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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">hRPMz6Y8rw8jQ4fhZgkR4Nd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000200005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040178</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140178</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sudden Cardiac Death in Brazil: A Community-Based Autopsy Series
               (2006-2010)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braggion-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Volpe</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Jardim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pazin-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maciel</surname>
            <given-names>Benedito Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marin-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o
               Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia do Departamento de Cl&#237;nica
               M&#233;dica - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da
               Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o
               Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Emerg&#234;ncias Cl&#237;nicas do Departamento de
               Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da
               Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Maria Fernanda Braggion-Santos,</bold> Hospital
               das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo
               &#8211; Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Campus Universit&#225;rio, Monte
               Alegre CEP 14048-900 Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#8211; SP. E-mail:
                  <email>ferbraggion@cardiol.br</email>;
               <email>ferbraggion@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Braggion-Santos MF, Volpe GJ, Pazin-Filho
                  A, Maciel BC, Marin-Neto JA, Schmidt A; Acquisition of data: Braggion-Santos MF;
                  Analysis and interpretation of the data: Braggion-Santos MF, Volpe GJ, Schmidt A;
                  Statistical analysis: Braggion-Santos MF, Schmidt A; Writing of the manuscript:
                  Braggion-Santos MF, Volpe GJ; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual
                  content: Pazin-Filho A, Maciel BC, Marin-Neto JA, Schmidt A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>120</fpage>
      <lpage>127</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a sudden unexpected event, from a cardiac cause,
                  that occurs in less than one hour after the symptoms onset, in a person without
                  any previous condition that would seem fatal or who was seen without any symptoms
                  24 hours before found dead. Although it is a relatively frequent event, there are
                  only few reliable data in underdeveloped countries.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>We aimed to describe the features of SCD in Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Brazil (600,000
                  residents) according to Coroners&#8217; Office autopsy reports.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We retrospectively reviewed 4501 autopsy reports between 2006 and 2010, to
                  identify cases of SCD. Specific cause of death as well as demographic information,
                  date, location and time of the event, comorbidities and whether cardiopulmonary
                  resuscitation (CPR) was attempted were collected.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We identified 899 cases of SCD (20%); the rate was 30/100000 residents per year.
                  The vast majority of cases of SCD involved a coronary artery disease (CAD) (64%)
                  and occurred in men (67%), between the 6<sup>th</sup> and the 7<sup>th</sup>
                  decades of life. Most events occurred during the morning in the home setting
                  (53.3%) and CPR was attempted in almost half of victims (49.7%). The most
                  prevalent comorbidity was systemic hypertension (57.3%). Chagas&#8217; disease was
                  present in 49 cases (5.5%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The majority of victims of SCD were men, in their sixties and seventies and the
                  main cause of death was CAD. Chagas&#8217; disease, an important public health problem
                  in Latin America, was found in about 5.5% of the cases.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Death, Sudden, Cardiac / epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Brazil</kwd>
        <kwd>Autopsy.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is an unexpected event from a cardiac cause<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. According to the World Health Organization (WHO),
            SCD is a natural event that occurs within less than one hour of symptom onset in
            individuals without any potentially fatal precondition. However, 40% of cases are not
            witnessed and, in these situations, the victims must have been seen asymptomatic in the
            last 24 hours before the event<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>An incidence of SCD between 180.00-400.00 cases / year<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> is estimated in the United States. However, an accurate estimate is not
            possible for several reasons: different MSCD definitions are used<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, studies based on retrospective analysis of death
               certificates<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> or even absence of a structured
            system to report cases of SCD in some regions. Such difficulties are more evident in
            developing countries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
      <p>The most affected individuals are men between the sixth and seventh decades of life<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. The epidemiology of SCD is closely correlated
            with coronary artery disease (CAD) and up to 80% of the victims have CAD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Risk factors such as systemic arterial
            hypertension, diabetes and smoking increase the risk of SCD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, as well as advanced left ventricular dysfunction (ejection
            fraction &lt; 30%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. In young individuals, the
            most common diagnoses are hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, coronary artery anomalies,
            arrhythmogenic dysplasia of the right ventricle and channelopathies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. In Latin America, Chagas disease is a significant cause of
               SCD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>Circadian and seasonal SCD variations have been described. A marked variation in the
            occurrence of SCD with peaks in the morning can be observed on Mondays, in the winter
               months<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Stressful situations such as
            terrorist attacks or events such as the FIFA World Cup have been associated to increased
            SCD rates<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
      <p>The high incidence of this event, combined with low survival rates, makes SCD a relevant
            health issue<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. In Latin America, few studies have
            been performed to date, with small populations and specific heart diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>Our objective was to describe the characteristics of SCD in the city of Ribeir&#227;o Preto,
            state of Sao Paulo, Brazil (approximately 600,000 inhabitants) in five years, according
            to the autopsy reports of the Death Verification Service of the Countryside (SVOi).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Ribeir&#227;o Preto is a medium-sized city located in the state of S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil. It has
            a public body linked to the School of Medicine of Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Universidade de S&#227;o
            Paulo, the Death Verification Service of the Countryside (SVOi). responsible for the
            autopsies of victims of non-violent deaths referred from any health service of the city,
            in accordance with applicable federal laws, as requested by the health professional who
            assisted the victim.</p>
      <p>In our study, we assessed the autopsy request forms and complete reports of autopsies
            performed by SVOi in victims from the city of Ribeir&#227;o Preto between 2006 and 2010. All
            cases that met SCD criteria were included, according to the most widely used definition
            of the WHO: unexpected death within one hour of symptom onset, or in cases of
            unwitnessed death, when the victim was seen in good health in the 24 hours prior to the
               event<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>Data related to the event were collected, such as the cause of death reported by the
            pathologist who performed the investigation, demographic characteristics and
            comorbidities of the victims, date, time and place of the event and cardiopulmonary
            resuscitation (CPR) maneuvers performed. The study was approved by the Research Ethics
            Committee of our institution.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
        <p>Initially, deaths of newborns and children were excluded. Then, all individuals with
               causes of death not compatible with sudden death were excluded: infectious diseases,
               advanced malignancies, abdominal diseases, such as bowel obstruction or perforated
               gastric ulcer, cachexia and prolonged bed rest. Subsequently, cases of sudden death
               from noncardiac causes were also excluded: pulmonary embolism, acute aortic
               syndromes, asthma or hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Finally, cases with
               no clinical history consistent with SCD, according to the WHO criteria employed in
               our study, or with incomplete information were also excluded.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>The data were expressed as absolute values and percentages. ANOVA parametric test and
               Bonferroni post&#8209;test were used to analyze continuous variables, while the chi-square
               test was used to evaluate categorical variables. All statistical analyzes were
               performed using commercially available statistical software (InStat, version 3.0,
               GraphPad Software Inc, USA). A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically
               significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sudden cardiac death cases</title>
        <p>Between 2006 and 2010, 4,501 autopsies were performed in Ribeir&#227;o Preto. Initially,
               2,053 cases were selected as possible SCD; however, after careful analysis, 718 cases
               were excluded for not meeting all the criteria for SCD, as well as 256 cases due to
               incomplete information. In 180 cases, a noncardiac cause of sudden death was
               identified: 99 cases of acute aortic syndrome, 58 cases of pulmonary embolism, 21
               cases of hemorrhagic CVA and two cases of asthma. Therefore, 899 cases (20% of all
               autopsies) were defined as SCD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). SCD
               rates ranged from 28/100,000 inhabitants in 2009 to 32/100,000 inhabitants in 2007
               and 2008 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). There was no difference in
               SCD rates between the years (p = 0.88).</p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Study flowchart.</title>
            <p>* Deaths from other causes: infectious diseases, advanced malignancies,
                     abdominal diseases, cachexia, prolonged bed rest. ** Non-cardiac causes of
                     sudden death: acute aortic syndromes, pulmonary embolism, hemorrhagic stroke,
                     asthma.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0120-40178-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>SCD rates (per 100,000 inhabitants) in Ribeir&#227;o Preto from 2006 to 2010.
