<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.1" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">QqyXrZtt6jCFSn6XqDWsfpJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000200008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040190</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140190</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Neural Mechanisms and Delayed Gastric Emptying of Liquid Induced Through
               Acute Myocardial Infarction in Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunez</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson Ranu Ramirez</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ozaki</surname>
            <given-names>Michiko Regina</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vinagre</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Collares</surname>
            <given-names>Edgard Ferro</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Eros Antonio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP -
               Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Eros Antonio de Almeida,</bold> Professor Jorge
               Nogueira Ferraz, Jardim Chapad&#227;o, Postal Code 13070-120, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil.
               Email: <email>erosaa@cardiol.br</email>; <email>eros@fcm.unicamp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Nunes WRR, Collares EF, Almeida EA;
                  Acquisition of data: Nunes WRR, Ozaki MR, Vinagre AM, Collares EF; Analysis and
                  interpretation of the data: Nunes WRR, Ozaki MR, Collares EF, Almeida EA;
                  Statistical analysis: Nunes WRR, Vinagre AM; Writing of the manuscript: Nunes WRR;
                  Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ozaki MR, Collares
                  EF, Almeida EA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>144</fpage>
      <lpage>151</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>In pathological situations, such as acute myocardial infarction, disorders of
                  motility of the proximal gut can trigger symptoms like nausea and vomiting. Acute
                  myocardial infarction delays gastric emptying (GE) of liquid in rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>Investigate the involvement of the vagus nerve, &#945; 1-adrenoceptors, central nervous
                  system GABA<sub>B</sub> receptors and also participation of paraventricular
                  nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus in GE and gastric compliance (GC) in infarcted
                  rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Wistar rats, N = 8-15 in each group, were divided as INF group and sham (SH) group
                  and subdivided. The infarction was performed through ligation of the left anterior
                  descending coronary artery. GC was estimated with pressure-volume curves. Vagotomy
                  was performed by sectioning the dorsal and ventral branches. To verify the action
                  of GABA<sub>B</sub> receptors, baclofen was injected via icv
                  (intracerebroventricular). Intravenous prazosin was used to produce chemical
                  sympathectomy. The lesion in the PVN of the hypothalamus was performed using a
                  1mA/10s electrical current and GE was determined by measuring the percentage of
                  gastric retention (% GR) of a saline meal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>No significant differences were observed regarding GC between groups; vagotomy
                  significantly reduced % GR in INF group; icv treatment with baclofen significantly
                  reduced %GR. GABA<sub>B</sub> receptors were not conclusively involved in delaying
                  GE; intravenous treatment with prazosin significantly reduced GR% in INF group.
                  PVN lesion abolished the effect of myocardial infarction on GE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Gastric emptying of liquids induced through acute myocardial infarction in rats
                  showed the involvement of the vagus nerve, alpha1- adrenergic receptors and
                  PVN.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Gastric Emptying</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Midline Thalamic Nuclei Receptors</kwd>
        <kwd>GABA</kwd>
        <kwd>Gastrointestinal Motility</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="38"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The gastric emptying (GE) process results from mechanism actions that inhibit or
            stimulate the motor activity of the stomach, pylorus and duodenum. The central nervous
            system connects itself with the enteric nervous system through the vagus nerve and
            sympathetic nervous system, participating in GE control<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.The vagus nerve controls food movement throughout the digestive tract. If
            this mechanism is impaired, the stomach muscles and intestines do not function normally
            and food transportation slows down or stops completely. The dorsal vagal complex
            consists of the solitary tract nucleus with neurons that receive afferent information,
            area postrema and the dorsal nucleus of the vagus, where stimulatory and inhibitory
            motoneurons are located, with the axons being efferent pathways of the vagus nerve<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. The dorsal vagal complex is more influenced by
            higher structures, such as the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus, which under
            certain conditions can modify gastric motility and GE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. In rats,
               GABA<sub>B</sub> receptors are located in the presynaptic afferent endings of the
            vagus that project into the solitary tract nucleus<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Presynaptic GABA<sub>B</sub> receptors are involved in regulation of
            neurotransmitter release, as the effect of (an agonist for these receptors) is to reduce
            the release of stimulatory and inhibitory synaptic transmitters<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. In
            pathological situations, such as acute myocardial infarction, disorders of motility of
            the proximal gut can trigger symptoms like nausea and vomiting<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>Experimental studies on the association of myocardial infarction and gastric
               emptying<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> are very rare, and one study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> considered that delayed gastric emptying may be due to stress caused by
            ischemia. However, the underlying mechanisms of delayed gastric emptying were not
            addressed. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the involvement of neural
            mechanisms related to delayed gastric emptying.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Male Wistar rats (n = 8-15) were used to perform this experiment, weighing 220 to 300 g,
            supplied by the Central Animal Facility of Universidade Estadual de Campinas. The study
            protocol was approved by SBCAL (Brazilian Society of Laboratory Animal Sciences)
               (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ib.unicamp.br/ceea/principios">www.ib.unicamp.br/ceea/principios</ext-link>) (Protocol N&#186;. 1021-2).</p>
      <p>Rats had an adjustment period of four weeks to laboratory conditions with controlled
            temperature (22 - 26&#186;C) and artificial light cycle of 12 hours and were given water ad
            libitum. In surgical procedures such as vagotomy or implantation of cannula into the
            lateral brain ventricle or electrolytic lesion of the paraventricular nucleus, the rats
            were previously sedated with intra-peritoneal (<italic>ip</italic>) injection of
            thiopental 75mg/Kg. After the procedures or the study, the animals were kept in
            individual cages, receiving water and food <italic>ad libitum</italic>. In order to
            study GC, the animals were anesthetized with ip administration of ketamine (85mg/kg) +
            xylazine (10mg/kg).</p>
      <p>The drugs prazosin (PRA) and baclofen (BAC) (both from Sigma, USA) were diluted at the
            time of the study, using sterile saline as vehicle (V).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Myocardial infarction</title>
        <p>Myocardial infarction was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending
               coronary artery, according to the technique recommended by Johns &amp; Olson<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. The rats were anesthetized with ether and
               thoracotomy was performed. Through gentle pressure applied to the right hemithorax,
               the heart was exposed and a ligature was performed around the proximal left coronary
               artery in its proximal segment, between the pulmonary artery cone and the left atrial
               apex. Only the animals with major infarction, i.e., involving 40% or more of the
               entire area of the left ventricle, were considered for the study. Twenty-four hours
               after the surgical procedure, studies were performed by measuring gastric compliance
               (GC), vagotomy, intracerebroventricular injection with GABA<sub>B</sub>, intravenous
               treatment with prazosin and electrolytic paraventricular nucleus lesions.</p>
        <p>In order to measure GC, rats were divided into three groups twenty-four hours before:
               rats were submitted to myocardial infarction (INF), and also to simulated infarction
               (SH) and naive (NA). Only the INF and SH groups were used to determine GE. Rats in
               all groups were fasted and GE or GC were evaluated twenty-four hours after these
               groups were formed, between 2:00 pm and 5:00 pm, and access to water was cancelled an
               hour before the test.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Gastric Complacence</title>
        <p>The technique described by Bustorff-Silva et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> was used to measure GC. In brief, anesthetized rats were submitted to
               the following procedures: tracheotomy, abdominal incision, pylorus ligation, fixation
               of distal esophagus with an orogastric polyethylene tube filled with saline solution
               and connected through a three-way stopcock to an infusion pump (model LF 2001
               Lifemed, Brazil) and a pressure monitor (Biomotor 7.0, BESE, Belo Horizonte -
               Brazil). Thirty minutes after these procedures, saline solution at 37 &#186;C was infused
               into the stomach of each animal, at a rate of 1.5 mL/100g weight/ min intermittently,
               every 20 seconds (s) at 1-minute intervals. Every 20s (1/3 the volume) the infusion
               was stopped and the system was balanced for 50s, while recording intragastric
               pressure (IGP). Intragastric pressure corresponding to 1/3, 2/3 and the total volume
               were recorded. The procedure was repeated twice with 30-min intervals. The results of
               each animal corresponded to the mean of three measurements at each point of IGP. To
               estimate the GC, curves of volume/ pressure were constructed and calculated through
               the following formula:</p>
        <p> Compliance (mL/mmHg) = V<sub>1</sub> &#8211; V<sub>0</sub> / P<sub>1</sub> &#8211;
               P<sub>0</sub>,</p>
        <p>Where V<sub>0</sub>= initial volume and V<sub>1</sub>= final volume;</p>
        <p>P<sub>0</sub>= initial IGP and P<sub>1</sub> = final IGP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Gastric emptying</title>
        <p>A saline solution containing phenol red (6mg/dl) with a volume of 1.5 mL/100g
               bodyweight was used as a test meal in the GE study. Gastric emptying was assessed
               indirectly in awaken rats, to determine the percentage of gastric retention (% GR) of
               test meal, after ten minutes of the orogastric administration, using a standardized
                  technique<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>The rats were placed vertically and the test meal infused by gavage to reach the
               stomach. After the administration, the animals remained in the cage for 8 min and 30
               sec. After being anesthetized with ether, the orogastric tube was introduced, keeping
               the animals anesthetized by ether inhalation. The abdomen was opened longitudinally
               and the pylorus clamped, exactly 10 minutes after orogastric infusion. All steps were
               timed. The gastric residue was aspirated and then five washes were performed with 2
               mL of distilled water at each time, taking care to always aspirate using the same
               syringe. Complete emptying was confirmed by direct visualization of the viscera. The
               probe was then removed and negative pressure was applied to the euthanized animal.
