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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">VfQbszf578QzzT4bQw6J7ZB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000200006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040174</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140174</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impact of Light Salt Substitution for Regular Salt on Blood Pressure of
               Hypertensive Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina L&#244;bo de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chinem</surname>
            <given-names>Brunella Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaela Bernardes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Souza Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carneiro</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Baiocchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba Barroso de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar Brand&#227;o Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Goi&#225;s</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial da Faculdade de
                  Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#225;s - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Carolina L&#244;bo de Almeida Barros,</bold> Rua T37
               n. 3832 St. Bueno. Postal Code 74.230-022, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil. E-mail:
                  <email>carolinabarrosnutri@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Barros CLA, Sousa ALL, Jardim TSV, Jardim
                  PCBV; Acquisition of data: Barros CLA, Chinem BM, Rodrigues RB; Analysis and
                  interpretation of the data: Barros CLA, Sousa ALL, Chinem BM, Rodrigues RB, Jardim
                  TSV, Souza WKSB, Jardim PCBV; Statistical analysis: Barros CLA, Sousa ALL, Jardim
                  PCBV; Obtaining Financing: Barros CLA, Jardim PCBV; Writing of the manuscript:
                  Barros CLA, Sousa ALL, Jardim PCBV; Critical revision of the manuscript for
                  intellectual content: Barros CLA, Sousa ALL, Chinem BM, Rodrigues RB, Jardim TSV,
                  Carneiro SB, Souza WKSB, Jardim PCBV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>128</fpage>
      <lpage>135</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Studies have shown sodium restriction to have a beneficial effect on blood
                  pressure (BP) of hypertensive patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the impact of light salt substitution for regular salt on BP of
                  hypertensive patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Uncontrolled hypertensive patients of both sexes, 20 to 65 years-old, on stable
                  doses of antihypertensive drugs were randomized into Intervention Group (IG -
                  receiving light salt) and Control Group (CG - receiving regular salt). Systolic BP
                  (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were analyzed by using casual BP measurements and
                  Home Blood Pressure Monitoring (HBPM), and sodium and potassium excretion was
                  assessed on 24-hour urine samples. The patients received 3 g of salt for daily
                  consumption for 4 weeks.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The study evaluated 35 patients (65.7% women), 19 allocated to the IG and 16 to
                  the CG. The mean age was 55.5 &#177; 7.4 years. Most participants had completed the
                  Brazilian middle school (up to the 8th grade; n = 28; 80.0%), had a family income
                  of up to US$ 600 (n = 17; 48.6%) and practiced regular physical activity (n = 19;
                  54.3%). Two patients (5.7%) were smokers and 40.0% consumed alcohol regularly (n =
                  14). The IG showed a significant reduction in both SBP and DBP on the casual
                  measurements and HBPM (p &lt; 0.05) and in sodium excretion (p = 0.016). The CG
                  showed a significant reduction only in casual SBP (p = 0.032).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The light salt substitution for regular salt significantly reduced BP of
                  hypertensive patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Sodium</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Diet</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="22"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Excessive salt intake has been identified as an important risk factor for cardiovascular
            disease (CVD). Sodium restriction has a favorable influence on blood pressure (BP)
            control, thus being a potentially powerful tool for systemic arterial hypertension (SAH)
            prevention and control<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Several studies have claimed that a reduction in sodium-rich foods consumption causes a
            significant decrease in BP of hypertensive patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.
               <italic>Intersalt</italic> was one of the first studies to evaluate sodium intake
            from 24-hour urine samples, demonstrating a positive association between high sodium
            consumption and BP increase<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>High sodium excretion is related to a higher risk of death due to CVD. On the other
            hand, higher potassium excretion implies reduced heart attack risk<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Chang et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> have detected
            that mortality due to CVD decreased significantly in individuals who consumed salt with
            lower sodium and higher potassium levels.</p>
      <p>Research studies assessing the effect of the reduction in sodium consumption on BP have
            been treated with great importance by the scientific community. For this reason, it is
            important to perform new experimental studies in order to find complementary and more
            current results on the association between those variables<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, evaluating the impact of a low-sodium salt consumption on BP may contribute
            to better control it. The present study aimed at evaluating whether light salt
            substitution for regular salt could reduce the BP of hypertensive patients.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This was a single-blind randomized controlled trial.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample characterization</title>
        <p>Sample size was calculated for comparison of means, with a statistical power of 90%,
               two-tailed hypothesis test, standard deviation of 12.7 mmHg and an expected
               difference of 13.1 mmHg in systolic blood pressue (SBP)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>, with a significance level of 5%. The necessary sample size was
               of 20 individuals in each group.</p>
        <p>Hypertensive individuals of both sexes, aged between 20 and 65 years, were recruited
               and regularly followed up at a multiprofessional service for hypertension care.
               Patients were dwellers of the metropolitan region of Goi&#226;nia, Brazil, on stable doses
               of antihypertensive drugs for at least 30 days, with uncontrolled hypertension (BP &#8805;
               140 x 90 mmHg)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> in their last visit.</p>
        <p>Patients with acute or subacute (up to 3 months before the beginning) and unstable
               chronic diseases were excluded, as were those having their meals prepared with a salt
               different from that provided in this study more than once a week.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample selection and randomization</title>
        <p>Initially, patients were identified from medical charts, according to the inclusion
               and exclusion criteria. Then, they were invited to visit a nutrition office to
               receive the necessary information about this research and to provide their written
               informed consent, when agreeing to participate in this study. The project was
               approved by the Research Ethics Committee from the General Hospital of the Federal
               University of Goi&#225;s (protocol number 193/2011) and was conducted in accordance with
               the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
        <p>The studied population was assigned to two homogeneous groups [Intervention Group
               (IG) and Control Group (CG)], according to the order of their visit with the
               nutritionist: the first patient was included in IG and the second in CG, and so
               forth. The IG participants received light salt, whereas CG participants received
               placebo (regular salt), for four weeks (28 days). All participants from both groups
               remained on regular follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p>The variables collected in the inclusion visit were sex, age, schooling level
               (complete middle school; complete high school; and complete college), family income
               (up to US$ 600; from US$ 600 to US$ 1200; and US$ 1200 or more), regular physical
               activity practice (at least 30 minutes, three times a week), smoking habit and
               alcoholism (alcoholic beverage intake frequency equal to or higher than once a
               month.</p>
        <p>The variables collected prior to and following the intervention included weight,
               height, body mass index (BMI), 24-hour urine sodium and potassium (mEq/day), casual
               BP and home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM).</p>
        <p>Patients were recruited from May to October 2012. Two visits were scheduled during
               this study, the first corresponding to the participants' selection and randomization
               and the second, 28 days after the first, during the post-intervention return. In the
               initial week of study, patients had their casual BP measured, and underwent HBPM for
               four days and 24-hour urine sample collection. Then, they started to consume the
               prescribed salt and carried it on for 28 days. During the last week of the study,
               patients returned to their second visits, had their casual BP measured, and underwent
               HBPM and 24-hour urine sample collection, following the same procedures used before
               the intervention.</p>
        <p>Casual BP was measured by the same researcher, at least three times and at 1-minute
               intervals, until the differences between the measurements were lower than 4 mmHg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. For the purpose of analysis, the mean of the
               last two values was considered.</p>
        <p>HBPM was accomplished according to the III Brazilian Guidelines for HBPM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Twenty-four measurements were performed,
               being three in the morning and three in the afternoon for four days. The examinations
               with a recovery percentage higher than 70% were considered adequate.</p>
        <p>All the SBP and DBP measurements were obtained by using a semi-automatic digital
               device (OMRON 705 CPINT, Illinois, USA), and patients were duly guided on how to use
               the device for HBPM.</p>
        <p>The process of 24-hour urine sample collection initiated with the second urine
               elimination of the first day and finished at the first elimination of the following
               day, approximately at the same time. Urine was analyzed at the General Hospital's
               laboratory of the Federal University of Goi&#225;s using the ion-selective membrane
                  technique<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> to quantify sodium and
               potassium levels in human urine.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Intervention</title>
        <p>All patients were instructed to consume only the provided salt throughout this study.
