. ODQ, p = 0.0043; E&#8211;: PyNO vs. ODQ, p = 0.0140.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0185-40189-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>With the aim to better understand the effect of such complexes, assays with the PyNO complex (10<sup>&#8722;6</sup> M) were performed in the presence of more than one enzyme inhibitor, e.g., preincubation of aorta samples with L-NAME and indomethacin, with the aim to block the activity of endogenous NO and eicosanoids, such as prostacyclin (PGI<sub>2</sub> and TXA<sub>2</sub>). The simultaneous incubation of samples with L-NAME, indomethacin, and ODQ was also performed to eliminate the presence of other compounds in the same assay, including endogenous NO (synthesis and action) and endogenous eicosanoids (PGI<sub>2</sub> and TXA<sub>2</sub>).</p>
        <p>Therefore, when we blocked the endothelial function by inhibiting eNOS and cyclooxygenase, we observed a significant decrease in vascular tone in E<sup>+</sup> aortic rings, confirming the direct action of the PyNO complex in smooth muscle. In contrast, no changes were observed in the vascular response using E<sup>&#8722;</sup> aortic rings.</p>
        <p>When we blocked potential interferences in the activity of these complexes, i.e., preventing the synthesis of NO by blocking eNOS and preventing the action of eNOS by blocking GC as well as blocking potential interferences in the activity of PGI<sub>2</sub> and TXA<sub>2</sub> by blocking cyclooxygenases, we observed a decreased contractile response in both E<sup>+</sup> and E<sup>&#8722;</sup> rings, corroborating the effect of PyNO directly on the smooth muscle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
        <fig fig-type="other" id="f06">
          <label>Figure 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Effect of PyNO&#8211;trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(Py)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup> 10<sup>&#8722;6</sup> M on (A) E<sup>+</sup> aortic rings and (B) E<sup>&#8211;</sup> aortic rings after incubating with the enzyme inhibitors L-NAME, indomethacin, and ODQ. *p value of &lt; 0.05 using unpaired Student&#8217;s t test compared with the values obtained in the absence of antagonists or enzyme inhibitors. E<sup>+</sup>: PyNO vs. PyNO + L-NAME + indomethacin, p = 0.0056, and PyNO vs. PyNO + L-name + indomethacin + and ODQ, p = 0.0454.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0185-40189-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>The inhibiting effect of PyNO on the contractile function was not significantly different from that caused by the acetylation of 4-acPyNO in both E<sup>+</sup> and E<sup>&#8722;</sup> aortic rings.</p>
        <p>The results were also analyzed by calculating the areas under the curve (AUC). The response induced by PyNO, CyNO, and 4-acPyNO did not significantly differ for E<sup>+</sup> and E<sup>&#8722;</sup> aortic rings (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). On the other hand, the inhibition of eNOS by L-NAME caused a significant decrease in the response induced by PyNO and CyNO in E<sup>+</sup> rings but not in E<sup>&#8722;</sup> rings. A similar effect was observed when we inhibited the cyclooxygenase pathway, resulting in a significant decrease in the response in E<sup>+</sup> rings but not in E<sup>&#8722;</sup> rings. The GC inhibition by ODQ caused a significant decrease in the response induced by PyNO and CyNO in E<sup>&#8722;</sup> rings. Moreover, the sequestration of NO by C-PTIO did not affect the effect of the complexes evaluated.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Area under the curve of the Ru tetraamines <italic>trans</italic>-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(Cl)(NO)(Cyclan)](PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, <italic>trans</italic>-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(Py)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup>, and <italic>trans</italic>-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(4-acPy)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup> in E<sup>+</sup> aorta rings and E<sup>&#8722;</sup> aorta rings isolated from normotensive rats</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th>
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>trans</italic>- [Ru<sup>II</sup>(Cl)(NO)(Cyclan)](PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub></th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>trans</italic>-[Ru(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(Py)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup></th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>trans</italic>-[Ru(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(4-acPy)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup></th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>
								</th>
                <th align="center">E<sup>+</sup></th>
                <th align="center">E<sup>&#8211;</sup></th>
                <th align="center">E<sup>+</sup></th>
                <th align="center">E<sup>&#8211;</sup></th>
                <th align="center">E<sup>+</sup></th>
                <th align="center">E<sup>&#8211;</sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>-</td>
                <td align="center">1.110,6 &#177; 225,6</td>
                <td align="center">1.068,7 &#177; 317,5</td>
                <td align="center">2.292,2 &#177; 520,6</td>
                <td align="center">1.069,4 &#177; 317,2</td>
                <td align="center">1.949,0 &#177; 542,4</td>
                <td align="center">1.292,9 &#177; 312,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>L-NAME (10-30 &#956;M)</td>
                <td align="center">439,9 &#177; 75,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">898,7 &#177; 250,6</td>
                <td align="center">852,4 &#177; 245,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">898,6 &#177; 250,3</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Indomethacin (5,6 &#956;M)</td>
                <td align="center">496,3 &#177; 92,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">741,1 &#177; 161,9</td>
                <td align="center">796,07 &#177; 119,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">740,7 &#177; 161,9</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ODQ (3-10 &#956;M)</td>
                <td align="center">1.424,5 &#177; 453,1</td>
                <td align="center">646,3 &#177; 149,8</td>
                <td align="center">1.109,4 &#177; 388,4</td>
                <td align="center">646,7 &#177; 149,9</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>C-PTIO (10-300 &#956;M)</td>
                <td align="center">1.062,7 &#177; 159,9</td>
                <td align="center">646,3 &#177; 109,6</td>
                <td align="center">1.718,9 &#177; 276,8</td>
                <td align="center">1.223,7 &#177; 327,6</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>L-NAME (10-30 &#956;M), indomethacin (5,6&#956;M) and ODQ (3-10&#956;M)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1.111,850 &#177; 350,891</td>
