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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">HsnJV6jRNNVxJmx4ddJYqnv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000200007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040181</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140181</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effects of Ischemic Postconditioning on the Hemodynamic Parameters and
               Heart Nitric Oxide Levels of Hypothyroid Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jeddi</surname>
            <given-names>Sajad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zaman</surname>
            <given-names>Jalal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ghasemi</surname>
            <given-names>Asghar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Shahid Beheshti University of Medical
               Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Research Institute for Endocrine
               Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Endocrine Physiology Research Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tehran</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Endocrine Physiology Research Center - Research
               Institute for Endocrine Sciences - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,
               Tehran, Iran</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Shahid Beheshti University of Medical
               Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Research Institute for Endocrine
               Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Endocrine Research Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tehran</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Endocrine Research Center - Research Institute for
               Endocrine Sciences - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
               Iran</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Asghar Ghasemi,</bold> Endocrine Physiology
               Research Center,Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University
               of Medical Sciences, N&#186; 24, Parvaneh Street,Velenjak. Tehran&#8211;Iran. Email:
                  <email>ghasemi@endocrine.ac.ir</email>;
               <email>ghasemi.asghar@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Jeddi S, Ghasemi A; Acquisition of data:
                  Jeddi S, Zaman J; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Jeddi S; Statistical
                  analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Jeddi S, Zaman J, Ghasemi A; Obtaining
                  financing: Ghasemi A; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual
                  content: Ghasemi A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>136</fpage>
      <lpage>143</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Ischemic postconditioning (IPost) is a method of protecting the heart against
                  ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. However, the effectiveness of IPost in cases of
                  ischemic heart disease accompanied by co-morbidities such as hypothyroidism
                  remains unclear.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>The aim of this study was to determine the effect of IPost on myocardial IR injury
                  in hypothyroid male rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Propylthiouracil in drinking water (500 mg/L) was administered to male rats for 21
                  days to induce hypothyroidism. The hearts from control and hypothyroid rats were
                  perfused in a Langendorff apparatus and exposed to 30 min of global ischemia,
                  followed by 120 min of reperfusion. IPost was induced immediately following
                  ischemia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Hypothyroidism and IPost significantly improved the left ventricular developed
                  pressure (LVDP) and peak rates of positive and negative changes in left
                  ventricular pressure (&#177;dp/dt) during reperfusion in control rats (p &lt; 0.05).
                  However, IPost had no add-on effect on the recovery of LVDP and &#177;dp/dt in
                  hypothyroid rats. Furthermore, hypothyroidism significantly decreased the basal NO
                  metabolite (NO<sub>x</sub>) levels of the serum (72.5 &#177; 4.2 vs. 102.8 &#177; 3.7
                  &#956;mol/L; p &lt; 0.05) and heart (7.9 &#177; 1.6 vs. 18.8 &#177; 3.2 <italic>&#956;</italic>mol/L;
                  p &lt; 0.05). Heart NO<sub>x</sub> concentration in the hypothyroid groups did not
                  change after IR and IPost, whereas these were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher
                  and lower after IR and IPost, respectively, in the control groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Hypothyroidism protects the heart from IR injury, which may be due to a decrease
                  in basal nitric oxide (NO) levels in the serum and heart and a decrease in NO
                  after IR. IPost did not decrease the NO level and did not provide further
                  cardioprotection in the hypothyroid group.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Ischemic Postconditioning</kwd>
        <kwd>Reperfusion</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypothyroidism</kwd>
        <kwd>Nitric Oxide</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="33"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the principle cause of human mortality
               worldwide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, and its prevalence is increasing because of aging and co-morbid
            diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and thyroid disorders<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. AMI is often induced
            by the partial occlusion of coronary arteries at the site of a ruptured atherosclerotic
               plaque<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Although reperfusion can rescue the ischemic myocardium from
            unavoidable death, it can also induce side effects, known as ischemia-reperfusion (IR)
               injuries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. The myocardial response to ischemia
            can be modulated by different interventions such as ischemic postconditioning
               (IPost)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. IPost is an effective mechanism of protecting the myocardium from
            IR injuries and is induced by cycles of brief IR periods that are immediately performed
            upon initiation of reperfusion after prolonged coronary artery occlusion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Although IPost has various clinical applications, most investigations
            currently conducted on IPost involve healthy myocardium. Coronary artery disease
            frequently co-exists with other morbidities5; therefore, further research on the
            pathological condition before the use of the IPost in clinical conditions is
               necessary<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Hypothyroidism is a major thyroid gland disease that also affects the heart and has been
            implicated in an increase in morbidity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Low
            thyroid hormone levels could affect the response of the heart to IR injuries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. It is therefore essential to determine the
            clinical utility of cardioprotective interventions such as IPost in hypothyroid states
            to design future management strategies.</p>
      <p>Nitric oxide (NO) is mainly synthesized by NO synthase enzymes in the heart and plays an
            important role in cardiac functions. Ischemia of the heart leads to an increase in NO
            production that might contribute to IR injury. However, no studies have examined the
            changes in NO content in the hearts of hypothyroid rats. Therefore, the aim of this
            study was to determine the response of the heart to IPost in a propylthiouracil-induced
            hypothyroidism rat model. In addition, changes in NO metabolites (NO<sub>x</sub>)
            following IR injury and IPost were also assessed.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals</title>
        <p>Forty-eight 2-month-old male Wistar rats were obtained from the laboratory animal
               house of the Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of
               Medical Sciences. We set a 2-sided &#945; of 0.05 and a power of 90%, and the sample size
               of each group was calculated to be 8 using the formula<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>: <inline-formula id="e01"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/HsnJV6jRNNVxJmx4ddJYqnv/ebb1b191f3e516f8f0530c47a51dd9763faa84ee.jpg"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/HsnJV6jRNNVxJmx4ddJYqnv/ebb1b191f3e516f8f0530c47a51dd9763faa84ee.jpg"/></alternatives></inline-formula> where
                  <italic>&#956;</italic><sub>1</sub>, S<sub>1</sub><sup>2</sup> and
                  <italic>&#956;</italic><sub>2</sub>, S<sub>2</sub><sup>2</sup> are the means and
               variances of the two groups, respectively, and d<sup>2</sup> =
                  (<italic>&#956;</italic><sub>1</sub> &#8211; <italic>&#956;</italic><sub>2</sub>)<sup>2</sup>.