               In addition, they were instructed to reduce sodium-rich food consumption during the
               study period, being particularly warned about industrialized foods<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>The patients received the salt after the first BP evaluation and urine collection.
               The daily recommendation adopted was 3 g of salt per person, proposed by the VI
               Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. To
               calculate the amount of salt consumed per patient, the number of people usually
               sharing the same meals was considered. Ten percent of the amount of salt per patient
               was added, anticipating a higher consumption due to family routine changes on
               weekends (greater number of people).</p>
        <p>Every patient received 28 small plastic bags containing the daily amount of salt,
               with a tag showing the initials of the patient's name, date of use and the amount of
               salt. The salt provided showed no identification of its composition. Therefore,
               participants were not aware of the type of salt they were receiving. The researcher
               was the only person who knew that information, characterizing the study as a
               simple-blind investigation.</p>
        <p>The light salt composition (per gram) was as follows: 130 mg of sodium, 346 mg of
               potassium and 44 mcg of iodine. The regular salt contained (per gram) 390 mg of
               sodium and 25 mcg of iodine.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The data were analyzed using the SPSS software, version 20.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago,
               USA). Qualitative variables were presented as mean and standard deviation, according
               to their absolute and relative frequencies. Shapiro-Wilks W test was used to verify
               data normality. In the presence of normal distribution, independent data, as well as
               paired data, were compared by using Student <italic>t</italic> test; Wilcoxon's test
               was used when paired data were skewed.</p>
        <p>The 5% significance level was adopted for all tests.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of the 1800 medical registrations at our service, 265 corresponded to patients with
            uncontrolled BP, of whom, only 56 were eligible. This could be explained by the fact
            that our service provides care to an elderly population with a high incidence of chronic
            diseases, which were exclusion criteria of this study.</p>
      <p>Of the 56 eligible patients, 38 agreed to participate and were selected for the study
            from May to October 2012 (19 in each group). The calculated sample (40 individuals) was
            not reached, because most of the patients reported personal problems or difficulties as
            a justification for not participating. In addition, after beginning the research and due
            to patients' personal reasons (illness in family or lack of time), there was a follow-up
            loss of three CG individuals prior to the intervention, which resulted in a final sample
            of 35 patients (19 in IG and 16 in CG) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure
            1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Flow diagram of patients&#8217; randomization.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0128-40174-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>At the beginning of the study, the groups were homogeneous in regard to
            socio-demographic variables. The mean age was 55.5 &#177; 7.4 years, and 65.7% of the sample
            corresponded to women. The majority had completed the Brazilian middle school, that is,
            up to the 8<sup>th</sup> grade (n = 28; 80.0%), had a family income of up to US$ 600 (n
            = 17; 48.6%) and practiced regular physical activity (n = 19; 54.3%). Two patients
            (5.7%) were smokers and 40.0% consumed alcohol regularly (n = 14).</p>
      <p>Regarding the clinical variables, both groups were also homogeneous at the beginning of
            the study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). The recovery percentage of
            BP measurements was 100%.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mean values of the evaluated variables before intervention, according to
                  groups. Goi&#226;nia city, Goi&#225;s state, Brazil, 2012 (n = 35)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th colspan="2">&#160;</th>
              <th>CG (n= 16)</th>
              <th align="center">IG (n= 19)</th>
              <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></th>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <th colspan="2">&#160;</th>
              <th>Mean &#177; SD</th>
              <th>Mean &#177; SD</th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">
                <bold>BMI</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">31.00 &#177; 5.97</td>
              <td align="center">29.38 &#177; 5,55</td>
              <td align="center">0.411</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">
                <bold>Casual BP:</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>SBP</td>
              <td align="center">143.44 &#177; 13.99</td>
              <td align="center">142.95 &#177; 14.86</td>
              <td align="center">0.921</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>DBP</td>
              <td align="center">91.19 &#177; 9.10</td>
              <td align="center">89.79 &#177; 9.10</td>
              <td align="center">0.654</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">
                <bold>HBPM:</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>SBP</td>
              <td align="center">131.63 &#177; 14.36</td>
              <td align="center">134.47 &#177; 17.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.600</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>DBP</td>
              <td align="center">79.38 &#177; 11.65</td>
              <td align="center">77.95 &#177; 10.23</td>
              <td align="center">0.702</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Sodium</td>
              <td align="center">213.56 &#177; 89.99</td>
              <td align="center">205.87 &#177; 131.50</td>
              <td align="center">0.844</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Potassium</td>
              <td align="center">54.41 &#177; 17.01</td>
              <td align="center">74.53 &#177; 76.14</td>
              <td align="center">0.309</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Student t test for independent samples.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>After intervention</title>
        <p>Seven days from the end of the research, one CG patient asked for more salt. At the
               end of the study, casual BP measurements (SBP and DBP) and 24-hour sodium excretion
               significantly differed between IC and CG. However, no significant differences in BMI
               values, HBPM and potassium urine excretion were observed between the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mean values of the evaluated variables after intervention, according to
                     groups. Goi&#226;nia city, Goi&#225;s state, Brazil, 2012 (n = 35)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th colspan="2">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">CG</th>
                <th align="center">IG</th>
                <th align="center">IG x CG</th>
                <th align="center">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">Mean &#177; SD</th>
                <th align="center">Mean &#177; SD</th>
                <th align="center">Difference</th>
                <th align="center">&#160;</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>BMI</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">31.19 &#177; 6.14</td>
                <td align="center">29.44 &#177; 5.50</td>
                <td align="center">(1.75)</td>
                <td align="center">0.379</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Casual BP:</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>SBP</td>
                <td align="center">137.19 &#177; 20.22</td>
                <td align="center">127.11 &#177; 15.64</td>
                <td align="center">(12.47)</td>
                <td align="center">0.034</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>DBP</td>
                <td align="center">82.75 &#177; 12.12</td>
                <td align="center">75.95 &#177; 9.47</td>
                <td align="center">(7.58)</td>
                <td align="center">0,046</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>HBPM:</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>SBP</td>
                <td align="center">131.06 &#177; 15.53</td>
                <td align="center">127.47 &#177; 15.33</td>
                <td align="center">(4.78)</td>
                <td align="center">0.365</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>DBP</td>
                <td align="center">80.13 &#177; 11.75</td>
                <td align="center">73.42 &#177; 10.78</td>
                <td align="center">(7.19)</td>
                <td align="center">0.074</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Sodium</td>
                <td align="center">182.59 &#177; 76.74</td>
                <td align="center">127.11 &#177; 57.39</td>
                <td align="center">(55.59)</td>
                <td align="center">0.023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Potassium</td>
                <td align="center">55.33 &#177; 18.43</td>
                <td align="center">48.05 &#177; 19.29</td>
                <td align="center">(7.03)</td>
                <td align="center">0.296</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Student t test for independent samples.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The intragroup analysis demonstrated that the mean BP measurements of IG patients
               were significantly reduced after using light salt. Likewise, sodium excretion was
               significantly decreased in that group. No change was observed in 24-hour urine
               potassium excretion (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mean values of casual BP and HBPM in the IG (light salt) before and after
                     intervention. Goi&#226;nia city, Goi&#225;s state, Brazil, 2012 (n = 19)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th colspan="2">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">IG (before)</th>
                <th align="center">IG (after)</th>
                <th align="center">Before x After</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">Mean &#177; SD</th>
                <th align="center">Mean &#177; SD</th>
                <th align="center">Difference</th>
                <th align="center">&#160;</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Casual BP:</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>SBP</td>
                <td align="center">142.95 &#177; 14.86</td>
                <td align="center">127.11 &#177; 15.64</td>
                <td align="center">(-15.84)</td>
                <td align="center">0.002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>DBP</td>
                <td align="center">89.79 &#177; 9.10</td>
                <td align="center">75.95 &#177; 9.47</td>
                <td align="center">(-13.84)</td>
                <td align="center">0.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>HBPM:</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>SBP</td>
                <td align="center">134.47 &#177; 17.00</td>
                <td align="center">127.47 &#177; 15.33</td>
                <td align="center">(-7.00)</td>
                <td align="center">0.012<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>DBP</td>