                <td align="center">1.329,567 &#177; 510,506</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <p>The area under the curve of Ru tetraamines (AUC) trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(Cl)(NO)(Cyclan)](PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(Py)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup>, trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(4-acPy)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup>, trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(Cl)(NO)(Cyclan)](PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, and trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(Py)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup> are shown in the absence and presence of L-NAME, indomethacin, ODQ, and carboxy-PTIO in E<sup>+</sup> aortic rings and E<sup>&#8722;</sup> aortic rings.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p value of &lt; 0.05; Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnet and Student&#8217;s t test where appropriate. (&#8722;) Indicates the absence of assays with the enzyme inhibitors evaluated; AUC is shown as mean &#177; SEM as gF/min.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The nitrosyl complexes of the class trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(L)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup> are considered important molecules because of their low toxicity, good solubility in water, and ability to modulate the release of NO as a function of the trans effect played by the choice of ligand L, along with the fact that the reductive potential of NO<sup>+</sup> is accessible to many reducing agents found in biological processes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. The nature of the ligand L is exactly what controls the strength of the Ru&#8211;NO bond so that the higher the binding property of the receptor, the weaker is the strength of the NO bond<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. According to Tfouni et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, the release or retention of NO is selective to the biological target, and a possible alternative would be the immobilization of complexes to silica, which could facilitate the action of reducing agents, possibly forming more stable compounds.</p>
      <p>However, it was shown that the immobilization to silica does not modify compound reactivity, indicating that the properties of the Ru&#8211;NO bond may change depending on the nature of the ligand<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>A study conducted by Caramoni and Frenking<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> indicated that the use of tretraaza macrocyclic ligands, such as trans&#8209;[RuCl(NO)(Cyclan), as equatorial ligands promoted greater stability of the Ru&#8211;NO bond and thereby could be used as vasodilating agents<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. However, studies in hypertensive rats using the complex trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NO<sup>+</sup>)(Cyclan)Cl(PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> indicated differences in the relaxation time when activated thermally (595 s) or by light irradiation (50 s)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Studies conducted in rat aortas demonstrated that the relaxation induced by the compound trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NO<sup>+</sup>)(Cyclan)Cl(PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> was inhibited under light irradiation and the amount of NO released was insufficient to affect the biological pathways<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate the intensity and duration of relaxation, and for this reason, the measurement of K<sub>NO</sub> is important when assessing the duration of the vasorelaxant effect<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Our results indicate that the vascular effect of the complexes tested involved decreased contractile tone followed by a relaxation effect after 90&#8211;120 min of incubation, suggesting that the assay time was not sufficient to effectively release NO. In addition, we can consider that the influence of the ligands pyridine and cyclan on the compounds helped to measure K<sub>NO</sub>, and consequently, the stabilization of the Ru&#8211;NO bond in order to release NO from the metallic complex more rapidly or more slowly.</p>
      <p>The relaxation promoted by Ru II appears to be mediated by GC stimulation but has also been associated with the direct activation of K<sup>+</sup> channels independently of cGMP, which indicates that Ru II is directly involved in the vascular relaxation promoted by NO. NO has a cGMP-dependent and a cGMP-independent signaling pathway, which could directly activate the K<sup>+</sup> channels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
      <p>Another important factor involved in the onset of vasodilation in smooth muscle is the decreased concentration of cytosolic calcium through inhibition of calcium entry<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Previous studies have indicated that the NO/cGMP pathway can decrease the intracellular calcium concentration and thereby decrease the contractile sensitivity, resulting in smooth muscle relaxation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>According to a study conducted by Lunardi et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, confocal microscopy experiments indicated that trans&#8209;[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NO<sup>+</sup>)([15]aneN4)Cl]<sup>+</sup>, [Ru<sup>II</sup>(NO<sup>+</sup>)(NH<sub>3</sub>NHQ)(terpy)]<sup>3+</sup> and cis&#8209;[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NO<sup>+</sup>)(bpy)<sub>2</sub>Cl](PF6)<sub>2</sub> decreased calcium concentrations in the vasculature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>The present study corroborates the occurrence of changes associated with the NO/cGMP pathway, considering that GC inhibition promoted faster vascular relaxation in E<sup>&#8722;</sup> aortic rings by the CyNO complex, and this inhibition was also observed using the PyNO complex, suggesting a strong influence of the NO/cGMP pathway in the vascular effect induced by the compounds analyzed.</p>
      <p>NO is the common mediator released from all vasodilator complexes, but its mechanism of action is distinguished by the specificity of activation of GC, which is different for each donor compound<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Considering that NO may also exist in a variety of forms, such as ion, and nitrosyl, and nitronium free radicals, NO released from Ru complexes may differ from NO produced by endothelial cells. This would explain the difference in potency and efficacy of NO donors in the induction of vascular relaxation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The results presented herein indicate that the vascular effect of the complexes evaluated involved decreased vascular tone induced by norepinephrine (10<sup>&#8722;6</sup> M) at the end of the incubation period in rings with and without endothelium, indicating the slow release of NO from these complexes and suggesting that the ligands promoted chemical stability in the molecule. In addition, we demonstrated that the Ru&#8211;NO bond was more stable when pyridine and cyclan ligands were used in the formulation of the compound. </p>
      <p>Considering the protocol used, the effect induced by the compounds investigated on the vascular function of aortic rings with endothelium is partially dependent on the cyclooxygenase, guanylate cyclase, and eNOS pathways. On the other hand, only the guanylate cyclase pathway modulated the activity of these compounds on the aortic rings without endothelium.</p>