                     The mean rate of SCD was 30/100,000 inhabitants per year, ranging from
                     28/100,000 inhabitants in 2009 to 32/100,000 inhabitants in 2007 and
                     2008.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0120-40178-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Demographic characteristics of the population</title>
        <p>The demographic characteristics of the study population are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>. Men were more affected than women (67%
               x 33%). Most of the victims were Caucasians (75% x 25%), between the sixth and
               seventh decade of life (mean age 62.7 &#177; 13.2 years).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demographic characteristics of victims of SCD in Ribeir&#227;o Preto between
                     2006-2010</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                <th align="center">N.&#186;</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Gender</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Male</td>
                <td align="center">599</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Female</td>
                <td align="center">300</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td>
                  <bold>Age, years</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>10-19</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">0.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>20-29</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">0.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>30-39</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">3.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>40-49</td>
                <td align="center">114</td>
                <td align="center">12.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50-59</td>
                <td align="center">190</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60-69</td>
                <td align="center">241</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>70-79</td>
                <td align="center">231</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>80</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td>
                  <bold>Ethnicity</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Caucasian</td>
                <td align="center">675</td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Black</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mixed-race</td>
                <td align="center">119</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Asians</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>SCD: sudden cardiac death.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cause of death</title>
        <p>The most prevalent cause of death was acute coronary syndrome, accounting for
               approximately two-thirds (64%) of all cases of SCD. The second cause was
               cardiomyopathy (32%), including both etiologies, ischemic and nonischemic. A
               diagnosis of myocardial bridge in eight cases, a case of myocarditis confirmed by
               histopathological analysis and, in another case, severe hypoplasia of the left
               anterior descending coronary artery in a 35-year-old woman were also observed. In 24
               victims (3%) the cause of death could not diagnosed, with these cases being
               considered sudden death of unknown cause (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table
                  2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of SCD causes among SCD victims in Ribeir&#227;o Preto:
                     2006-2010</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Cause of death</th>
                <th align="center">N.&#186;</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Acute coronary syndrome</td>
                <td align="center">576</td>
                <td align="center">64.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cardiomyopathies<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">289</td>
                <td align="center">32.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Myocardial bridge</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">0.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Myocarditis</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Coronary artery anomaly</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Undetermined</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">2.7</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathies; SCD: sudden cardiac death</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Risk factors for sudden cardiac death</title>
        <p>More than one-fifth of the patients (21.1%) victims of SCD had some type of
               previously known cardiac disease. Several risk factors for SCD were found in these
               patients, with the most prevalent being systemic arterial hypertension (57.3%).
               Furthermore, we observed 56 patients (6.2%) with a history of alcohol abuse (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Risk factors for SCD among victims of SCD in Ribeir&#227;o Preto:
                     2006-2010</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Risk factors for SCD</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
                <th align="center">N.&#186;</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>SAH</td>
                <td align="center">57.3</td>
                <td align="center">515</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Structural heart disease</td>
                <td align="center">21.1</td>
                <td align="center">190</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">15.3</td>
                <td align="center">138</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">8.8</td>
                <td align="center">79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesity</td>
                <td align="center">8.6</td>
                <td align="center">77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">1.2</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alcohol abuse</td>
                <td align="center">6.2</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Chagas disease</td>
                <td align="center">5.5</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>SAH: Systemic arterial hypertension; SCD: sudden cardiac death</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Chagas Disease</title>
        <p>Forty-nine patients (5.5%) had a diagnosis of Chagas disease, including those with
               previously known chagasic cardiomyopathy and those with positive serology at the time
               of the autopsy. It is noteworthy the fact that the proportion of patients with Chagas
               disease decreased from 2006 to 2010 (12 patients: 7.1% in 2006, 13 patients: 7.0% in
               2007, 11 patients: 5.8% in 2008; five patients: 3.0% in 2009, eight patients: 4.3% in
               2010), but the difference over the years did not reach statistical significance (p =
               0.14).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Temporal variation of sudden cardiac death</title>
        <p>The analysis of cases of SCD showed a circadian variation, with fewer cases during
               the night (p &lt; 0.05 in comparison to other periods of the day) followed by a
               significant increase in the early hours of the morning, which was the period with the
               highest number of SCD events (p &lt; 0.05 in comparison to other periods of the day).