                <td align="center">77.95 &#177; 10.23</td>
                <td align="center">73.42 &#177; 10.78</td>
                <td align="center">(-4.53)</td>
                <td align="center">0.003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Sodium</td>
                <td align="center">205.87 &#177; 131.50</td>
                <td align="center">127.11 &#177; 57.39</td>
                <td align="center">(-78.76)</td>
                <td align="center">0.016<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Potassium</td>
                <td align="center">74.53 &#177; 76.14</td>
                <td align="center">48.05 &#177; 19.29</td>
                <td align="center">(-9.40)</td>
                <td align="center">0.157<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Wilcoxon's test.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>Student t test for matched samples.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Concerning the CG individuals, the only significant difference after using regular
               salt was a SBP reduction, because the other variables (casual DBP, SBP and DBP by
               HBPM and urine sodium and potassium values) remained similar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mean values of casual BP and HBPM in the CG (regular salt) before and after
                     intervention. Goi&#226;nia city, Goi&#225;s state, Brazil, 2012 (n = 16)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th colspan="2">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">CG (before)</th>
                <th align="center">CG (after)</th>
                <th align="center">Before x After</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">Mean &#177; SD</th>
                <th align="center">Mean &#177; SD</th>
                <th align="center">Difference</th>
                <th align="center">&#160;</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Casual BP:</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>SBP</td>
                <td align="center">143.44 &#177; 13.99</td>
                <td align="center">137.19 &#177; 20.22</td>
                <td align="center">(-6.25)</td>
                <td align="center">0.032<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>DBP</td>
                <td align="center">91.19 &#177; 9.10</td>
                <td align="center">82.75 &#177; 12.12</td>
                <td align="center">(-8.44)</td>
                <td align="center">0.055<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>HBPM:</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>SBP</td>
                <td align="center">131.63 &#177; 14.36</td>
                <td align="center">131.06 &#177; 15.53</td>
                <td align="center">(-0.57)</td>
                <td align="center">0.858<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>DBP</td>
                <td align="center">79.38 &#177; 11.65</td>
                <td align="center">80.13 &#177; 11.75</td>
                <td align="center">(+0.75)</td>
                <td align="center">0.587<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Sodium</td>
                <td align="center">213.56 &#177; 89.99</td>
                <td align="center">182.59 &#177; 76.74</td>
                <td align="center">(-30.97)</td>
                <td align="center">0.175<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Potassium</td>
                <td align="center">54.41 &#177; 17.01</td>
                <td align="center">55.33 &#177; 18.43</td>
                <td align="center">(+0.92)</td>
                <td align="center">0.796<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Wilcoxon's test.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>Student t test for matched samples.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Adverse effects</title>
        <p>This clinical trial detected an adverse effect among IG patients. Due to its peculiar
               taste, light salt had low acceptance by 89.5% of IG individuals, who claimed there
               were taste changes in the prepared foods. Nevertheless, patients agreed to use that
               salt throughout the study period. The above mentioned adverse effect was considered
               mild and study interruption was not necessary.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study sought to reduce the dietary sodium intake of CG patients to less than the 5
            g of salt per day (2 g of sodium) proposed by the World Health Organization<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, considering that the 3 g provided corresponded
            to the consumption of 1.2 g of sodium from regular salt.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, light salt (with approximately 67% less sodium than the regular one)
            promoted a mean intake of 390 mg of sodium per day. This sodium restriction was capable
            of promoting the BP and sodium excretion control observed in the IG, suggesting that, at
            least in the short-term, the use of light salt has proven to be an efficient strategy
            for SAH treatment.</p>
      <p>Despite demonstrating a significant BP reduction after decreasing salt intake, the mean
            sodium excretion values in the present study were higher than 125 mEq (IG) and 180 mEq
            (CG), indicating that the provided sodium amount (1.2 g from regular salt and 390 mg
            from light salt) may not have corresponded to that consumed by the patients. This shows
            the difficulty of changing a lifestyle, because salt consumption is a strong habit
            around the world. Ortega et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> have found a
            dietary salt intake of 9 g/day on Spanish adults between 18 and 60 years, with 168
            mmol/d sodium excretion on 24-hour urine. It reflects ingestion above the recommended 5
            g per day, just as in the present study.</p>
      <p>Unfortunately, the design of this study could not follow patients on their routine to
            check if there was a complete adhesion regarding their sodium intake, although they had
            been strongly instructed about how to use the given salt and how to avoid all
            sodium-rich food. It seems they may have eaten less sodium than usual, but not exactly
            as recommended, justifying sodium excretion above expected. Besides, 24-hour excretion
            values showed only the previous-day sodium and potassium intake, which could have been
            atypical as compared to that of other days, even with all the recommendations. The same
            argument may apply to the unchanged potassium excretion of IG, in addition to the fact
            that the light salt potassium content is low to cause a significant difference in urine
            excretion, which could vary more with a higher than usual potassium-rich food
            ingestion.</p>
      <p>Resistance to lifestyle changes to control SAH is common among hypertensive
               patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. In addition, another limiting
            aspect that impairs adhesion to SAH control was detected among IG patients, because
            89.5% reported identifying a bitter taste in their foods. Although the same patients
            reported that the 28-day period of diet was acceptable, they were reluctant to comply
            with the suggestion of maintaining light salt after the conclusion of the study, even
            after acknowledging the better control of their BP.</p>
      <p>The possible explanation for the taste change of light salt is the potassium added to
            its composition. In spite of this negative effect, the scientific community often
            discusses not only the beneficial effect on BP of reducing sodium intake, but also the
            positive impact that potassium intake may have on SAH control<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
      <p>Similarly to the present study, Lotaif et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
            used a salt with lower sodium content and added potassium in order to verify its effect
            on BP. Patients were separated into a control group (regular salt) and an intervention
            group (light salt), and had their BP assessed by using Ambulatory Blood Pressure
            Monitoring (ABPM), as well as their blood and urine sodium and potassium levels
            assessed. The intervention group showed BP reduction. On the other hand, sodium levels
            showed no change in any of the groups, whereas the intervention group showed a
            significant increase only in plasma potassium levels. The authors attributed BP control
            to potassium supplementation and not to the reduction in sodium intake.</p>
      <p>The literature, however, still lacks conclusive studies on the need for medical
            supplementation of potassium to control BP, being a balanced diet, rich in fruits and
            vegetables, the best way to obtain that mineral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>In accordance with the results of the study by Lotaif et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, the potassium excretion values obtained at the beginning and end
            of this study were similar. It indicates that, in the present study, salt intake from
            light salt may not have influenced the total balance ingested by patients, since the
            daily potassium need for adult individuals, which contributes to BP control, is 4.7
               g<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the potassium content consumed by the IG may not have accounted for the BP
            reduction of those patients, because the additional amount ingested from light salt was
            only 1038 mg. This fact reinforces the hypothesis that the BP control of this study was
            due to sodium reduction, much more effective with the use of light salt and,
            additionally, confirmed with the significant reduction in sodium excretion of IG
            patients.</p>
      <p>Such reduction in sodium intake is an important factor considering the reduction in CVD
            mortality, as shown in the study with individuals from five kitchens of a retirement
            home in northern Taiwan, who were separated into two groups. The first group was given a
            potassium-enriched lower sodium salt, and the other group, only regular salt. A
            significant reduction in CVD mortality was observed in the experimental group<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>A systematic review has shown randomized trials of dietary counseling methods on sodium
            intake reduction to treat hypertension and identified a significant reduction in BP and
            sodium excretion when sodium intake was restricted<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
      <p>Sodium intake reduction has also been proven to be efficient in the SAH control of 169
            individuals, separated into two groups, one with low sodium intake and the other with
            placebo, submitted to a double-blind crossover study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. In the present study, the decrease in BP reached 15.84 x 13.84 mmHg (IG)
            and 6.25 x 8.44 mmHg (CG), although the reduction was significant only in IG.</p>
      <p>Another meta-analysis allowed the conclusion that, when compared to the current
            recommendations, a reduction in salt consumption to 3 g per day may have much better
            results and, thus, that should be used as the daily intake goal around the world<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Such conclusion reinforces this study's findings
            to obtain more favorable results on BP control.</p>
      <p>The sodium excretion values found in the present study suggest that the patients may
            have consumed amounts higher than 3 g of the provided salt, as already mentioned.