      <p>To date, several Ru complexes have been synthesized and tested for their potential therapeutic use and their effects and mechanisms of action are being intensely studied by different research groups. However, many details remain unknown and will be elucidated using multidisciplinary studies. </p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Fapesp and partially funded by Faepex.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Ana Gabriela Concei&#231;&#227;o Vertamatti, from Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resposta Vascular de Tetra-Aminas de Rut&#234;nio em An&#233;is de Aorta de Ratos Normotensos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Concei&#231;&#227;o-Vertamatti</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Gabriela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Calandreli</surname>
            <given-names>Ivy</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chiba</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>Douglas Wagner</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tfouni</surname>
            <given-names>Elia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grassi-Kassisse</surname>
            <given-names>Dora Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), Campus Ribeir&#227;o Preto, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), Campus S&#227;o Carlos, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Dora Maria Grassi Kassisse,</bold> Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Bar&#227;o Geraldo. CEP 13083-862, Campinas, SP &#8722; Brasil E-mail: <email>doramgk@unicamp.br</email>; <email>doramgk@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Franco DW, Grassi&#8209;Kassisse DM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Concei&#231;&#227;o-Vertamatti AG, Ramos LAF, Calandreli I, Chiba AN, Franco DW, Tfouni E, Grassi-Kassisse DM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Concei&#231;&#227;o-Vertamatti AG, Ramos LAF, Grassi-Kassisse DM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Concei&#231;&#227;o-Vertamatti AG, Grassi-Kassisse DM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Franco DW, Tfouni E, Grassi-Kassisse DM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>As tetra-aminas de rut&#234;nio cada vez mais se destacam como carreadoras da mol&#233;cula de &#243;xido n&#237;trico. Desse modo, estudos farmacol&#243;gicos tornam-se altamente relevantes, afim de melhor compreender o mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o envolvido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a resposta vascular das tetra-aminas <italic>trans</italic>-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(Py)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup>, <italic>trans</italic>-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(Cl)(NO)(Cyclan)](PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> e <italic>trans</italic>-[RuII(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(4-acPy)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>An&#233;is de aorta foram pr&#233;-contra&#237;dos com noradrenalina (10<sup>-6</sup>M). Ap&#243;s estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da tens&#227;o, concentra&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica (10<sup>-6</sup>M) dos compostos foi adicionada ao banho de incuba&#231;&#227;o. As respostas foram registradas ao longo de 120 minutos. A integridade vascular foi avaliada funcionalmente (acetilcolina 10<sup>-6</sup>M; nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio 10<sup>-6</sup>M) e histologicamente</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica confirmou a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de c&#233;lulas endoteliais nos tecidos analisados. Todos os complexos alteraram a resposta contr&#225;til induzida pela noradrenalina, resultando em aumento de t&#244;nus seguido de efeito relaxante. Em an&#233;is com endot&#233;lio, a inibi&#231;&#227;o do &#243;xido n&#237;trico endotelial causou redu&#231;&#227;o do efeito contr&#225;til da piridina &#243;xido n&#237;trico. N&#227;o foram observadas respostas significativas em an&#233;is com endot&#233;lio referente ao composto cyclan &#243;xido n&#237;trico. Por outro lado, em an&#233;is sem endot&#233;lio, a inibi&#231;&#227;o da guanilato ciclase reduziu significativamente a resposta contr&#225;til dos complexos piridina &#243;xido n&#237;trico e cyclan &#243;xido n&#237;trico, levando ambos os compostos a um efeito relaxante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os resultados obtidos demonstram que o efeito vascular dos complexos avaliados apresentaram diminui&#231;&#227;o no t&#244;nus vascular induzido pela noradrenalina (10<sup>-6</sup>M) ao final do tempo de incuba&#231;&#227;o, em an&#233;is com e sem endot&#233;lio, indicando libera&#231;&#227;o lenta da mol&#233;cula de &#243;xido n&#237;trico do composto estudado e sugerindo que os ligantes causaram estabilidade qu&#237;mica &#224; mol&#233;cula. Demonstramos que a liga&#231;&#227;o rut&#234;nio &#243;xido n&#237;trico &#233; mais est&#225;vel quando utilizamos os ligantes piridina e cyclan para a formula&#231;&#227;o do composto.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Rut&#234;nio</kwd>
        <kwd>&#211;xido N&#237;trico</kwd>
        <kwd>Norepinefrina</kwd>
        <kwd>Piridina</kwd>
        <kwd>Cyclan</kwd>
        <kwd>Aorta</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O endot&#233;lio desempenha um papel importante no sistema vascular por meio da produ&#231;&#227;o de mediadores vasoativos, como o &#211;xido N&#237;trico (NO)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. A fun&#231;&#227;o vascular comprometida &#233; sempre foco para investiga&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias vasoativas, principalmente as anti-hipertensivas, com a finalidade de reparar a quantidade de NO necess&#225;ria ao equil&#237;brio hemodin&#226;mico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> . Assim, complexos capazes de fornecer NO de forma eficiente e em um ambiente controlado t&#234;m sido estudados n&#227;o somente para a compreens&#227;o de suas rea&#231;&#245;es qu&#237;micas, mas tamb&#233;m para futuras aplica&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas. Os resultados desses estudos podem trazer contribui&#231;&#245;es relevantes para o tratamento de doen&#231;as vasculares.</p>
        <p>O NO &#233; uma mol&#233;cula capaz de servir como ligante para uma variedade de metais de transi&#231;&#227;o como, por exemplo, Ferro (Fe), Rut&#234;nio (Ru), Cr&#244;mio (Cr), entre outros. Complexos met&#225;licos de Ru (II) t&#234;m se tornado alvo de estudos, sendo not&#225;vel sua capacidade de se ligar a diversas subst&#226;ncias e conhecido por ser o elemento que mais forma complexos nitrosilo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Podemos destacar, nesse aspecto, a classe das tetra-aminas de Ru (II) (<italic>trans</italic>-Ru<sup>II</sup>(NO)(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(L)]<sup>n+</sup>) descritas pela literatura como [Ru<sup>II</sup>NO<sup>+</sup>], apresentando importante estabilidade t&#233;rmica na regi&#227;o de liga&#231;&#227;o Ru-NO, sendo o ligante L o norteador dessa estabiliza&#231;&#227;o. A desassocia&#231;&#227;o dessa liga&#231;&#227;o, frente a uma substitui&#231;&#227;o, &#233; controlada pela constante de velocidade do NO (K<sub>-no</sub>) por meio de redu&#231;&#227;o monoeletr&#244;nica, na qual o potencial redutivo do ligante deve se encontrar entre 0,320V e 0,132V<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>A velocidade de a&#231;&#227;o do composto torna-se foco de investiga&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que a K<sub>-no</sub> determina o tempo do efeito vascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. A velocidade de sa&#237;da do NO (k<sub>-NO</sub>) varia de 0,02 s<sup>-1</sup> (L = 4-pic) a 4 s<sup>-1</sup> (L = imC), em 25&#186;C, aumentando na ordem: isn ~ pic ~ nic ~ H<sub>2</sub>O ~ py ~ pz &lt; L-His ~ imN &lt; P(OEt)3 &lt; imC8.</p>