               Rats were housed in an animal room with a temperature of 22 &#177; 3&#176;C and a relative
               humidity of 50 &#177; 6% and given free access to standard rat chow (Pars Co., Tehran) and
               tap water during the study. The animals were adapted to an inverse 12:12 h light/dark
               cycle. All experimental procedures employed, as well as rat care and handling, were
               in accordance with guidelines provided by the local ethics committee of the Research
               Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.
               Hypothyroidism was induced by adding propylthiouracil (PTU) (500 mg/L) to the
               drinking water for 21 days<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. To determine the efficacy of the PTU
               treatment, changes in serum total T4, T3, and TSH levels and citrate synthase (CS)
               activity in the soleus muscle (Srere et al8 method<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>) were assessed in two study groups (control and hypothyroid). After the
               establishment of the hypothyroid model, animals in the control and hypothyroid groups
               were further divided into three subgroups [i.e., control, control-IR (C-IR), and
               control-IPost (C-IPost), and hypothyroid, hypothyroid-IR (H-IR), and
               hypothyroid-IPost (H-IPost)] for in vitro experiments. Serum total T4, total T3, and
               TSH levels were measured at end of the treatment period using enzyme-linked
               immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Inter-assay coefficients of variation were 3.2% for
               total T4, total T3, and TSH levels.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Experimental protocol</title>
        <p>All rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine/xylazine (50
               mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, respectively). The hearts of the control and hypothyroid rats
               were immediately isolated and placed in an ice-cold perfusion buffer; after aorta
               cannulation, the hearts were perfused in the Langendorff apparatus using
               Krebs&#8211;Henseleit buffer [containing 118 mM NaCl, 25 mM NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, 4.7 mM KCl,
               1.2 mM MgCl<sub>2</sub>, 2.5 mM CaCl<sub>2</sub>, 1.2 mM
               KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, and 11 mM glucose at a constant pressure (75 mmHg) and
               a pH level of 7.4], and the Krebs solution was oxygenated with 95% O<sub>2</sub> and
               5% CO<sub>2</sub>. The hearts were stabilized for 20 min to obtain the baseline data.
               In the C-IR and H-IR groups, after 20 min of stabilization, the hearts were subjected
               to 30 min of global ischemia, followed by 120 min of reperfusion. IPost was induced
               by 6 cycles of 10-s reperfusion-10-s ischemia immediately following the 30-min global
               ischemia; a latex balloon was inserted into the left ventricle to measure various
               hemodynamic parameters, including left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) as an
               index of systolic function, the peak rates of positive changes in the left
               ventricular pressure (+dP/dt) as an index of contraction, negative changes in the
               left ventricular pressure (&#8722;dp/dt) as an index of relaxation, and left ventricular
               end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) as an index of contracture. Initially, the average
               LVEDP was adjusted to 5&#8211;10 mmHg in all hearts by filling the latex balloon with
               water; LVEDP, LVDP, and &#177; dp/dt were digitalized by a data acquisition system
               (PowerLab, AD Instruments, Australia). Post-ischemic hemodynamic parameters were
               assessed by the recovery of LVEDP, LVDP, and &#177; dp/dt and expressed in relation to
               their baseline values.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurement of NOx</title>
        <p>Serum and heart NOx were measured using the Griess method. Briefly, after 2 h of
               reperfusion, myocardial samples from the left ventricle (LV) of the hearts were
               rinsed, homogenized in PBS (1:5, w/v), and centrifuged at 15,000 g for 20 min. The
               supernatant was deproteinized by adding zinc sulfate (15 mg/mL). The serum samples
               were also deproteinized by zinc sulfate (15 mg/mL) and centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10
               min. A 100-<italic>&#956;</italic>L aliquot of the supernatant or serum sample was
               transferred to a microplate well and 100 <italic>&#956;</italic>L of vanadium (III)
               chloride (8 mg/mL) was added to each well to reduce nitrate to nitrite. Afterwards,
               50 &#956;L of sulfanilamide (2%) and 50 <italic>&#956;</italic>L of N-1-(naphthyl)
               ethylenediamine (0.1%) were added to the samples and incubated for 30 min at 37&#176;C;
               absorbance was read at a wavelength of 540 nm using an ELISA reader (BioTek,
               Powerwave XS2,). NOx concentrations were determined from the linear standard curve
               established using 0&#8211;100 <italic>&#956;</italic>M sodium nitrate. Serum and tissue NOx
               levels were expressed as <italic>&#956;</italic>mol/L. Inter-assay coefficient of
               variation was 4.1%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>All values were expressed as the mean &#177; SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using
               the SPSS software (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA; version 20); repeated measurement ANOVA
               was used to compare hemodynamic parameters at various time points. One-way ANOVA with
               Tukey&#8217;s post-hoc test was used to compare heart NOx levels among different groups.