            Nevertheless, BP control at the end of the intervention demonstrated that the intake
            prior to the study was probably excessive as compared to that during the study.
            Therefore, the reduction in salt consumption had beneficial effects on SAH, as seen in
            this study's results.</p>
      <p>These data reinforce the relevance of the present study, once dietary sodium restriction
            has been constantly referred to as a factor contributing to SAH control, and,
            consequently, to reduce mortality due to CVD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, changes in eating habits, such as decreasing the consumption of addicted salt
            and processed food, which represents more than 75% of sodium intake of the North
            American's diet<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, proposed in this study, are a
            valuable tool for SAH control and reduction in the risk of mortality due to CVD, which
            is the major cause of death in the world.</p>
      <p>The significant reduction in casual SBP in the CG, with no changes in HBPM values, may
            have occurred due to attenuation of the white-coat effect in the study.</p>
      <p>One limitation of this study was the change in food taste attributed to light salt by a
            large number of IG patients. This fact did not interfere with the use of light salt
            during this study, but it may be a limiting factor regarding long-term adhesion.
            Finally, salt sensitivity, which varies among individuals, may have influenced the
            patients' BP levels.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In conclusion, potassium-enriched light salt substitution for regular salt was efficient
            in reducing hypertensive patients' BP in this study. Thus, the long-term implementation
            of that change could be interesting to reduce population hypertension and even mortality
            due to CVD. Health care professionals could use these results to explain to their
            patients how sodium intake can raise BP and encourage them to reduce it by using light
            salt. Furthermore, hospitals could control BP of hypertensive patients by using that
            type of salt in their diet during hospitalization and light salt's industry could create
            strategies so that its flavor is not a limiting factor for its use, since the benefits
            of its consumption were evident.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by CAPES.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the dissertation of Carolina L&#244;bo de Almeida Barros by
               Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina L&#244;bo de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chinem</surname>
            <given-names>Brunella Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaela Bernardes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Souza Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carneiro</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Baiocchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba Barroso de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar Brand&#227;o Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Goi&#225;s</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial da Faculdade de
                  Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#225;s - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carolina L&#244;bo de Almeida Barros,</bold> Rua T37
               n. 3832 St. Bueno. CEP 74.230-022, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil. E-mail:
                  <email>carolinabarrosnutri@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Barros CLA, Sousa ALL, Jardim TSV, Jardim PCBV;
                  Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Barros CLA, Chinem BM, Rodrigues RB; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o
                  dos dados: Barros CLA, Sousa ALL, Chinem BM, Rodrigues RB, Jardim TSV, Souza WKSB,
                  Jardim PCBV; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Barros CLA, Sousa ALL, Jardim PCBV; Obten&#231;&#227;o de
                  Financiamento: Barros CLA, Jardim PCBV; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Barros CLA, Sousa
                  ALL, Jardim PCBV; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual
                  importante: Barros CLA, Sousa ALL, Chinem BM, Rodrigues RB, Jardim TSV, Carneiro
                  SB, Souza WKSB, Jardim PCBV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Alguns estudos demostraram um efeito ben&#233;fico da restri&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio na press&#227;o
                  arterial (PA) de hipertensos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o impacto da substitui&#231;&#227;o do sal comum por sal <italic>light</italic> na
                  PA de hipertensos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Hipertensos n&#227;o controlados, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 20 e 65 anos, e
                  usando doses est&#225;veis de anti-hipertensivos foram randomizados para um Grupo
                  Interven&#231;&#227;o (GI - recebendo sal <italic>light</italic>) e um Grupo Controle (GC -
                  recebendo sal comum). A PA sist&#243;lica (PAS) e a PA diast&#243;lica (PAD) foram
                  analisadas usando-se medidas casuais da PA e Monitora&#231;&#227;o Residencial da Press&#227;o
                  Arterial (MRPA), e a excre&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio e pot&#225;ssio foi avaliada em amostras de
                  urina de 24 horas. Os pacientes receberam 3 g de sal para consumo di&#225;rio por 4
                  semanas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Este estudo avaliou 35 pacientes (65,7% mulheres), 19 alocados no GI e 16 no GC. A
                  idade m&#233;dia foi de 55,5 &#177; 7,4 anos. A maioria dos participantes havia completado o
                  ensino fundamental (at&#233; a 8a s&#233;rie; n = 28; 80,0%), tinha renda familiar de at&#233;
                  dois sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos (n = 17; 48,6%) e praticava atividade f&#237;sica regularmente (n
                  = 19; 54,3%). Dois pacientes (5,7%) eram fumantes e 40,0% consumiam &#225;lcool com
                  regularidade (n = 14). O GI mostrou uma significativa redu&#231;&#227;o tanto da PAS quanto
                  da PAD nas medidas casuais e de MRPA (p &lt; 0,05) e, ainda, diminui&#231;&#227;o da
                  excre&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio (p = 0,016). O GC apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa apenas na
                  medida casual da PAS (p = 0,032).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A substitui&#231;&#227;o do sal comum por sal <italic>light</italic> diminuiu
                  significativamente a PA de hipertensos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#243;dio</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Dieta</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A ingest&#227;o excessiva de sal foi identificada como um importante fator de risco para
               doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV). Por influenciar favoravelmente o controle da press&#227;o
               arterial (PA), a restri&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio &#233; uma ferramenta poderosa para a preven&#231;&#227;o e o
               controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios estudos afirmam que a redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo de alimentos ricos em s&#243;dio causa uma
               redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na PA de pacientes hipertensos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. O
                  <italic>Intersalt</italic> foi um dos primeiros estudos a avaliar a ingest&#227;o de
               s&#243;dio a partir de amostras de urina de 24 horas, tendo demonstrado uma associa&#231;&#227;o
               positiva entre alto consumo de s&#243;dio e aumento da PA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>A alta excre&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio relaciona-se ao maior risco de morte por DCV. Por outro
               lado, uma maior excre&#231;&#227;o de pot&#225;ssio implica em redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de infarto do
                  mioc&#225;rdio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Chang e cols<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. detectaram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa na