        <p>Considerando os medicamentos j&#225; existentes e visando a uma melhoria na aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica relacionada &#224;s doen&#231;as vasculares, esse sistema torna-se vantajoso devido &#224; possibilidade de libera&#231;&#227;o do NO a um alvo biol&#243;gico espec&#237;fico e com velocidade de libera&#231;&#227;o controlada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Dessa maneira, no presente artigo, investigaremos a resposta vascular das seguintes tetra-aminas de Ru: <italic>trans</italic>-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(Py) (NO)]<sup>3+</sup> (PyNO), <italic>trans</italic>&#8209;[Ru<sup>II</sup> (Cl)(NO)(Cyclan)](PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (CyNO) e <italic>trans</italic>&#8209;[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(4&#8209;acPy)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup> (4-acPyNO).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Os protocolos apresentados foram aprovados pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica no Uso de Animais (CEUA) da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), recebendo n&#250;mero de protocolo 2099-2. A pesquisa esteve de acordo com as normas estabelecidas pelo <italic>Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals</italic>, datada de 1993<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, e com os Princ&#237;pios &#201;ticos na Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal do Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal (COBEA), de 1991, para uso de animais para pesquisa e ensino.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais</title>
          <p>Os animais utilizados foram provenientes do Centro Multidisciplinar para Investiga&#231;&#227;o Biol&#243;gica (CEMIB) na &#193;rea da Ci&#234;ncia em Animais de Laborat&#243;rio da UNICAMP. Os animais foram mantidos em gaiolas coletivas (quatro animais em cada gaiola). A sala foi dotada de controle de temperatura, que foi mantida constante (22 &#177; 2&#186;C) e com ciclo claro-escuro de 12/12 horas, com o ciclo claro iniciando-se &#224;s 6h30. Utilizamos 42 ratos machos, da linhagem Wistar (<italic>Rattus norvegicus</italic>, Albino, Rodentia, Mammalia), com peso de 330 &#177; 2,45 g, todos com 12 semanas de vida.</p>
          <p>Todos os animais eram normolipid&#234;micos, alimentados com ra&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o para laborat&#243;rio da marca Nuvilab CR1 (Nuvital Nutrientes S/A). Ra&#231;&#227;o e &#225;gua foram fornecidas diariamente <italic>ad libitum</italic>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise histol&#243;gica</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do experimento, os an&#233;is de aorta Com (CE) e Sem Endot&#233;lio (SE) foram isolados e colocados em solu&#231;&#227;o formalina (200 mL de &#225;gua destilada; 50 mL de formalde&#237;do 40%; e 250 mL de tamp&#227;o fosfato; 0,2 M; pH 7,4) durante 24 horas. Em seguida, as amostras foram lavadas com &#225;lcool 70% e armazenadas nessa solu&#231;&#227;o at&#233; o dia da inclus&#227;o em parafina. Para a inclus&#227;o, foram realizadas a desidrata&#231;&#227;o em s&#233;rie crescente de solu&#231;&#227;o de &#225;lcool et&#237;lico at&#233; o &#225;lcool absoluto, a clarifica&#231;&#227;o em xilol (&#225;lcool-xilol 1:1 e xilol puro) e a impregna&#231;&#227;o em xilol-parafina (1:1); finalmente, foram realizadas a inclus&#227;o e a emblocagem a 58oC, em Paraplast Plus&#174; (mistura de parafina, pol&#237;meros pl&#225;sticos e dimetilsulf&#243;xido). Os an&#233;is de aorta devidamente inclu&#237;dos foram colados em blocos de madeira e cortados em espessura de 2 mm em micr&#243;tomo do tipo 820 Spencer (American Optical Corporation, EUA). Cerca de tr&#234;s cortes foram colocados em cada l&#226;mina. Ap&#243;s desparafiniza&#231;&#227;o, os cortes foram corados com hematoxilina e eosina. As imagens foram capturadas em microsc&#243;pio &#243;ptico Nikon Eclipse 80i acoplado a um computador e videoc&#226;mera (Nikon Express Series, Shinagawa, T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o) e analisadas utilizando o software NIS-Elements AR 3.0, com a amplia&#231;&#227;o de 40 e 100 x<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de press&#227;o arterial</title>
          <p>Utilizamos, para a medida de press&#227;o arterial, uma amostra de dez ratos selecionados aleatoriamente dentro dos grupos experimentais. Foi realizado o procedimento de cateteriza&#231;&#227;o, em que uma c&#226;nula (PE 50) foi introduzida na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida direita e conectada a um transdutor de press&#227;o do tipo <italic>strain gauge</italic> acoplado a um amplificador MLS370/7 Blood Pressure Module (ADInstruments, Austr&#225;lia) e um sistema de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados PowerLab 8/30 (ADInstruments, Austr&#225;lia). Para an&#225;lise dos resultados, foi utilizado o <italic>software</italic> LabChart Pro (ADInstruments, Austr&#225;lia)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Complexos de rut&#234;nio </title>
          <p>Os complexos foram caracterizados por an&#225;lise elementar, espectroscopia eletr&#244;nica na regi&#227;o do infravermelho, EPR, RMN, e t&#233;cnicas eletroqu&#237;micas (PPD, VC) realizadas pelo grupo de pesquisa do Professor Dr. Elia Tfouni, da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), <italic>Campus</italic> Ribeir&#227;o Preto.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Prepara&#231;&#227;o dos an&#233;is de aorta isolada</title>
          <p>Os an&#233;is de aorta foram isolados e preparados de acordo com Zanichelli e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. O tamanho da amostra foi determinado de acordo com Lenth<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, utilizando o programa <italic>Statistica</italic> 7.0 (StatSoft, Inc.. STATISTICA), de tal forma a garantir os seguintes par&#226;metros: poder do teste m&#237;nimo de 0,80 e alfa pr&#233;-fixado em 0,05, definindo que o n&#250;mero ideal de experimentos por protocolo experimental deveria ser de seis. Desta forma, utilizamos 14 grupos experimentais, divididos entre aortas CE e aortas SE, resultando em 28 protocolos experimentais.</p>
          <p>Os animais foram sacrificados com aprofundamento da anestesia. Logo ap&#243;s, o t&#243;rax foi aberto por meio de uma incis&#227;o mediana, e a por&#231;&#227;o tor&#225;cica da aorta foi removida e dividida em quatro an&#233;is de aproximadamente 4 mm cada.</p>