               The gastric residue obtained plus the washings were transferred to a 25 mL graduated
               cylinder, and the aspiration tools (probe and syringe) were washed three times with
               one mL of water each time, and the volume was added to the beaker.</p>
        <p>To determine the percentage of gastric retention (GR%) 2.0 mL were taken from the
               total volume recovered, and transferred in duplicate to 10 mL volumetric flasks, to
               which 5.0 mL of a trisodium phosphate solution were added at a concentration of 27.5
               g/L. The same procedure was performed with one mL of the test meal. The final volume
               was completed to 10 mL with distilled water. The readings were made in a
               spectrophotometer (Spectrophotometer B 382, Micronal) at a wavelength of 560 nM. GR
               was calculated using the following formula:</p>
        <p>GR = vrg &#215; arg &#247; vrp &#215; arp and the result was multiplied by 100.</p>
        <p>Where: vrg = volume of gastric residue; arg = gastric residue absorbance; vrp =
               volume of the test meal; arp = absorbance of the test meal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vagotomy</title>
        <p>Two weeks before the vagotomy study, rats underwent subdiaphragmatic vagotomy (VGX),
               in which the dorsal and ventral branches of vagus nerve were sectioned, while other
               animals were submitted to sham procedure (VGS), constituting the controls.
               Twenty-four hours before the procedure of GE, animals VGX and VGS, were submitted to
               surgical infarction, while others were submitted to the same simulated surgery.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Intracerebroventricular baclofen injection</title>
        <p>To study the involvement of GABA<sub>B</sub> receptors in the central nervous system
               eight days before the GE study, each animal, underwent implantation of a cannula
               (21G) in the right lateral ventricle, using techniques and coordinates related to
                  bregma<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, as previously described<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Twenty-four hours prior to the GE study, rats
               were submitted to surgical infarction (INF), while others were submitted to the same
               simulated surgery (SH). Ten minutes before GE assessment, the two groups were treated
               with an intracerebroventricular (<italic>icv</italic>) injection of 10&#956;L of saline
               solution (V) or an equal volume of solution containing 1&#181;g of BAC. The dose of BAC
               used was based on the literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. GE was
               evaluated ten minutes after the end of the injection.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Involvement of alpha1-adrenergic receptors</title>
        <p>To study the involvement of alpha-1adrenergic receptors, both INF and SH animals ,
               were treated intravenously (<italic>iv</italic>) through a tail vein, with saline as
               vehicle (V) or prazosin at a dose of 1mg/kg, 24 hours after the surgery, and dose
               given was based on the literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. GE was
               evaluated fifteen minutes after the injection.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus lesion</title>
        <p>To evaluate the involvement of the paraventricular nucleus, ten days prior to the GE
               study , the animals were submitted to a restricted PVN lesion (group PVNX) at two
               points, bilaterally, with passage of a 1 mA/10 s electrical current injury , using
               nickel and chromium electrodes with 0.25 mm in diameter. The coordinates in relation
               to the bregma, were the following: anterior-posterior (AP) -1.2 and -1.5 mm, lateral
               &#177; 0.5 mm, vertical 7.8 mm and 8.0 points corresponding to AP, as shown in another
                  study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. In rats with sham lesion (PVNS),
               the same coordinates were used, except the vertical one, in which the depth was 7.5
               mm, without the passage of an electrical current.</p>
        <p>Twenty-four hours before the GE procedure, PVNX and PVNS animals were divided into
               INF and SH groups. After the experiments, all rats were euthanized. In the INF group,
               the hearts were removed, sectioned in the sagittal plane, using the left auricle, the
               interventricular sulcus and left ventricular outflow tract as reference points. Then,
               the two halves were fixed in 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin. The histological
               sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin were used to determine % of infarction area
               in relation to the entire area of the left ventricle, using a standard technique<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>In the PVNX group, the brains were removed, fixed, embedded in paraffin and
               histological sections were stained with toluidine blue. To confirm the site of
               injury, the sections, under microscopic view, were compared to the Paxinos &amp;
                  Watson<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> atlas in another study performed
               in the same laboratory<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>In animals with implantation of a cannula into the lateral ventricle, the assessment
               was made with an icv injection of 10&#956;L of an Evans Blue solution at 1% at the end of
               the GE study. In this group, after euthanization, the brains were removed and fixed
               in 10% formalin, and coronal sections were obtained and confirmed when the dye
               injected icv was found in the fourth ventricle.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>The SAS (Statistical Analysis System) for Windows software, version 9.2 (SAS
               Institute Inc., 2002-2008, Cary, NC, USA) was used in the statistical analysis.</p>
        <p>The results of GC and GR are presented as mean &#177; SEM. Statistical analysis was
               performed using ANOVA, followed by Tukey test when necessary. It was established the
               value of &#945; = 0.05 for both tests.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>There were no significant differences in GC in the comparison between groups (mean &#177; SEM
            of group INF = 0.16 &#177; 0.03 mL / mmHg, N = 9, group SH = 0.17 &#177; 0.03 mL/mmHg N = 9, group
            NA = 0.16 &#177; 0.01 mL / mmHg, N = 8). The percentage of infarcted area of left ventricle,
            mean &#177; SEM, in rats of INF group was 47.8 &#177; 2.7%.</p>
      <p>The results of the study prior to the vagotomy are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>. There were significant differences between GR% of the
            animals in the VGS+SH vs. VGS+INF groups (mean &#177; SEM = 36.6 &#177; 2.0%, N = 10; and 48.0 &#177;
            2.3%, N = 15, respectively), which indicated that infarction determined delayed GE in
            animals with sham vagotomy when compared to their controls. Moreover, the VGX+INF
            subgroup presented significantly lower GR% (28.7 &#177; 2.8%, N = 11) than the VGS + INF
            group and it did not differ from the VGX + SH group (25.9 &#177; 1.5%, N = 10). However, the
            previous vagotomy also significantly reduced GR% in SH group (VGX + SH) when compared to
            the VGS group (VGS + SH). Therefore, the reduction in GR% caused by vagotomy in INF
            group was 40% higher. In this study, the infarcted area of left ventricle, mean &#177; SEM,
            in VGS + INF animals was 51.7 &#177; 2.3% and in VGX + INF animals was 50.2 &#177; 2%.</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Results of gastric retention (%) in groups of rats with myocardial infarction
                  (INF) and vagotomy (Vg) * p &lt; 0.05.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0144-40190-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Intracerebroventricular treatment with BAC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure
               2</xref>) significantly reduced GR% in the control group (SH+BAC = 17,8 &#177; 2,6%, N =
            11) when compared to treatment with V (SH + V = 32,0 &#177; 2,9%, N = 9), as well as in the
            INF +BAC group when compared to INF+V (26.0 &#177; 3.3%, N = 11 and 40.2 &#177; 2 1%, N = 10,
            respectively). Although myocardial infarction increased the GR% in the group of rats
            treated with vehicle (INF + V), this result did not significantly differ from its
            control group (SH + V). Additionally, it was found that the mean reduction in GR%
            determined by BAC was 25% higher in the SH groups than that observed in the INF groups.
            The infarcted area of the left ventricle, mean &#177; SEM, in INF + V animals was 51.2 &#177; 2.7%
            and 52,2 &#177; 3 % in INF + BAC animals.</p>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Results of gastric retention (%) in groups of rats with myocardial infarction
                  and inserted metal probe, with baclofen (BAC) or saline (V) injected into the
                  lateral ventricle of the brain * p &lt;0.05.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0144-40190-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref> shows results from the iv treatment with
            PRA, which significantly reduced GR% in infarcted group (INF + PRA = 22.0 &#177; 1.5%, 10)
            when compared to the vehicle-treated group (INF + V = 42.1 &#177; 2.4%, 10). The same
            phenomenon occurred among animals from the SH group (SH + PRA = 22.3 &#177; 1.8%, N = 12 vs
            SH + V = 30.5 &#177; 1.3%, N = 11); however, GR% reduction was 77% higher in the INF group.