               mortalidade por DCV em indiv&#237;duos que consumiam sal com teor mais baixo de s&#243;dio e
               mais alto de pot&#225;ssio.</p>
        <p>Estudos que avaliaram o efeito da redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo de s&#243;dio na PA foram
               considerados importantes pela comunidade cient&#237;fica. Por isso, novos estudos
               experimentais precisam ser desenvolvidos para a obten&#231;&#227;o de resultados complementares
               e mais atuais sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre aquelas vari&#225;veis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Assim, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do impacto do consumo de sal com baixo teor de s&#243;dio na PA pode
               contribuir para melhorar seu controle. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar se
               a substitui&#231;&#227;o do sal comum por sal <italic>light</italic> poderia reduzir a PA de
               hipertensos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Este foi um estudo simples-cego randomizado controlado.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra</title>
          <p>O tamanho da amostra foi calculado por compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias, com poder estat&#237;stico
                  de 90%, teste de hip&#243;tese bicaudal, desvio padr&#227;o de 12,7 mmHg, uma diferen&#231;a
                  esperada de 13,1 mmHg na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> e n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. A amostra necess&#225;ria
                  calculada foi de 20 indiv&#237;duos em cada grupo.</p>
          <p>Hipertensos dos dois sexos, com idades entre 20 e 65 anos, foram recrutados e
                  acompanhados regularmente em um servi&#231;o multiprofissional para tratamento de
                  hipertens&#227;o. Os pacientes moravam na regi&#227;o metropolitana de Goi&#226;nia, Brasil,
                  usavam doses est&#225;veis de anti-hipertensivos por pelo menos 30 dias, e apresentavam
                  hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o controlada (PA &#8805; 140 x 90 mmHg)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> na sua &#250;ltima visita.</p>
          <p>Pacientes com doen&#231;as agudas ou subagudas (at&#233; tr&#234;s meses antes do in&#237;cio do
                  estudo) e cr&#244;nicas inst&#225;veis foram exclu&#237;dos, bem como foram aqueles que faziam
                  suas refei&#231;&#245;es em locais onde n&#227;o podiam prepar&#225;-las com o sal deste estudo mais
                  de uma vez por semana.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra e randomiza&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Inicialmente, os pacientes foram identificados nos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos e
                  selecionados com base nos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o. Foram ent&#227;o convidados
                  a visitar o consult&#243;rio de nutri&#231;&#227;o para receber orienta&#231;&#227;o sobre a pesquisa e, ao
                  concordar em participar do estudo, assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e
                  Esclarecido (TCLE). O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do
                  Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s (protocolo 193/2011), tendo
                  sido conduzido conforme a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque.</p>
          <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi designada para dois grupos homog&#234;neos - Grupo Interven&#231;&#227;o
                  (GI) e Grupo Controle (GC) -, de acordo com a ordem das visitas &#224; nutricionista: o
                  primeiro paciente atendido foi inclu&#237;do no GI e o segundo no GC, e assim por
                  diante. Os participantes do GI receberam sal <italic>light</italic> e os
                  participantes do GC receberam placebo (sal comum) por quatro semanas (28 dias).
                  Todos os participantes dos dois grupos permaneceram em acompanhamento regular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento do estudo</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis coletadas na visita de inclus&#227;o foram sexo, idade, n&#237;vel de
                  escolaridade (fundamental; m&#233;dio; e superior completo), renda familiar (at&#233; dois
                  sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos (SM); de dois a quatro SM; quatro SM ou mais), pr&#225;tica regular de
                  atividade f&#237;sica (pelo menos 30 minutos, tr&#234;s vezes por semana), tabagismo e
                  alcoolismo (frequ&#234;ncia de ingest&#227;o de bebida alco&#243;lica igual a 1 vez por m&#234;s ou
                  superior).</p>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis coletadas antes e ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o foram: peso, altura, &#237;ndice de
                  massa corporal (IMC), s&#243;dio e pot&#225;ssio em urina de 24 horas (mEq/dia), PA casual e
                  Monitora&#231;&#227;o Residencial da Press&#227;o Arterial (MRPA).</p>
          <p>Os pacientes foram recrutados entre maio e outubro de 2012. Duas visitas foram
                  realizadas durante todo o estudo, sendo a primeira durante a sele&#231;&#227;o e
                  randomiza&#231;&#227;o dos participantes e a segunda depois de 28 dias, no retorno ap&#243;s a
                  interven&#231;&#227;o. Na semana inicial do estudo, os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; medida
                  casual da PA, &#224; MRPA por quatro dias e &#224; coleta de amostra de urina de 24 horas. A
                  partir da&#237;, come&#231;aram a consumir o sal prescrito pelo per&#237;odo de 28 dias. Na
                  &#250;ltima semana do estudo, os pacientes retornaram para sua segunda visita e foram
                  submetidos &#224; aferi&#231;&#227;o da medida casual da PA, MRPA e coleta de urina de 24 horas,
                  seguindo os mesmos procedimentos usados antes da interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>A PA casual foi medida pelo mesmo pesquisador, pelo menos tr&#234;s vezes com
                  intervalos de 1 minuto, at&#233; que as diferen&#231;as entre as medidas fossem inferiores a
                  4 mmHg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. A m&#233;dia dos dois &#250;ltimos valores
                  foi considerada para a an&#225;lise.</p>
          <p>A MRPA seguiu as III Diretrizes Brasileiras para MRPA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Realizaram-se 24 medidas, sendo tr&#234;s pela manh&#227; e tr&#234;s &#224;
                  tarde por quatro dias. Os exames com porcentagem de aproveitamento superior a 70%
                  foram considerados adequados.</p>
          <p>Todas as medidas de PAS e PAD foram obtidas usando-se um aparelho digital
                  semiautom&#225;tico (OMRON 705 CPINT, Illinois, EUA) e os pacientes receberam
                  instru&#231;&#245;es de como us&#225;-lo para MRPA.</p>
          <p>O processo de coleta de urina de 24 horas iniciou-se na segunda elimina&#231;&#227;o de
                  urina do primeiro dia e encerrou-se na primeira elimina&#231;&#227;o do dia seguinte,
                  aproximadamente &#224; mesma hora. A urina foi analisada no laborat&#243;rio do Hospital das
                  Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s com a t&#233;cnica da membrana
                     &#237;on-seletiva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> para quantificar s&#243;dio e
                  pot&#225;ssio urin&#225;rios.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Interven&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes foram orientados a consumir apenas o sal fornecido no estudo.
                  Al&#233;m disso, foram instru&#237;dos a reduzir o consumo de alimentos ricos em s&#243;dio
                  durante o per&#237;odo, sendo particularmente advertidos quanto aos alimentos
                     industrializados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
          <p>Os pacientes receberam o sal ap&#243;s a primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA e coleta de urina. A
                  recomenda&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria adotada foi de 3 g de sal por pessoa, proposta pelas VI
                  Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.