               It was not possible to determine the hour of the event in 10% of cases, (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3A</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Histogram of the temporal variation of SCD. A) Histogram of the circadian
                     variation of SCD. The morning period is the period with the most SCD events (p
                     &lt; 0.05 in comparison to other periods). B) Histogram of the weekly variation
                     of SCD. There was no difference between days of the week (p = 0.79). C)
                     Histogram of monthly variation of SCD. SCD events tended to occur more
                     frequently in the months of May and June, but without statistical significance
                     (p = 0.06).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0120-40178-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Further analyses showed no predominance of any day of the week (p = 0.79, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3B</xref>) or any month of the year (p = 0.06);
               however, the events tended to occur more frequently in the months of May and June
                  (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3C</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Place of death</title>
        <p>More than half of the deaths occurred at home (53.3%). Of the remaining, the deaths
               occurred in emergency rooms (37.8%), where most patients arrived in cardiorespiratory
               arrest, called "death on arrival"<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. It is
               worth noting that 8.2% of all events occurred in public places and six men died
               (0.7%) during physical activity practice (mean age 35 years).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiopulmonary resuscitation</title>
        <p>In total, 447 patients of 899 received CPR maneuvers (49.7%). In 2006, CPR was
               performed in 43.4% of patients, and this proportion increased over the years,
               reaching 54.4% of the victims submitted to CPR in 2010. An increasing tendency in CPR
               maneuvers is observed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>), but with
               marginal statistical significance (p = 0.05).</p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Proportion of SCD victims submitted to CPR maneuvers in Ribeir&#227;o Preto
                     (2006-2010). Altogether, 447 of the 899 victims received CPR (49.7%). There was
                     a clear tendency to an increase in the number of patients that received CPR
                     between 2006 and 2010 (p = 0.05).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0120-40178-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Additional considerations</title>
        <p>Although SCD is included in the International Classification of Diseases 10 (ICD-10),
               code I46-1<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, only 3.6% of the forms completed
               by physicians who treated the victims and 2.2% of the autopsy reports issued by the
               pathologists specified this diagnosis as "cause of death". Finally, in 26 cases
               (2.9%) microscopic examination of the heart was performed based on the diagnostic
               hypothesis of myocarditis; however, the diagnosis was confirmed in only one case.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that characterizes different
            aspects related to SCD in Brazil. Because there are scarce data on this topic, both in
            Brazil and in other Latin American countries, it is very important to know the rates of
            SCD in our community, the event circumstances and the characteristics of the victims, so
            that prevention strategies are developed and tested, of which some are specific to our
            population.</p>
      <p>The rate of SCD in Ribeir&#227;o Preto was approximately 30/100,000 inhabitants. In other
            communities around the world, the incidence of SCD ranged from 37/100,000 inhabitants in
            Okinawa, Japan<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> and 90-100 / 100,000 in
            Maastricht, in the Netherlands<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, with most of
            the studies reporting similar SCD incidence, little over 50/100,000 residents: in
            Oregon, United States (53/100,000 residents)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
            and a community located in western Ireland (51.2 / 100,000)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
      <p>In comparison to data from other communities, the mean rate of SCD in our population was
            lower. There are several possible reasons for this difference. First, we analyzed only
            data from the SVOi, and thus, our data may be underestimated because not all deaths that
            occurred in Ribeir&#227;o Preto during the analyzed period were referred for autopsy.
            Moreover, SCD survivors were not considered. Another reason for this difference was the
            exclusion of cases with inconclusive data. However, it is known that the epidemiology of
            SCD is strongly associated to the incidence of CAD and, in Brazil, CAD mortality is
            estimated at 48 / 100,000 inhabitants<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, whereas
            in the United States, it is approximately three times higher (135/100,000)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. These factors may be related to the lower
            economic development of our country; however, as there is no reliable data available,
            both related to our population and to other developing countries, one cannot establish
            adequate comparisons.</p>
      <p>In our study, most of the victims were males, Caucasians, aged 60 to 80 years. According
            to recent data, SCD occurs most often between the sixth and seventh decade of life<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, in accordance with our findings. Regarding the
            distribution of SCD by gender, there was a change in the pattern over the years, with an
            increase in the proportion of events in women<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.
            Previous studies showed a women / men ratio of 25:75<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>; however, in more recent studies, the women/men ratio increased to
               40:60<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, probably due to the increase in CAD
            prevalence and mortality among women over the years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. We found 67% of events in men, similar to what is described in the
            literature. Finally, most SCD victims were Caucasians (75%). However, it is important to
            note that we have a heterogeneous racial distribution in different regions of Brazil and
            thus, this finding should not be extrapolated or considered representative of the entire
            country.</p>
      <p>Acute coronary syndrome was responsible for most cases of SCD (64%), and cardiomyopathy
            was the second most common cause in our series (32%), including myocardial diseases of
            ischemic and nonischemic etiology. Studies have shown that up to 80% of cases of SCD are
            associated with CAD. Approximately 10-15% of cases occur in patients with myocardial
            diseases such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, right
            ventricular arrhythmogenic dysplasia or infiltrative myocardial diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>In our study it was not possible to separate SCD victims SAH: Systemic arterial
            hypertension; SCD: sudden cardiac death due to ischemic or nonischemic myocardial
            diseases, due to the difficulty in differentiating some cases according to the
            information provided in the analyzed reports. As an example of this limitation, some SCD
            victims had CAD and Chagas disease, and both diseases can induce lethal arrhythmias,
            making it impossible to define what the pathology responsible for the event was. This
            may explain the lower rates of CAD as cause of SCD and the higher number of events per
            myocardial diseases.</p>
      <p>Regarding Chagas disease, 49 SCD victims (5.5%) had this diagnosis in their autopsy
            reports. Although the WHO certified in 2006 that the vector-borne transmission of Chagas
            disease was eliminated in our country, Brazil is considered as having high prevalence of
            human infection (1% of our population, 1.9 million infected individuals in 2005)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, with chagasic cardiomyopathy still having a very
            important role in cardiovascular mortality in our country, especially in cases of sudden
               death<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>The cause of death could not be identified in 24 cases (2.2%). The victims had a
            structurally normal heart and some of these cases could be related to genetic diseases
            such as channelopathies, undiagnosed accessory pathways or coronary vasospasm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
      <p>The presence of structural heart disease, such as previous myocardial infarction or left
            ventricular dysfunction is an important risk factor for SCD3. In our study, more than
            20% of the victims had some type of heart disease reported by relatives. Furthermore, we
            observed that systemic arterial hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor among
            SCD victims (57.3%) and hypertensive patients, especially those with left ventricular
            hypertrophy, had a higher risk of SCD than the overall population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
      <p>Other risk factors such as diabetes, smoking, obesity and dyslipidemia, were also found,
            but in smaller proportions, suggesting that these data are underestimated, for some
            reasons described as follows: first, retrospective data were collected and there were no
            specific questionnaires in the analyzed forms. The victims&#8217; medical records were not
            evaluated. Finally, some diseases, such as diabetes or dyslipidemia, may be
            underdiagnosed in our population, as diagnosis depends on laboratory tests that are
            often not routinely performed. Alcohol abuse was detected in 6.2% of the cases, similar
            to the study carried out in a community located in western Ireland<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
      <p>It is known that the temporal distribution of SCD has an established pattern, with most
            events occurring in the morning, on Mondays during winter months<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. In our series, there were a higher number of events in the
            morning, with no difference regarding the days of the week or months of the year, with
            the latter being explained by the absence of well-defined seasons in our region. The
            higher number of events in the morning was previously attributed to increased
            sympathetic discharge that occurs at waking up, causing the higher number of CVAs, acute
            coronary syndromes and sudden deaths<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
      <p>Regarding the place of death, more than half of the events occurred at home (53.3%),
            which is known to be associated with lower success rates after attempted CPR<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. It can be observed that 49.7% of victims
            received CPR maneuvers, a result similar to that found in Maastricht, Netherlands, where
            51% of SCD victims received CPR maneuvers<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.