               The student&#8217;s sample t-test was used to compare serum NOx levels, T3, T4, TSH, and CS
               activity between control and hypothyroid groups. Two-sided p-values &lt; 0.05 were
               considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Serum thyroid hormone levels and soleus muscle CS activity significantly decreased,
            whereas serum TSH significantly increased in hypothyroid rats. In addition, weight
            changes were significantly lower in hypothyroid rats (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of control and hypothyroid rats</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th>Controls (n = 8)</th>
              <th>Hypothyroid rats (n = 8)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Weight change (g)</td>
              <td>20.3 &#177; 3.2</td>
              <td>8.1 &#177; 3.5 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">T3 (nmol/L)</td>
              <td>0.76 &#177; 0.06</td>
              <td>0.20 &#177; 0.04 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">T4 (nmol/L)</td>
              <td>49.43 &#177; 2.34</td>
              <td>17.65 &#177; 3.42 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">TSH (ng/mL)</td>
              <td>6.8 &#177; 0.6</td>
              <td>29.62 &#177; 3.7 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Citrate synthase activity (&#181;mol/mL/min)</td>
              <td>1.2 &#177; 0.3</td>
              <td>0.45 &#177; 0.01 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>Data are expressed as mean &#177; SEM.;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Basal hemodynamic parameters were significantly lower in the hypothyroid group than in
            the controls (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>). When ischemia was
            induced by pausing coronary perfusion, the LVDP, &#177; dp/dt, and heart rate rapidly
            decreased and ceased in the isolated hearts.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline cardiac function</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th>Controls (n = 8)</th>
              <th>Hypothyroid rats (n = 8)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LVEDP (mmHg)</td>
              <td>8.5 &#177; 2.2</td>
              <td>8.8 &#177; 2.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LVDP (mmHg)</td>
              <td>96.8 &#177; 7.6</td>
              <td>74.0 &#177; 6.3 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">+dp/dt (mmHg/s)</td>
              <td>3135 &#177; 211</td>
              <td>2352 &#177; 434 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">&#8211;dp/dt (mmHg/s)</td>
              <td>2215 &#177; 185</td>
              <td>1684 &#177; 124 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Heart rate (pulse/min)</td>
              <td>283.3 &#177; 10.4</td>
              <td>170.2 &#177; 11.3 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <p>Data are expressed as the mean &#177; SEM. LVEDP: Left ventricular end diastolic
                     pressure; LVDP: Left ventricular developed pressure: and the peak rates of
                     positive and negative changes in left ventricular pressure (&#177;dp/dt);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The hearts from the H-IR group showed significant recovery in post-ischemic LVDP and &#177;
            dp/dt after 30 min of ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion compared to those from the
            C-IR group. IPost significantly improved the LVDP and &#177; dp/dt during reperfusion in the
            C-IPost group. In contrast, IPost failed to increase recovery of LVDP and &#177; dp/dt in the
            H-IPost group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). During the 30-min
            ischemia, the hypothyroid group displayed a significant decrease in LVEDP, compared to
            the controls. IPost significantly prevented the reperfusion-induced increase in LVEDP in
            the C-IPost group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Recovery of cardiac function after IR injury; A. Left ventricular developed
                  pressure (LVDP); B. Peak rates of positive changes in left ventricular pressure
                  (+dp/dt); C. Peak rates of negative changes in left ventricular pressure (&#8722;dp/dt);
                  D. Heart rate; Control-IR, C-IR; Control-IPost, C-IPost; Hypothyroid-IR, H-IR;
                  Hypothyroid-IPost, H-IPost; values are expressed as the mean &#177; SEM; (n = 8 rats);
                  *p &lt; 0.05 as compared to the C-IR group.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0136-40181-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Change in LVEDP (ischemic contracture) during the experiment; left ventricular
                  end diastolic pressure (LVEDP); values are expressed as mean &#177; SEM;(n = 8 rats);
                  *p &lt; 0.05 as compared to the C-IR group. Control-IR, C-IR; Control-IPost,
                  C-IPost; Hypothyroid-IR, H-IR; Hypothyroid-IPost, H-IPost;</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0136-40181-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Serum and heart NOx levels were significantly lower in the hypothyroid group, compared
            to the control. IR and IPost had no effect on heart NOx levels in the hypothyroid group,
            whereas in the control group, IR induced a marked increase in heart NOx levels and IPost
            significantly decreased the IR-induced increase in heart NOx levels (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Change in NOx levels in the control and hypothyroidism groups in the heart
                  (above) and serum (below). Control-IR, C-IR; Control-IPost, C-IPost;
                  Hypothyroid-IR, H-IR; Hypothyroid-IPost, H-IPost; values are expressed as the mean
                  &#177; SEM; (n = 8 rats); *p &lt;0.05 as compared to the control group. # p &lt; 0.05
                  as compared to the C-IR group.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0136-40181-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Our findings indicate that hypothyroidism decreases injuries induced by IR in the rat
            heart, which may be due to the reduction in NO. IPost provides protection against IR
            injury in control rats, whereas no add-on effect was observed in hypothyroid rats.</p>
      <p>The decrease in weight change and CS activity in the soleus muscle and the decrease in
            the level of circulating thyroid hormone with elevated TSH levels all indicate that
            hypothyroidism has been successfully induced.</p>
      <p>Baseline LVEDP, LVDP, and &#177; dp/dt were lower in the hypothyroid groups, compared to the
            controls, and these results were similar to those of previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Several changes, including upregulation of
            phospholamban and V3 isomyosin and downregulation of SR Ca<sup>2+</sup>-ATPase and
            ryanodine receptor occur in the heart of hypothyroid rats; therefore, cardiac
            dysfunction is a frequent consequence of hypothyroidism<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. In response to IR, the hypothyroid group showed an increased recovery of
            LVEDP, LVDP and &#177; dp/dt, which indicates that hypothyroidism can protect the heart from
            IR injury. These findings are supported by previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>The protective mechanisms against IR in the hearts of the hypothyroid group have not
            been entirely elucidated and might be due to changes in metabolism<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Previous studies
            have shown that in hypothyroid rats, ATP, oxygen, and glycogen levels slowly decrease
            during ischemia and are higher at the start of reperfusion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. On the other hand,
            the hearts of hyperthyroid rats, despite having a high metabolism, were protected from
            IR injury; therefore, tolerance of the hypothyroid group to IR injury cannot be solely
            explained by the low metabolism during ischemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>Different molecular pathways, including total c-jun NH<sub>2</sub>-terminal kinases,
            mitogen-activated protein kinases, and NO play an essential role in the response of the
            heart to IR injury<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Our results showed that the baseline serum and heart levels of NOx were
            lower in the hypothyroid groups; NOx levels increased after IR in control group, whereas
            no change was observed in hypothyroid group. A decrease in heart NOx levels in fetal
            hypothyroid rats has been previously reported<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,
            suggesting that low levels of NOx during the experimental period might be a significant
            element of hypothyroid-induced cardioprotection.</p>
      <p>The function of NO in myocardial IR injury has not been clearly demonstrated and is a
            very complex issue. Some studies have described the protective role of NO, whereas
            others have reported a detrimental role<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Recent experimental
            studies have indicated that the NO level of heart tissues is within a low range at
            baseline and increases during ischemia because it triggers the enzymatic (through NO
            synthase 3) and non-enzymatic (tissue acidosis) production of NO. Although a small
            increase in NO content may be cardioprotective, a large increase appears to be
               detrimental<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>; the
            detrimental effect of NO in the heart in response to IR is mediated by peroxynitrite18.
