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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">VCWw5Fp7xdsrVXmVNvcrfND</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000200014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140128</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Giant Left Atrial Thrombus with Double Coronary
               Vascularization</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giuliano Serafino</surname>
            <given-names>Ciambelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baptista</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Lins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Emer Egypto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio S&#233;rgio de Santis Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Accorsi</surname>
            <given-names>Tarso Augusto Duenhas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical School</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (INCOR) - Hospital das
                  Cl&#237;nicas from the Medical School at USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Giuliano Serafino Ciambelli,</bold> Av. Dr.
               En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, InCor HCFMUSP - Andar AB - Unidade Cl&#237;nica de
               Valvopatias, Postal Code 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>gciambelli@uol.com.br</email>;
               <email>gciambelli@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and
                  interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the
                  manuscript for intellectual content: Ciambelli GS, Baptista ML, Rosa VEE, Lopes
                  ASSA, Accorsi RAD, Tarasoutchi F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>e15</fpage>
      <lpage>e17</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Stenosis / surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Thrombosis / surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Myxoma / surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Atria</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Circulation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Rheumatic valvular disease, especially mitral stenosis (MS) and atrial fibrillation
            (AF), are the main factors related to the formation of left atrial (LA) thrombi<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Its incidence can range from 16 to 64%, and the most affected site is the
            left atrial appendage<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>Systemic embolism is responsible for 10 to 45% of the complications, being the most
            frequent clinical presentation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Despite being
            rare, the mechanical mitral valve obstruction caused by thrombus may be considered as
            potentially severe, especially among those patients with previous MS. The clinical
            manifestations of this condition are variable, presenting from worsened functional class
            (NYHA) to cardiogenic shock<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>The left atrial thrombus related to MS, even if rarely, may present as a large and
            organized mass with undistinguishable characteristics from vascularized tumors,
            especially the atrial myxoma. Clinical and echocardiographic aspects may not be
            sufficiently specific to distinguish one from the other safely, and additional
            examinations are often required<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>This is the case of a patient with moderate rheumatic MS and no anticoagulation for AF,
            with a large thrombus organized in LA mimicking an atrial tumor, with difficult clinical
            differentiation by complementary examinations.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <p>It is the case of a 57-year-old female patient, with dyspnea that progressed to
            orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea and lower extremity edema for two months. She
            had been diagnosed with rheumatic valvulopathy for seven years, permanent AF with no
            anticoagulation; she was a smoker. In the physical examination, she presented with good
            general status, 44 bpm heart rate, 150 x 80 mmHg blood pressure, cardiac auscultation
            with hyperphonetic sound, second normophonetic sound, presence of opening snap close to
            second sound, rumbling 2+/6+ diastolic murmur in the mitral area and pulmonary
            auscultation with fine crepitation in both bases. The electrocardiogram presented AF
            rhythm. The thoracic x-ray showed bilateral pulmonary congestion and increased
            cardiothoracic index. The transthoracic echocardiogram showed mitral valve with
            commissural fusion, thickened cusps and reduced valve opening, mean LA-LV diastolic
            gradient of 4 mmHg and maximum of 16 mmHg, with valve area of 1.2 cm<sup>2</sup>, which
            is compatible with moderate rheumatic compromise. A 51 mm LA and the presence of
            hyperechoic image from the left atrial roof to its lateral wall were described,
            measuring 65 x 54 mm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">B</xref>). There was also severe pulmonary arterial
            hypertension (SPAP 66 mmHg) and important increase in the left chambers, eccentric
            hypertrophy and left ventricular systolic dysfunction (35% ejection fraction), with
            diffuse hypokinesis.</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A) Echocardiographic image of the apical four-chamber view demonstrating
                  extensive mass in the LA measuring 65 x 54 mm; B) echocardiographic image of the
                  apical four-chamber view demonstrating extensive mass in the LA; C)
                  Cineangiocoronariography with right anterior oblique incidence showing right
                  coronary circulation to the atrial mass (arrow).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0e15-40128-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The patient was submitted to cardiac catheterization, which excluded obstructive
            coronary lesions and showed the presence of extensive vascularization of the atrial
            mass, with irrigation originated from the left (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure
               1C</xref>) and right (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1D</xref>) coronaries.
