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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">sMGFwfVYtWPxr8KqjrP5SLf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000200012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140217</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acute Effects of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure on Pulse Pressure in
               CHF</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Blanco</surname>
            <given-names>Jacobo Bacariza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Esquinas</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de S&#227;o Bernardo EPE</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidade de Terapia Intensiva</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Set&#250;bal</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, Hospital de S&#227;o
               Bernardo EPE, Set&#250;bal - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Morales Meseguer</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidade de Terapia Intensiva</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Murcia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Spain</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, Hospital Morales
               Meseguer, Murcia - Spain</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Jacobo Bacariza Blanco,</bold> Rua Miradouro do
               Sado N9 7 Dto, Nossa Senhora da Anunciada, Set&#250;bal - Portugal. Email:
                  <email>jacobobacariza@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>175</fpage>
      <lpage>176</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Continuous Positive Airway Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulse</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Today&#8217;s reality on non-invasive ventilation (NIV) use has nothing but four key A level
         indications supported by evidence-based medicine. These, which would be chronic obstructive
         pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation, cardiogenic pulmonary edema, pulmonary infiltrates
         in immunocompromised patients, and the weaning of already extubated COPD patients, are the
         so called &#8220;the fabulous four&#8221;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. But is this the
         maximum therapeutic potential of NIV? Probably not. If so, which would be the next one on
         this selected &#8220;fabulous four&#8221; group? Maybe it is stable chronic heart failure (CHF). If so,
         we would be facing a new frontier, yet unexplored, of those chronically stable not
         respiratory but cardiac patients, opening new applications, none existent up to today.</p>
    <p>Quint&#227;o et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> move on into the next step to
         conquer this new frontier, the NIV application on stable CHF. They do so, analyzing the NIV
         (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure - CPAP) effects on pulse pressure (PP), as a risk
         factor with independent negative predictive value for adverse cardiovascular events,
         followed by left ventricular dysfunction, especially type II, caused by acute myocardial
         ischemia. They prove not only to affect PP reduction, but also heart rate (HR), mean
         arterial pressure (MAP), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and respiratory rate (RR).</p>
    <p>The results will be explained through the relationship between positive pressure
         ventilation effects<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> on the cardiorespiratory
         system. In the left heart, pulmonary vein compression followed to translung pressure
         increases, improving venous return and so the preload. In addition, this translung pressure
         increase contributes to squeeze the heart chambers and discharge them, this &#8220;dUp&#8221;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> effect increases the stroke volume (SV) and improves
         left systolic output. The afterload reduction is secondary to the systemic vasodilatation
         effect as a response to intrathoracic pressure elevation. As a final result, HR, MAP, SAP
         and PP decrease, protecting myocardial oxygenation and reducing the myocardial infarction
         risk. In the right heart, translung pressure reduces preload secondary to the vena cava
         squeeze and elevates afterload<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> by the increase in
         pulmonary vascular resistances. As a result a &#8220;dDown&#8221;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> effect and right SV reduction occur, reducing vascular congestion and lung
         edema, and once again improving oxygenation and ventilation. Regarding respiratory effects,
         there will be direct oxygenation by O<sub>2</sub> administration and also the alveolar
         recruitment effect. As a final result, PaO<sub>2</sub> and mixed venous oxygen
            (SVO<sub>2</sub>) raise, and RR and HR decrease.</p>
    <p>In a study by Quint&#227;o et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, hemodynamic
         monitoring was not continuous, but manually measured (sphygmomanometer); thus, a continuous
         monitoring might offer more accurate and precise data. Actually additional monitoring with
         echocardiography will allow to expand data, calculate ejection fraction and SV, which will
         allow to establish the relationship between PP reduction and ventricular output
         improvement. The trial lasted 30 minutes, enough to confirm the hypothesis, but a longer
         time will allow maximum effect assessment to possibly define the best CPAP potential on
         this matter. Finally, although a CPAP pressure of 6 cm H<sub>2</sub>0 is in fact the usual
         level used in those studies, a bigger pressure of 8 cm H<sub>2</sub>0 will probably have a
         bigger effect, as we usually see in everyday work.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>Nava S. Behind a mask: tricks, pitfalls, and prejudices for noninvasive
               ventilation. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1367-76.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nava</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Behind a mask: tricks, pitfalls, and prejudices for noninvasive
                  ventilation</article-title>
          <source>Respir Care</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>58</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1367</fpage>
          <lpage>1376</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B02">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>Quint&#227;o M, Chermont S, Marchese L, Brand&#227;o L, Bernardez SP, Mesquita ET,
               et al. Acute effects of continuous positive airway pressure on pulse pressure in
               chronic heart failure. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014;102(2):181-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Quint&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chermont</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marchese</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bernardez</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mesquita</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acute effects of continuous positive airway pressure on pulse pressure
                  in chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>181</fpage>
          <lpage>186</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B03">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>Vieillard-Baron A. Heart lung interactions in mechanical ventilation.