            The infarcted area of the left ventricle, in mean &#177; SEM, in INF + V animals was 55.1 &#177;
            1.2% and 55.2 &#177; 1.2% in INF + PRA animals.</p>
      <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Results of gastric retention (%) in groups of rats with myocardial infarction
                  that received prazosin (PRA) or Saline (V) injection * p &lt; 0.05.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0144-40190-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref> shows the results of the lesion seen in
            the paraventricular nucleus in a prior study. Rats with electrolytic PVN lesion and
            infarction showed a significantly lower GR% (PVNX + INF = 25.0 &#177; 3.0%, N = 8) compared
            to animals with sham lesion (PVNS) and infarction (PVNS+INF = 41,2 &#177;1,7%,N=8). The same
            lesion did not reduce GR% in control animals (PVNX + SH = 28.5 &#177; 2.9%, N = 8 vs. PVNS +
            SH = 32.1 &#177; 1.9%, N = 10). The infarcted area of the left ventricle, in mean &#177; SEM, in
            PVNS + INF animals was 52.2 &#177; 0.4% and 55.4 &#177; 0.8% in PVNX + INF animals. As for the
            histological assessment of the brains after the PVN lesion, only lesions involving 100%
            of the paraventricular region were considered for this study.</p>
      <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Results of gastric retention (%) in groups of rats with myocardial infarction
                  and lesions of the paraventricular nucleus * p &lt; 0.05.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0144-40190-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Decrease in gastric tone determines slower GE of liquid<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Therefore, under the experimental conditions of this study, acute
            myocardial infarction did not induce changes in gastric tone in rats. However, as GE is
            a coordinated action of the stomach, pylorus and duodenum<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, it is possible that the determinant factor of delayed GE in myocardial
            infarction did not act directly on the stomach. Camur&#231;a et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> detected that the transit of liquid in the small intestine is
            slower in acute myocardial infarction, in addition to delayed GE. It was unclear whether
            the two disorders are dependent on the same phenomenon or if the effect on GE is a
            consequence of what occurs after the stomach. As no changes were observed in GC, an
            alternative speculation to explain delayed GE of liquid in myocardial infarction would
            be an increase the resistance, of unknown nature, to the meal flow into the small
            intestine.</p>
      <p>Intracerebroventricular treatment with Baclofen significantly reduced GR% in control
            group (SH) when compared to controls treated with saline and, similarly, in the
            infarcted group (INF) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). In comparative
            terms, it was surprising that the largest reduction occurred in the control groups. As a
            result, it was not verified the involvement of GABA<sub>B</sub> receptors in delayed GE
            through INF. Baclofen in the central nervous system increases GE of liquids through its
            capacity to block the dorsal vagal complex, mechanical inhibitory stimuli that act on
            proximal stomach, conveyed through the afferent vagus nerve fibers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. As a
            result, there is an increased tone in this segment of functional stomach, leading to
            faster GE of a saline meal. What was expected, considering that the infarction did not
            modify gastric compliance and may have resulted in an increased tone with the same
            intensity in controls and infarcted groups, overcoming the condition that determined the
            delayed GE in infarction.</p>
      <p>The previous sub-diaphragmatic section of the ventral and dorsal branches of the vagus
            nerve significantly reduced GR in infarcted animals and also in SH animals (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>). The result observed between sham animals
            was expected, as this type of vagotomy can increase gastric emptying of liquid
            increasing the tone of the proximal stomach<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.
            However, GR% reduction through vagotomy in infarcted animals was higher (approximately
            40%), when compared to the mean reductions of GR% between the two groups.</p>
      <p>Vagotomy modifies the motor activity of the stomach by blocking the arrival of
            inhibitory afferent stimuli to the solitary tract and abolishes the efferent stimuli,
            which originate in the dorsal vagal nucleus<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Afferent fibers of the vagus nerve carry sensory
            information from other regions of the gastrointestinal tract and the efferent pathways
            innervate from the gastric fundus to the descending colon<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
      <p>Thus, regarding the procedure employed in this study, it is unknown whether we are
            blocking afferent or efferent stimuli and in which part of the gastrointestinal tract.
            However, results suggest the participation, at least partially, of the vagus nerve in
            delayed GE induced by myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p>The role of alpha1-adrenoceptors as stimulatory receptors particularly involves smooth
            muscle contraction, especially the contraction of vascular smooth muscle fibers,
            determining local vasoconstriction and acting on blood pressure control<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Prazosin is a peripheral antagonist that binds
            to these receptors in vessels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> and has no significant influence on gastric tone
            and phasic contractions in the stomach<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>.</p>
      <p>Intravenous treatment with Prazosin significantly reduced the effect of myocardial
            infarction on GE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>). This fact is related
            to the one proposed by Camur&#231;a et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, that
            delayed GE in myocardial infarction would result of increased sympathetic activity as it
            was observed in the present study, with a possible involvement of the vascular
            system.</p>
      <p>In addition, it was also found that there was a significant GR reduction in SH group,
            although the reason for this effect remains unknown. In a previous study, carried out in
            the same laboratory, on the effect of myocardial infarction on GE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, it was found that sham animals showed a non-significant GR
            increase, when compared with the naive group. This fact was attributed to the combined
            effect of anesthesia + surgery; these procedures were performed twenty-four hours before
            the sham group was created. This combined effect, if confirmed in this study, might be
            less intense at vascular level in the SH group than in the INF group and it can also
            explain the results of treatment with prazosin. Nevertheless, GR reduction induced
            through Prazosin was 77% higher in infarcted animals, suggesting involvement of alpha1-
            adrenoceptors in this condition.</p>
      <p>The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is a major integrative region of the hypothalamus that
            maintains homeostasis. Practically, PVN is involved in food intake, response to stress
            and it also modulates metabolic rate and thermoregulation, and participates in
            regulation of cardiovascular function and the autonomic nervous system<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. This hypothalamic structure participates in
            cardiovascular autonomic regulation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. Heart failure has
            been associated with changes in specific brain areas, as well as the activation of
            neurons in PVN, which are related to abnormalities in the production of vasopressin,
            blood volume regulation and sympathetic stimulation (excitation)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>.</p>
      <p>In this study, infarcted animals with electrolytic lesion of the PVN showed
            significantly lower GR when compared to infarcted animals with sham lesion. This type of
            lesion does not reduce GR% in control animals (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure
               4</xref>). These results indicate that the PVN lesion abolished the effect of recent
            myocardial infarction on GE in rats. This finding is an evidence of the important
            participation of PVN in GE delay in myocardial infarction. It is possible that the
            partial results obtained with vagotomy and alpha1-adrenergic blockade occurred due to
            the fact that each one of these procedures affected only one part of the set of changes
            under PVN effect, determining delayed GE in myocardial infarction.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The results of this study suggest the involvement of the vagus nerve, the
            alpha1-adrenergic receptors and the PVN in the delayed GE induced by recent myocardial
            infarction in rats.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Financial Support</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Funda&#231;&#227;o Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (Capes);
               Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CAPES.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Wilson Ranu Ramirez
               Nunes, from Universidade Estadual de Campinas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>Burks TF, Galligan JJ, Porreca F, Barber WD. Regulation of gastric
               emptying. Fed Proc. 1985;44(14):2897-901.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Burks</surname>
              <given-names>TF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galligan</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Porreca</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barber</surname>
              <given-names>WD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Regulation of gastric emptying</article-title>
          <source>Fed Proc</source>
          <year>1985</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>2897</fpage>
          <lpage>2901</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B02">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>Wood JD, Alpers DH, Andrews PL. Fundamentals of neurogastroenterology.
               Gut. 1999;45 Suppl 2:II6-II16.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wood</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alpers</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrews</surname>
              <given-names>PL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Fundamentals of neurogastroenterology</article-title>
          <source>Gut</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>45</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 2</supplement>
          <fpage>II6</fpage>
          <lpage>II16</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B03">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>Sakaguchi T, Ohtake, M. Inibition of gastric motility induced by
               activation of the hypotalamic paraventricular nucleus. Brain Res.
               1985;335(2):365-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sakaguchi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ohtake</surname>
              <given-names>M.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Inibition of gastric motility induced by activation of
                  the hypotalamic paraventricular nucleus</article-title>
          <source>Brain Res</source>
          <year>1985</year>
          <volume>365</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>365</fpage>
          <lpage>367</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B04">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>Collares-Buzato CB, Collares EF, Fernandes GA. Effect of paraventricular
               nucleus lesion and cold restraint stress on gastric emptying of a liquid meal in
               rats. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1993;26(9):1009-14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Collares-Buzato</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collares</surname>
              <given-names>EF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of paraventricular nucleus lesion and cold
                  restraint stress on gastric emptying of a liquid meal in rats</article-title>
          <source>Braz J Med Biol Res</source>
          <year>1993</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1009</fpage>
          <lpage>1014</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B05">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>Pratt GD, Bowery NG. Autoradiography of GABA receptor binding sites in
               the dorsal vagal complex of the rat hindbrain. Brit J Pharmacol.
               1992;107(Suppl):211P.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pratt</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bowery</surname>
              <given-names>NG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Autoradiography of GABA receptor binding sites in the
                  dorsal vagal complex of the rat hindbrain</article-title>
          <source>Brit J Pharmacol</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
          <size units="pages">211P</size>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B06">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>Mody I, De Konink Y, Otis TS, Soltesz I. Bridging the cleft at GABA
               synapses in the brain. Trends Neurosci. 1994;17(12):517-25.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mody</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Konink</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Otis</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soltesz</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Bridging the cleft at GABA synapses in the
                  brain</article-title>
          <source>Trends Neurosci</source>
          <year>1994</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>517</fpage>
          <lpage>525</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B07">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>Couve A, Moss SJ, Pangalos MN. GABA<sub>B</sub> receptors: a new
               paradigm in G protein signaling. Mol Cell Neurosci.
               2000;16(4):296-312.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Couve</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moss</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pangalos</surname>
              <given-names>MN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">GABA<sub>B</sub> receptors: a new paradigm in G protein
                  signaling</article-title>
          <source>Mol Cell Neurosci</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>296</fpage>
          <lpage>312</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B08">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>Alpert JS, Thygesen K. Myocardial infarction redefined -- a consensus
               document of The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology
               Committee for the redefinition of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J.
               2000;21(18):1502-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alpert</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thygesen</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Myocardial infarction redefined -- a consensus document
                  of The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology
                  Committee for the redefinition of myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>1502</fpage>
          <lpage>1513</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B09">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>Camur&#231;a FD, de Queiroz DA, Leal PR, Rodrigues CL, Gondim FA, da Gra&#231;a
               JR, et al. Gastric emptying and gastrointestinal tract of liquid in awake rats is
               delayed after acute myocardial infarction. Dig Dis Sci.