            Cardiac nuclear magnetic resonance showed important LA increase, with thickened walls
            and image compatible with large thrombus adhered to its walls (roof, floor and lateral
            wall), besides positive parietal diffuse enhancement, compatible with hypertrophy and
            atrial fibrosis, probably associated with MS. However, in the interface between the
            thrombus and the lateral LA wall, there was a positive perfusion, so it was not possible
            to prevent other expansive processes in the atrial wall. The late left ventricular
            enhancement was negative.</p>
      <p>By considering the presence of an image in the LA in a patient with moderate MS and no
            anticoagulation for AF, there was the hypothesis of a giant thrombus. Due to the
            progression of the symptoms, size of thrombus and risk of embolism or mechanical
            obstruction of the mitral valve, the surgical treatment was chosen.</p>
      <p>The patient was submitted to surgery, therefore, the mass that presented red coloration,
            with soft and friable consistency was removed, which confirmed the diagnosis of left
            atrial giant thrombus and impairment of the entire LA posterior wall, weighing 80 g
               (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">B</xref>). Anterior and posterior commissurotomy was conducted in the mitral valve.
            The postoperative transthoracic echocardiogram showed mitral valve with mean LA-LV
            diastolic gradient of 4 mmHg and maximum diastolic gradient of 12 mmHg, and also a 1.6
               cm<sup>2</sup> valvular area. There was still systolic dysfunction (EF 42%) resulting
            from diffuse hypokinesis. The patient evolved well in the postoperative period and
            received asymptomatic hospital discharge, on warfarin anticoagulant.</p>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A) Surgical view of the mass after opening the left atrium (arrow); B)
                  Thrombus extracted from the let atrium weighing 80 grams.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0e15-40128-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>MS and its marked atrial increase predisposes to AF in 40 to 75% of the symptomatic
            patients. Its occurrence increases with age and with the level of valvular
            obstruction3,4,8. In this condition, blood stasis on the left atrial appendage and LA
            favors the formation of multiple thrombi in those areas, therefore, it is very important
            to identify them due to the risk of systemic embolism and, less frequently, mechanical
            valve obstruction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>In this case, atrial mass was related to MS with AF with no anticoagulation and to
            increased LA, being diagnosed as thrombus by the echocardiogram. However, the
            vascularized mass in the preoperative catheterization created doubts as to the nature of
            the mass. The discovery of a large mass in the LA in the echocardiogram forces the
            doctors to distinguish the cardiac myxoma and the thrombus, which are the most common
            aspects in cases of round masses in this chamber<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>The myxoma is located in the LA in 90% of the cases, and there are also numberless
            reports of abnormal coronary vascularization in these tumors, thus being the main
            differential diagnosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. The precise diagnosis is
            important due to the different therapeutic proposals. The myxoma requires surgical
            resection, while the thrombus can be solved with anticoagulation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Nuclear magnetic resonance plays an important role in this
            differentiation; however, the organized thrombus may acquire the same characteristics of
            the image of a myxoma<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Therefore, the presence
            of vascularization is not pathognomonic for atrial myxoma and cannot be used alone to
            tell a thrombus from a myxoma.</p>
      <p>Giant thrombi that develop inside the atrial chamber are usually immovable, well
            organized and fibrotic, with a close relation to the wall. They have an unfavorable
            response to thrombolytic therapy, which is not safe due to the high risks of systemic
               embolism<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. The rare cases described in
            literature suggest that surgical removal should be the treatment of choice<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>The mechanical obstruction of the mitral valve is rare, however, potentially severe,
            especially for people with previous MS. In this case, the patient had presented
            symptomatic moderate MS for two months (NYHA III) and pulmonary arterial hypertension
            (SPAP 66 mmHg), which were sufficient to indicate surgical treatment. Besides this
            indication, there was the presence of a large mass in the LA, which could not only have
            contributed with the symptoms presented by the patient, but also added the risk of
            systemic embolism. With regard to left ventricular dysfunction, the other etiologies
            were ruled out, therefore, such a dysfunction may be justified by preload reduction and
            by changes in ventricular geometry caused by the calcification and immobility of the
            mitral valve ring<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>In literature, angiographic findings of neovascularization or coronary artery fistula
            formation for the LA have occasionally been described in association with atrial
            thrombus among patients with MS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Most of the time, the irrigation of these organized thrombi originates
            from the circumflex artery, so, the double irrigation by the left and right
               coronaries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> is extremely rare, as observed in
            this case.</p>
      <p>MS and AF are the main factors related to the formation of thrombi in the LA, and
            sometimes they cannot be distinguished from vascularized tumors. Even though the patient
            had sufficient thrombogenic substrate, subsidiary tests brought up this diagnostic
            doubt, especially due to the preoperative angiographic finding. Surgery was the best
            strategy both in the diagnostic and in the therapeutic approach. This case leads to the
            diagnosis of giant left atrial thrombus with double coronary vascularization, thus
            configuring the second case in the world and the first one in Brazil.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Trombo Gigante em &#193;trio Esquerdo com Vasculariza&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria
               Dupla</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giuliano Serafino</surname>
            <given-names>Ciambelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baptista</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Lins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Emer Egypto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio S&#233;rgio de Santis Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Accorsi</surname>
            <given-names>Tarso Augusto Duenhas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (INCOR) - Hospital das
                  Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Giuliano Serafino Ciambelli,</bold> Av. Dr.