            At high levels, NO reacts with superoxide and produces peroxynitrite, which is a highly
            toxic agent that could induce apoptosis in heart cells. Thus, it could be hypothesized
            that hypothyroidism protects the heart from ischemia by decreasing NO production and
            subsequently reducing the levels of nitro-oxidative stress<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, IPost protected the heart against IR injury in the C-IPost group
            through the recovery of LVEDP, LVDP and &#177; dp/dt, whereas no significant effects on the
            hearts in the H-IPost group were observed, indicating that IPost might have lost its
            efficacy in a hypothyroid group. Our findings were similar to the results of previous
            studies on diabetic rats, which show that preconditioning and IPost lose their
            protective effects against IR injuries in the hearts of diabetic rats<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
      <p>The mechanism behind the effect of IPost in the unhealthy myocardium has not been
            established. Several studies have indicated that IPost and preconditioning protect the
            hearts of healthy rats from IR injury by decreasing its NO content during ischemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Similarly, in the present study, the application
            of six cycles of IPost significantly decreased the heart NOx levels after a 30-min
            ischemia in the C-Ipost group. However, this reduction was not observed in the H-IPost
            group, and the application of Ipost did not result in an additional decrease in the NOx
            level in the hearts of hypothyroid group. These results demonstrate the inefficiency of
            IPost in providing additional protective effects against IR injury in the hypothyroid
            group. Both IPost and hypothyroidism reduced the levels of NOx in response to IR and
            protected the heart from IR injury, indicating that NOx is a critical component of the
            protection response.</p>
      <p>With regard to the limitations of this study, we did not measure NO synthase activity,
            which might play a role in the cardioprotective effects of IPost on hypothyroid
               rats<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. In addition, our results were limited to male rats, whereas
            hypothyroidism is more prevalent among females<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Hypothyroidism increased the recovery of LVEDP, LVDP, and &#177; dp/dt following IR in the
            rat heart, which might be due to a decrease in the basal levels of NOx and NOx after the
            IR period. Although IPost imparted protective effects, these were not related to further
            decreases in NOx levels. The abolished protective effect of IPost in the hypothyroid
            group could be attributable to the impairment of the NO pathway.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Endocrine Research Center - Research Institute for Endocrine
               Sciences - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Sajad Jeddi, from Shahid
               Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeito do P&#243;s-Condicionamento Isqu&#234;mico na Hemodin&#226;mica e nos N&#237;veis
               Card&#237;acos de &#211;xido N&#237;trico em Ratos com Hipotireoidismo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jeddi</surname>
            <given-names>Sajad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zaman</surname>
            <given-names>Jalal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ghasemi</surname>
            <given-names>Asghar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Shahid Beheshti University of Medical
               Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Research Institute for Endocrine
               Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Endocrine Physiology Research Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tehran</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Endocrine Physiology Research Center - Research
               Institute for Endocrine Sciences - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,
               Tehran, Iran</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Shahid Beheshti University of Medical
               Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Research Institute for Endocrine
               Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Endocrine Research Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Tehran</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Iran</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Endocrine Research Center - Research Institute for
               Endocrine Sciences - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,
               Iran</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Asghar Ghasemi</bold>, Endocrine Physiology
               Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti
               University of Medical Sciences, N&#186; 24, Parvaneh Street, Velenjak. Tehran &#8211; Iran.
               Email: <email>ghasemi@endocrine.ac.ir</email>;
                  <email>ghasemi.asghar@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Jeddi S, Ghasemi A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Jeddi S,
                  Zaman J; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Jeddi S; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o
                  do manuscrito: Jeddi S, Zaman J, Ghasemi A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Ghasemi A;
                  Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ghasemi
                  A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O p&#243;s-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico (PCI) &#233; um m&#233;todo potente utilizado para proteger
                  o cora&#231;&#227;o contra a les&#227;o de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o (I/R). N&#227;o est&#225; claro se o PCI &#233;
                  eficaz quando a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica &#233; acompanhada de comorbidades, tais como
                  hipotireoidismo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o efeito do PCI sobre a les&#227;o de I/R do
                  mioc&#225;rdio em ratos machos com hipotireoidismo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>O hipotireoidismo foi induzido pela administra&#231;&#227;o de propiltiouracila em &#225;gua
                  pot&#225;vel na concentra&#231;&#227;o de 500 mg/L durante 21 dias. Os cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos controle
                  e com hipotireoidismo foram perfundidos utilizando o aparelho de Langendorff e
                  expostos a isquemia global por 30 minutos, seguido de reperfus&#227;o por 120 minutos.
                  O PCI foi iniciado imediatamente ap&#243;s a isquemia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O hipotireoidismo e PCI aumentaram significativamente a press&#227;o ventricular
                  esquerda desenvolvida (PVED) e as taxas m&#225;ximas de varia&#231;&#227;o positiva (+dp/dt) e
                  negativa (&#8211;dp/dt) da press&#227;o ventricular esquerda durante a reperfus&#227;o em ratos
                  controle (p &lt; 0,05). No entanto, o PCI n&#227;o teve efeito aditivo no
                  restabelecimento da PVED e das &#177;dp/dt em ratos com hipotireoidismo. Al&#233;m disso, o
                  hipotireoidismo diminuiu significativamente os n&#237;veis basais s&#233;ricos (72,5 &#177; 4,2
                  vs. 102,8 &#177; 3,7 <italic>&#956;</italic>mol/L; p &lt; 0,05) e card&#237;acos (7,9 &#177; 1,6 vs.
