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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BgzsMvPXYm3WgsxN6wJcvLw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000200004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040179</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140179</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Relationship between Neutrophil-To-Lymphocyte Ratio and Electrocardiographic
          Ischemia Grade in STEMI</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yalcinkaya</surname>
            <given-names>Emre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yuksel</surname>
            <given-names>Uygar Cagdas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Celik</surname>
            <given-names>Murat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kabul</surname>
            <given-names>Hasan Kutsi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barcin</surname>
            <given-names>Cem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gokoglan</surname>
            <given-names>Yalcin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yildirim</surname>
            <given-names>Erkan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Iyisoy</surname>
            <given-names>Atila</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Aksaz Military Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Aksaz Military Hospital - Department of
          Cardiology</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Gulhane Military Medical Academy</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Gulhane Military Medical Academy - School of Medicine -
          Department of Cardiology</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Emre Yalcinkaya,</bold>, Aksaz Asker Hastanesi
          Kardiyoloji Bolumu Marmaris - Mugla. 48750 &#8211; Turkey. Email:
            <email>dremreyalcinkaya@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data and
            Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Yalcinkaya E, Yuksel UC,
            Celik M, Kabul HK, Barcin C, Gokoglan Y, Yildirim E, Iyisoy A; Acquisition of data:
            Yalcinkaya E, Celik M, Gokoglan Y, Yildirim E; Statistical analysis: Yalcinkaya E,
            Yuksel UC, Celik M, Barcin C; Writing of the manuscript: Yalcinkaya E, Barcin C.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>112</fpage>
      <lpage>119</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
            Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial
            use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
            properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been found to be a good predictor of future
            adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial
            infarction (STEMI). Changes in the QRS terminal portion have also been associated with
            adverse outcomes following STEMI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate the relationship between ECG ischemia grade and NLR in patients
            presenting with STEMI, in order to determine additional conventional risk factors for
            early risk stratification.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Patients with STEMI were investigated. The grade of ischemia was analyzed from the ECG
            performed on admission. White blood cells and subtypes were measured as part of the
            automated complete blood count (CBC) analysis. Patients were classified into two groups
            according to the ischemia grade presented on the admission ECG, as grade 2 ischemia
            (G2I) and grade 3 ischemia (G3I).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Patients with G3I had significantly lower mean left ventricular ejection fraction than
            those in G2I (44.58 &#177; 7.23 vs. 48.44 &#177; 7.61, p = 0.001). As expected, in-hospital
            mortality rate increased proportionally with the increase in ischemia grade (p = 0.036).
            There were significant differences in percentage of lymphocytes (p = 0.010) and
            percentage of neutrophils (p = 0.004), and therefore, NLR was significantly different
            between G2I and G3I patients (p &lt; 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis
            revealed that only NLR was the independent variable with a significant effect on ECG
            ischemia grade (odds ratio = 1.254, 95% confidence interval 1.120&#8211;1.403, p &lt;
            0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>We found an association between G3I and elevated NLR in patients with STEMI. We believe
            that such an association might provide an additional prognostic value for risk
            stratification in patients with STEMI when combined with standardized risk scores.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>ST elevation myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio</kwd>
        <kwd>electrocardiographically grade 3 ischemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Early risk stratification is recommended in daily clinical practice to predict the infarct
        size, success of epicardial recanalization and risk of adverse outcomes in patients
        presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). In addition to the
        current risk scores, interest has recently been directed to the development of a set of
        bedside tools obtained from admission data to promptly predict the prognosis of arterial
        recanalization. Electrocardiographic and biochemical parameters are the mostly studied
        admission parameters to define the prognosis of patients with STEMI.</p>
      <p>Complete blood count (CBC) analysis is routinely performed on admission and carries