               In: Backer D, Cholly BP, Slama M, Vieillard-Baron A, Vignon P (eds). Hemodynamic
               monitoring using echocardiography in the critically III. Philadelphia: Springer;
               2011.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vieillard-Baron</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Heart lung interactions in mechanical ventilation</chapter-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name>
              <surname>Backer</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cholly</surname>
              <given-names>BP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Slama</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vieillard-Baron</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vignon</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Hemodynamic monitoring using echocardiography in the critically III</source>
          <publisher-loc>Philadelphia</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Springer</publisher-name>
          <year>2011</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B04">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>Polanco PM, Pinsky MR. Cardiovascular issues in respiratory care:
               clinical applications of heart lung interactions. In: Yearbook respiratory care
               clinics and applied technologies. Murcia: Esquinas Antonio; 2008. p.
               396-401.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Polanco</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinsky</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Cardiovascular issues in respiratory care: clinical applications of
                  heart lung interactions</chapter-title>
          <source>Yearbook respiratory care clinics and applied technologies</source>
          <publisher-loc>Murcia</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Esquinas Antonio</publisher-name>
          <year>2008</year>
          <fpage>396</fpage>
          <lpage>401</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta ao Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos Agudos da Press&#227;o Positiva Cont&#237;nua em Vias A&#233;reas na Press&#227;o de
               Pulso na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Cr&#244;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Blanco</surname>
            <given-names>Jacobo Bacariza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Esquinas</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de S&#227;o Bernardo EPE</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidade de Terapia Intensiva</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Set&#250;bal</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, Hospital de S&#227;o
               Bernardo EPE, Set&#250;bal - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Morales Meseguer</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidade de Terapia Intensiva</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Murcia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Espanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, Hospital Morales
               Meseguer, Murcia - Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jacobo Bacariza Blanco,</bold>, Rua Miradouro
               do Sado N9 7 Dto, Nossa Senhora da Anunciada, Set&#250;bal - Portugal. Email:
                  <email>jacobobacariza@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Positiva Cont&#237;nua nas Vias A&#233;reas</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulso Arterial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Hoje existem apenas quatro indica&#231;&#245;es n&#237;vel A em medicina baseada em evid&#234;ncia para o
            uso da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica n&#227;o invasiva (VNI), a saber: exacerba&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a pulmonar
            obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC); edema pulmonar cardiog&#234;nico; infiltrados pulmonares em
            pacientes imunodeprimidos; e desmame de paciente com DPOC j&#225; extubado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Mas ser&#225; esse o potencial terap&#234;utico m&#225;ximo da
            VNI? Provavelmente n&#227;o. Nesse caso, qual seria a pr&#243;xima adi&#231;&#227;o a esse seleto grupo de
            principais indica&#231;&#245;es? Talvez seja a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica (ICC) est&#225;vel. Se
            assim for, estamos &#224;s voltas com uma nova fronteira, ainda inexplorada, de pacientes n&#227;o
            respirat&#243;rios, mas card&#237;acos, cronicamente est&#225;veis, e abrindo novas aplica&#231;&#245;es,
            inexistentes at&#233; ent&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Quint&#227;o e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref> d&#227;o um passo &#224; frente ao
            conquistar essa nova fronteira, a aplica&#231;&#227;o da VNI em ICC est&#225;vel. Eles analisaram os
            efeitos da VNI (Press&#227;o Positiva Cont&#237;nua em Vias A&#233;reas - CPAP) na press&#227;o de pulso
            (PP), como um fator de risco independente com valor preditivo negativo para eventos
            cardiovasculares adversos, seguida por disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, especialmente do
            tipo II, causada por isquemia mioc&#225;rdica aguda. Provaram que a CPAP n&#227;o afeta apenas a
            redu&#231;&#227;o da PP, mas tamb&#233;m frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM),
            press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (FR).</p>
      <p>Os resultados s&#227;o explicados atrav&#233;s da rela&#231;&#227;o entre os efeitos da ventila&#231;&#227;o com
            press&#227;o positiva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> no sistema cardiorrespirat&#243;rio.