                  18,8 &#177; 3,2 <italic>&#956;</italic>mol/L; p &lt; 0,05) de NO<sub>x</sub>. Os n&#237;veis
                  card&#237;acos de NO<sub>x</sub> n&#227;o se alteraram no grupo com hipotireoidismo ap&#243;s I/R
                  e PCI mas foram significativamente maiores e menores (p &lt; 0,05) nos grupos
                  controle ap&#243;s I/R e PCI, respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O hipotireoidismo protegeu o cora&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o de I/R, o que pode ser devido &#224;
                  diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos e card&#237;acos basais de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) e &#224;
                  diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de NO ap&#243;s I/R. No entanto, o PCI n&#227;o diminuiu os n&#237;veis de
                  NO e n&#227;o conferiu prote&#231;&#227;o adicional ao grupo com hipotireoidismo.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>P&#243;s Condicionamento Isqu&#234;mico</kwd>
        <kwd>Reperfus&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipotireoidismo</kwd>
        <kwd>&#211;xido N&#237;trico</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) &#233; a principal causa de mortalidade humana em todo
               o mundo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, e sua preval&#234;ncia est&#225; aumentando devido ao envelhecimento da
               popula&#231;&#227;o e &#224; presen&#231;a de comorbidades, tais como obesidade, diabetes, e dist&#250;rbios
               da tire&#243;ide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. IAM &#233; frequentemente induzido por oclus&#227;o parcial da art&#233;ria
               coron&#225;ria no local de rompimento da placa ateroscler&#243;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. A
               reperfus&#227;o &#233; capaz de impedir a morte do mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico mas tamb&#233;m pode gerar
               efeitos colaterais, que s&#227;o denominados de les&#245;es de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o (I/R)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. A resposta do mioc&#225;rdio &#224; isquemia pode ser
               modulada por diferentes interven&#231;&#245;es, tais como o p&#243;s-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico
                  (PCI)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. O PCI &#233; um potente mecanismo de prote&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio contra
               les&#245;es de I/R e &#233; induzido por ciclos de per&#237;odos curtos de I/R realizados no in&#237;cio
               da reperfus&#227;o ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o prolongada da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Embora o
               PCI possa ter aplica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, atualmente a maioria dos estudos sobre PCI tem
               utilizado mioc&#225;rdio saud&#225;vel. A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana frequentemente coexiste
               com outras morbidades<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Portanto, mais
               investiga&#231;&#245;es em condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias antes da aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do
                  PCI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref></p>
        <p>O hipotireoidismo &#233; a principal doen&#231;a da gl&#226;ndula tireoide, afeta o cora&#231;&#227;o de
               diferentes maneiras e tamb&#233;m pode levar ao aumento da morbidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. De fato, os baixos n&#237;veis dos horm&#244;nios da tireoide podem
               afetar a resposta do cora&#231;&#227;o as les&#245;es de I/R<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Desta forma, as interven&#231;&#245;es cardioprotetoras, incluindo o PCI, quando
               usadas nos estados de hipotireoidismo, poder&#227;o ter import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica em estrat&#233;gias
               futuras de monitoramento.</p>
        <p>O &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) &#233; produzido principalmente pela enzima NO sintase no cora&#231;&#227;o
               saud&#225;vel e desempenha um papel importante em fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas. A isquemia do cora&#231;&#227;o
               leva a um aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o de NO, o que pode contribuir para a forma&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es
               de I/R. No entanto, nenhum estudo investigou as altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de NO em
               cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos com hipotireoidismo. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar
               a resposta do cora&#231;&#227;o ao PCI em um modelo experimental de hipotireoidismo induzido
               por propiltiouracila (PTU) em ratos. Al&#233;m disso, altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis dos
               metab&#243;litos de NO (NO<sub>x</sub>) ap&#243;s les&#227;o de I/R e PCI tamb&#233;m foram
               avaliadas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Quarenta e oito ratos Wistar machos de 2 meses de idade foram obtidos do biot&#233;rio do
               Instituto de Investiga&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias End&#243;crinas da Universidade de Ci&#234;ncias Medicas
                  <italic>Shahid Beheshti</italic>. Foi estabelecido um valor &#945; de 0,05 com duas
               caudas de distribui&#231;&#227;o e poder de 90%, e o tamanho da amostra em cada grupo foi
               calculado como sendo de 8 de acordo com a f&#243;rmula<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>: <inline-formula id="e02"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href=""/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/HsnJV6jRNNVxJmx4ddJYqnv/a375d586e5574e9bacfbc3687c756a6cd8ce2e36.jpg"/></alternatives></inline-formula> onde,
                  &#956;<sub>1</sub>, S<sub>1</sub><sup>2</sup> e &#956;<sub>2</sub>,
                  S<sub>2</sub><sup>2</sup> representam m&#233;dias e vari&#226;ncias dos dois grupos,
               respectivamente e d<sup>2</sup> = (&#956;<sub>1</sub> &#8211; &#956;<sub>2</sub>)<sup>2</sup>. Os
               ratos foram mantidos &#224; temperatura de 22 &#177; 3 &#176;C, umidade relativa de 50 &#177; 6% e acesso
               livre &#224; ra&#231;&#227;o (Pars Co., Teer&#227;) e &#225;gua corrente durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, e
               adaptados a um ciclo invertido de claro/escuro de 12h/12h. Todos os procedimentos
               experimentais empregados, assim como o manuseio dos animais, foram realizados de
               acordo com as orienta&#231;&#245;es fornecidas pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local do Instituto de
               Investiga&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias End&#243;crinas, Universidade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas Shahid
               Beheshti. O hipotireoidismo foi induzido pela administra&#231;&#227;o de PTU a 500 mg/L em &#225;gua
               pot&#225;vel por 21 dias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Para a determina&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia do tratamento
               com PTU, as altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos totais de T4, T3, TSH e na atividade de
               citrato sintase (CS) no m&#250;sculo s&#243;leo (m&#233;todo descrito por Srere e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>), foram avaliadas em dois grupos de animais
               (controle e com hipotireoidismo). Depois de confirmar a ocorr&#234;ncia de
               hipotireoidismo, animais do grupo controle e com hipotireoidismo foram divididos em
               tr&#234;s subgrupos (controle, controle-I/R (C-I/R), e controle-PCI(C-PCI), e grupo com
               hipotireoidismo, hipotireoidismo-I/R (H-I/R), e hipotireoidismo-PCI (H-PCI)) para
               experimentos <italic>in vitro</italic>. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos totais de T4, T3, e TSH
               foram medidos no final do per&#237;odo de tratamento utilizando a t&#233;cnica de ELISA. Os
               coeficientes de varia&#231;&#227;o inter-ensaio foram de 3,2% para T4 total, T3 total, e
               TSH.</p>
        <p>Todos os ratos foram anestesiados por inje&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal utilizando
               cetamina/xilazina (50 mg/kg e 10 mg/kg). Os cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos controle e com
               hipotireoidismo foram removidos e mantidos em tamp&#227;o de perfus&#227;o gelado. Ap&#243;s a
               canula&#231;&#227;o da aorta, os cora&#231;&#245;es foram perfundidos no aparelho de Langendorff usando
               tamp&#227;o de Krebs-Henseleit (118 mM de NaCl, 25 mM de NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, 4,7 mM de KCl,
               1,2 mM de MgCl<sub>2</sub>, 2,5 mM de CaCl<sub>2</sub>, 1,2 mM de
                  KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, e 11 mM de glicose) em press&#227;o constante de 75 mmHg
               e pH 7,4, e a solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs-Henseleit foi oxigenada com 95% de O<sub>2</sub> e 5%
               de CO<sub>2</sub>. Os cora&#231;&#245;es foram estabilizados durante 20 minutos para a obten&#231;&#227;o
               dos valores basais. Nos grupos C-I/R e H-I/R, ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o, os
               cora&#231;&#245;es foram expostos a isquemia global por 30 minutos seguido de reperfus&#227;o por
               120&#160;minutos. O PCI foi induzido utilizando seis ciclos de reperfus&#227;o por 10 segundos
               e isquemia por 10 segundos imediatamente apos isquemia global de 30 minutos. Um bal&#227;o
               de l&#225;tex foi inserido no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo para permitir a medi&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros
               hemodin&#226;micos, incluindo a press&#227;o ventricular esquerda desenvolvida (PVED) como
               &#237;ndice de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, as taxas m&#225;ximas de varia&#231;&#227;o positiva na press&#227;o
               ventricular esquerda (+dp/dt) como &#237;ndice de contra&#231;&#227;o, e de varia&#231;&#227;o negativa na
               press&#227;o ventricular esquerda (&#8211;dp/dt) como &#237;ndice de relaxamento, al&#233;m da press&#227;o
               diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PDFVE) como &#237;ndice de contratura.