        important prognostic information. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a combination of
        two independent markers of inflammation, is regarded as a simple, non-specific marker of
          inflammation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. In this context, the NLR has been
        evaluated in various studies of coronary artery disease (CAD), especially STEMI, and emerged
        as a new, inexpensive risk assessment tool for patients with STEMI prior to
          revascularization<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Additionally, a number of parameters on the presenting
        electrocardiogram (ECG) have previously been associated with adverse outcomes following
          STEMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. One of these parameters is the grade of
        ischemia, which can be readily determined by the presence of distortion of the terminal
        portion of the QRS complex on admission ECG without requiring any measurement<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Increased ischemia grade has been found in association
        with failure of myocardial reperfusion independent of other key predictors of outcomes in
        STEMI patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Although both NLR and ischemia grade
        have been shown to be useful in predicting adverse outcomes in patients with STEMI, their
        mechanisms are unclear and therefore, NLR and ischemia grade are not integrated in any risk
        scoring system.</p>
      <p>We hypothesized that the prognostic value of leukocyte subtypes may at least be partially
        linked to a possible association with ECG ischemia grades in STEMI. In our study, we sought
        to identify available clinical and ECG characteristics on admission that might predict
        myocardial reperfusion and investigate whether NLR is related to ischemia grade on the
        admission ECG in patients with STEMI.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients</title>
        <p>We investigated 253 patients who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention
          (pPCI) between February 2011 and June 2013 after diagnosis of STEMI. The diagnosis of
          myocardial infarction (MI) was determined by the occurrence of classic symptoms of
          coronary ischemia within 12 hours, elevation in cardiac biomarkers and detection of
          ST-segment elevation in two contiguous leads, as well defined by the guidelines of the
          American College of Cardiology and the European Society of Cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Clinical and
          demographic characteristics were obtained from patients&#8217; medical records retrieved from
          the computerized hospital database. The following variables were retrospectively analyzed:
          age, cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus and
          hypercholesterolemia), cardiovascular history (prior coronary revascularization,
          congestive heart failure and MI), and relevant family history of CAD, as well as systolic
          and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate on admission. Exclusion criteria included
          clinical evidence of active infection, systemic inflammatory disease, hematological
          disease, end-stage liver and kidney diseases, systemic autoimmune disease, known
          malignancy, isolated posterior MI, presence of left bundle branch block, paced /
          ventricular rhythm or grade 1 ischemia (G1I) on the presenting ECG, lack of laboratory
          data and unavailable ECG records. A total of 50 patients who met the exclusion criteria
          were not considered for the study. The final cohort analyzed consisted of 203 patients.
          The local ethics committee of our institute approved the study protocol.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Electrocardiographic analysis</title>
        <p>On admission, 12 lead ECGs were immediately obtained at 25 mm/sec paper speed, and 10 mV
          gain. STEMI was determined by the occurrence of ST segment elevation, of 0.2 mV measured
          at the J point in leads V1-V3 or 0.1 mV on at least two contiguous leads of the remaining
          leads. The first ECG obtained after pPCI was analyzed for ST segment resolution (STR). As
          recommended by guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, we evaluated the percentage difference between the
          sum of the ST-segment elevation on the ECGs performed on admission and after the
          procedure. We defined as a complete STR the finding of a resolution &#8805; 70%, as partial STR
          a resolution between 30% and 69%, and as having no STR a resolution &lt; 30%. The grade of
          ischemia was analyzed on the admission ECG. A G1I was defined as the presence of
          symmetrical, tall and peaked T waves, grade 2 ischemia (G2I) as ST elevation without
          distortion of the terminal portion of the QRS complex (J-point elevation &gt; 1.0 mm but
          &lt; 50% of the R-wave amplitude) and grade 3 ischemia (G3I) as ST elevation with
          distortion of the terminal portion of the QRS complex (ST&#8211;J-point amplitude &gt; 50% of
          the R wave in leads with qR configuration, or absence of the S wave in leads with Rs
          configuration), as previously described<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Two investigators blinded to the patients&#8217;
          angiographic and clinical data analyzed the ECGs. After excluding patients with G1I, the
          remaining were classified into G2I and G3I according to their ischemia grade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Biochemical analysis</title>
        <p>Blood samples were drawn from the antecubital vein within 1 hour of admission. White