            Despite not reaching statistical significance, the number of SCD victims that received
            CPR increased over the years, which may reflect improvements in the health system, with
            a larger number of ambulances and emergency rooms in public and private hospitals.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>As mentioned before, SCD rates may be underestimated. Because this is a retrospective
               study, some specific data are lacking regarding events such as complete profile of
               risk factors for SCD victims, better description of the clinical manifestations
               presented by victims before death in witnessed cases and CPR procedures performed or
               autopsy protocols.</p>
        <p>Although the institution of reference for performing autopsies of our region is the
               SVOi, not all cases of SCD are referred to this service, as, according to Brazilian
               laws, if the death resulted from non-traumatic causes and if there is a physician
               aware of the case that is willing to sign the death certificate, referral of the
               victim to the autopsy examination is not mandatory. Finally, there are not specific
               forms for the investigation of SCD in SVOi.</p>
        <p>Although the study has several limitations, we believe our findings provide very
               important information about the characteristics of SCD in Brazil, also showing flaws
               in our medical documentation, which should be readily improved, e.g., by establishing
               specific autopsy protocols<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Sudden cardiac death accounted for about 20% of all non&#8209;traumatic deaths in this large
            Brazilian community, based on autopsy reports. Most SCD cases occurred due to ACS in men
            between the sixth and seventh decade of life. Most events occurred in the morning, at
            home and CPR maneuvers were performed on half of the victims. This study is particularly
            significant because it is the first to comprehensively evaluate the scenario of SCD in
            Brazil and to contribute to the development of preventive strategies in our social
            context.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Maria Fernanda Braggion
               Santos, from Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o
               Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burke</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Fornes</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Gallagher</surname>
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              <surname>de Gouveia</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
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              <given-names>M</given-names>
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    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Morte S&#250;bita Card&#237;aca no Brasil: An&#225;lise dos Casos de Ribeir&#227;o Preto
               (2006-2010)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braggion-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Volpe</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Jardim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pazin-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maciel</surname>
            <given-names>Benedito Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marin-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o
               Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia do Departamento de Cl&#237;nica
               M&#233;dica - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da
               Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o
               Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Emerg&#234;ncias Cl&#237;nicas do Departamento de
               Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da
               Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Maria Fernanda Braggion-Santos,</bold> Hospital
               das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo
               &#8211; Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Campus Universit&#225;rio, Monte
               Alegre CEP 14048-900 Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#8211; SP. E-mail:
                  <email>ferbraggion@cardiol.br</email>;
               <email>ferbraggion@yahoo.com.br</email>.</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Braggion-Santos MF, Volpe GJ, Pazin-Filho A,
                  Maciel BC, Marin-Neto JA, Schmidt A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Braggion-Santos MF;
                  An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Braggion-Santos MF, Volpe GJ, Schmidt A;
                  An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Braggion-Santos MF, Schmidt A; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito:
                  Braggion-Santos MF, Volpe GJ; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do
                  intelectual importante: Pazin- Filho A, Maciel BC, Marin-Neto JA, Schmidt A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (MSC) &#233; um evento s&#250;bito e inesperado, de causa
                  cardiovascular, que ocorre em menos de uma hora ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas, em
                  indiv&#237;duo sem qualquer condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica pr&#233;via potencialmente fatal ou
                  assintom&#225;tico nas &#250;ltimas 24 horas antes do &#243;bito, em caso de morte n&#227;o
                  testemunhada. Apesar de ser um evento relativamente frequente, h&#225; poucos dados
                  confi&#225;veis na literatura sobre pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Descrever as caracter&#237;sticas da MSC em Ribeir&#227;o Preto (SP 600.000 habitantes)
                  baseando-se nos relat&#243;rios de autopsias do Servi&#231;o de Verifica&#231;&#227;o de &#211;bitos do
                  Interior.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram revisados retrospectivamente 4.501 relat&#243;rios de autopsias entre 2006 e
                  2010, para identificar casos de MSC. Foram coletados dados como causa espec&#237;fica
                  do &#243;bito, caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e comorbidades das v&#237;timas, data, local e
                  hora do evento, e se foram realizadas manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar
                  (RCP).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram identificados 899 casos de MSC (20%; raz&#227;o 30/100.000 habitantes por ano). A
                  principal causa de MSC foi doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC - 64%), acometendo
                  homens (67%) entre a sexta e a s&#233;tima d&#233;cada de vida. A maior parte dos eventos
                  ocorreu durante a manh&#227;, no domic&#237;lio (53,3%), e a RCP foi realizada em quase
                  metade das v&#237;timas (49,7%). A comorbidade mais prevalente foi hipertens&#227;o arterial
                  sist&#234;mica (57,3%). Doen&#231;a de Chagas foi detectada em 49 casos (5,5%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A maioria dos casos de MSC ocorreu por DAC em homens entre a sexta e a s&#233;tima
                  d&#233;cada de vida. Doen&#231;a de Chagas, um importante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica na
                  Am&#233;rica Latina, foi detectada em 5,5% dos casos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita Card&#237;aca / epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Brasil</kwd>
        <kwd>Autopsia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (MSC) &#233; um evento inesperado, de causa card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS),
               a MSC &#233; um evento natural que ocorre em menos de uma hora do in&#237;cio dos sintomas, em
               indiv&#237;duos sem qualquer condi&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via potencialmente fatal. No entanto, 40% dos
               casos s&#227;o n&#227;o testemunhados e, nessas situa&#231;&#245;es, as v&#237;timas devem ter sido vistas
               assintom&#225;ticas nas &#250;ltimas 24 horas antes do evento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Estima-se uma incid&#234;ncia de MSC, nos Estados Unidos, entre 180.00-400.00
                  casos/ano<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Por&#233;m, uma estimativa acurada
               ainda n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel por v&#225;rias raz&#245;es: diferentes defini&#231;&#245;es de MSC utilizadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, estudos baseados em an&#225;lises retrospectivas de