            No lado esquerdo do cora&#231;&#227;o, a compress&#227;o da veia pulmonar seguiu-se de eleva&#231;&#245;es da
            press&#227;o transpulmonar, melhorando o retorno venoso e, portanto, a pr&#233;-carga. Al&#233;m disso,
            esse aumento da press&#227;o transpulmonar contribui para comprimir as c&#226;maras card&#237;acas e
            esvazi&#225;-las, e esse efeito &#8220;dUp&#8221;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> aumenta o
            volume sist&#243;lico (VS) e melhora o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco esquerdo. A redu&#231;&#227;o da p&#243;s-carga &#233;
            secund&#225;ria ao efeito de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica como resposta &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o intrator&#225;cica.
            Como resultado final, observa-se diminui&#231;&#227;o de FC, PAM, PAS e PP, o que protege a
            oxigena&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e reduz o risco de infarto mioc&#225;rdico. No lado direito do cora&#231;&#227;o,
            a press&#227;o transpulmonar reduz a pr&#233;&#8209;carga secund&#225;ria &#224; compress&#227;o da veia cava e eleva a
               p&#243;s-carga<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> ao aumentar a resist&#234;ncia vascular
            pulmonar. Como resultado, observam-se um efeito &#8220;dDown&#8221;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> e a diminui&#231;&#227;o do VS direito, reduzindo a congest&#227;o vascular e o edema
            pulmonar, mais uma vez melhorando a oxigena&#231;&#227;o e a ventila&#231;&#227;o. Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos efeitos
            respirat&#243;rios, ocorre oxigena&#231;&#227;o direta com administra&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub> e tamb&#233;m
            efeito de recrutamento alveolar. Como resultado final, h&#225; eleva&#231;&#227;o de PaO<sub>2</sub> e
            de oxig&#234;nio venoso misto (SVO<sub>2</sub>), e redu&#231;&#227;o de RR e FC.</p>
      <p>No estudo de Quint&#227;o e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, o monitoramento
            hemodin&#226;mico n&#227;o foi cont&#237;nuo, mas aferido manualmente (esfigmoman&#244;metro). O
            monitoramento cont&#237;nuo ofereceria informa&#231;&#227;o mais precisa. O monitoramento adicional com
            ecocardiografia permite expans&#227;o dos dados, c&#225;lculo da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e VS, que
            permitir&#227;o estabelecer a rela&#231;&#227;o entre redu&#231;&#227;o de PP e melhora do d&#233;bito ventricular. O
            ensaio teve dura&#231;&#227;o de 30 minutos, suficiente para confirmar a hip&#243;tese, mas uma dura&#231;&#227;o
            maior permitir&#225; avalia&#231;&#227;o de efeito m&#225;ximo para poder definir o melhor potencial de
            CPAP. Por fim, embora uma press&#227;o de CPAP de 6 cm H<sub>2</sub>0 seja geralmente
            utilizada nesses estudos, uma press&#227;o maior de 8 cm H<sub>2</sub>0 poder&#225; ter maior
            efeito, como visto na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="reply" id="R1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reply Letter to Editor</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>I am very thankful to Dr. Blanco for his comments regarding our study. Non-invasive
            ventilation (NIV) has been our focus of study, especially with chronic heart failure
            (CHF), thus, an opportunity to discuss it is always welcome. In our experience, we have
            observed benefits with the use of NIV with lower CPAP levels to exercise tolerance in
            CHF patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">1</xref>. Other authors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">3</xref> have published
            studies before showing hemodynamic effects with lower CPAP levels as adequate and safer.