                  Para se calcular a quantidade de sal consumida por paciente, considerou-se o
                  n&#250;mero de pessoas que usualmente compartilhavam as refei&#231;&#245;es. Adicionou-se 10% &#224;
                  quantidade de sal calculada por paciente, prevendo-se um maior consumo devido a
                  mudan&#231;as na rotina familiar nos finais de semana (maior n&#250;mero de pessoas).</p>
          <p>Cada paciente recebeu 28 pequenos sacos pl&#225;sticos, cada um contendo a quantidade
                  di&#225;ria de sal, com etiquetas contendo as iniciais do nome do paciente, data do
                  respectivo uso e a quantidade de sal em cada embalagem. O sal fornecido n&#227;o tinha
                  identifica&#231;&#227;o de sua composi&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, os participantes n&#227;o sabiam o tipo de
                  sal que recebiam. O pesquisador era a &#250;nica pessoa que conhecia tal informa&#231;&#227;o, o
                  que caracterizou o estudo como simples-cego.</p>
          <p>A composi&#231;&#227;o do sal <italic>light</italic> (por grama) era 130 mg de s&#243;dio, 346 mg
                  de pot&#225;ssio e 44 mcg de iodo. O sal comum continha (por grama) 390 mg de s&#243;dio e
                  25 mcg de iodo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se o programa SPSS, vers&#227;o 20.0 (SPSS Inc,
                  Chicago, EUA). As vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvio
                  padr&#227;o, de acordo com suas frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. A normalidade dos
                  dados foi testada com o teste Shapiro-Wilk. Na presen&#231;a de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal,
                  dados independentes e dados pareados foram comparados usando-se o teste
                     <italic>t</italic> de Student. O teste de Wilcoxon foi usado para dados
                  pareados quando n&#227;o havia distribui&#231;&#227;o normal.</p>
          <p>Adotou-se o n&#237;vel de 5% de signific&#226;ncia para todos os testes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Dos 1800 registros m&#233;dicos do servi&#231;o, 265 correspondiam a pacientes com PA n&#227;o
               controlada, dos quais apenas 56 foram eleg&#237;veis para o estudo. Isso foi atribu&#237;do ao
               fato de o servi&#231;o atender a uma popula&#231;&#227;o mais idosa e com maior incid&#234;ncia de
               doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, considerados crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o deste estudo.</p>
        <p>Dos 56 pacientes eleg&#237;veis, 38 concordaram em participar, os quais foram selecionados
               entre maio e outubro de 2012 (19 em cada grupo). A amostra calculada de 40 indiv&#237;duos
               n&#227;o foi alcan&#231;ada, pois alguns pacientes alegaram problemas pessoais ou outras
               dificuldades como justificativa para n&#227;o participar. Al&#233;m disso, ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do
               estudo e por raz&#245;es pessoais dos pacientes (doen&#231;a na fam&#237;lia ou falta de tempo),
               houve perda de seguimento de tr&#234;s participantes do GC antes da interven&#231;&#227;o, o que
               resultou em uma amostra final de 35 pacientes (19 no GI e 16 no GC) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxograma da randomiza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0128-40174-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>No in&#237;cio do estudo, os grupos eram homog&#234;neos com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis
               sociodemogr&#225;ficas. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 55,5 &#177; 7,4 anos, e 65,7% da amostra era
               composta por mulheres. A maioria havia estudado at&#233; o ensino fundamental completo (n
               = 28; 80,0%), tinha renda familiar de at&#233; dois sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos (SM) (n = 17; 48,6%)
               e praticava atividade f&#237;sica com regularidade (n = 19; 54,3%). Dois pacientes (5,7%)
               eram fumantes e 40,0% ingeriam &#225;lcool regularmente (n = 14).</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, os indiv&#237;duos dos dois grupos tamb&#233;m iniciaram o
               estudo com caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela
                  1</xref>). As medidas de PA apresentaram 100% de aproveitamento.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores m&#233;dios das vari&#225;veis avaliadas antes da interven&#231;&#227;o, de acordo com
                     os grupos. Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#225;s, Brasil, 2012 (n = 35)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>GC (n= 16)</th>
                <th>GI (n= 19)</th>
                <th>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">*</xref></th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>IMC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">31,00 &#177; 5,97</td>
                <td align="center">29,38 &#177; 5,55</td>
                <td align="center">0,411</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>PA casual:</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>PAS</td>
                <td align="center">143,44 &#177; 13,99</td>
                <td align="center">142,95 &#177; 14,86</td>
                <td align="center">0,921</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>PAD</td>
                <td align="center">91,19 &#177; 9,10</td>
                <td align="center">89,79 &#177; 9,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,654</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>MRPA:</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>PAS</td>
                <td align="center">131,63 &#177; 14,36</td>
                <td align="center">134,47 &#177; 17,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,600</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>PAD</td>
                <td align="center">79,38 &#177; 11,65</td>
                <td align="center">77,95 &#177; 10,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,702</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>S&#243;dio</td>
                <td align="center">213,56 &#177; 89,99</td>
                <td align="center">205,87 &#177; 131,50</td>
                <td align="center">0,844</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Pot&#225;ssio</td>
                <td align="center">54,41 &#177; 17,01</td>
                <td align="center">74,53 &#177; 76,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,309</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>teste t de Student para amostras independentes</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Sete dias antes do encerramento do estudo, um paciente do GC solicitou mais sal.
                  Ao final do estudo, as medidas casuais da PA (PAS e PAD) e a excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de
                  24 horas de s&#243;dio mostraram significativas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos GI e GC. No
                  entanto, n&#227;o houve significativas diferen&#231;as quanto aos valores de IMC, medidas de
                  MRPA e excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de pot&#225;ssio entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valores m&#233;dios das vari&#225;veis avaliadas ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, de acordo com
                        os grupos. Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#225;s, Brasil, 2012, 2012 (n = 35)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>GC</th>
                  <th>GI</th>
                  <th>GI x GC</th>
                  <th>p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref></th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                  <th>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                  <th>Diferen&#231;a</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>IMC</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">31,19 &#177; 6,14</td>
                  <td align="center">29,44 &#177; 5,50</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,75)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,379</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>PA casual:</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>PAS</td>
                  <td align="center">137,19 &#177; 20,22</td>
                  <td align="center">127,11 &#177; 15,64</td>
                  <td align="center">(12,47)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,034</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>PAD</td>
                  <td align="center">82,75 &#177; 12,12</td>
                  <td align="center">75,95 &#177; 9,47</td>
                  <td align="center">(7,58)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,046</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>MRPA:</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>PAS</td>
                  <td align="center">131,06 &#177; 15,53</td>
                  <td align="center">127,47 &#177; 15,33</td>
                  <td align="center">(4,78)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,365</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>PAD</td>
                  <td align="center">80,13 &#177; 11,75</td>
                  <td align="center">73,42 &#177; 10,78</td>
                  <td align="center">(7,19)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,074</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>S&#243;dio</td>
                  <td align="center">182,59 &#177; 76,74</td>
                  <td align="center">127,11 &#177; 57,39</td>
                  <td align="center">(55,59)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Pot&#225;ssio</td>
                  <td align="center">55,33 &#177; 18,43</td>
                  <td align="center">48,05 &#177; 19,29</td>
                  <td align="center">(7,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,296</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN08">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>teste t de Student para amostras independentes.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A an&#225;lise intragrupo demonstrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa nas m&#233;dias dos valores
                  de PA nos pacientes do GI ap&#243;s o uso do sal <italic>light</italic>. De maneira
                  semelhante, a excre&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio diminuiu significativamente neste grupo. N&#227;o houve
                  altera&#231;&#227;o na excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de 24 horas de pot&#225;ssio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t07">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valores m&#233;dios de PA casual e MRPA no GI (sal light) antes e depois da
                        interven&#231;&#227;o. Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#225;s, Brasil, 2012 (n = 19)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>GI (antes)</th>
                  <th>GI (depois)</th>
                  <th>Antes x Depois</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                  <th>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                  <th>Diferen&#231;a</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>PA casual:</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>PAS</td>
                  <td align="center">142,95 &#177; 14,86</td>
                  <td align="center">127,11 &#177; 15,64</td>
                  <td align="center">(-15,84)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>PAD</td>
                  <td align="center">89,79 &#177; 9,10</td>