          <p>Destes, dois an&#233;is tiveram o endot&#233;lio mecanicamente removido da superf&#237;cie interna da aorta, tendo o aux&#237;lio de uma haste de algod&#227;o, e os outros dois an&#233;is restantes permaneceram com a camada endotelial &#237;ntegra. Cada anel foi montado em dois ganchos de a&#231;o inox em forma de L, com a parte menor atravessando a parte interna do anel, e esses ganchos foram colocados individualmente em uma cuba, localizada em um transdutor isom&#233;trico de tens&#227;o, contendo 10 mL de solu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica de Krebs-Hanseleit da seguinte composi&#231;&#227;o (em mmol.L<sup>-1</sup>): 115,0 de NaCl; 4,6 de KCl; 25,0 de NaHCO<sub>3</sub>; 2,5 de MgSO<sub>4</sub>.7H<sub>2</sub>O; 2,5 de CaCl<sub>2</sub>.2H<sub>2</sub>O; 1,2 de KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>; 11,0 de glicose; e 0,11 de &#225;cido asc&#243;rbico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. A solu&#231;&#227;o foi mantida em um banho de 37&#186;C, tendo o aux&#237;lio de uma bomba de perfus&#227;o e sendo constantemente borbulhada com oxig&#234;nio (95%) e g&#225;s carb&#244;nico (5%), para a manuten&#231;&#227;o do pH da solu&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s a instala&#231;&#227;o do anel de aorta na cuba, foi induzida, no transdutor, uma tens&#227;o de 1,5 g, sendo esta mantida durante todo o experimento, tanto nos an&#233;is CE quanto nos an&#233;is SE. Para o registro dessa tens&#227;o foi utilizado um transdutor isom&#233;trico de tens&#227;o BIOPAC System, contendo um pol&#237;grafo de quatro canais (MP-100, EUA). Os an&#233;is permaneceram em estabiliza&#231;&#227;o por um per&#237;odo de 50 minutos, sendo que a solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs-Hanseleit foi trocada a cada 20 minutos.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o, os an&#233;is foram pr&#233;&#8209;contra&#237;dos com Noradrenalina (NA; 10<sup>-6</sup> M) dissolvida em &#225;cido asc&#243;rbico 2%, que foi mantida no banho ao longo de todo o ensaio. Ap&#243;s estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da tens&#227;o, uma concentra&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica (10<sup>-6</sup> M) do composto a ser estudado foi adicionada ao banho e teve o registro efetuado sem interrup&#231;&#245;es por 120 minutos. Logo ap&#243;s concentra&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica de Acetilcolina (ACh; 10<sup>-6</sup> M) foi adicionada ao banho, afim de comprovar a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de c&#233;lulas endoteliais e estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da resposta. Foi adicionado tamb&#233;m, em dose &#250;nica, Nitroprussiato de S&#243;dio (SNP; 10<sup>-6</sup> M), com objetivo de verificar a integridade da musculatura lisa vascular.</p>
          <p>A fim de complementar a investiga&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica do mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o envolvido, ou seja, ap&#243;s a primeira investiga&#231;&#227;o de curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o-efeito temporal, foi investigada a participa&#231;&#227;o das vias de forma&#231;&#227;o de NO end&#243;geno, de seu mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o via GMPc, bem como a poss&#237;vel interfer&#234;ncia de eicosanoides end&#243;genos. Para tal estudo, foram realizados ensaios com os complexos CyNO e PyNO 10<sup>-6</sup> M em an&#233;is CE e SE, que foram previamente encubados com as seguintes subst&#226;ncias: L-NAME Hydrochloride, 10 a 30 &#956;M (Enzo Life Sciences International, Inc. 5120 Butler Pike, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462), um inibidor da enzima NO sintase<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>; indometacina, 5,6 &#956;M (Enzo Life Sciences International, Inc. 5120 Butler Pike), um inibidor da enzima ciclo-oxigenase<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>; ODQ, 3 a 10 &#956;M (Enzo Life Sciences International, Inc. 5120 Butler Pike) um inibidor da Guanilato Ciclase (GC) sol&#250;vel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> ; carboxy-PTIO, 10 a 300 &#956;M (Enzo Life Sciences International, Inc.5120 Butler Pike), um sequestrador de NO.</p>
          <p>Para melhor avaliar o efeito causado por esses complexos, foram realizados ensaios com o PyNO 10<sup>-6</sup> M interagindo com mais de um inibidor enzim&#225;tico, como, por exemplo, ensaios com pr&#233;&#8209;incuba&#231;&#227;o de L-NAME e indometacina, e L-NAME junto a indometacina e ODQ, mantendo a concentra&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica utilizada para cada inibidor.</p>
          <p>Todos os sais utilizados para o preparo da solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs-Hanseleit foram de padr&#227;o ACS. As solu&#231;&#245;es estoque de NA foram preparadas em solu&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido asc&#243;rbico a 2% e armazenadas a -20&#186;C, por, no m&#225;ximo, 7 dias. Na prepara&#231;&#227;o da solu&#231;&#227;o de indometacina, foi utilizado tamp&#227;o de bicarbonato de s&#243;dio 5%. As dilui&#231;&#245;es foram feitas em solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs-Hanseleit imediatamente antes do uso e, em seguida, descartadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os resultados est&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dias &#177; Erro Padr&#227;o da M&#233;dia (EPM) da porcentagem de resposta. A normalidade foi comprovada segundo Kolmogorov-Smirnov; por conta disso, para as an&#225;lises, foi utilizado o teste t de Student, a fim de comparar os diferentes protocolos experimentais em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;: resposta sob t&#244;nus induzido pela presen&#231;a de NA; e resposta em rela&#231;&#227;o ao momento zero do composto e resposta dos diferentes tempos de a&#231;&#227;o do composto, na presen&#231;a e aus&#234;ncia dos antagonistas e inibidores enzim&#225;ticos. An&#225;lise de Vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA), seguida de Dunnet, foi realizada nas an&#225;lises dos resultados provenientes da &#225;rea sob a curva. Em todos os casos, valores de p &lt; 5% foram aceitos como indicativos de diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas. As curvas foram realizadas com aux&#237;lio do software Graph-Pad Prism (GraphPad Software, San Diego, Calif&#243;rnia, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Press&#227;o arterial</title>
          <p>Os animais apresentaram valores press&#243;ricos condizentes com a literatura para ratos adultos jovens, de peso m&#233;dio e anestesiados: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica 119,4 &#177; 3,862 mmHg, press&#227;o diast&#243;lica 92,75 &#177; 6,125 mmHg e press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia de 104,5 &#177; 4,29 mmHg, caracterizando-os como normotensos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise histol&#243;gica</title>
          <p>An&#225;lises histol&#243;gicas confirmaram os dados obtidos experimentalmente, que indicavam a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de c&#233;lulas endoteliais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig fig-type="other" id="f07">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fotomicrografias de an&#233;is de aorta com (A) e sem (B) endot&#233;lio isoladas de ratos normotensos (100x). Na figura ilustrada, as setas indicam a presen&#231;a de c&#233;lulas endoteliais.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0185-40189-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reatividade vascular</title>
          <p>Corroborando dados histol&#243;gicos, a presen&#231;a de c&#233;lulas endoteliais foi comprovada com o efeito relaxante significativo em aortas CE em decorr&#234;ncia da ACh, e a integridade da musculatura lisa foi comprovada com o relaxamento em ambos os an&#233;is de aorta, causado pelo SNP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