               En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, InCor HCFMUSP - Andar AB - Unidade Cl&#237;nica de
               Valvopatias, CEP 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>gciambelli@uol.com.br</email>;
               <email>gciambelli@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos
                  dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do
                  intelectual importante: Ciambelli GS, Baptista ML, Rosa VEE, Lopes ASSA, Accorsi
                  RAD, Tarasoutchi F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Estenose da valva mitral / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Trombose / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Mixoma / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>&#193;trios do Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Circula&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a valvar reum&#225;tica, sobretudo a estenose mitral (EM), e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA)
               s&#227;o os principais fatores relacionados &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos em &#225;trio esquerdo
               (AE)1&#8209;6. A incid&#234;ncia pode variar de 16 a 64%, sendo o ap&#234;ndice auricular esquerdo o
               s&#237;tio mais comum<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>A emboliza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica &#233; respons&#225;vel por 10 a 45% das complica&#231;&#245;es, sendo a
               apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais frequente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Apesar
               de rara, a obstru&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica da valva mitral pelo trombo deve ser lembrada por ser
               potencialmente grave, principalmente naqueles portadores de EM pr&#233;via. As
               manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas desta condi&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o variadas, apresentando desde piora de
               classe funcional (NYHA) ao choque cardiog&#234;nico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>O trombo atrial esquerdo relacionado &#224; EM, mais raramente, pode apresentar-se como
               uma grande e organizada massa com caracter&#237;sticas indistingu&#237;veis de tumores
               vascularizados, principalmente o mixoma atrial. Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e
               ecocardiogr&#225;ficas podem n&#227;o ser suficientemente espec&#237;ficas para diferenci&#225;-los com
               seguran&#231;a e, muitas vezes, exames adicionais se fazem necess&#225;rios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>Relata-se o caso de uma paciente portadora de EM reum&#225;tica moderada e FA sem
               anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, com grande trombo organizado em AE mimetizando tumor atrial, com
               dif&#237;cil diferencia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica pelos exames de complementares.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato do Caso</title>
        <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 57 anos, com quadro de dispneia, evoluindo para ortopneia,
               dispneia parox&#237;stica noturna e edema de membros inferiores h&#225; dois meses. Era
               portadora de valvopatia reum&#225;tica diagnosticada h&#225; sete anos, FA permanente sem
               anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e tabagista. Ao exame f&#237;sico, apresentava-se em bom estado geral,
               frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 44 bpm, press&#227;o arterial de 150 x 80 mmHg, ausculta card&#237;aca
               com primeira bulha hiperfon&#233;tica, segunda bulha normofon&#233;tica, presen&#231;a de estalido
               de abertura pr&#243;ximo &#224; segunda bulha, sopro diast&#243;lico em ruflar 2+/6+ em &#225;rea mitral
               e ausculta pulmonar com crepita&#231;&#227;o fina em ambas as bases. O eletrocardiograma
               apresentava ritmo de FA. A radiografia de t&#243;rax demonstrava congest&#227;o pulmonar
               bilateral e &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico aumentado. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico mostrou
               valva mitral com fus&#227;o comissural, espessamento de suas c&#250;spides e redu&#231;&#227;o da
               abertura valvar, gradiente diast&#243;lico m&#233;dio AE-VE de 4 mmHg e m&#225;ximo de 16 mmHg, com
               &#225;rea valvar de 1,2 cm<sup>2</sup>, compat&#237;veis com comprometimento reum&#225;tico
               moderado. Foram descritos AE de 51 mm e presen&#231;a de imagem hiperecog&#234;ncia
               estendendo-se do teto &#224; parede lateral do AE, com medidas de 65 x 54 mm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">B</xref>). Existia ainda hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar grave (PSAP 66 mmHg) e
               aumento importante de c&#226;maras esquerdas, hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica
               do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 35%) com hipocinesia difusa.</p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) Janela ecocardiogr&#225;fica apical 4 c&#226;maras demonstrando extensa massa em
                     AE com dimens&#245;es de 65 x 54 mm; B) Janela ecocardiogr&#225;fica apical 4 c&#226;maras
                     demonstrando extensa massa em AE; C) Cineangiocoronariografia com incid&#234;ncia
                     obl&#237;qua anterior direita demonstrando massa delimitada com circula&#231;&#227;o
                     coronariana esquerda (seta); D) Cineangiocoronariografia com incid&#234;ncia obl&#237;qua
                     anterior direita demonstrando circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana direita para massa atrial
                     (seta).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0e15-40128-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A paciente foi ent&#227;o submetida a um cateterismo card&#237;aco, que afastou les&#245;es
               coronarianas obstrutivas e evidenciou presen&#231;a de extensa vasculariza&#231;&#227;o da massa
               atrial com irriga&#231;&#227;o proveniente das coron&#225;rias esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1C</xref>) e direita (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura
                  1D</xref>). A resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica do cora&#231;&#227;o evidenciou aumento
               importante de AE, com paredes espessadas e imagem compat&#237;vel com volumoso trombo
               aderido &#224;s suas paredes (teto, assoalho e parede lateral), al&#233;m de realce positivo
               parietal difuso, compat&#237;vel com hipertrofia e fibrose atrial, provavelmente associado
               &#224; EM. Entretanto, na interface entre o trombo e a parede lateral do AE havia perfus&#227;o
               positiva, n&#227;o podendo afastar outros processos expansivos da parede atrial. O realce
               tardio no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi negativo.</p>
        <p>Considerando a presen&#231;a de imagem em AE em paciente com EM moderada e FA sem
               anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, levantou-se a hip&#243;tese de trombo gigante. Pela progress&#227;o dos
               sintomas, tamanho do trombo e risco de emboliza&#231;&#227;o ou obstru&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica da valva
               mitral, optou-se pelo tratamento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
        <p>A paciente foi submetida &#224; cirurgia, sendo retirada a massa que se apresentava com
               colora&#231;&#227;o vermelha, de consist&#234;ncia macia e fri&#225;vel, confirmando diagn&#243;stico de
               trombo gigante de origem em aur&#237;cula esquerda e acometimento de toda a parede
               posterior do AE, com peso de 80 gramas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura
                  2A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">B</xref>). Foi realizada ainda
               comissurotomia anterior e posterior da valva mitral. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico
               p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio evidenciava valva mitral com gradiente diast&#243;lico m&#233;dio AE&#8209;VE de 4
               mmHg e m&#225;ximo de 12 mmHg, com &#225;rea valvar de 1,6 cm2. Existia ainda disfun&#231;&#227;o
               sist&#243;lica (FE 42%) decorrente de hipocinesia difusa. A paciente teve boa evolu&#231;&#227;o no
               p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e recebeu alta hospitalar assintom&#225;tica, em anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com
               varfarina.</p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) Vista cir&#250;rgica da massa ap&#243;s abertura de &#225;trio esquerdo (seta); B)
                     Trombo extra&#237;do do &#225;trio esquerdo com peso de 80 gramas.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0e15-40128-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A EM, com seu marcado aumento atrial, predisp&#245;e &#224; FA em 40 a 75% dos pacientes
               sintom&#225;ticos e sua ocorr&#234;ncia aumenta com o avan&#231;ar da idade e com o grau de
               obstru&#231;&#227;o valvar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Nessa condi&#231;&#227;o, a estase sangu&#237;nea no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo e AE
               favorece a forma&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos trombos nessas &#225;reas, sendo muito importante a sua
               identifica&#231;&#227;o pelo risco de emboliza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e, menos frequente, de obstru&#231;&#227;o
               mec&#226;nica valvar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Neste caso, a massa atrial estava relacionada &#224; EM com FA sem anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e ao
               aumento do AE, sendo diagnosticada como trombo pelo ecocardiograma. Entretanto, o