               Inicialmente, a PDFVE m&#233;dia foi ajustada a 5-10 mmHg em todas as amostras card&#237;acas
               atrav&#233;s da adi&#231;&#227;o de &#225;gua no bal&#227;o de l&#225;tex. A PDFVE, PVED, e &#177;dp/dt foram
               digitalizadas atrav&#233;s de um sistema de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados (Power Lab, AD instrument,
               Austr&#225;lia). Os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos p&#243;s-isquemia foram avaliados pelo
               restabelecimento da PDFVE, PVED, e &#177;dp/dt e expressos em porcentagens dos valores
               iniciais.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o de NO<sub>x</sub></title>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos e card&#237;acos de NO<sub>x</sub> foram medidos pelo m&#233;todo de
                  Griess. Resumidamente, depois de 2 horas de reperfus&#227;o, as amostras do mioc&#225;rdio
                  do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) foram lavadas e homogeneizados em PBS (1:5,
                  peso/volume) e centrifugadas a 15.000 g durante 20&#160;min. O sobrenadante foi
                  desproteinizado pela adi&#231;&#227;o de sulfato de zinco (15 mg/mL). As amostras s&#233;ricas
                  tamb&#233;m foram desproteinizadas com sulfato de zinco (15 mg/mL) e centrifugadas a
                  10.000 g durante 10 min. Uma al&#237;quota de 100 &#956;L do sobrenadante ou soro foi
                  transferida para uma microplaca e 100 &#956;L de cloreto de van&#225;dio (III) (8 mg/mL) foi
                  adicionado a cada po&#231;o da microplaca para reduzir o nitrato a nitrito, ap&#243;s o qual
                  50 &#956;L de sulfanilamida a 2% e 50 &#956;L de N-1-(naftil)etilenodiamina a 0,1% foram
                  adicionados, e as microplacas foram incubadas a 37 &#176;C durante 30&#160;min. A
                  absorb&#226;ncia foi lida a 540 nm usando um leitor de ELISA (BioTek, Powerwave XS2). A
                  concentra&#231;&#227;o de NO<sub>x</sub> foi determinada a partir do estabelecimento de uma
                  curva padr&#227;o linear utilizando 0 a 100 &#956;M de nitrato de s&#243;dio. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos e
                  teciduais de NO<sub>x</sub> foram expressos em &#181;mol/L. O coeficiente inter-ensaio
                  de varia&#231;&#227;o foi de 4,1%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todos os valores foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; EPM A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi
                  realizada utilizando o software SPSS vers&#227;o 20 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, EUA). A an&#225;lise
                  de vari&#226;ncia das medidas (ANOVA) foi utilizada para comparar os par&#226;metros
                  hemodin&#226;micos em diferentes tempos. O teste ANOVA para um fator, juntamente com o
                  teste post-hoc de Tukey, foi utilizado para comparar os n&#237;veis card&#237;acos de
                     NO<sub>x</sub> nos diferentes grupos. O test <italic>t</italic> de Student foi
                  utilizado para comparar os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NO<sub>x</sub>, T3, T4, e TSH, e a
                  atividade de CS entre os grupos controle e com hipotireoidismo. Os valores de p
                  &lt; 0,05 de duas caudas foram considerados significativos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de horm&#244;nios tireoidianos e a atividade de CS no m&#250;sculo s&#243;leo
               foram significativamente menores, ao passo que as concentra&#231;&#245;es de TSH foram
               significativamente maiores em ratos com hipotireoidismo. Al&#233;m disso, as varia&#231;&#245;es de
               peso foram significativamente menores nos ratos com hipotireoidismo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas de ratos controle e com hipotireoidismo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th>Controle (n = 8)</th>
                <th>Ratos com hipotireoidismo (n = 8)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Varia&#231;&#227;o de peso (g)</td>
                <td>20.3 &#177; 3.2</td>
                <td>8.1 &#177; 3.5 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">T3 (nmol/L)</td>
                <td>0.76 &#177; 0.06</td>
                <td>0.20 &#177; 0.04 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">T4 (nmol/L)</td>
                <td>49.43 &#177; 2.34</td>
                <td>17.65 &#177; 3.42 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">TSH (ng/mL)</td>
                <td>6.8 &#177; 0.6</td>
                <td>29.62 &#177; 3.7 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Atividade de citrato sintase (&#181;mol/ml/min)</td>
                <td>1.2 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td>0.45 &#177; 0.01 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <p>Os dados representam m&#233;dia &#177; EPM .</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos basais foram significativamente menores no grupo com
               hipotireoidismo em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 2</xref>). Ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o isqu&#234;mica pela interrup&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o
               coron&#225;ria, PVED, &#177;dp/dt, e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca rapidamente diminu&#237;ram e atingiram
               n&#237;veis basais nos cora&#231;&#245;es isolados.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca no per&#237;odo de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o (dados basais)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th>Controle (n = 8)</th>
                <th>Ratos com hipotireoidismo (n = 8)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">PDFVE (mmHg)</td>
                <td>8.5 &#177; 2.2</td>
                <td>8.8 &#177; 2.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">PVED (mmHg)</td>
                <td>96.8 &#177; 7.6</td>
                <td>74.0 &#177; 6.3 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">+dp/dt (mmHg/s)</td>
                <td>3135 &#177; 211</td>
                <td>2352 &#177; 434 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#8211;dp/dt (mmHg/s)</td>
                <td>2215 &#177; 185</td>
                <td>1684 &#177; 124 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (pulso/min)</td>
                <td>283.3 &#177; 10.4</td>
                <td>170.2 &#177; 11.3 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <p>M&#233;dia &#177; ERM. PDFVE: Press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PVED:
                        Press&#227;o ventricular esquerda desenvolvida: Taxas m&#225;ximas de varia&#231;&#227;o