               certificados de &#243;bito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> ou mesmo aus&#234;ncia de um
               sistema estruturado para reportar os casos de MSC em algumas regi&#245;es. Tais
               dificuldades s&#227;o mais evidentes em pa&#237;ses n&#227;o desenvolvidos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os indiv&#237;duos mais acometidos s&#227;o homens entre a sexta e a s&#233;tima d&#233;cada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. A epidemiologia da MSC correlaciona&#8209;se
               estreitamente com a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), sendo que at&#233; 80% das v&#237;timas
               t&#234;m DAC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Fatores de risco, como hipertens&#227;o
               arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes e tabagismo, aumentam o risco de MSC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, assim como disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda
               avan&#231;ada (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 30%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Em
               jovens, os diagn&#243;sticos mais comuns s&#227;o miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, anomalias de
               art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, displasia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito e
                  canalopatias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Na Am&#233;rica Latina, a doen&#231;a
               de Chagas &#233; uma causa significativa de MSC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>Varia&#231;&#245;es circadianas e sazonais de MSC foram descritas. Observa-se acentuada
               varia&#231;&#227;o na ocorr&#234;ncia de MSC com picos pela manh&#227;, nas segundas-feiras, nos meses de
                  inverno<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Situa&#231;&#245;es de estresse, como
               atentados terroristas ou eventos como a Copa do Mundo de Futebol, foram relacionadas
               a aumento das taxas de MSC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>.</p>
        <p>A alta incid&#234;ncia desse evento, combinada &#224;s baixas taxas de sobreviv&#234;ncia, torna a
               MSC um relevante problema<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Na Am&#233;rica Latina,
               poucos estudos com pequenas popula&#231;&#245;es e doen&#231;as card&#237;acas espec&#237;ficas foram
               realizados at&#233; o momento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Nosso objetivo foi descrever as caracter&#237;sticas da MSC em Ribeir&#227;o Preto
               (aproximadamente 600.00 habitantes) em cinco anos, de acordo com os relat&#243;rios de
               autopsias do Servi&#231;o de Verifica&#231;&#227;o de &#211;bitos do Interior (SVOi).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#233; uma cidade de m&#233;dio porte localizada no interior do estado de S&#227;o
               Paulo. Possui um &#243;rg&#227;o p&#250;blico vinculado &#224; Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da
               Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo o Servi&#231;o de Verifica&#231;&#227;o de &#211;bitos do Interior (SVOi) ,
               respons&#225;vel pelas autopsias de v&#237;timas de &#243;bitos de causa n&#227;o violenta encaminhados
               de qualquer servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de da cidade, de acordo com as leis federais vigentes,
               conforme solicita&#231;&#227;o do profissional de sa&#250;de que assistiu &#224; v&#237;tima.</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo foram analisados os formul&#225;rios de solicita&#231;&#227;o do exame necrosc&#243;pico
               e os laudos completos das autopsias realizadas pelo SVOi referentes &#224;s v&#237;timas do
               munic&#237;pio de Ribeir&#227;o Preto entre os anos de 2006 e 2010. Foram inclu&#237;dos todos os
               casos que preencheram os crit&#233;rios de MSC de acordo com a defini&#231;&#227;o mais amplamente
               utilizada da OMS: morte inesperada dentro de uma hora do in&#237;cio dos sintomas ou, em
               casos de morte n&#227;o testemunhada, quando a v&#237;tima foi vista em boas condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de
               nas 24 horas pr&#233;vias ao evento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Foram
               coletados dados referentes ao evento, como causa da morte relatada pelo m&#233;dico
               patologista que realizou o exame, caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e comorbidades das
               v&#237;timas, data, hora e local do evento, e realiza&#231;&#227;o de manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o
               cardiopulmonar (RCP). O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da nossa
               institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Inicialmente, foram exclu&#237;dos &#243;bitos de rec&#233;m-nascidos e crian&#231;as. Em seguida,
                  todos os indiv&#237;duos com causas de morte n&#227;o compat&#237;veis com morte s&#250;bita foram
                  exclu&#237;dos: doen&#231;as infecciosas, neoplasias malignas avan&#231;adas, doen&#231;as abdominais,
                  como obstru&#231;&#227;o intestinal ou &#250;lcera g&#225;strica perfurada, caquexia e repouso
                  prolongado no leito. Posteriormente, casos de morte s&#250;bita de origem n&#227;o card&#237;aca
                  tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos: tromboembolismo pulmonar, s&#237;ndromes a&#243;rticas agudas, asma
                  ou acidente vascular encef&#225;lico hemorr&#225;gico. Finalmente, foram tamb&#233;m exclu&#237;dos
                  casos com hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica n&#227;o compat&#237;vel com MSC, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios da
                  OMS empregados em nosso estudo ou com informa&#231;&#245;es incompletas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram expressos em valores absolutos e porcentagens. Foram utilizados o
                  teste param&#233;trico ANOVA e o p&#243;s-teste de Bonferroni para analisar vari&#225;veis
                  cont&#237;nuas, enquanto o teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado para avaliar vari&#225;veis
                  categ&#243;ricas. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas em programa
                  estat&#237;stico comercialmente dispon&#237;vel (InStat, vers&#227;o 3.0, GraphPad Software Inc,
                  Estados Unidos). Foi considerado estatisticamente significativo o valor de p &lt;
                  0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Casos de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>Entre 2006 e 2010, 4.501 autopsias foram realizadas em Ribeir&#227;o Preto.
                  Inicialmente, 2.053 casos de poss&#237;vel MSC foram selecionados; no entanto, ap&#243;s
                  an&#225;lise criteriosa, 718 casos foram exclu&#237;dos por n&#227;o preencherem todos os
                  crit&#233;rios para MSC, al&#233;m de 256 casos por informa&#231;&#245;es incompletas. Em 180 casos,
                  uma causa n&#227;o card&#237;aca de morte s&#250;bita foi identificada: 99 casos de s&#237;ndrome
                  a&#243;rtica aguda, 58 casos de tromboembolismo pulmonar, 21 casos de acidente vascular
                  encef&#225;lico hemorr&#225;gico e dois casos de asma. Desse modo, 899 casos (20% de todas
                  as autopsias) foram definidos como MSC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura
                     1</xref>). As taxas de MSC variaram de 28/100.000 habitantes em 2009 a
                  32/100.000 habitantes em 2007 e 2008 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura
                     2</xref>). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre as taxas de MSC entre os anos (p =
                  0,88).</p>
          <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diagrama de fluxo do estudo.</title>
              <p><sup>*</sup>&#211;bitos por outras causas: doen&#231;as infecciosas, neoplasias
                        malignas avan&#231;adas, doen&#231;as abdominais, caquexia, repouso prolongado no
                        leito. **Causas n&#227;o card&#237;acas de morte s&#250;bita: s&#237;ndromes a&#243;rticas agudas,
                        embolia pulmonar, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico hemorr&#225;gico, asma.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0120-40178-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Taxas de MSC (por 100.000 habitantes) em Ribeir&#227;o Preto de 2006 a 2010.