               achado de vasculariza&#231;&#227;o da massa no cateterismo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio gerou d&#250;vidas quanto
               &#224; natureza da massa. A descoberta de grande massa em AE no ecocardiograma obriga o
               cl&#237;nico a fazer a diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre mixoma card&#237;aco e trombo, as entidades mais
               comuns nos casos de massas redondas nessa c&#226;mara<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>O mixoma localiza-se no AE em 90% dos casos e tamb&#233;m existem in&#250;meros relatos de
               vasculariza&#231;&#227;o anormal de origem coronariana nesses tumores, constituindo-se assim
               como o principal diagn&#243;stico diferencial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. O
               diagn&#243;stico preciso &#233; importante pelas diferentes propostas terap&#234;uticas. O mixoma
               requer a ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, enquanto o trombo pode ser resolvido com a
                  anticoagula&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. A resson&#226;ncia nuclear
               magn&#233;tica tem um importante papel nessa diferencia&#231;&#227;o, entretanto, o trombo quando
               organizado pode adquirir as mesmas caracter&#237;sticas da imagem do mixoma<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Assim, a presen&#231;a de vasculariza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233;
               patognom&#244;nica de mixoma atrial e n&#227;o pode, isoladamente, ser usada para distinguir um
               mixoma de um trombo.</p>
        <p>Os trombos gigantes, que se desenvolvem no interior da c&#226;mara atrial, geralmente s&#227;o
               im&#243;veis, bem organizados e fibr&#243;ticos, com &#237;ntima rela&#231;&#227;o com a parede. Eles possuem
               uma resposta desfavor&#225;vel &#224; terapia trombol&#237;tica, al&#233;m desta n&#227;o apresentar seguran&#231;a
               pelo alto risco de emboliza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Os
               raros casos descritos na literatura sugerem que a remo&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica seja o tratamento
               de escolha<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>A obstru&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica da valva mitral &#233; rara, por&#233;m potencialmente grave,
               principalmente em portadores de EM pr&#233;via. Neste caso, a paciente era portadora de EM
               moderada sintom&#225;tica h&#225; dois meses (NYHA III) e hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar (PSAP
               66 mmHg), condi&#231;&#245;es suficientes para indica&#231;&#227;o do tratamento cir&#250;rgico. Somava-se &#224;
               indica&#231;&#227;o, a presen&#231;a de grande massa em AE, que al&#233;m de poder ter contribu&#237;do para
               os sintomas apresentados pela paciente, acrescentava risco de emboliza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica.
               Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, foram afastadas demais etiologias,
               podendo tal disfun&#231;&#227;o ser justificada pela redu&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-carga e da altera&#231;&#227;o da
               geometria ventricular devido &#224; calcifica&#231;&#227;o e imobilidade do anel valvar mitral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>Na literatura, os achados angiogr&#225;ficos de neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o ou forma&#231;&#227;o de f&#237;stula
               das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias para o AE t&#234;m sido, ocasionalmente, descritos em associa&#231;&#227;o
               com trombo atrial em pacientes com EM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Na maioria das vezes, a irriga&#231;&#227;o desses
               trombos organizados origina-se da art&#233;ria circunflexa, sendo extremamente rara a
               origem dupla da irriga&#231;&#227;o pelas coron&#225;rias esquerda e direita<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, como visto nesse caso.</p>
        <p>A EM e a FA s&#227;o os principais fatores relacionados &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos em AE, que
               muitas vezes s&#227;o indistingu&#237;veis de tumores vascularizados. Apesar de a paciente ter
               substrato trombog&#234;nico suficiente, os exames subsidi&#225;rios, principalmente o achado
               angiogr&#225;fico pr&#233;&#8209;operat&#243;rio, trouxeram essa d&#250;vida diagn&#243;stica. A cirurgia mostrou-se
               a melhor estrat&#233;gia tanto na abordagem diagn&#243;stica quanto terap&#234;utica. Esse caso
               remete ao diagn&#243;stico de trombo atrial esquerdo gigante com vasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria
               dupla, configurando o segundo relato mundial e o primeiro relato brasileiro.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