                        positiva e negativa na press&#227;o ventricular esquerda (&#177;dp/dt);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A PVED e &#177;dp/dt se restabeleceram significativamente no grupo H-I/R em compara&#231;&#227;o com
               o grupo C-I/R ap&#243;s isquemia de 30 min e reperfus&#227;o de 120 min. O PCI aumentou
               significativamente a PVED e &#177;dp/dt durante a reperfus&#227;o no grupo C-PCI mas n&#227;o
               melhorou o restabelecimento destes dois par&#226;metros no grupo H-PCI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1</xref>). Durante a isquemia de 30 minutos, o
               grupo com hipotireoidismo apresentou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa da PDFVE, em
               compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. Al&#233;m disso, o PCI preveniu significativamente o aumento
               na PDFVE induzido pela reperfus&#227;o no grupo C-PCI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s a les&#227;o de I/R. A) Press&#227;o ventricular
                     esquerda desenvolvida (PVED); B) Taxas m&#225;ximas de varia&#231;&#245;es positivas na
                     press&#227;o ventricular esquerda (+dp/dt); C) Taxas m&#225;ximas de varia&#231;&#245;es negativas
                     na press&#227;o ventricular esquerda (-dp/dt); D) Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; Controle-I/R,
                     C-I/R; Controle-PCI, C-PCI; Hipotireoidismo-I/R, H-I/R; Hipotireoidismo PCI,
                     H-PCI. Os valores representam m&#233;dia &#177; EPM; (N = 8 animais). *p &lt; 0,05 quando
                     comparado ao grupo C-I/R.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0136-40181-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Varia&#231;&#227;o de PDFVE (contratura isqu&#234;mica) durante o experimento. Press&#227;o
                     diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PDFVE). Os valores representam m&#233;dia &#177;
                     EPM, (N = 8 animais); *p &lt; 0,05 quando comparado ao grupo C-I/R.
                     Controle-I/R, C-I/R; Controle-PCI, C-PCI; Hipotireoidismo-I/R, H-I/R;
                     Hipotireoidismo PCI, H-PCI. Os valores representam m&#233;dia &#177; EPM, (N = 8
                     animais); *p &lt; 0,05 quando comparado ao grupo C-I/R.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0136-40181-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos e card&#237;acos de NO<sub>x</sub> foram significativamente menores no
               grupo com hipotireoidismo, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. I/R e PCI n&#227;o tiveram
               efeito sobre os n&#237;veis card&#237;acos de NO<sub>x</sub> no grupo com hipotireoidismo, ao
               passo que I/R induziu um aumento acentuado nos n&#237;veis card&#237;acos de NO<sub>x</sub> e
               PCI retardou significativamente o aumento nos n&#237;veis card&#237;acos de NO<sub>x</sub>
               induzido por I/R no grupo controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura
               3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Varia&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis card&#237;acos (acima) e s&#233;ricos (abaixo) de NOx nos grupos
                     controle e com hipotireoidismo. Controle-I/R, C-I/R; Controle-PCI, C-PCI;
                     Hipotireoidismo-I/R, H-I/R; Hipotireoidismo-PCI, H-PCI. Os valores representam
                     m&#233;dia &#177; EPM, (N = 8 animais); *p &lt; 0,05 quando comparado ao grupo controle.
                     #p &lt; 0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo C-I/R.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0136-40181-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nossos resultados indicaram que o hipotireoidismo &#233; capaz de reduzir as les&#245;es
               induzidas por I/R no cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos, o que pode ser devido &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis
               de NO. O PCI teve efeitos protetores contra a les&#227;o de I/R em ratos controle mas n&#227;o
               teve nenhum efeito aditivo em ratos com hipotireoidismo.</p>
        <p>A diminui&#231;&#227;o na varia&#231;&#227;o de peso e na atividade de CS no m&#250;sculo s&#243;leo, e a
               diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos dos horm&#244;nios da tireoide e aumento dos n&#237;veis de TSH,
               indicaram que a indu&#231;&#227;o do hipotireoidismo foi realizada com sucesso.</p>
        <p>Os valores basais da PDFVE, PVED, e &#177;dp/dt foram menores no grupo com
               hipotireoidismo, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle, e estes resultados s&#227;o
               compat&#237;veis com os de estudos anteriores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. V&#225;rias altera&#231;&#245;es, incluindo o aumento da express&#227;o de fosfolamban e
               isomiosina V3 e a diminui&#231;&#227;o na express&#227;o de Ca<sup>2+</sup> ATPase no ret&#237;culo
               sarcoplasm&#225;tico e do receptor de rianodina, ocorrem no cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos com
               hipotireoidismo e, portanto, o hipotireoidismo frequentemente resulta em disfun&#231;&#245;es
                  card&#237;acas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Em resposta ao
               I/R, o grupo com hipotireoidismo recuperou a PDFVE, PVED, e &#177;dp/dt, um resultado que
               demonstra que o hipotireoidismo pode proteger o cora&#231;&#227;o contra les&#245;es de I/R, e este
               resultado &#233; suportado por outros estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os mecanismos de prote&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca contra I/R no hipotireoidismo n&#227;o foram totalmente
               elucidados e esta prote&#231;&#227;o pode ser devido a altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. J&#225; foi relatado que os n&#237;veis de ATP, oxig&#234;nio, e glicog&#234;nio em ratos
               com hipotireoidismo diminuem lentamente durante a isquemia e aumentam no in&#237;cio da
                  reperfus&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Por outro lado, foi mostrado que os cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos com
               hipertireoidismo, apesar de apresentarem metabolismo elevado, podem ser protegidos
               contra les&#245;es de I/R, e assim a toler&#226;ncia conferida pelo hipotireoidismo &#224;s les&#245;es
               de I/R n&#227;o pode ser explicada apenas com base na diminui&#231;&#227;o do metabolismo durante a