          blood cells (WBC) and subtypes were measured as part of the automated CBC analysis before
          pPCI and prior to starting any medication to prevent interference with the results. The
          NLR was automatically computed as the neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio, both obtained from
          the same blood sample. Other biochemical measurements including cardiac biomarkers, renal
          function, electrolytes and lipid panel were measured using standard laboratory
          methods.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Angiographic analysis</title>
        <p>After an administration of bolus injection of intravenous heparin (70 U/kg), a coronary
          angiography was performed using the Judkins technique as immediately as possible. The
          decision on the type of coronary revascularization (pPCI or urgent coronary artery bypass
          grafting) was established according to current guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. The pPCI only targeted
          the infarct-related artery (IRA). Direct stenting was performed whenever possible, while
          the remaining cases were managed with balloon predilatation. A pPCI was considered
          successful when associated with angiographic success and relief of presenting symptoms,
          without adverse procedural results (coronary dissection, no-reflow, coronary emboli,
          residual thrombus or &gt; 50% residual stenosis) or major adverse outcome (stroke,
          emergent coronary artery bypass graft or death). Stented patients received adjunctive dual
          antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin. The selection criterion for
          drug-eluting or bare&#8209;metal stent and the use of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor
          antagonists were left to the operator&#8217;s discretion.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The data were tested for normal distributions using the Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test.
          Continuous variables were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) and categorical
          variables as percentages. Independent samples t test and chi-square test were used to
          compare quantitative and categorical data, respectively, between groups. Univariate
          correlation with NLR was performed with Spearman&#8217;s and Pearson&#8217;s correlation coefficients.
          Following univariate correlations, a multivariate linear regression model with a backward
          selection process was applied to identify independent predictors of NLR. The effects of
          various variables on ECG ischemia grade were evaluated with backward stepwise multivariate
          logistic regression analysis. Differences were considered statistically significant when
          the p value was &lt; 0.05. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, Chicago,
          Illinois, USA) version 20 was used for all calculations and statistical analyses.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 203 patients (163 men, mean age = 59.78 &#177; 13.49 years) with STEMI were included
        in this study. Patients were classified into two groups according to the ischemia grade on
        admission ECG. Group 1 consisted of 126 patients with G2I (103 men, mean age = 59.15 &#177; 13.36
        years) and group 2 consisted of 77 patients with G3I (60 men, mean age = 60.83 &#177; 13.71
        years). Baseline clinical and demographic characteristics were similar in both groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>). A transthoracic echocardiography, performed on
        admission on all patients, showed that patients with G3I had significantly lower mean left
        ventricular ejection fraction than those with G2I (44.58 &#177; 7.23 vs. 48.44 &#177; 7.61, p =
        0.001). All patients had subtotal or total occlusion of the IRA before pPCI procedure. The
        LAD was defined as the IRA in 39.7% of patients with G2I and 59.7% of patients with G3I (p =
        0.031), therefore, the frequency of anterior MI was significantly higher than that of
        non-anterior MI in patients with G3I compared with G2I patients (46 patients vs. 50
        patients, p = 0.002). pPCI with stent implantation was performed in 147 (72.1%) patients
        participating in the study.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Basal demographic and clinical characteristics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">Grade 2 Ischemia (n = 126)</th>
              <th align="center">Grade 3 Ischemia (n = 77)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Age, (years)</td>
              <td align="center">59.15 &#177; 13.36</td>
              <td align="center">60.83 &#177; 13.71</td>
              <td align="center">0.391</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Male, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">103 (81.7)</td>
              <td align="center">60 (77.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.312</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">56 (44.4)</td>
              <td align="center">38 (49.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.296</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Hyperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">39 (31.2)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (19.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.047</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (24)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (27.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.360</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Smoking, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">37 (29.4)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (28.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.517</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Previous coronary artery disease, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">32 (25.4)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (19.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.213</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Admission systolic blood pressure, (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">129.79 &#177; 23.63</td>