          <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o aos experimentos com o t&#244;nus induzido somente pela presen&#231;a da NA, todas as tetra-aminas analisadas apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do t&#244;nus vascular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <fig fig-type="other" id="f08">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeito das tetra-aminas (A) CyNO &#8722; trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(Cl)(NO)(Cyclan)](PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, (B) PyNO &#8722; trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(Py)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup> e (C) 4-acPyNO &#8722; trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(4-acPy) (NO)]<sup>3+</sup> 10<sup>-6</sup>M, em an&#233;is de aorta isolados de ratos com endot&#233;lio &#8211; CE (&#9632;) e sem endot&#233;lio &#8211; SE (&#9633;), comparadas aos experimentos sem os respectivos compostos. *Valor de p &lt; 0,05, teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores obtidos sob t&#244;nus induzido na presen&#231;a de noradrenalina (10<sup>-6</sup>M). CE: PyNO com p = 0,0036; CyNO com p = 0,0008; 4-acPyNO com p = 0,0026; SE: PyNO com p = 0,0022; CyNO com p = 0,0022; 4-acPyNO com p = 0,0014.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0185-40189-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Depois de realizada a pr&#233;-contra&#231;&#227;o com NA, os compostos analisados apresentaram, tanto em an&#233;is CE quanto em an&#233;is SE, aumento de t&#244;nus durante a primeira hora do ensaio e, somente ap&#243;s 90 minutos, demostraram redu&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus vascular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <fig fig-type="other" id="f09">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeito das tetra-aminas (A) CyNO &#8722; trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(Cl)(NO)(Cyclan)](PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, (B) PyNO &#8722; trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(Py)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup> e (C) 4-acPyNO &#8722; trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(4-acPy) (NO)]<sup>3+</sup> 10<sup>-6</sup> M, ap&#243;s concentra&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica de noradrenalina 10-6 M, em an&#233;is de aorta isolados de ratos com endot&#233;lio &#8211; CE (&#9632;) e sem endot&#233;lio &#8211; SE (&#9633;). *Valor de p &lt; 0,05, teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado dos valores obtidos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo zero da administra&#231;&#227;o do composto. CE: PyNO com p = 0,0195; CyNO com p = 0,0241; 4-acPyNO com p = 0,0116; SE: PyNO com p = 0,0216; CyNO com p = 0,0377; 4-acPyNO com p = 0,0179.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0185-40189-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Em an&#233;is SE, a inibi&#231;&#227;o da GC alterou significativamente a resposta contr&#225;til induzida pelo CyNO, causando resposta vascular relaxante logo nos primeiros 30 minutos. N&#227;o foram observadas respostas significativas em an&#233;is CE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
          <fig fig-type="other" id="f10">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeito de trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(Cl)(NO)(Cyclan)](PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> &#8722; CyNO, em an&#233;is de aorta (A) com endot&#233;lio (CE) e sem endot&#233;lio (SE) frente &#224;s respostas aos inibidores enzim&#225;ticos: L-NAME CE (&#9650;) e SE (&#9651;); indometacina CE (t) e SE (&#9826;); ODQ CE (x) e SE (&#215;) e C-PTIO CE (l) e SE (&#161;). * Valor de p &lt; 0,05, teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores obtidos na aus&#234;ncia de antagonista ou inibidor enzim&#225;tico CyNO vs. ODQ SE com p = 0,0152.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0185-40189-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>A resposta contr&#225;til induzida pela PyNO em an&#233;is CE foi significativamente reduzida com a inibi&#231;&#227;o da eNOS, da ciclo-oxigenase e da GC. Nos primeiros 60 minutos, apenas a inibi&#231;&#227;o da GC demostrou efeito redutor, ao passo que a inibi&#231;&#227;o da eNOS e da ciclo-oxigenase responderam somente ao final de 120 minutos de incuba&#231;&#227;o. Na aus&#234;ncia de c&#233;lulas endoteliais, o efeito redutor foi significativo apenas com a inibi&#231;&#227;o da GC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
          <fig fig-type="other" id="f11">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeito de PyNO &#8722; trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(Py)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup>, em an&#233;is de aorta (A) com endot&#233;lio (CE) e sem endot&#233;lio (SE) frente &#224;s respostas aos inibidores enzim&#225;ticos: L-NAME CE (&#9650;) e SE (&#9651;); indometacina CE (t) e SE (&#9826;); ODQ CE (x) e SE (&#215;) e C-PTIO CE (l) e SE (&#161;). * Valor de p &lt; 0,05, teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores obtidos na aus&#234;ncia de antagonista ou inibidor enzim&#225;tico CE: PyNO vs. L-NAME, com p = 0,0056; PyNO vs. indometacina, com p = 0,0459; PyNO vs. ODQ, com p = 0,0043; SE: PyNO vs. ODQ, com p = 0,0140.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0185-40189-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Com o objetivo de melhor entender o efeito causado por esses complexos, foram realizados ensaios com o complexo PyNO 10<sup>-6</sup> M na presen&#231;a de mais de um inibidor enzim&#225;tico como, por exemplo, ensaios com pr&#233;-incuba&#231;&#227;o de L-NAME e indometacina, com a inten&#231;&#227;o de bloquear a&#231;&#227;o do NO end&#243;geno e, ao mesmo tempo, a a&#231;&#227;o de eicosanoides, tal como a prostaciclina (PGI<sub>2</sub> e TXA<sub>2</sub>). Tamb&#233;m foram realizados ensaios com L-NAME, indometacina e ODQ, a fim de eliminarmos as poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis como NO end&#243;geno (s&#237;ntese e a&#231;&#227;o) e eicosanoides end&#243;genos (PGI<sub>2</sub> e TXA<sub>2</sub>) no mesmo ensaio.</p>
          <p>Dessa maneira, quando impedimos a fun&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio bloqueando a eNOS e, ao mesmo tempo, a ciclo-oxigenase, notamos significativa diminui&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus vascular em an&#233;is CE, confirmando a a&#231;&#227;o direta do complexo PyNO na musculatura lisa. N&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es da resposta vascular em an&#233;is SE.</p>
          <p>Quando bloqueamos as poss&#237;veis interfer&#234;ncias sobre o composto, ou seja, impedimos a s&#237;ntese de NO com o bloqueio da eNOS, al&#233;m da a&#231;&#227;o do mesmo pelo bloqueio da GC, assim como a poss&#237;vel interfer&#234;ncia da PGI2 ou TXA2 com o impedimento da fun&#231;&#227;o da ciclo-oxigenase, ao mesmo tempo observamos redu&#231;&#227;o da resposta contr&#225;til em ambos os an&#233;is, comprovando efetivamente o efeito vascular do complexo PyNO de forma direta na musculatura lisa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 6</xref>).</p>
          <fig fig-type="other" id="f12">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efeito de PyNO &#8722; trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(Py)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup> 10<sup>-6</sup>M em resposta aos inibidores enzim&#225;ticos L-NAME, indometacina e ODQ simultaneamente em an&#233;is de aorta (A) com endot&#233;lio (CE) e (B) sem endot&#233;lio (SE). * Valor de p &lt; 0,05, teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores obtidos na aus&#234;ncia de antagonista ou inibidor enzim&#225;tico. CE: PyNO vs. PyNO +L-NAME e indometacina, com p = 0,0056, e PyNO vs. PyNO +L-name, indometacina e ODQ, com p = 0,0454.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-03-0185-40189-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>Quando comparados os efeitos do complexo PyNO em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; acetila&#231;&#227;o do complexo 4-acPyNO, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativas relacionadas &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do efeito contr&#225;til, tanto em an&#233;is CE quanto em an&#233;is SE.</p>