                  isquemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>As diferentes vias moleculares, incluindo prote&#237;nas quinases c-Jun N-terminal,
               prote&#237;nas quinases ativadas por mit&#243;geno, e NO podem desempenhar um papel essencial
               na resposta do cora&#231;&#227;o &#224; les&#245;es de I/R<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Nossos resultados mostraram que o n&#237;veis
               s&#233;ricos e card&#237;acos basais de NO<sub>x</sub> foram menores nos grupos com
               hipotireoidismo. Al&#233;m disso, os n&#237;veis de NO<sub>x</sub> aumentaram ap&#243;s I/R no grupo
               controle mas n&#227;o no grupo com hipotireoidismo. A diminui&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de
                  NO<sub>x</sub> no cora&#231;&#227;o de fetos de ratos com hipotireoidismo foi previamente
                  relatada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, com base na qual aparentemente
               os baixos n&#237;veis de NO<sub>x</sub> durante o per&#237;odo experimental podem ter sido um
               importante fator de cardioprote&#231;&#227;o induzida pelo hipotireoidismo.</p>
        <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o do NO em les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de I/R n&#227;o foi completamente elucidada e &#233; uma
               quest&#227;o muito complexa. Alguns estudos t&#234;m demonstrado um papel protetor do NO,
               enquanto outros relataram um efeito prejudicial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Estudos
               experimentais recentes indicaram que os n&#237;veis de NO s&#227;o pr&#243;ximos aos n&#237;veis basais
               em tecido card&#237;aco mas aumentam durante a isquemia porque a s&#237;ntese enzim&#225;tica de NO
               (atrav&#233;s da NO sintase 3) e n&#227;o enzim&#225;tica (atrav&#233;s da acidose tecidual) aumenta
               durante a isquemia. Apesar de um pequeno aumento nos n&#237;veis de NO poder ser
               cardioprotetor, um aumento maior pode ser prejudicial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. O efeito prejudicial de NO no cora&#231;&#227;o em
               resposta a I/R &#233; mediada por peroxinitrito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.
               Quando os seus n&#237;veis aumentam, o NO reage com o super&#243;xido e produz peroxinitrito,
               que &#233; mais t&#243;xico e pode provocar apoptose em c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas. Desta forma, pode-se
               supor que o hipotireoidismo protege o cora&#231;&#227;o isqu&#234;mico atrav&#233;s da diminui&#231;&#227;o da
               produ&#231;&#227;o de NO e consequente diminui&#231;&#227;o do estresse nitro-oxidativo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, o PCI protegeu o cora&#231;&#227;o contra a les&#227;o de I/R no grupo C-PCI
               atrav&#233;s do restabelecimento da PDFVE, PVED, e &#177;dp/dt, mas n&#227;o teve efeito
               significativo no grupo H-PCI, o que demonstra que o PCI pode perder a sua efic&#225;cia no
               grupo com hipotireoidismo. Os resultados do presente estudo foram semelhantes aos de
               estudos anteriores utilizando ratos diab&#233;ticos, que mostraram que o
               pr&#233;-condicionamento e PCI perderam seus efeitos protetores contra as les&#245;es de I/R
               nos cora&#231;&#245;es destes ratos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>.</p>
        <p>A possibilidade dos mecanismos subjacentes ao PCI n&#227;o estarem operantes no mioc&#225;rdio
               n&#227;o saud&#225;vel ainda precisa ser esclarecida. Estudos anteriores t&#234;m indicado que o PCI
               e o pr&#233;-condicionamento protegem o cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos saud&#225;veis de les&#245;es de I/R pela
               diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis card&#237;acos de NO ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de isquemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Da mesma
               forma, no nosso estudo, 6 ciclos de PCI diminu&#237;ram significativamente os n&#237;veis
               card&#237;acos de NO<sub>x</sub> ap&#243;s 30 minutos de isquemia no grupo C-PCI, mas esta
               diminui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi observada no grupo H-PCI. Al&#233;m disso, o PCI n&#227;o causou nenhuma
               diminui&#231;&#227;o adicional dos n&#237;veis de NO<sub>x</sub> no cora&#231;&#227;o dos animais com
               hipotireoidismo. Estes resultados demonstraram a inefici&#234;ncia do PCI em garantir
               prote&#231;&#227;o adicional contra les&#245;es de I/R no grupo com hipotireoidismo. Tanto o PCI
               quanto o hipotireoidismo reduziram os n&#237;veis de NO<sub>x</sub> em resposta a I/R e
               protegeram o cora&#231;&#227;o contra les&#227;o de I/R, indicando que o NO<sub>x</sub> &#233; um
               componente cr&#237;tico de prote&#231;&#227;o conferida pelo PCI e hipotireoidismo.</p>
        <p>Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo &#233; que n&#227;o medimos a atividade da NO sintase, que pode
               ter um papel importante na cardioprote&#231;&#227;o proporcionada pelo PCI em ratos com
                  hipotireoidismo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, nossos resultados s&#227;o limitados a
               ratos machos, embora o hipotireoidismo seja mais prevalente no sexo feminino<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O hipotireoidismo restabeleceu a PDFVE, PVED, e &#177;dp/dt ap&#243;s a I/R no cora&#231;&#227;o de
               ratos, o que pode ser devido &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de NO<sub>x</sub> e
                  NO<sub>x</sub> ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de I/R. Apesar do PCI proporcionar prote&#231;&#227;o por si
               s&#243;, esta vari&#225;vel n&#227;o esteve associada a diminui&#231;&#227;o mais pronunciada dos n&#237;veis de
                  NO<sub>x</sub> e n&#227;o proporcionou prote&#231;&#227;o adicional ao grupo com hipotireoidismo.
               O efeito protetor abolido ap&#243;s o PCI no grupo com hipotireoidismo pode estar
               relacionado ao comprometimento das vias do NO.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Endocrine Research Center - Research
                  Institute for Endocrine Sciences - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical
                  Sciences.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Sajad Jeddi pela Shahid Beheshti
                  University of Medical Sciences.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