              <td align="center">133.89 &#177; 22.83</td>
              <td align="center">0.231</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Admission diastolic blood pressure, (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">76.24 &#177; 13.80</td>
              <td align="center">78.86 &#177; 16.47</td>
              <td align="center">0.229</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Admission heart rate, (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">76.69 &#177; 11.79</td>
              <td align="center">78.92 &#177; 11.51</td>
              <td align="center">0.188</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Time from symptoms to admission (hour)</td>
              <td align="center">4.36 &#177; 3.18</td>
              <td align="center">5.15 &#177; 3.88</td>
              <td align="center">0.129</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Hospitalization (days)</td>
              <td align="center">5.26 &#177; 1.23</td>
              <td align="center">5.44 &#177; 1.38</td>
              <td align="center">0.359</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Left ventricular ejection fraction (%)</td>
              <td align="center">48.44 &#177; 7.61</td>
              <td align="center">44.58 &#177; 7.23</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Anterior myocardial infarction, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">50 (39.7)</td>
              <td align="center">46 (61.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td colspan="2">
                <bold>Infarct-related artery</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Left anterior descending artery</td>
              <td align="center">50 (39.7)</td>
              <td align="center">46 (59.7)</td>
              <td rowspan="4" align="center">0.031</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Circumflex artery</td>
              <td align="center">26 (20.6)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (18.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Right coronary artery</td>
              <td align="center">46 (36.5)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (19.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>LMCA/SVG/intermediate/diagonal/ obtuse</td>
              <td align="center">4 (3.2)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (2.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>PCI with stent implantation, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">87 (69.0)</td>
              <td align="center">60 (77.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.112</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td colspan="2">
                <bold>ST-segment resolution, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Complete</td>
              <td align="center">109 (86.5)</td>
              <td align="center">54 (70.1)</td>
              <td rowspan="3" align="center">0.008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Partial</td>
              <td align="center">14 (11.1)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (19.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>No</td>
              <td align="center">3 (2.4)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (10.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td colspan="2">
                <bold>In-hospital mortality, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>5 (4.0)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>9 (11.7)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.036</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>LMCA: left main coronary artery, SVG: saphenous vein graft, PCI: percutaneous
              coronary intervention.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>There were no statistically significant differences between groups in terms of time from
        symptoms to admission, door&#8209;to&#8209;needle time, PCI with stent implantation, type of stent used
        and medication administered (including glycoprotein <italic>IIb/IIIa</italic> inhibitors and
        dual antiplatelet therapy).</p>
      <p>For STR, there was a statistically significant difference between the groups. Partial and
        no STR were more frequent in G3I patients, whereas the rate of complete STR was higher in
        G2I patients (p = 0.008). As expected, in-hospital mortality rate increased proportionally
        to the increase in grade of ischemia (p = 0.036).</p>
      <p>There were significant differences in percentages of lymphocytes (p = 0.010) and
        neutrophils (p = 0.004), consequently, NLR was significantly different in G2I and G3I
        patients (p &lt; 0.001). In contrast, WBC did not differ between groups. After categorizing
        the patients according to their STR findings, we found that patients with no STR had higher
        NLR values compared with those with complete and partial STR. Mean NLR value was 3.55 &#177; 2.48
        for patients with complete STR, 6.26 &#177; 3.62 for those with partial STR and 8.44 &#177; 5.67 for
        those with no STR (p &lt; 0.001). NLR was also higher in patients in whom in-hospital
        mortality occurred than the remaining patients (6.42 &#177; 6.11 vs. 4.03 &#177; 2.84, p = 0.007).