               2004;49(5):757-62.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Camur&#231;a</surname>
              <given-names>FD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Queiroz</surname>
              <given-names>DA de</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leal</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gondim</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gra&#231;a</surname>
              <given-names>JR da</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Gastric emptying and gastrointestinal tract of liquid in
                  awake rats is delayed after acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Dig Dis Sci</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>757</fpage>
          <lpage>762</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>Ramirez-Nu&#241;ez WR, Almeida EA, Ozaki MR, Vinagre AM, Collares EF,
               Fernandes GD. Vaciamiento g&#225;strico de l&#237;quidos en ratas sometidas a infarto del
               miocardio. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam. 2006;36(1):33-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ramirez-Nu&#241;ez</surname>
              <given-names>WR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozaki</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vinagre</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collares</surname>
              <given-names>EF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="pt">Vaciamiento g&#225;strico de l&#237;quidos en ratas sometidas a
                  infarto del miocardio</article-title>
          <source>Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>33</fpage>
          <lpage>37</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>Johns JN, Olson BJ. Experimental myocardial infarction: a method of
               coronary occlusion in small animals. Ann Surg. 1954;140(5):675-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Johns</surname>
              <given-names>Johns</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olson</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Experimental myocardial infarction: a method of coronary
                  occlusion in small animals</article-title>
          <source>Ann Surg</source>
          <year>1954</year>
          <volume>140</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>675</fpage>
          <lpage>682</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>Bustorff-Silva J, Perez CA, Fonkalsrud EW, Hoh C, Raybould HE. Gastric
               emptying after fundoplication is dependent on changes in gastric volume and
               compliance. J Pediatr Surg. 1999;34(8):1232-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bustorff-Silva</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perez</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonkalsrud</surname>
              <given-names>EW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoh</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raybould</surname>
              <given-names>HE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Gastric emptying after fundoplication is dependent on
                  changes in gastric volume and compliance</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr Surg</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1232</fpage>
          <lpage>1235</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>Bucaretchi F, Collares EF. Effect of Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom
               on gastric emptying in rats. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1996;29(2):205-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bucaretchi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collares</surname>
              <given-names>EF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom on gastric
                  emptying in rats</article-title>
          <source>Braz J Med Biol Res</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>205</fpage>
          <lpage>211</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>Groot T. The rat forebrain in stereotaxic coordinates. NV
               Noord-Holandsch Witgevers, Amsterdam (The Netherlands): 1959.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Groot</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>The rat forebrain in stereotaxic coordinates</source>
          <comment>NV Noord-Holandsch Witgevers</comment>
          <publisher-loc>Amsterdam (The Netherlands)</publisher-loc>
          <year>1959</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>Collares EF, Vinagre AM. Evidence of the effect of dipyrone on the
               central nervous system as a determinant of delayed gastric emptying observed in rats
               after its administration. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2003;36(10):1375-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Collares</surname>
              <given-names>EF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vinagre</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Evidence of the effect of dipyrone on the central
                  nervous system as a determinant of delayed gastric emptying observed in rats after
                  its administration</article-title>
          <source>Braz J Med Biol Res</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1375</fpage>
          <lpage>1382</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>Collares EF, Vinagre AM. Effect of the GABA<sub>B</sub> agonist baclofen
               on dipyrone-induced delayed gastric emptying in rats. Braz J Med Biol Res.
               2005;38(1):99-104.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Collares</surname>
              <given-names>EF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vinagre</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of the GABA<sub>B</sub> agonist baclofen on
                  dipyrone-induced delayed gastric emptying in rats</article-title>
          <source>Braz J Med Biol Res</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>99</fpage>
          <lpage>104</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>Gondim FA, Oliveira GR, Gra&#231;a JR, Gondim RB, Alencar HM, Dantas RP, et
               al. Neural mechanisms involved in the delay of gastric emptying of liquid elicited by
               acute blood volume expansion in awake rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil.
               1999;11(2):93-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gondim</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gra&#231;a</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gondim</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alencar</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dantas</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Neural mechanisms involved in the delay of gastric
                  emptying of liquid elicited by acute blood volume expansion in awake
                  rats</article-title>
          <source>Neurogastroentero Motil</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>93</fpage>
          <lpage>99</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>Van Royen N, Hoefer I, Buschmann I, Kostin S, Voskuil M, Bode CH, et al.
               Effects of local MCP-1 protein therapy on the development of the collateral
               circulation and atherosclerosis in Watanabe hyperlipidemic rabbits. Card Res.
               2003;57(1):178-85.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Van Royen</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoefer</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buschmann</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kostin</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Voskuil</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bode</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of local MCP-1 protein therapy on the
                  development of the collateral circulation and atherosclerosis in Watanabe
                  hyperlipidemic rabbits</article-title>
          <source>Card Res</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>178</fpage>
          <lpage>185</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>Paxinos G, Watson C. The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates.
                  4<sup>th</sup> ed. San Diego, California: Academic Press; 1998.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Paxinos</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates</source>
          <edition>4th ed</edition>
          <publisher-loc>San Diego, California</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Academic Press</publisher-name>
          <year>1998</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>Azpiroz F. Control of gastric emptying by gastric tone. Dig Dis Sci.
               1994,39(Suppl):18S-19S.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Azpiroz</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Control of gastric emptying by gastric
                  tone</article-title>
          <source>Dig Dis Sci</source>
          <year>1994</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
          <fpage>18S</fpage>
          <lpage>19S</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>Weisbrodt NW. Gastric emptying. In: Johnson LR, Editor. Gastrointestinal
               physiology. 5th ed. St Louis: Mosby; 1997. p. 33-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Weisbrodt</surname>
              <given-names>NW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title xml:lang="en">Gastric emptying</chapter-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source xml:lang="en">Gastrointestinal physiology</source>
          <edition>5th ed</edition>
          <publisher-loc>St Louis</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Mosby</publisher-name>
          <year>1997</year>
          <fpage>32</fpage>
          <lpage>42</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>Andrews PL, Wood KL. Systemic baclofen stimulates gastric motility and
               secretion via a central action in the rat. Brit J Pharmacol.
               1986;89(3):461-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Andrews</surname>
              <given-names>PL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wood</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Systemic baclofen stimulates gastric motility and
                  secretion via a central action in the rat</article-title>
          <source>Brit J Pharmacol</source>
          <year>1986</year>
          <volume>89</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>461</fpage>
          <lpage>467</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>Fargeas MJ, Fioramonti J, Bueno L. Central and peripheral action of
               GABAA and GABA<sub>B</sub> agonists on small intestine motility in rats. Eur J
               Pharmacol. 1988;150(1-2):163-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fargeas</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fioramonti</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bueno</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Central and peripheral action of GABAA and
                     GABA<sub>B</sub> agonists on small intestine motility in rats</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Pharmacol</source>
          <year>1988</year>
          <volume>150</volume>
          <issue>1-2</issue>
          <fpage>163</fpage>
          <lpage>169</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>Browning KN, Travagli RA. Mechanism of action of baclofen in rat dorsal
               motor nucleus of vagus. Am J Physiol. 2001;280(6):G1106-G13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Browning</surname>
              <given-names>KN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Travagli</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Mechanism of action of baclofen in rat dorsal motor
                  nucleus of vagus</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>280</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>G1106</fpage>
          <lpage>G1113</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>Page AJ, Blackshaw LA. GABA<sub>B</sub> receptors inhibit
               mechanosensivity of primary afferent endings. J Neurosci.
               1999;19(19):8507-602.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Page</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blackshaw</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">GABA<sub>B</sub> receptors inhibit mechanosensivity of
                  primary afferent endings</article-title>
          <source>J Neurosci</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>8507</fpage>
          <lpage>8602</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>Kelly KA. Effect of gastric surgery on gastric motility and emptying.
               In: Akkermans LM, Johnson AG, Read NW. (editors). Gastric and gastroduodenal motily.
               (Surgical Science Series 4). New York: Praeger Publishers; 1984. p.
               241-62.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kelly</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title xml:lang="en">Effect of gastric surgery on gastric motility and
                  emptying</chapter-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name>
              <surname>Akkermans</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Read</surname>
              <given-names>NW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source xml:lang="en">Gastric and gastroduodenal motily</source>
          <series>Surgical Science Series 4</series>
          <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Praeger Publishers</publisher-name>
          <year>1984</year>
          <fpage>241</fpage>
          <lpage>262</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>Camilleri M, Malagelada JR. Gastric motility in disease. In: Akkermans
               LM, Johnson AG, Read NW. (editors). Gastric and gastroduodenal motily. (Surgical
               Science Series 4). New York: Praeger Publishers; 1984. p. 201-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Camilleri</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malagelada</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title xml:lang="en">Gastric motility in disease</chapter-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name>
              <surname>Akkermans</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Read</surname>
              <given-names>NW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source xml:lang="en">Gastric and gastroduodenal motily</source>
          <series>Surgical Science Series 4</series>
          <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Praeger Publishers</publisher-name>
          <year>1984</year>
          <fpage>201</fpage>
          <lpage>232</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>McCann MJ, Rogers RC. Impact of antral mechanoreceptor activation on the
               vago-vagal reflex in the rat: Functional zonation of responses. J Physiol.