          <p>Os resultados foram tamb&#233;m analisados em &#193;rea sob a Curva (AUC, sigla do ingl&#234;s <italic>Area Under the Curve</italic>). Observamos que a resposta induzida pelos compostos PyNO, CyNO e 4-acPyNO n&#227;o diferiram entre si quando avaliadas em an&#233;is CE e nem em an&#233;is SE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref>). Por outro lado, a inibi&#231;&#227;o da eNOS pelo L-NAME causou diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa na resposta induzida pela PyNO e pelo CyNO em an&#233;is CE, fato n&#227;o observado em an&#233;is SE. O mesmo efeito foi observado quando inibimos a via da ciclo-oxigenase, ou seja, houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na resposta em an&#233;is CE e sem altera&#231;&#227;o em an&#233;is SE. A inibi&#231;&#227;o da GC, causada pelo ODQ, levou &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o na resposta induzida pela PyNO e do CyNO em an&#233;is SE. O sequestro da mol&#233;cula de NO pelo C-PTIO n&#227;o alterou a resposta dos compostos avaliados.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t02">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#193;rea sob a curva das tetra-aminas de rut&#234;nio <italic>trans</italic>-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(Cl)(NO)(Cyclan)](PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, <italic>trans</italic>-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(Py)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup>, e <italic>trans</italic>-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(4-acPy)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup> em an&#233;is de aorta com (CE) e sem endot&#233;lio (SE), isoladas de ratos normotensos </title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th>
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>trans</italic>- [Ru<sup>II</sup>(Cl)(NO)(Cyclan)](PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub></th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>trans</italic>-[Ru(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(Py)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup></th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2"><italic>trans</italic>-[Ru(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(4-acPy)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup></th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>
									</th>
                  <th align="center">CE</th>
                  <th align="center">SE</th>
                  <th align="center">CE</th>
                  <th align="center">SE</th>
                  <th align="center">CE</th>
                  <th align="center">SE</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td align="center">1.110,6 &#177; 225,6</td>
                  <td align="center">1.068,7 &#177; 317,5</td>
                  <td align="center">2.292,2 &#177; 520,6</td>
                  <td align="center">1.069,4 &#177; 317,2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.949,0 &#177; 542,4</td>
                  <td align="center">1.292,9 &#177; 312,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>L-NAME (10-30 &#956;M)</td>
                  <td align="center">439,9 &#177; 75,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">898,7 &#177; 250,6</td>
                  <td align="center">852,4 &#177; 245,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">898,6 &#177; 250,3</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Indometacina (5,6 &#956;M)</td>
                  <td align="center">496,3 &#177; 92,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">741,1 &#177; 161,9</td>
                  <td align="center">796,07 &#177; 119,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">740,7 &#177; 161,9</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ODQ (3-10 &#956;M)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.424,5 &#177; 453,1</td>
                  <td align="center">646,3 &#177; 149,8</td>
                  <td align="center">1.109,4 &#177; 388,4</td>
                  <td align="center">646,7 &#177; 149,9</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>C-PTIO (10-300 &#956;M)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.062,7 &#177; 159,9</td>
                  <td align="center">646,3 &#177; 109,6</td>
                  <td align="center">1.718,9 &#177; 276,8</td>
                  <td align="center">1.223,7 &#177; 327,6</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>L-NAME (10-30 &#956;M), indometacina (5,6&#956;M) e ODQ (3-10&#956;M)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1.111,850 &#177; 350,891</td>
                  <td align="center">1.329,567 &#177; 510,506</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN01">
                <p>&#193;rea sob a curva das tetra-aminas de rut&#234;nio (ASC)) trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(Cl)(NO)(Cyclan)](PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(Py)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup> e trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(4-acPy)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup>; trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(Cl)(NO)(Cyclan)](PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> e trans-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(Py)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup>est&#227;o apresentadas na aus&#234;ncia e na presen&#231;a de L-NAME, indometacina, ODQ e carboxy-PTO em an&#233;is de aorta com (CE) e sem (SE) endot&#233;lio.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN02">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Valor de p &lt;0,05; An&#225;lise de Vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) seguida de Dunnet e teste t de Student quando adequado. (-) indica aus&#234;ncia de ensaios com os inibidores enzim&#225;ticos analisados; ASC &#233; demostrada m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia em gF/minutos.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os nitrosilo complexos de classe <italic>trans</italic>-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(L)(NO)]<sup>3+</sup> s&#227;o considerados mol&#233;culas especialmente interessantes devido &#224; sua baixa toxidade, sua boa solubilidade em &#225;gua e, principalmente, por demostrarem capacidade de modula&#231;&#227;o da libera&#231;&#227;o do &#243;xido em fun&#231;&#227;o do efeito trans desempenhado pela escolha do ligante L, concomitante ao fato do potencial de redu&#231;&#227;o do NO<sup>+</sup> ser acess&#237;vel a diversos redutores encontrados em meio biol&#243;gico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. &#201; exatamente a natureza do ligante L que controla a for&#231;a da liga&#231;&#227;o Ru-NO, pois quanto maior for a propriedade receptora do ligante, mais fraca &#233; a do NO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. De acordo com Tfouni e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, a libera&#231;&#227;o ou reten&#231;&#227;o de NO &#233; seletiva ao alvo biol&#243;gico, e uma poss&#237;vel alternativa seria a imobiliza&#231;&#227;o dos complexos em s&#237;lica, o que, dessa maneira, facilitaria a a&#231;&#227;o de agentes redutores, formando provavelmente materiais mais est&#225;veis.</p>