                        A taxa m&#233;dia de MSC foi 30/100.000 habitantes por ano, variando entre
                        28/100.000 habitantes em 2009 e 32/100.000 habitantes em 2007 e
                        2008.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0120-40178-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>. Os homens foram mais acometidos que
                  as mulheres (67% x 33%). A maior parte das v&#237;timas era da ra&#231;a branca (75% x 25%),
                  entre a sexta e a s&#233;tima d&#233;cada de vida (idade m&#233;dia 62,7 &#177; 13,2 anos).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas das v&#237;timas de MSC em Ribeir&#227;o Preto entre
                        2006-2010</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th align="center">N.&#186;</th>
                  <th align="center">%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td>
                    <bold>G&#234;nero</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Homens</td>
                  <td align="center">599</td>
                  <td align="center">67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mulheres</td>
                  <td align="center">300</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade, anos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>10-19</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>20-29</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>30-39</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">3,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>40-49</td>
                  <td align="center">114</td>
                  <td align="center">12,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>50-59</td>
                  <td align="center">190</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>60-69</td>
                  <td align="center">241</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>70-79</td>
                  <td align="center">231</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>80</td>
                  <td align="center">80</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ra&#231;a</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Brancos</td>
                  <td align="center">675</td>
                  <td align="center">75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Negros</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mulatos</td>
                  <td align="center">119</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Asi&#225;ticos</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>MSC: morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Causa do &#243;bito</title>
          <p>A causa mais prevalente de &#243;bito foi a s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, respons&#225;vel por
                  cerca de dois ter&#231;os (64%) de todos os casos de MSC. A segunda causa foi
                  miocardiopatia (32%), incluindo ambas as etiologias, isqu&#234;mica e n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica.
                  Foram observados tamb&#233;m o diagn&#243;stico de ponte mioc&#225;rdica em oito casos, um
                  diagn&#243;stico de miocardite confirmado por an&#225;lise histopatol&#243;gica e, em outro caso,
                  foi detectada acentuada hipoplasia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior em
                  uma mulher de 35 anos. Em 24 v&#237;timas (3%) n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel diagnosticar a causa do
                  &#243;bito, sendo considerados casos de morte s&#250;bita de causa indeterminada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o das causas de MSC entre as v&#237;timas de MSC em Ribeir&#227;o
                        Preto: 2006-2010</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Causa do &#243;bito</th>
                  <th align="center">N.&#186;</th>
                  <th align="center">%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</td>
                  <td align="center">576</td>
                  <td align="center">64,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Miocardiopatias<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">289</td>
                  <td align="center">32,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ponte mioc&#225;rdica</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Miocardite</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anomalia de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Indeterminada</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">2,7</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN02">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Miocardiopatias isqu&#234;micas e n&#227;o isqu&#234;micas; MCS: morte s&#250;bita
                           card&#237;aca.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fatores de risco para morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>Mais de um quinto dos pacientes (21,1%) v&#237;timas de MSC tinham algum tipo de doen&#231;a
                  card&#237;aca previamente conhecida. V&#225;rios fatores de risco para MSC foram encontrados
                  nesses pacientes, sendo o mais prevalente a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica
                  (57,3%). Observamos, ainda, 56 pacientes (6,2%) com antecedente de abuso de &#225;lcool
                     (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fatores de risco para MSC entre as v&#237;timas de MSC em Ribeir&#227;o Preto:
                        2006-2010</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Fatores de risco para MSC</th>
                  <th align="center">N.&#186;</th>
                  <th align="center">%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAS</td>
                  <td align="center">515</td>
                  <td align="center">57,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural</td>
                  <td align="center">190</td>
                  <td align="center">21,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">138</td>
                  <td align="center">15,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">79</td>
                  <td align="center">8,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center">77</td>
                  <td align="center">8,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Abuso de &#225;lcool</td>
                  <td align="center">56</td>
                  <td align="center">6,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</td>
                  <td align="center">49</td>
                  <td align="center">5,5</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>HAS: Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; MSC: morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</title>
          <p>Quarenta e nove pacientes (5,5%) tiveram o diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a de Chagas,
                  incluindo aqueles com miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica previamente conhecida e aqueles com
                  sorologia positiva no momento da autopsia. &#201; interessante observar que a propor&#231;&#227;o
                  de pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas se reduziu de 2006 a 2010 (12
                  pacientes: 7,1% em 2006; 13 pacientes: 7,0% em 2007; 11 pacientes: 5,8% em 2008;
                  cinco pacientes: 3,0% em 2009; oito pacientes: 4,3% em 2010), por&#233;m a diferen&#231;a no
                  decorrer dos anos n&#227;o atingiu signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,14).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Varia&#231;&#227;o temporal da morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise dos casos de MSC mostrou varia&#231;&#227;o circadiana, com menor n&#250;mero de casos
                  durante a madrugada (p &lt; 0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o aos outros per&#237;odos do dia) seguida
                  por aumento significativo nas primeiras horas da manh&#227;, que foi o per&#237;odo com o
                  maior n&#250;mero de eventos de MSC (p &lt; 0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o aos outros per&#237;odos do
                  dia). Em 10% dos casos, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel determinar a hora do evento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 3A</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Histograma da varia&#231;&#227;o temporal de MSC. A) Histograma da varia&#231;&#227;o
                        circadiana de MSC. O per&#237;odo da manh&#227; foi o per&#237;odo com a maior parte dos
                        eventos de MSC (p &lt; 0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o aos outros per&#237;odos). B)
                        Histograma da varia&#231;&#227;o semanal de MSC. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os dias da