                  <td align="center">75,95 &#177; 9,47</td>
                  <td align="center">(-13,84)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>MRPA:</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>PAS</td>
                  <td align="center">134,47 &#177; 17,00</td>
                  <td align="center">127,47 &#177; 15,33</td>
                  <td align="center">(-7,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>PAD</td>
                  <td align="center">77,95 &#177; 10,23</td>
                  <td align="center">73,42 &#177; 10,78</td>
                  <td align="center">(-4,53)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>S&#243;dio</td>
                  <td align="center">205,87 &#177; 131,50</td>
                  <td align="center">127,11 &#177; 57,39</td>
                  <td align="center">(-78,76)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,016 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Pot&#225;ssio</td>
                  <td align="center">74,53 &#177; 76,14</td>
                  <td align="center">48,05 &#177; 19,29</td>
                  <td align="center">(-9,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,157<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN09">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>teste de Wilcoxon.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>teste t de Student para amostras pareadas.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao GC, a &#250;nica diferen&#231;a significativa ap&#243;s o uso do sal comum foi uma
                  redu&#231;&#227;o da PAS, enquanto as demais vari&#225;veis (PAD casual, PAS e PAD na MRPA e
                  valores de s&#243;dio e pot&#225;ssio urin&#225;rios) permaneceram semelhantes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t08">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valores m&#233;dios de PA casual e MRPA no GC (sal comum) antes e depois da
                        interven&#231;&#227;o. Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#225;s, Brasil l, 2012 (n = 16)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>GC (antes)</th>
                  <th>GC (depois)</th>
                  <th>Antes x Depois</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                  <th>M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                  <th>Diferen&#231;a</th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>PA casual:</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>PAS</td>
                  <td align="center">143,44 &#177; 13,99</td>
                  <td align="center">137,19 &#177; 20,22</td>
                  <td align="center">(-6,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,032<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>PAD</td>
                  <td align="center">91,19 &#177; 9,10</td>
                  <td align="center">82,75 &#177; 12,12</td>
                  <td align="center">(-8,44)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,055<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>MRPA:</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>PAS</td>
                  <td align="center">131,63 &#177; 14,36</td>
                  <td align="center">131,06 &#177; 15,53</td>
                  <td align="center">(-0,57)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,858<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>PAD</td>
                  <td align="center">79,38 &#177; 11,65</td>
                  <td align="center">80,13 &#177; 11,75</td>
                  <td align="center">(+0,75)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,587<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>S&#243;dio</td>
                  <td align="center">213,56 &#177; 89,99</td>
                  <td align="center">182,59 &#177; 76,74</td>
                  <td align="center">(-30,97)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,175<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Pot&#225;ssio</td>
                  <td align="center">54,41 &#177; 17,01</td>
                  <td align="center">55,33 &#177; 18,43</td>
                  <td align="center">(+0,92)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,796<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>teste de Wilcoxon.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>teste t de Student para amostras pareadas.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeitos adversos</title>
          <p>Devido ao seu sabor peculiar, o sal <italic>light</italic> teve baixa aceita&#231;&#227;o
                  por 89,5% dos indiv&#237;duos do GI, que se queixaram de mudan&#231;a de sabor nos alimentos
                  preparados. No entanto, os pacientes concordaram em usar aquele sal pelo per&#237;odo
                  determinado. Esse efeito adverso foi considerado leve, n&#227;o tendo sido necess&#225;rio
                  interromper o estudo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo buscou reduzir a ingest&#227;o diet&#233;tica di&#225;ria de s&#243;dio dos pacientes do GC
               para um consumo menor que os 5 g de sal (2 g de s&#243;dio) propostos pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o
               Mundial da Sa&#250;de<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, considerando que os 3 g
               fornecidos corresponderam a um consumo de 1,2 g de s&#243;dio do sal comum.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, o sal <italic>light</italic> (com aproximadamente 67% menos s&#243;dio do
               que o sal comum) promoveu uma ingest&#227;o m&#233;dia de 390 mg de s&#243;dio por dia. Essa
               restri&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio foi capaz de promover controle da PA e da excre&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio
               observado no GI, sugerindo que, pelo menos em curto prazo, o uso do sal
                  <italic>light</italic> mostrou-se uma eficiente estrat&#233;gia para o tratamento de
               HAS.</p>
        <p>A respeito da significativa redu&#231;&#227;o da PA ap&#243;s a diminui&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o de sal, o
               presente estudo mostrou valores m&#233;dios de excre&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio maiores que 125 mEq (GI)
               e 180 mEq (GC), indicando que a quantidade de s&#243;dio fornecida (1,2 g a partir do sal
               comum e 390 mg a partir do sal <italic>light</italic>) pode n&#227;o ter correspondido com
               precis&#227;o &#224;quela consumida pelos pacientes. Isso demonstra a dificuldade de se mudar
               um estilo de vida, uma vez que o consumo de sal &#233; um h&#225;bito arraigado em todo o
               mundo. Ortega e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> relataram uma ingest&#227;o
               diet&#233;tica de sal de 9 g/dia em adultos espanh&#243;is entre 18 e 60 anos, com excre&#231;&#227;o de
               s&#243;dio na urina de 24 horas de 168 mmol/d. Isso reflete uma ingest&#227;o superior aos 5 g
               por dia recomendados, assim como no presente estudo.</p>
        <p>Infelizmente, o delineamento deste estudo n&#227;o previa o acompanhamento dos pacientes
               em suas rotinas para verificar se houve completa ades&#227;o com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sua ingest&#227;o de
               s&#243;dio, embora eles tenham sido bem orientados quanto &#224; maneira de usar o sal
               fornecido e evitar alimentos ricos em s&#243;dio. &#201; prov&#225;vel que tenham ingerido menos
               s&#243;dio do que o usual, mas n&#227;o exatamente como recomendado, justificando a excre&#231;&#227;o de
               s&#243;dio acima da esperada. Al&#233;m disso, os valores de excre&#231;&#227;o de 24 horas espelham
               apenas a ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio e pot&#225;ssio do dia anterior, que pode ter sido at&#237;pica em
               compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; dos demais dias, mesmo com toda a recomenda&#231;&#227;o fornecida. O mesmo se
               aplica &#224; n&#227;o altera&#231;&#227;o da excre&#231;&#227;o de pot&#225;ssio no GI, al&#233;m do fato de que o teor
               daquele mineral do sal <italic>light</italic> &#233; baixo, insuficiente para causar uma
               diferen&#231;a significativa na excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de pot&#225;ssio. Esta, por sua vez, poderia
               variar mais em decorr&#234;ncia de uma elevada ingest&#227;o de alimentos ricos em pot&#225;ssio
               acima do usual do que com a ingest&#227;o daquele sal em particular.</p>
        <p>A resist&#234;ncia &#224; mudan&#231;a de estilo de vida para controlar a HAS &#233; comum entre
                  hipertensos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, foi detectado
               outro aspecto limitante que dificulta a ades&#227;o ao controle da HAS nos pacientes do
               GI, j&#225; que 89,5% informaram a presen&#231;a de sabor amargo nos alimentos. Embora os
               mesmos pacientes tenham relatado ser aceit&#225;vel o per&#237;odo de 28 dias de dieta, foram
               relutantes em aceitar a sugest&#227;o de manter o sal <italic>light</italic> ap&#243;s a
               conclus&#227;o do estudo, mesmo reconhecendo o melhor controle da PA decorrente do seu
               uso.</p>
        <p>A poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para a altera&#231;&#227;o de gosto causada pelo sal
                  <italic>light</italic> deve-se &#224; adi&#231;&#227;o de pot&#225;ssio &#224; sua composi&#231;&#227;o. Em
               contrapartida, a comunidade cient&#237;fica discute com frequ&#234;ncia n&#227;o apenas o benef&#237;cio
               na PA causado pela redu&#231;&#227;o na ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio, mas tamb&#233;m o impacto positivo que a
               ingest&#227;o de pot&#225;ssio possa ter no controle da HAS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>Semelhante ao presente estudo, Lotaif e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> utilizaram um sal com teor de s&#243;dio mais baixo e adicionaram pot&#225;ssio
               para verificar o efeito na PA. Os pacientes foram separados em um grupo controle (sal
               comum) e um grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o (sal <italic>light</italic>), e foram submetidos &#224;
               avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA por Monitora&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial (MAPA) e dosagem dos
               n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos e urin&#225;rios de s&#243;dio e pot&#225;ssio. O grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o apresentou
               redu&#231;&#227;o da PA. Os n&#237;veis de s&#243;dio permaneceram constantes nos dois grupos, embora o
               grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o tenha apresentado um significativo aumento apenas nos n&#237;veis
               plasm&#225;ticos de pot&#225;ssio. Os autores atribu&#237;ram o controle da PA &#224; suplementa&#231;&#227;o com
               pot&#225;ssio e n&#227;o &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o na ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio.</p>
        <p>Entretanto, os estudos conclusivos sobre a necessidade de suplementa&#231;&#227;o de pot&#225;ssio
               para controlar a PA s&#227;o escassos, sendo uma dieta balanceada, rica em frutas e
               vegetais, a melhor fonte daquele mineral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>Como no estudo de Lotaif e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, os valores
               de excre&#231;&#227;o de pot&#225;ssio obtidos no in&#237;cio e no final deste estudo foram similares.