        <p>Entretanto, foi demostrado que o ancoramento em s&#237;lica n&#227;o modifica a reatividade do composto, comprovando que as propriedades na liga&#231;&#227;o Ru-NO se modulam em altera&#231;&#227;o conforme a natureza do ligante<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em estudo realizado por Caramoni e Frenking<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, observou&#8209;se que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de tretra-azomacrociclos como, por exemplo, trans-[RuCl(NO)(Cyclan) como ligantes equatoriais promove maior estabilidade da liga&#231;&#227;o Ru-NO, sendo, com isso, utilizado como agentes vasodilatadores9. Entretanto, estudos em ratos hipertensos com o complexo <italic>trans-</italic>[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NO<sup>+</sup>)(Cyclan) Cl(PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> demostraram diferen&#231;as no tempo de relaxamento em quando ativado termicamente (595 segundos) ou pela irradia&#231;&#227;o por luz (50 segundos)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>Estudos realizados em aorta de ratos demostraram que o relaxamento do composto <italic>trans</italic>-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NO<sup>+</sup>)(Cyclan)Cl(PF<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> foi prejudicado sob a irradia&#231;&#227;o de luz, sendo a quantidade de NO liberada insuficiente para atingir as vias biol&#243;gicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Portanto, torna-se importante avaliar a intensidade e o tempo em que o relaxamento acontece e, consequente a isso, a K-NO torna-se determinante no tempo do efeito vasorrelaxante<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>Nossos resultados demostraram que o efeito vascular dos complexos avaliados apresentou diminui&#231;&#227;o no t&#244;nus contr&#225;til seguido de efeito relaxante de 90 a 120 minutos de incuba&#231;&#227;o, sugerindo que o tempo decorrido durante o ensaio n&#227;o foi suficiente para a eficaz libera&#231;&#227;o de NO do composto. Simultaneamente, podemos considerar que a influ&#234;ncia do ligante piridina ou cyclan sobre o composto tenha determinado a K-NO e, consequentemente, a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da liga&#231;&#227;o Ru-NO, de forma a liberar mais rapidamente ou mais lentamente o NO do conjunto met&#225;lico.</p>
        <p>O relaxamento promovido pelo Ru II parece ser mediado tamb&#233;m pelo est&#237;mulo da GCs, mas tamb&#233;m tem sido relacionado &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o direta de canais de K<sup>+</sup> independente de GMPc, o que o envolve diretamente no processo de relaxamento vascular promovido pelo NO. O NO tem duas vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o, uma cGMP-dependente e uma independente de cGMP, o que poderia ativar diretamente os canais de K<sup>+</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
        <p>Outro fator importante para o desencadeamento da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o na musculatura lisa &#233; a diminui&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lcio citos&#243;lico, por meio da inibi&#231;&#227;o da entrada de c&#225;lcio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Estudos indicam que a via NO/GMPc pode diminuir a concentra&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio intracelular e reduzir, dessa forma, a sensibilidade contr&#225;til, resultando no relaxamento da musculatura lisa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>Segundo pesquisas realizadas por Lunardi e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, ensaios de microscopia confocal em <italic>trans</italic>-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NO<sup>+</sup>)([15]aneN4)Cl]<sup>+</sup>, [Ru<sup>II</sup>(NO<sup>+</sup>)(NH<sub>3</sub>NHQ)(terpy)]<sup>3+</sup> e <italic>cis</italic>-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NO<sup>+</sup>)(bpy)<sub>2</sub>Cl](PF6)<sub>2</sub> diminu&#237;ram as concentra&#231;&#245;es de c&#225;lcio no meio vascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>Outro estudo demonstrou que o relaxamento dos complexos <italic>trans</italic>-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NO<sup>+</sup>)(cyclan)Cl]<sup>3+</sup> e <italic>trans</italic>-[Ru<sup>II</sup>(NO<sup>+</sup>) (NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>P(OEt)<sub>3</sub>]<sup>3+</sup> foi completamente bloqueado com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um sequestrador de NO e inibidores da GCs, sugerindo que o mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o estaria relacionado a via NO-GMPc<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>Nossos estudos apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a via NO/GMPc, visto que, com o complexo CyNO, a inibi&#231;&#227;o da GC promoveu o relaxamento vascular mais rapidamente em an&#233;is SE, o que tamb&#233;m pode ser observado referente ao complexo PyNO, sugerindo forte interfer&#234;ncia da via NO/GMPc no efeito vascular dos compostos analisados.</p>
        <p>O NO &#233; o mediador comum liberado de todos os complexos vasodilatadores, por&#233;m o que difere o mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o &#233; a especificidade da ativa&#231;&#227;o da GCs, sendo esta diferente para cada doador<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. Sabendo que o NO pode tamb&#233;m existir em uma variedade de formas como &#237;on, ou mesmo radical livre nitrosilo ou nitr&#244;nio, o NO liberado dos complexos de Ru pode ser diferente daquele produzido pelas c&#233;lulas endoteliais. Isso explicaria a diferen&#231;a de pot&#234;ncia e a efic&#225;cia que os doadores de NO apresentam na indu&#231;&#227;o ao relaxamento vascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados obtidos demonstram que o efeito vascular dos complexos avaliados apresentaram diminui&#231;&#227;o no t&#244;nus vascular induzido pela noradrenalina (10<sup>-6</sup>M) ao final do tempo de incuba&#231;&#227;o, em an&#233;is com e sem endot&#233;lio, indicando a libera&#231;&#227;o lenta da mol&#233;cula de &#243;xido n&#237;trico do composto estudado e sugerindo que os ligantes causaram estabilidade qu&#237;mica &#224; mol&#233;cula. Demonstramos que a liga&#231;&#227;o Ru-NO &#233; mais est&#225;vel quando utilizamos os ligantes piridina e cyclan para a formula&#231;&#227;o do composto.</p>
        <p>Considerando o protocolo utilizado, as respostas vasculares induzidas pelos compostos estudados nos an&#233;is de aorta com endot&#233;lio dependem parcialmente das vias da ciclo-oxigenase, guanilato ciclase e eNOS. Por outro lado, somente a via da guanilato ciclase modula a resposta vascular desses compostos em an&#233;is de aorta sem endot&#233;lio.</p>
        <p>At&#233; o presente momento, um grande n&#250;mero de complexos de rut&#234;nio foi sintetizado e testado para poss&#237;vel utiliza&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica. Os efeitos e seus mecanismos de a&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o sendo intensamente estudados por diferentes grupos de pesquisa. Por&#233;m, muitos detalhes ainda s&#227;o desconhecidos, permanecendo, assim, o desafio para as pesquisas interdiciplinares.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Fapesp e parcialmente financiado pela Faepex.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Ana Gabriela Concei&#231;&#227;o Vertamatti pela Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