               1992;453:401-11.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McCann</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rogers</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Impact of antral mechanoreceptor activation on the
                  vago-vagal reflex in the rat: Functional zonation of responses</article-title>
          <source>J Physiol</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>453</volume>
          <fpage>401</fpage>
          <lpage>411</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>Berthoud HR, Calrson NR, Powley TL. Topography of efferent vagal
               innervation of the gastrointestinal tract. Am J Physiol. 1991;260(1 Pt
               2):R200-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Berthoud</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calrson</surname>
              <given-names>NR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Powley</surname>
              <given-names>TL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">opography of efferent vagal innervation of the
                  gastrointestinal tract</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>260</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <issue-part>Pt 2</issue-part>
          <fpage>R200</fpage>
          <lpage>R207</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>Berthoud HR. Anatomy and function of sensory hepatic nerves. Anat Rec A
               Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol. 2004;280(1):827-35.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Berthoud</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Anatomy and function of sensory hepatic
                  nerves</article-title>
          <source>Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>280</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>827</fpage>
          <lpage>835</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>Docherty JR. Subtypes of functional alpha1-adrenoceptor. Cell Mol Life
               Sci. 2010;67(3):405-17.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Docherty</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Subtypes of functional
                  alpha1-adrenoceptor</article-title>
          <source>Cell Mol Life Sci</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>405</fpage>
          <lpage>417</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>Gutherie GP, Kotchen TA. Effects of prazosin and clonidine on
               sympathetic and baroreflex function in patients with essential hypertension. J Clin
               Pharmacol. 1983;23(8-9):348-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gutherie</surname>
              <given-names>GP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kotchen</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of prazosin and clonidine on sympathetic and
                  baroreflex function in patients with essential hypertension</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Pharmacol</source>
          <year>1983</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>8-9</issue>
          <fpage>348</fpage>
          <lpage>354</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>Lubbe WF, Hodge JV. Combined alpha- and beta- adrenoceptor antagonism
               with prazosin and oxprenolol in control of severe hypertension in pregnancy. N Z Med
               J. 1981;94(691):169-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lubbe</surname>
              <given-names>WF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hodge</surname>
              <given-names>JV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Combined alpha- and beta- adrenoceptor antagonism with
                  prazosin and oxprenolol in control of severe hypertension in
                  pregnancy</article-title>
          <source>N Z Med J</source>
          <year>1981</year>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <issue>691</issue>
          <fpage>169</fpage>
          <lpage>172</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>Boj&#246; L, Nellgard P, Cassuto J. Effects of selective adrenergic agonists
               and antagonists on gastric tone in the rat. Acta Physiol Scand.
               1991;142(4):517-22.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Boj&#246;</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nellgard</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cassuto</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of selective adrenergic agonists and antagonists
                  on gastric tone in the rat</article-title>
          <source>Acta Physiol Scand</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>142</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>517</fpage>
          <lpage>522</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>Schlenker EH. Integration in PVN: another piece of the puzzle. Am J
               Physiol. 2005;289(3):R653-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schlenker</surname>
              <given-names>EH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Integration in PVN: another piece of the
                  puzzle</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>289</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>R653</fpage>
          <lpage>R655</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>Coote JH. A role for the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus in the
               autonomic controlo f heart and kidney. Exp Physiol.
               2004;90(2):169-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Coote</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en"> A role for the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus
                  in the autonomic controlo f heart and kidney</article-title>
          <source>Exp Physiol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>169</fpage>
          <lpage>173</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>Pyner S. Neurochemistry of paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus:
               implications for cardiovascular regulation. J Chem Neuroanat.
               2009;38(3):197-208.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pyner</surname>
              <given-names>S.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Neurochemistry of paraventricular nucleus of the
                  hypothalamus: implications for cardiovascular regulation</article-title>
          <source>J Chem Neuroanat</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>197</fpage>
          <lpage>208</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>Patel KP. Role of paraventricular nucleus in mediating sympathetic
               outflow in heart failure. Heart Fail Rev. 2000;5(1):73-86.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>KP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Role of paraventricular nucleus in mediating sympathetic
                  outflow in heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Heart Fail Rev</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>73</fpage>
          <lpage>86</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mecanismos Neurais e Retardo do Esvaziamento G&#225;strico de Liquido Induzido
               no Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio em Ratos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunez</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson Ranu Ramirez</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ozaki</surname>
            <given-names>Michiko Regina</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vinagre</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Collares</surname>
            <given-names>Edgard Ferro</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Eros Antonio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Eros Antonio de Almeida,</bold> Professor Jorge
               Nogueira Ferraz, Jardim Chapad&#227;o. CEP 13070-120, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>erosaa@cardiol.br</email>; <email>eros@fcm.unicamp.br</email>
            </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Nunes WRR, Collares EF, Almeida EA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de
                  dados: Nunes WRR, Ozaki MR, Vinagre AM, Collares EF; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos
                  dados: Nunes WRR, Ozaki MR, Collares EF, Almeida EA; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Nunes
                  WRR, Vinagre AM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Nunes WRR; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito
                  quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ozaki MR, Collares EF, Almeida EA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Dist&#250;rbios da motilidade do intestino proximal no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio podem
                  desencadear sintomas digestivos como n&#225;useas e v&#244;mitos. O infarto do mioc&#225;rdio
                  ocasiona retardo do esvaziamento g&#225;strico (EG) de l&#237;quido em ratos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar se existe a influ&#234;ncia do nervo vago (VGX), adrenoreceptores &#945;-1,
                  receptores GABA<sub>B</sub> do sistema nervoso central e participa&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;cleo
                  paraventricular (NPV) do hipot&#225;lamo no esvaziamento g&#225;strico (EG) e complac&#234;ncia
                  g&#225;strica (CG) em ratos infartados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Ratos Wistar (n = 8-15) foram divididos em: grupo infarto (INF), sham (SH) e
                  subdivididos. O infarto foi realizado por ligadura da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria
                  descendente anterior. A complac&#234;ncia g&#225;strica foi estimada com curvas
                  press&#227;o-volume. Realizada vagotomia por sec&#231;&#227;o dos ramos dorsal e ventral. Para
                  verificar a a&#231;&#227;o dos receptores GABA<sub>B</sub> foi injetado baclofeno por via
                  intra ventr&#237;culo-cerebral. Simpatectomia qu&#237;mica foi realizada com prazosina
                  intravenosa (iv), e na les&#227;o do n&#250;cleo paraventricular do hipot&#225;lamo foi utilizada
                  corrente el&#233;trica de 1mA/10s, com esvaziamento g&#225;strico determinado por medi&#231;&#227;o da
                  reten&#231;&#227;o g&#225;strica (% RG) de uma refei&#231;&#227;o salina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na CG. A vagotomia (VGX) reduziu
                  significativamente a %RG; no grupo INF, o tratamento intra ventr&#237;culo-cerebral
                  (ivc) com baclofeno reduziu significativamente a % RG; n&#227;o houve conclusivamente
                  envolvimento dos receptores GABA<sub>B</sub> em retardar o EG; o tratamento
                  intravenoso com prazosina reduziu significativamente a %RG no grupo INF. A les&#227;o
                  do NPV aboliu o efeito do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio no EG.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O nervo vago, receptores &#945;-adren&#233;rgicos e n&#250;cleo paraventricular est&#227;o envolvidos
                  no retardo do esvaziamento g&#225;strico no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio em ratos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Esvaziamento G&#225;strico</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>N&#250;cleos da Linha M&#233;dia do T&#225;lamo</kwd>
        <kwd>Receptores de GABA</kwd>
        <kwd>Motilidade Gastrointestinal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O processo de esvaziamento g&#225;strico (EG) resulta da a&#231;&#227;o dos mecanismos que inibem ou
               estimulam a atividade motora do est&#244;mago, do piloro e do duodeno. O sistema nervoso
               central conecta-se com o sistema nervoso ent&#233;rico atrav&#233;s do nervo vago e do sistema
               nervoso simp&#225;tico, que participam no controle do EG<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. O nervo vago controla o movimento do alimento atrav&#233;s do trato
               digestivo. Se este estiver danificado, os m&#250;sculos do est&#244;mago e intestinos n&#227;o
               funcionam normalmente e o transporte de alimentos &#233; retardado ou para