               Isso indica que, no presente estudo, a ingest&#227;o de sal <italic>light</italic> pode
               n&#227;o ter influenciado o balan&#231;o total ingerido pelos pacientes, pois a necessidade
               di&#225;ria de pot&#225;ssio para adultos, que contribui para o controle da PA, &#233; de 4,7 g<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
        <p>Assim, o conte&#250;do de pot&#225;ssio consumido pelo GI pode n&#227;o ter sido o respons&#225;vel pela
               redu&#231;&#227;o de PA naqueles pacientes, pois a quantidade adicional ingerida a partir do
               sal <italic>light</italic> foi de apenas 1038 mg. Isso refor&#231;a a hip&#243;tese de que o
               controle da PA obtido neste estudo deveu-se &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio, muito mais efetiva
               com o uso do sal <italic>light</italic>, al&#233;m da confirmada significativa redu&#231;&#227;o na
               excre&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio no GI.</p>
        <p>Tal redu&#231;&#227;o na ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio &#233; um importante fator para a diminui&#231;&#227;o de
               mortalidade por DCV, como mostrado no estudo com indiv&#237;duos de um lar de idosos no
               nordeste de Taiwan, que foram divididos em dois grupos. O primeiro grupo recebeu um
               sal com baixo teor de s&#243;dio e enriquecido com pot&#225;ssio, e o outro grupo recebeu
               apenas sal comum. O grupo experimental apresentou uma significativa redu&#231;&#227;o na
               mortalidade por DCV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de ensaios randomizados sobre m&#233;todos de aconselhamento
               diet&#233;tico para diminui&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o
               identificou uma significativa redu&#231;&#227;o de PA e excre&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio quando houve
               restri&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        <p>Outro estudo realizou <italic>cross-over</italic> duplo-cego e mostrou que a redu&#231;&#227;o
               da ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio foi eficiente no controle da HAS de 169 indiv&#237;duos, os quais
               foram divididos em dois grupos, um com baixa ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio e o outro com
                  placebo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. No presente estudo, a diminui&#231;&#227;o
               da PA alcan&#231;ou 15,84 x 13,84 mmHg (GI) e 6,25 x 8,44 mmHg (GC), embora com
               signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica apenas no GI.</p>
        <p>Outra meta-an&#225;lise permitiu concluir que, quando comparado com as atuais
               recomenda&#231;&#245;es, um decr&#233;scimo do consumo de sal para 3 g/dia pode ter resultados muito
               melhores, devendo, portanto, tal quantidade ser usada como a meta di&#225;ria de ingest&#227;o
                  mundial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Essa conclus&#227;o refor&#231;a os
               resultados deste estudo para obten&#231;&#227;o de melhor controle da PA.</p>
        <p>Os valores de excre&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio encontrados no presente estudo sugerem que os
               pacientes podem ter consumido quantidades superiores &#224;s 3 g do sal fornecido, como j&#225;
               mencionado. No entanto, o controle da PA ao final da interven&#231;&#227;o mostrou que a
               ingest&#227;o anterior ao estudo era provavelmente excessiva se comparada ao consumo
               durante o estudo. Logo, a redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo de sal teve efeitos ben&#233;ficos na HAS,
               como visto nos resultados deste estudo.</p>
        <p>Tais dados refor&#231;am a relev&#226;ncia do presente estudo, pois a restri&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica de
               s&#243;dio tem sido constantemente relatada como um fator que contribui para o controle da
               HAS e, por conseguinte, para a diminui&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por DCV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>Logo, altera&#231;&#245;es nos h&#225;bitos alimentares propostas neste estudo, como a redu&#231;&#227;o no
               consumo do sal adicionado e de alimentos processados, que representam mais de 75% da
               ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio da dieta norte-americana<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,
               tornaram-se uma ferramenta valiosa para o controle de HAS e a diminui&#231;&#227;o do risco de
               morte por DCV, a principal causa de morte no mundo.</p>
        <p>A significativa redu&#231;&#227;o na PAS casual no GC, sem altera&#231;&#227;o nos valores da MRPA, pode
               ter ocorrido devido &#224; atenua&#231;&#227;o do efeito do jaleco branco no estudo.</p>
        <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo foi a altera&#231;&#227;o no gosto dos alimentos atribu&#237;da ao sal
                  <italic>light</italic> por muitos pacientes do GI. Tal fato n&#227;o interferiu com o
               uso de sal <italic>light</italic> durante este estudo, mas pode ser um fator
               limitante com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ades&#227;o em longo prazo. Por fim, a sensibilidade ao sal, que
               varia entre os indiv&#237;duos, pode ter influenciado os valores de PA dos pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A substitui&#231;&#227;o do sal comum por sal <italic>light</italic> enriquecido com pot&#225;ssio
               foi eficiente para diminuir a PA de hipertensos neste estudo. Assim, a implementa&#231;&#227;o
               em longo prazo dessa altera&#231;&#227;o pode ser interessante para reduzir a hipertens&#227;o na
               popula&#231;&#227;o e at&#233; a mortalidade por DCV. Os profissionais de sa&#250;de podem usar esses
               resultados para explicar a seus pacientes como a ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio pode elevar a PA e
               encoraj&#225;-los a reduzi-la atrav&#233;s do uso do sal <italic>light</italic>. Al&#233;m disso, os
               hospitais poderiam controlar a PA de hipertensos usando esse sal em suas dietas
               durante as interna&#231;&#245;es e os fabricantes de sal <italic>light</italic> poderiam criar
               estrat&#233;gias para que seu sabor n&#227;o seja um fator limitante para seu uso, visto que os
               benef&#237;cios do seu consumo foram evidentes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado parcialmente por CAPES.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado da Carolina L&#244;bo de Almeida Barros
                  pelo Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal de
                  Goi&#225;s.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