                        semana (p = 0,79). C) Histograma da varia&#231;&#227;o mensal de MSC. Os eventos de
                        MSC tenderam a ocorrer com maior frequ&#234;ncia nos meses de maio e junho, por&#233;m
                        sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,06).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0120-40178-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <p>An&#225;lises posteriores n&#227;o revelaram predom&#237;nio em qualquer dia da semana (p = 0,79;
                     <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 3B</xref>) ou em qualquer m&#234;s do ano (p =
                  0,06), no entanto os eventos tenderam a ocorrer com maior frequ&#234;ncia nos meses de
                  maio e junho (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 3C</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Local do &#243;bito</title>
          <p>Mais da metade dos &#243;bitos ocorreu no domic&#237;lio (53,3%). Em seguida, os &#243;bitos
                  ocorreram em salas de emerg&#234;ncia (37,8%), para onde a grande maioria dos pacientes
                  foi levada em parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, denominada &#8220;morte na chegada&#8221;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Ressalte-se ainda que 8,2% dos eventos
                  ocorreram em locais p&#250;blicos e que seis homens foram a &#243;bito (0,7%) durante
                  pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica (m&#233;dia de idade de 35 anos).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar</title>
          <p>No total, 447 de 899 pacientes receberam manobras de RCP (49,7%). Em 2006, a RCP
                  foi realizada em 43,4% dos pacientes, e essa propor&#231;&#227;o aumentou no decorrer dos
                  anos, chegando a 54,4% das v&#237;timas submetidas a RCP em 2010. Observa-se clara
                  tend&#234;ncia a aumento de realiza&#231;&#227;o de manobras de RCP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 4</xref>), por&#233;m atingindo signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica marginal
                  (p = 0,05).</p>
          <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Propor&#231;&#227;o das v&#237;timas de MSC que receberam manobras de RCP em Ribeir&#227;o
                        Preto (2006-2010). Ao todo, 447 das 899 v&#237;timas receberam RCP (49,7%). Houve
                        clara tend&#234;ncia a aumento do n&#250;mero de v&#237;timas que receberam RCP entre 2006
                        e 2010 (p = 0,05).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0120-40178-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es adicionais</title>
          <p>Apesar de a MSC estar presente na Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional das Doen&#231;as 10
                  (CID-10) com o c&#243;digo I46-1<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, somente 3,6%
                  dos formul&#225;rios preenchidos pelos m&#233;dicos que atenderam as v&#237;timas e 2,2% dos
                  laudos de autopsia liberados pelos patologistas tiveram esse diagn&#243;stico como
                  &#8220;causa do &#243;bito&#8221;. Finalmente, em 26 casos (2,9%) foi realizada an&#225;lise
                  microsc&#243;pica do cora&#231;&#227;o com base na hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica de miocardite, no entanto
                  o diagn&#243;stico foi confirmado em somente um caso.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>At&#233; onde temos conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo que caracteriza v&#225;rios aspectos
               relacionados &#224; MSC no Brasil. Pelo fato de existirem poucos dados referentes a esse
               t&#243;pico, tanto no Brasil quanto em outros pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina, &#233; muito importante
               o conhecimento das taxas de MSC em nossa comunidade, as circunst&#226;ncias do evento e as
               caracter&#237;sticas das v&#237;timas, para que estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o sejam desenvolvidas e
               testadas, algumas delas espec&#237;ficas da nossa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A taxa de MSC em Ribeir&#227;o Preto foi em torno de 30/100.000 habitantes. Em outras
               comunidades ao redor do mundo, a incid&#234;ncia de MSC variou entre 37/100.000 habitantes
               em Okinawa, Jap&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, e 90-100/100.000
               habitantes em Maastricht, Holanda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, sendo que
               a maioria dos estudos reportou incid&#234;ncia semelhante de MSC, um pouco acima de
               50/100.000 residentes: em Oregon, Estados Unidos (53/100.000 residentes)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>, e em uma comunidade localizada no oeste da
               Irlanda (51,2/100.000)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o aos dados referentes a outras comunidades, a taxa m&#233;dia de MSC em nossa
               popula&#231;&#227;o foi menor. H&#225; algumas poss&#237;veis raz&#245;es para essa diferen&#231;a. Primeiramente,
               analisamos apenas dados do SVOi; desse modo, nossos dados podem estar subestimados
               porque nem todos os &#243;bitos que ocorreram no munic&#237;pio de Ribeir&#227;o Preto no per&#237;odo
               analisado foram encaminhados para autopsia. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foram computados os
               sobreviventes de MSC. Outra raz&#227;o para tal diferen&#231;a foi a exclus&#227;o dos casos com
               dados inconclusivos. No entanto, sabe-se que a epidemiologia da MSC est&#225; fortemente
               ligada &#224; incid&#234;ncia de DAC e, no Brasil, a mortalidade por DAC &#233; estimada em
               48/100.000 habitantes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>, enquanto nos Estados
               Unidos &#233; cerca de tr&#234;s vezes maior (135/100.000)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Tais fatores podem estar relacionados ao menor desenvolvimento
               econ&#244;mico do nosso pa&#237;s; por&#233;m, devido ao fato de n&#227;o haver dados confi&#225;veis
               dispon&#237;veis, tanto referentes &#224; nossa popula&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; de outros pa&#237;ses em
               desenvolvimento, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel estabelecer compara&#231;&#245;es adequadas.</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, a maioria das v&#237;timas foram homens, da ra&#231;a branca, entre 60 e 80
               anos. De acordo com dados recentes, a MSC ocorre com maior frequ&#234;ncia entre a sexta e
               a s&#233;tima d&#233;cada de vida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, conforme os nossos
               achados. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o de MSC por g&#234;neros, houve uma mudan&#231;a do padr&#227;o no
               decorrer dos anos, com aumento na propor&#231;&#227;o de eventos em mulheres<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Estudos anteriores mostravam uma propor&#231;&#227;o de
               mulheres/homens de 25:75<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>, no entanto em
               estudos mais recentes a propor&#231;&#227;o de mulheres/homens aumentou para 40:60<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, provavelmente por causa do aumento na
               preval&#234;ncia e mortalidade por DAC em mulheres no decorrer dos anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. N&#243;s encontramos 67% dos eventos em homens,
               similar ao descrito na literatura. Finalmente, a maioria das v&#237;timas de MSC era da
               ra&#231;a branca (75%). No entanto, &#233; importante ressaltar que temos uma distribui&#231;&#227;o
               racial heterog&#234;nea em diferentes regi&#245;es do Brasil e, desse modo, esse achado n&#227;o
               deve ser extrapolado ou considerado representativo de todo o pa&#237;s.</p>
        <p>S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda foi respons&#225;vel pela maioria dos casos de MSC (64%), sendo
               que cardiomiopatia foi a segunda causa mais comum em nossa casu&#237;stica (32%),
               incluindo as doen&#231;as do mioc&#225;rdio de etiologia isqu&#234;mica e n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica. Estudos
               demonstram que at&#233; 80% dos casos de MSC s&#227;o associados com DAC. Cerca de 10-15% dos
               casos ocorrem em pacientes com doen&#231;as do mioc&#225;rdio, como miocardiopatia
               hipertr&#243;fica, miocadiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica, displasia arritmog&#234;nica do