               completamente.</p>
        <p>O complexo vagal dorsal &#233; formado pelo n&#250;cleo do trato solit&#225;rio com neur&#244;nios que
               recebem informa&#231;&#245;es aferentes, &#225;rea postrema e n&#250;cleo dorsal do vago, onde os
               neur&#244;nios motores estimuladores e inibidores est&#227;o localizados, sendo os ax&#244;nios
               eferentes as vias do nervo vago<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. O complexo
               vagal dorsal &#233; mais influenciado por estruturas superiores, tais como o n&#250;cleo
               paraventricular (NPV) do hipot&#225;lamo o qual, sob certas condi&#231;&#245;es, podem modificar a
               motilidade g&#225;strica e o EG<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Em ratos, os receptores GABA<sub>B</sub> est&#227;o
               localizados nas termina&#231;&#245;es aferentes pr&#233;-sin&#225;pticas do vago que se projeta para o
               n&#250;cleo do trato solit&#225;rio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os receptores GABA<sub>B</sub> pr&#233;-sin&#225;pticos est&#227;o envolvidos na regula&#231;&#227;o da
               libera&#231;&#227;o de neurotransmissores, uma vez que o efeito de (um agonista desses
               receptores) &#233; o de reduzir a libera&#231;&#227;o de transmissores sin&#225;pticos estimuladores e
                  inibidores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Em situa&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas, como infarto agudo
               do mioc&#225;rdio, dist&#250;rbios da motilidade do intestino proximal podem desencadear
               sintomas como n&#225;usea e v&#244;mito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref></p>
        <p>Estudos experimentais sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e esvaziamento
                  g&#225;strico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> s&#227;o muito raros, e um estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> considerou que o retardo do esvaziamento g&#225;strico pode ser devido ao
               estresse causado pela isquemia. No entanto, os mecanismos subjacentes de esvaziamento
               g&#225;strico retardado n&#227;o foram abordados. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como
               objetivo determinar o envolvimento de mecanismos neurais relacionados ao retardo do
               esvaziamento g&#225;strico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Ratos Wistar machos (n = 8-15) foram utilizados para realizar essa experi&#234;ncia,
               pesando 220-300 g, fornecidos pelo Biot&#233;rio Central da Universidade Estadual de
               Campinas.</p>
        <p>O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo SBCAL (Sociedade Brasileira de Ci&#234;ncia em
               Animais de Laborat&#243;rio) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ib.unicamp.br/ceea/principios">www.ib.unicamp.br/ceea/principios</ext-link>) (Protocolo n &#186; 1021-2).</p>
        <p>Os ratos tiveram um per&#237;odo de adapta&#231;&#227;o de quatro semanas para as condi&#231;&#245;es de
               laborat&#243;rio com temperatura controlada (22-26&#186;C) e ciclo de luz artificial de 12
               horas e &#225;gua fornecida <italic>ad libitum</italic>. Em procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos como
               uma vagotomia ou implanta&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;nula no ventr&#237;culo lateral do c&#233;rebro ou les&#227;o
               eletrol&#237;tica do n&#250;cleo paraventricular, os ratos foram sedados previamente com
               inje&#231;&#227;o <italic>intraperitoneal (ip)</italic> de 75 mg tiopental/kg. Ap&#243;s os
               procedimentos ou o estudo, os animais foram mantidos em gaiolas individuais e tamb&#233;m
               receberam &#225;gua e ra&#231;&#227;o <italic>ad libitum</italic>. A fim de estudar a CG, os animais
               foram anestesiados com administra&#231;&#227;o <italic>ip</italic> de cetamina (85 mg/kg) +
               xilazina (10 mg/kg).</p>
        <p>As drogas prazosina (PRA) e baclofeno (BAC) (ambos Sigma, EUA) foram dilu&#237;das no
               momento do estudo, utilizando solu&#231;&#227;o salina est&#233;ril como ve&#237;culo (V).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</title>
          <p>O infarto do mioc&#225;rdio foi induzido por ligadura da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente
                  anterior, de acordo com a t&#233;cnica recomendada por Johns e Olson<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Os ratos foram anestesiados com &#233;ter e uma
                  toracotomia foi executada. Atrav&#233;s de uma leve press&#227;o aplicada ao hemit&#243;rax
                  direito, o cora&#231;&#227;o foi exposto e uma ligadura foi colocada ao redor da art&#233;ria
                  coron&#225;ria esquerda proximal em seu segmento proximal, entre o cone da art&#233;ria
                  pulmonar e o &#225;pice do &#225;trio esquerdo. Apenas os animais com grande &#225;rea de infarto
                  foram considerados para o estudo, afetando 40% ou mais de toda a &#225;rea do
                  ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Vinte e quatro horas ap&#243;s o procedimento cir&#250;rgico foram
                  realizados estudos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia g&#225;strica (CG), vagotomia, intra
                  ventr&#237;culo-cerebral com GABA<sub>B</sub>, tratamento intravenoso com prazosina e
                  les&#245;es eletrol&#237;ticas do n&#250;cleo paraventricular.</p>
          <p>A fim de medir a CG, os ratos foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos 24 horas antes: os
                  ratos foram submetidos ao infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (INF), e tamb&#233;m ao infarto simulado
                  ou sham (SH) e sem tratamento (NA). Apenas os grupos INF e o SH foram usados para
                  determinar o EG. Os ratos em todos os grupos foram submetidos a jejum e o EG ou a
                  CG foram avaliados 24 horas ap&#243;s a forma&#231;&#227;o desses grupos, entre as 14:00-17:00
                  horas, com acesso a &#225;gua interrompido uma hora antes do teste.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Complac&#234;ncia g&#225;strica</title>
          <p>Com o objetivo de medir a CG, foi utilizada a t&#233;cnica descrita por Bustorff-Silva
                  e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Em resumo, foram realizados os
                  seguintes procedimentos em ratos anestesiados: traqueostomia, incis&#227;o abdominal, a
                  ligadura do piloro, fixa&#231;&#227;o do es&#244;fago distal de um tubo orog&#225;strico de
                  polietileno preenchido com solu&#231;&#227;o salina e conectado atrav&#233;s de um registro de
                  tr&#234;s vias a uma bomba de infus&#227;o (modelo LF 2001 Lifemed, Brasil) e um monitor de
                  press&#227;o (Biomotor 7.0, BESE, Belo Horizonte - Brasil). Trinta minutos ap&#243;s esses
                  procedimentos foi infundida no est&#244;mago de cada animal uma solu&#231;&#227;o salina a 37 &#186;
                  C, a uma taxa de 1,5 mL /100 g de peso/min, intermitentemente a cada 20 segundos
                  (s) em intervalos de 1 min. A cada 20 s (1/3 do volume) a infus&#227;o era interrompida
                  e o sistema balanceado para 50 s, com um registro de press&#227;o intrag&#225;strica (PIG).
                  Foram registadas (press&#245;es intrag&#225;stricas correspondentes a 1/3, 2/3 e o volume
                  total. O procedimento foi repetido duas vezes com intervalos de 30 min. O
                  resultado de cada animal correspondeu &#224; m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s medi&#231;&#245;es em cada ponto da
                  PIG. Foram constru&#237;das curvas de volume/press&#227;o para estimar a CG, calculadas
                  atrav&#233;s da seguinte f&#243;rmula:</p>
          <p>Complac&#234;ncia (mL/mmHg) = V<sub>1</sub> - V<sub>0</sub> / P<sub>1</sub> -
                     P<sub>0</sub>,</p>
          <p>Onde V<sub>0</sub> = volume inicial e V1 = volume final</p>
          <p>P<sub>O</sub> = PIG inicial e P<sub>1</sub> = PIG final.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Esvaziamento g&#225;strico</title>
          <p>Uma solu&#231;&#227;o salina contendo vermelho fenol (6 mg/dL) no volume de 1,5 mL/100 g de
                  peso corporal foi utilizada como refei&#231;&#227;o teste no estudo de EG. O esvaziamento
                  g&#225;strico foi avaliado indiretamente em ratos acordados, para determinar o
                  percentual de reten&#231;&#227;o g&#225;strica (% GR) da refei&#231;&#227;o teste, ap&#243;s 10 minutos da
                  administra&#231;&#227;o orog&#225;strica, usando uma t&#233;cnica padronizada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
          <p>Os ratos foram colocados na vertical e a refei&#231;&#227;o teste administrada por sonda
                  esof&#225;gica para atingir o est&#244;mago. Ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o, os animais permaneceram
                  na gaiola durante 8 min e 30 seg. Depois de anestesiados com &#233;ter, foi introduzido
                  o tubo orog&#225;strico, mantendo os ratos anestesiados com inala&#231;&#227;o de &#233;ter. O abd&#244;men
                  foi aberto longitudinalmente e o piloro pin&#231;ado exatamente 10 minutos ap&#243;s a
                  infus&#227;o orog&#225;strica. Todas as etapas foram cronometradas. O res&#237;duo g&#225;strico foi
                  aspirado e, em seguida, foram realizadas cinco lavagens com 2 mL de &#225;gua destilada
                  de cada vez, tendo o cuidado de aspirar sempre com a mesma seringa. O esvaziamento
                  completo foi confirmado atrav&#233;s da visualiza&#231;&#227;o direta das v&#237;sceras. A sonda foi
                  ent&#227;o removida e a press&#227;o negativa aplicada no animal sacrificado. O res&#237;duo
                  g&#225;strico obtido mais as lavagens foram transferidos para um cilindro graduado de
                  25 mL, e os instrumentos de aspira&#231;&#227;o (sonda e seringa), foram lavados tr&#234;s vezes
                  com um mL de &#225;gua de cada vez, e o volume adicionado ao b&#233;quer.</p>
          <p>Para determinar a porcentagem de reten&#231;&#227;o g&#225;strica (RG%) foi tomado 2,0 mL do
                  volume total recuperado de e transferido, em duplicata, para bal&#245;es volum&#233;tricos
                  de 10 mL, aos quais foram adicionados 5,0 mL de uma solu&#231;&#227;o de fosfato de tris&#243;dio
                  na concentra&#231;&#227;o de 27,5 g/L. O mesmo procedimento foi realizado com 1 mL da
                  refei&#231;&#227;o teste. O volume final foi completado at&#233; 10 mL com &#225;gua destilada. As
                  leituras foram feitas em um espectrofot&#244;metro (espectrofot&#244;metro B 382, Micronal)
                  no comprimento de onda de 560 nm. Para calcular a RG foi utilizada a seguinte
                  f&#243;rmula:</p>
          <p>RG = vrg &#215; arg &#247; vrp &#215; arp e o resultado multiplicado por 100.</p>
          <p>Onde: vrg = volume de res&#237;duo g&#225;strico; arg = absorb&#226;ncia do res&#237;duo g&#225;strico; vrp
                  = volume da refei&#231;&#227;o teste; arp = absorb&#226;ncia da refei&#231;&#227;o teste.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vagotomia</title>
          <p>Duas semanas antes do estudo da vagotomia, os ratos foram submetidos &#224; vagotomia
                  subdiafragm&#225;tica (VGX), na qual foram seccionados os ramos dorsal e ventral do
                  nervo vago, enquanto outros animais foram submetidos a uma cirurgia simulada
                  (VGS), os quais foram considerados os controles. Vinte e quatro horas antes do
                  procedimento de EG, os animais VGX e VGS foram submetidos &#224; infarto cir&#250;rgico
                  (INF), enquanto os outros foram submetidos &#224; mesma cirurgia simulada (SH).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Inje&#231;&#227;o intra ventr&#237;culo-cerebral de baclofen</title>
          <p>Para estudar o envolvimento de receptores GABA<sub>B</sub> no sistema nervoso