            This gave us an incentive to use that form, since our patients were stable and,
            therefore, no upper levels were necessary, which could be uncomfortable, and,
            consequently, promote increase of some parameters. Thus, we observed in a scale of 3-6
            cm H<sub>2</sub>O the greatest CPAP pressure, which showed a decrease in hemodynamics
            parameters with the least discomfort sensation, as in other studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">4</xref>. The hemodynamics parameters were measured in periods, but not
            continuously. In fact, in previous studies they were measured continuously in many
            forms, by use of catheterization or echocardiography, and others, in a similar form to
               ours<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">5</xref><sub>,</sub><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">6</xref>. Our group has studied hemodynamic parameters beat to beat and
            will publish the results soon.</p>
      <p>In our CPAP experience in CHF, we also observed that the main hemodynamic changes occur
            between 10 and 20 minutes, and, after that, there is very few or no significant
            difference from baseline. Furthermore, 30-minute protocols for CPAP have proven to be
            enough to provide satisfactory results, even in patients with CHF exacerbation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">7</xref>. Patients with CHF undergo many phases of both
            functional and respiratory worsening in the course of their illness. Non&#8209;invasive
            ventilation with CPAP may be a method available to improve quality of life. Our group
            has also used CPAP as a non&#8209;pharmacological resource for the relief of dyspnea to reduce
            any minimum hemodynamic load caused by the mechanism of that syndrome. In HF outpatient
            context, we used that device as a complementary treatment for HF. Our future results
            will demonstrate the magnitude of the use of this non-pharmacological resource in
            different hemodynamic variables and the benefits to the quality of life of patients with
            HF.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ref-list>
        <title>References</title>
        <ref id="B05">
          <label>1</label>
          <mixed-citation>Chermont S, Quint&#227;o MM, Mesquita ET, Rocha NN, N&#243;brega AC.
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  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA2" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Carta-resposta</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Agradecemos ao Dr. Blanco pelos seus coment&#225;rios referentes ao nosso estudo. A
            ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica n&#227;o invasiva (VNI) tem sido nosso foco de estudo, especialmente em
            insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica (ICC), e, portanto, uma oportunidade para discuti-la &#233;
            sempre bem-vinda. Na nossa experi&#234;ncia, observamos benef&#237;cios com o uso de VNI com
            n&#237;veis mais baixos de CPAP na toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com ICC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">1</xref>. Outros autores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">3</xref> publicaram estudos
            mostrando efeitos hemodin&#226;micos mais adequados e seguros com n&#237;veis mais baixos de CPAP.
            Isso nos incentivou a adot&#225;-los, pois nossos pacientes eram est&#225;veis, n&#227;o necessitando,
            portanto, de n&#237;veis mais altos, que poderiam ser desconfort&#225;veis e promover aumento de
            alguns par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos. Assim, nossa maior press&#227;o de CPAP ficou entre 3 e 6 cm
               H<sub>2</sub>O, o que reduziu par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos, conferindo menor sensa&#231;&#227;o de
            desconforto, como em outros estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">4</xref>. Tais
            par&#226;metros foram aferidos de forma peri&#243;dica e n&#227;o cont&#237;nua. Estudos pr&#233;vios mediram&#8209;nos
            continuamente de variadas maneiras, por cateterismo ou ecocardiografia, e outros ainda
            de maneira semelhante &#224; nossa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">6</xref>. Nosso grupo estudou os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos a
            cada batimento e publicar&#225; os resultados em breve.</p>
      <p>Na nossa experi&#234;ncia com CPAP em ICC, tamb&#233;m observamos que as principais altera&#231;&#245;es
            hemodin&#226;micas ocorrem entre 10 e 20 minutos, ap&#243;s o que quase n&#227;o existe, se &#233; que
            existe alguma diferen&#231;a significativa em compara&#231;&#227;o ao basal. Al&#233;m disso, protocolos de
            30 minutos para CPAP mostraram-se suficientes para a obten&#231;&#227;o de resultados
            satisfat&#243;rios, mesmo em pacientes com exacerba&#231;&#227;o da ICC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">7</xref>. Pacientes com ICC passam por muitas fases de piora funcional e
            respirat&#243;ria no curso da doen&#231;a. A VNI com CPAP pode ser um m&#233;todo para melhorar a
            qualidade de vida. Nosso grupo tamb&#233;m usou CPAP como recurso n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico para
            aliviar dispneia e reduzir qualquer carga hemodin&#226;mica m&#237;nima causada por essa s&#237;ndrome.
            No contexto ambulatorial, usamos esse dispositivo como tratamento complementar para IC.
            Nossos resultados futuros demonstrar&#227;o a magnitude do uso de recurso n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico
            em diferentes vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas e os benef&#237;cios para a qualidade de vida dos
            pacientes com IC.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