               ventr&#237;culo direito ou doen&#231;as infiltrativas mioc&#225;rdicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Em nosso
               estudo n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel separar as v&#237;timas de MSC por doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas ou n&#227;o
               isqu&#234;micas do mioc&#225;rdio, pela dificuldade de diferenciar alguns casos de acordo com
               as informa&#231;&#245;es presentes nos relat&#243;rios analisados. Como exemplo de tal limita&#231;&#227;o,
               algumas v&#237;timas de MSC tinham DAC e doen&#231;a de Chagas, sendo que ambas as doen&#231;as
               podem induzir arritmias letais, impossibilitando a defini&#231;&#227;o de qual seria a
               patologia respons&#225;vel pelo evento. Tal fato pode explicar as taxas mais baixas de DAC
               como causa de MSC e o maior n&#250;mero de eventos por doen&#231;as do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; doen&#231;a de Chagas, 49 v&#237;timas de MSC (5,5%) tiveram esse diagn&#243;stico em
               seus laudos do exame de autopsia. Apesar de a OMS ter certificado, em 2006, que a
               transmiss&#227;o vetorial da doen&#231;a de Chagas estava eliminada em nosso pa&#237;s, o Brasil &#233;
               considerado com alta preval&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o humana (1% de nossa popula&#231;&#227;o 1.900.000
               indiv&#237;duos infectados em 2005)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>, e a
               cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica ainda tem um importante papel no cen&#225;rio da mortalidade
               cardiovascular em nosso pa&#237;s, especialmente nos casos de morte s&#250;bita<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em 24 casos (2,2%), a causa do &#243;bito n&#227;o p&#244;de ser identificada. As v&#237;timas tinham o
               cora&#231;&#227;o estruturalmente normal, sendo que alguns desses casos poderiam estar
               relacionados a doen&#231;as gen&#233;ticas, como canalopatias, vias acess&#243;rias n&#227;o
               diagnosticadas ou vasoespasmo coronariano<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>.</p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural, como infarto pr&#233;vio do mioc&#225;rdio ou
               disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, &#233; um importante fator de risco para MSC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Em nosso estudo, mais de 20% das v&#237;timas
               tinham alguma doen&#231;a card&#237;aca relatada por familiares. Observamos, ainda, que
               hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica foi o fator de risco mais prevalente entre as v&#237;timas
               de MSC (57,3%), sendo que pacientes hipertensos, principalmente aqueles com
               hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, apresentam maior risco de MSC que a popula&#231;&#227;o
                  geral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Outros fatores de risco, como
               diabetes, tabagismo, obesidade e dislipidemia, tamb&#233;m foram encontrados, por&#233;m em
               menores propor&#231;&#245;es, sugerindo que tais dados estejam subestimados, por algumas raz&#245;es
               descritas a seguir. Primeiramente, foram coletados dados retrospectivos, e n&#227;o havia
               question&#225;rios espec&#237;ficos nos formul&#225;rios analisados. N&#227;o foram avaliados os
               prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos das v&#237;timas. Finalmente, algumas doen&#231;as, como diabetes ou
               dislipidemia, podem ser subdiagnosticadas em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que o
               diagn&#243;stico depende de exames laboratoriais, muitas vezes n&#227;o realizados de rotina.
               Abuso de &#225;lcool foi detectado em 6,2% dos casos, similar ao estudo em uma comunidade
               localizada no oeste da Irlanda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        <p>Sabe-se que a distribui&#231;&#227;o temporal de MSC tem um padr&#227;o definido, com a maioria dos
               eventos ocorrendo pela manh&#227;, nas segundas-feiras, nos meses de inverno<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Em nossa casu&#237;stica, houve maior n&#250;mero de
               eventos pela manh&#227;, sem diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dias da semana ou meses do ano, este
               &#250;ltimo caso podendo ser explicado pela aus&#234;ncia de esta&#231;&#245;es bem definidas em nossa
               regi&#227;o. O maior n&#250;mero de eventos pela manh&#227; foi previamente atribu&#237;do ao aumento da
               descarga simp&#225;tica que ocorre no despertar, causando maior n&#250;mero de acidentes
               vasculares encef&#225;licos, s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas e mortes s&#250;bitas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>.</p>
        <p>Sobre o local de ocorr&#234;ncia do &#243;bito, mais de metade dos eventos ocorreu no domic&#237;lio
               (53,3%), o que &#233; sabidamente associado a menores taxas de sucesso ap&#243;s tentativa de
                  RCP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. Nota-se que 49,7% das v&#237;timas
               receberam manobras de RCP, resultado similar ao encontrado em Maastricht, Holanda, em
               que 51% das v&#237;timas de MSC receberam manobras de RCP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Apesar de n&#227;o atingir signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, o n&#250;mero de v&#237;timas
               de MSC que receberam RCP aumentou no decorrer dos anos, o que pode ser reflexo das
               melhorias no sistema de sa&#250;de, com maior n&#250;mero de ambul&#226;ncias e salas de emerg&#234;ncia
               em hospitais p&#250;blicos e privados.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Como j&#225; mencionado anteriormente, as taxas de MSC podem estar subestimadas. Pelo
                  fato de ser um estudo retrospectivo, faltam alguns dados espec&#237;ficos referentes
                  aos eventos, como perfil completo dos fatores de risco das v&#237;timas de MSC, melhor
                  descri&#231;&#227;o das manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas apresentadas pelas v&#237;timas antes do &#243;bito em
                  casos testemunhados e dos procedimentos de RCP realizados ou dos protocolos de
                  autopsia. Apesar de a institui&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia de nosso munic&#237;pio para a
                  realiza&#231;&#227;o de autopsias ser o SVOi, nem todos os casos de MSC s&#227;o encaminhados a
                  esse servi&#231;o, uma vez que, de acordo com as leis brasileiras se o &#243;bito ocorreu
                  por causa n&#227;o traum&#225;tica e existe um m&#233;dico ciente do caso que se disponha a
                  assinar o atestado de &#243;bito , n&#227;o &#233; mandat&#243;rio o encaminhamento da v&#237;tima para o
                  exame de autopsia. Por &#250;ltimo, n&#227;o existem formul&#225;rios espec&#237;ficos para a
                  investiga&#231;&#227;o de MSC no SVOi.</p>
          <p>Apesar de o estudo ter v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es, acreditamos que nossos achados fornecem
                  informa&#231;&#245;es de extrema import&#226;ncia sobre as caracter&#237;sticas da MSC no Brasil,
                  mostrando tamb&#233;m falhas em nossa documenta&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, o que deve ser prontamente
                  melhorado, por exemplo, atrav&#233;s do estabelecimento de protocolos espec&#237;ficos de
                     autopsias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca foi respons&#225;vel por cerca de 20% de todos os &#243;bitos n&#227;o
               traum&#225;ticos nessa grande comunidade brasileira, com base em relat&#243;rios de autopsias.
               A maioria dos casos de MSC ocorreu por SCA, em homens, entre a sexta e a s&#233;tima
               d&#233;cada de vida. A maior parte dos eventos Morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca foi respons&#225;vel por
               cerca de 20% de todos os &#243;bitos n&#227;o traum&#225;ticos nessa grande comunidade brasileira,
               com base em relat&#243;rios de autopsias. A maioria dos casos de MSC ocorreu por SCA, em
               homens, entre a sexta e a s&#233;tima d&#233;cada de vida. A maior parte dos eventos</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Maria Fernanda Braggion Santos
                  pela Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