                  central de cada animal, oito dias antes do estudo de EG os ratos foram submetidos
                  a implante no ventr&#237;culo lateral direito de uma c&#226;nula (21G), utilizando t&#233;cnicas
                  e as coordenadas relacionadas ao bregma<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,
                  conforme descrito anteriormente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Vinte e
                  quatro horas antes do estudo de EG os ratos foram submetidos a cirurgia de infarto
                  e os outros para a mesma cirurgia simulada. Dez minutos antes da determina&#231;&#227;o do
                  EG, os dois grupos foram tratados com inje&#231;&#227;o intra ventr&#237;culo-cerebral (ivc) de
                  10 &#956;L de solu&#231;&#227;o salina (V) ou um volume igual de uma solu&#231;&#227;o contendo 1 &#181;g de
                  BAC. A dose de BAC utilizada foi baseada na literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Dez minutos ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o, o EG foi avaliado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Envolvimento dos receptores adren&#233;rgicos alfa-1</title>
          <p>Para estudar o envolvimento de receptores adren&#233;rgicos alfa-1 nos grupos INF e SH,
                  24 horas ap&#243;s a cirurgia, os grupos foram tratados por via intravenosa (iv)
                  atrav&#233;s de uma veia da cauda, com solu&#231;&#227;o salina como ve&#237;culo (V) ou prazosina na
                  dose de 1 mg/ kg, e a dose dada foi baseada no literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. O EG foi avaliado quinze minutos ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Les&#227;o do n&#250;cleo paraventricular do hipot&#225;lamo</title>
          <p>Para avaliar o envolvimento do n&#250;cleo paraventricular, 10 dias antes do estudo de
                  EG, os animais foram submetidos a uma les&#227;o limitada do n&#250;cleo paraventricular
                  (grupo PVNX) em dois pontos, bilateralmente, com passagem de uma corrente
                  el&#233;ctrica de les&#227;o de 1 mA/10 s, utilizando-se eletrodo de n&#237;quel e cromo de 0,25
                  mil&#237;metros de di&#226;metro. As coordenadas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; bregma foram as seguintes:
                  anteroposterior (AP) -1,2 e -1,5 mm, lateral &#177; 0,5 mm, vertical 7,8 mil&#237;metros e
                  8,0 pontos correspondentes &#224; AP, j&#225; vista em outro estudo15. Em ratos com les&#227;o
                  simulada (PVNS), foram utilizadas as mesmas coordenadas, exceto a vertical, na
                  qual a profundidade foi de 7,5 mm, sem a passagem de uma corrente el&#233;trica.</p>
          <p>Vinte e quatro horas antes do procedimento de EG, os animais PVNX e PVNS foram
                  divididos em grupos INF e SH. Ap&#243;s os experimentos, todos os ratos foram
                  sacrificados. No grupo INF, os cora&#231;&#245;es foram removidos, seccionados no plano
                  sagital, utilizando como pontos de refer&#234;ncia a aur&#237;cula esquerda, o sulco
                  interventricular e via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Em seguida, as duas
                  metades foram fixadas em formalina a 10% e embebidos em parafina. Os cortes
                  histol&#243;gicos corados com hematoxilina-eosina, foram usados para determinar a % da
                  &#225;rea infartada em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; &#225;rea total do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo usando uma t&#233;cnica
                     padronizada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
          <p>No grupo PVNX, os c&#233;rebros foram removidos, fixados, embebidos em parafina e os
                  cortes histol&#243;gicos foram corados com azul de toluidina. Para confirmar o local da
                  les&#227;o, as imagens dos cortes da les&#227;o foram comparados, utilizando microsc&#243;pio,
                  com imagens no atlas de Paxinos e Watson<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
                  em outro estudo realizado no mesmo laborat&#243;rio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
          <p>Nos animais com implanta&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;nula no ventr&#237;culo lateral, a avalia&#231;&#227;o foi feita
                  com uma inje&#231;&#227;o intra ventr&#237;culo&#8209;cerebral de 10 &#956;L de uma solu&#231;&#227;o de Azul de Evans
                  a 1%, no final do estudo de EG. Nesse grupo, ap&#243;s o sacrif&#237;cio, os c&#233;rebros foram
                  removidos e fixados em formalina a 10%, cortes coronais foram feitos e confirmados
                  quando o corante injetado via icv foi encontrado no quarto ventr&#237;culo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>O software SAS (Statistical Analysis System) para Windows, vers&#227;o 9.2 (SAS
                  Institute Inc., 2002-2008, Cary, NC, EUA) foi usado na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. Os
                  resultados da CG e RG s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; EPM. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi
                  realizada utilizando-se ANOVA, seguida pelo teste de Tukey quando necess&#225;rio. Foi
                  estabelecido o valor de &#945; = 0,05 para ambos os testes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significantes de CG, na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos (m&#233;dia &#177; EPM
               do grupo INF = 0,16 &#177; 0,03 mL / mm Hg, N = 9; grupo SH = 0,17 &#177; 0,03 mL / mmHg N = 9;
               grupo NA = 0,16 &#177; 0,01 mL / mm Hg, N = 8). A porcentagem de &#225;rea infartada do
               ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, em m&#233;dia &#177; EPM, em ratos do grupo INF foi de 47,8 &#177; 2,7%.</p>
        <p>Os resultados do estudo antes da vagotomia s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 1</xref>. Houve diferen&#231;as significantes entre %RG dos animais
               com VGS + SH vs. VGS + INF (m&#233;dia &#177; EPM = 36, 6 &#177; 2,0%, N = 10; e 48,0 &#177; 2,3%, N =
               15, respectivamente), e isso indicou que o infarto resultou em atraso do EG em
               animais com vagotomia sham em rela&#231;&#227;o aos controles. Al&#233;m disso, o subgrupo VGX + INF
               apresentou RG% (28,7 &#177; 2,8%, N = 11) significativamente mais baixa do que o grupo VGS
               + INF e n&#227;o diferiu do grupo VGX + SH (25,9 &#177; 1,5%, N = 10). No entanto, a vagotomia
               anterior tamb&#233;m reduziu significativamente RG% no grupo SH (VGX + SH) em compara&#231;&#227;o
               com VGS (VGS + SH). Portanto, a redu&#231;&#227;o da RG% por vagotomia no grupo INF foi 40%
               mais elevada. Nesse estudo, a &#225;rea infartada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, m&#233;dia &#177; EPM, em
               animais VGS + INF foi de 51,7 &#177; 2,3% e em animais VGX + INF foi de 50,2 &#177; 2%.</p>
        <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resultados de reten&#231;&#227;o g&#225;strica (%) em grupos de ratos com infarto do
                     mioc&#225;rdio (INF) e vagotomia (Vg); * p &lt; 0,05.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0144-40190-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>O tratamento intra ventr&#237;culo-cerebral com BAC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura
                  2</xref>) reduziu significativamente RG% no grupo controle (SH + BAC = 17,8 &#177;
               2,6%, N = 11) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o tratamento com V (SH + V = 32,0 &#177; 2,9%, N = 9), bem
               como nos grupos INF + BAC em compara&#231;&#227;o com INF + V (26,0 &#177; 3,3%, N = 11 e 40,2 &#177;
               2,1%, N = 10, respectivamente). Embora o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio tenha aumentado a RG%
               no grupo de ratos tratados com ve&#237;culo (INF + V), esse n&#227;o diferiu significativamente
               do grupo de controle (SH + V). Al&#233;m disso, verificou-se que a redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de RG%
               determinada por BAC foi 25% mais elevada entre os grupos SH do que a observada entre
               os grupos INF. A &#225;rea infartada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, m&#233;dia &#177; EPM, em animais INF +
               V foi de 51,2 &#177; 2,7% e em animais INF + BAC foi de 52,2 &#177; 3%.</p>
        <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resultados de reten&#231;&#227;o g&#225;strica (%) em grupos de ratos com infarto do
                     mioc&#225;rdio e inser&#231;&#227;o de sonda met&#225;lica e que receberam inje&#231;&#227;o de baclofeno
                     (BAC) ou Solu&#231;&#227;o Salina (V) no ventr&#237;culo lateral do c&#233;rebro; * p &lt;
                     0,05.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0144-40190-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 3</xref> mostra os resultados do tratamento
               por via i.v. com PRA, o que reduziu significativamente RG% no grupo infarto (INF +
               PRA = 22,0 &#177; 1,5%, 10) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o tratado com ve&#237;culo (INF + V = 42,1 &#177;
               2,4%, 10). Entre os animais do grupo SH, o mesmo fen&#244;meno ocorreu (SH + PRA = 22,3 &#177;
               1,8%, n = 12 vs. SH + V = 30,5 &#177; 1,3%, n = 11); no entanto, a redu&#231;&#227;o de RG% foi 77%
               superior no grupo INF. A &#225;rea infartada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, em m&#233;dia &#177; EPM, em
               animais INF + V foi de 55,1 &#177; 1,2% e em animais INF + PRA foi de 55,2 &#177; 1,2%.</p>
        <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resultados de reten&#231;&#227;o g&#225;strica (%) em grupos de ratos com infarto do
                     mioc&#225;rdio e que receberam inje&#231;&#227;o de prazosina (PRA) ou Solu&#231;&#227;o Salina (V); * p
                     &lt; 0,05.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0144-40190-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 4</xref>, os resultados da les&#227;o foram
               vistos em um estudo pr&#233;vio do n&#250;cleo paraventricular. Os ratos com les&#227;o eletrol&#237;tica
               do n&#250;cleo e infartados apresentaram uma RG% significativamente menor (PVNX + INF =
               25,0 &#177; 3,0%, N = 8) em compara&#231;&#227;o com os animais com les&#227;o sham (PVNS) e infartados
               (PVNS + INF = 41,2 &#177; 1,7%, N = 8). A mesma les&#227;o n&#227;o reduziu RG% em animais controle
               (PVNX + SH = 28,5 &#177; 2,9%, N = 8 vs. PVNS + SH = 32,1 &#177; 1,9%, N = 10). A &#225;rea
               infartada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, em m&#233;dia &#177; EPM, em animais PVNS + INF foi de 52,2 &#177;
               0,4% e em animais PVNX + INF foi de 55,4 &#177; 0,8%. Nos resultados da an&#225;lise
               histol&#243;gica feita nos c&#233;rebros ap&#243;s les&#227;o do n&#250;cleo paraventricular, apenas les&#245;es
               com 100% da regi&#227;o paraventricular foram consideradas para esse estudo.</p>
        <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resultados de reten&#231;&#227;o g&#225;strica (%) em grupos de ratos com infarto do
                     mioc&#225;rdio e les&#245;es do n&#250;cleo paraventricular; * p &lt; 0,05.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0144-40190-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A diminui&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus g&#225;strico determina um EG mais lento de l&#237;quidos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Portanto, nas condi&#231;&#245;es experimentais desse
               estudo, o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o induziu altera&#231;&#245;es no t&#244;nus g&#225;strico de
               ratos. No entanto, como o EG &#233; uma a&#231;&#227;o coordenada do est&#244;mago, piloro e duodeno<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, &#233; poss&#237;vel que o fator determinante do
               retarde do EG no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o tenha agido diretamente no est&#244;mago.
               Camur&#231;a e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> detectaram em infarto agudo
               do mioc&#225;rdio, al&#233;m de retardo no EG, que o tr&#226;nsito de l&#237;quidos no intestino delgado
               &#233; mais lento. N&#227;o ficou claro se os dois transtornos s&#227;o dependentes de um mesmo
               fen&#244;meno, ou se o efeito sobre o EG &#233; uma consequ&#234;ncia do que ocorre ap&#243;s o est&#244;mago.
               Uma vez que n&#227;o foi observada altera&#231;&#227;o na CG, uma alternativa para explicar o
               retardo do EG de l&#237;quidos no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio seria o aumento da resist&#234;ncia, de
               natureza desconhecida, do fluxo de alimentos para o intestino delgado.</p>
        <p>Tratamento intra ventr&#237;culo-cerebral com Baclofen reduziu de maneira significativa a
               RG% no grupo controle (SH), em compara&#231;&#227;o com o controle tratado com solu&#231;&#227;o salina
               e, similarmente, no grupo infartado (INF) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura
                  1</xref>). Em termos comparativos, foi surpreendente observar que a maior redu&#231;&#227;o
               ocorreu nos grupos de controle. Como resultado, n&#227;o foi conclu&#237;do o envolvimento dos
               receptores GABA<sub>B</sub> no EG retardado atrav&#233;s do INF. O Baclofen no sistema
               nervoso central aumenta o EG de l&#237;quidos atrav&#233;s de sua capacidade de bloquear o
               complexo vagal dorsal, est&#237;mulos mec&#226;nicos inibit&#243;rios que atuam no est&#244;mago
               proximal, transmitidos atrav&#233;s das fibras aferentes do nervo vago<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>.</p>
        <p>Como resultado, h&#225; um aumento do t&#244;nus desse segmento funcional do est&#244;mago, o que
               leva ao EG mais r&#225;pido de uma refei&#231;&#227;o salina. O que era esperado, considerando que o
               infarto n&#227;o alterou a complac&#234;ncia g&#225;strica e pode ter resultado em um aumento do
               t&#244;nus com a mesma intensidade em grupos controle e infartados, superando a condi&#231;&#227;o
               de que determinou a retardo do GE no infarto.</p>
        <p>A sec&#231;&#227;o sub-diafragm&#225;tica anterior de ramos ventrais e dorsais do nervo vago,
               reduziu significativamente a RG em animais infartados e tamb&#233;m em animais SH (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 3</xref>). O resultado observado entre os animais
               sham era esperado, uma vez que esse tipo de vagotomia pode aumentar o esvaziamento
               g&#225;strico de l&#237;quido, aumentando o t&#244;nus do est&#244;mago proximal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. No entanto, a redu&#231;&#227;o de RG% atrav&#233;s da vagotomia em animais
               infartados foi mais elevada (aproximadamente 40%), quando comparada com as redu&#231;&#245;es
               m&#233;dias de RG% entre os dois grupos.</p>
        <p>A vagotomia modifica a atividade motora do est&#244;mago atrav&#233;s do bloqueio da chegada de
               est&#237;mulos aferentes inibit&#243;rios para o trato solit&#225;rio e abole os est&#237;mulos
               eferentes, que se originam no n&#250;cleo dorsal vagal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. As fibras aferentes do nervo vago transmitem
               informa&#231;&#245;es sensoriais de outras regi&#245;es do trato gastrointestinal e as vias
               eferentes inervam do fundo g&#225;strico at&#233; o c&#243;lon descendente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
        <p>Assim, no processo utilizado nesse estudo, n&#227;o se sabe se estamos bloqueando
               est&#237;mulos aferentes ou eferentes e em que parte do trato gastrointestinal. No
               entanto, os resultados sugerem a participa&#231;&#227;o, pelo menos parcialmente, do nervo vago
               no retardo do EG induzido por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
        <p>O papel dos alfa1-adrenoceptores como receptores estimuladores envolve
               particularmente a contra&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo liso, especialmente a contra&#231;&#227;o das fibras
               musculares lisas vasculares, determinando vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o local e atuando sobre o
               controle da press&#227;o arterial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. A prazosina &#233;
               um antagonista perif&#233;rico que se liga a esses receptores nos vasos32,33 e n&#227;o tem
               influ&#234;ncia significativa sobre o t&#244;nus g&#225;strico e contra&#231;&#245;es f&#225;sicas no est&#244;mago<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>.</p>
        <p>O tratamento intravenoso com Prazosin reduziu significativamente o efeito do infarto
               do mioc&#225;rdio no EG (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 3</xref>). Esse fato est&#225;
               relacionado com o proposto por Camur&#231;a e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, que o retardo do EG no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio resultaria do aumento da
               atividade simp&#225;tica, como foi observado no presente estudo, com o poss&#237;vel
               envolvimento do sistema vascular.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, verificou-se tamb&#233;m que houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de RG no grupo
               SH, embora a raz&#227;o para esse efeito ainda seja desconhecida. Em um estudo anterior
               feito no mesmo laborat&#243;rio sobre o efeito de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio no EG<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, verificou-se que os animais sham mostravam um
               aumento n&#227;o significativo de RG, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo sem tratamento. Esse fato
               foi atribu&#237;do ao efeito combinado de anestesia + cirurgia; esses procedimentos foram
               realizados 24 horas antes do grupo sham ter sido criado. Esse efeito combinado, se
               confirmado nesse estudo, pode ser menos intenso a n&#237;vel vascular no grupo SH do que
               no grupo INF e tamb&#233;m pode explicar os resultados do tratamento com prazosin. De
               qualquer forma, a redu&#231;&#227;o da RG induzida por Prazosin foi 77% maior nos animais
               infartados, sugerindo o envolvimento de alfa 1-adrenoceptores nessa condi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O n&#250;cleo paraventricular (NPV) &#233; uma grande regi&#227;o integrativa de hipot&#225;lamo, que
               atua para manter a homeostase. Praticamente, o n&#250;cleo paraventricular est&#225; envolvido
               na ingest&#227;o de alimentos, resposta ao stress e tamb&#233;m modula a taxa metab&#243;lica e
               termorregula&#231;&#227;o e participa na regula&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular e do sistema
               nervoso aut&#244;nomo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Essa estrutura
               hipotal&#226;mica participa na regula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. A
               insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tem sido associada a altera&#231;&#245;es em &#225;reas espec&#237;ficas do
               c&#233;rebro, bem como a ativa&#231;&#227;o de neur&#244;nios no NPV, que est&#227;o relacionadas a
               anormalidades na produ&#231;&#227;o de vasopressina, a regula&#231;&#227;o do volume sangu&#237;neo e
               estimula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica (excita&#231;&#227;o)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>.</p>
        <p>Nesse estudo, os animais infartados com les&#227;o eletrol&#237;tica do NPV mostraram RG
               significativamente menor em rela&#231;&#227;o aos animais infartados com les&#227;o simulada.</p>
        <p>Esse tipo de les&#227;o n&#227;o reduziu a RG% em animais do grupo controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 4</xref>). Esses resultados indicam que a les&#227;o no
               NPV aboliu o efeito de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio recente no EG em ratos. Essa descoberta &#233;
               uma evid&#234;ncia da participa&#231;&#227;o importante do NPV no EG retardado no infarto. &#201;
               poss&#237;vel que os resultados parciais obtidos com vagotomia e bloqueio dos receptores
               adren&#233;rgicos alfa-1 tenham ocorrido por que cada um desses procedimentos afetou
               apenas uma parte do conjunto de mudan&#231;as causadas pelo NPV, determinando retardo do
               EG no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados desse estudo sugerem o envolvimento do nervo vago, dos receptores
               adren&#233;rgicos alfa-1 e do NPV no EG retardado induzido por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio
               recente em ratos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Suporte Financeiro</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Funda&#231;&#227;o Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (Capes);
                  Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela CAPES.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Wilson Ranu Ramirez Nunes pela
                  Universidade Estadual de Campinas.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