        Other hematological and biochemical parameters were similar in both groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Hematological and biochemical parameters</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2">&#160;</th>
              <th align="center">Grade 2 Ischemia (n = 126)</th>
              <th align="center">Grade 3 Ischemia (n = 77)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Serum glucose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">141.36 &#177; 56.51</td>
              <td align="center">155.85 &#177; 60.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.085</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Urea, (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">37.78 &#177; 15.92</td>
              <td align="center">41.88 &#177; 19.18</td>
              <td align="center">0.102</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Creatinine, (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">1.08 &#177; 0.33</td>
              <td align="center">1.19 &#177; 0.81</td>
              <td align="center">0.194</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Serum uric acid, (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">6.08 &#177; 1.64</td>
              <td align="center">5.98 &#177; 2.09</td>
              <td align="center">0.759</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">41.08 &#177; 8.41</td>
              <td align="center">39.68 &#177; 8.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.260</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">118.44 &#177; 35.55</td>
              <td align="center">112.49 &#177; 40.70</td>
              <td align="center">0.296</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Triglycerides, (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">140.48 &#177; 77.64</td>
              <td align="center">151.47 &#177; 141.43</td>
              <td align="center">0.494</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Total serum cholesterol, (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">186.99 &#177; 39.37</td>
              <td align="center">177.10 &#177; 45.20</td>
              <td align="center">0.117</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">White blood cells, (10<sup>3</sup> &#181;L)</td>
              <td align="center">11. 40 &#177; 33.34</td>
              <td align="center">12.30 &#177; 40.52</td>
              <td align="center">0.088</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Neutrophils, (10<sup>3</sup> &#181;L)</td>
              <td align="center">7.45 &#177; 3.15</td>
              <td align="center">8.95 &#177; 4.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Lymphocytes, (10<sup>3</sup> &#181;L)</td>
              <td align="center">2.86 &#177; 1.55</td>
              <td align="center">2.28 &#177; 1.47</td>
              <td align="center">0.010</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td>Neutrophil / lymphocyte ratio</td>
              <td align="center">3.40 &#177; 2.38</td>
              <td align="center">5.51 &#177; 3.90</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Hemoglobin, (g/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">14.12 &#177; 1.93</td>
              <td align="center">14.05 &#177; 2.16</td>
              <td align="center">0.800</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Hematocrit, (%)</td>
              <td align="center">41.51 &#177; 5.19</td>
              <td align="center">41.19 &#177; 5.61</td>
              <td align="center">0.682</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Platelet count, (10<sup>3</sup> &#181;L)</td>
              <td align="center">252.11 &#177; 72.25</td>
              <td align="center">254.54 &#177; 73.70</td>
              <td align="center">0.818</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Mean platelet volume, (fL)</td>
              <td align="center">8.24 &#177; 1.01</td>
              <td align="center">8.27 &#177; 0.95</td>
              <td align="center">0.833</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">Red cell distribution width (%)</td>
              <td align="center">12.78 &#177; 1.27</td>
              <td align="center">13.09 &#177; 1.82</td>
              <td align="center">0.170</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In univariate correlation analysis, STR, ischemia grade, time from symptoms to admission,
        in-hospital mortality, hospitalization duration, admission systolic blood pressure, and
        serum glucose and urea correlated significantly with NLR (p &lt; 0.05 for all). Variables
        that correlated significantly with NLR and other variables (hyperlipidemia, left ventricular
        ejection fraction, anterior MI and infarct related artery) that exhibited significant
        differences between the G2I and G3I groups were included in the univariate regression
        analysis. To determine the independent variables likely to predict NLR, including variables
        that remained in the univariate regression model (p &lt; 0.05), a backward multivariate
        linear regression analysis was performed. We found that ECG ischemia grade (&#946; = 1.017, p =
        0.001), STR (&#946; = 2.527, p &lt; 0.001) and in-hospital mortality (&#946; = -2.445, p = 0.025) were
        significant independent predictors of NLR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).
        Variables included in the univariate regression model for prediction of NLR and other
        variables (NLR, age and gender) considered as predictors of ECG ischemia grade were
        evaluated with univariate logistic regression analysis. Variables that remained in the
        univariate regression model (p &lt; 0.05) were included in the backward stepwise
        multivariate regression analysis to determine independent predictors of ECG ischemia grade.
        Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that only NLR (odds ratio = 1.254, 95%
        confidence interval 1.120&#8211;1.403, p &lt; 0.001) emerged as an independent variable after
        demonstrating a significant effect on the ECG ischemia grade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Univariate and multivariate regression models based on independent variables likely
            to predict the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR) ratio</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">Independent variables</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Univariate Analysis</th>
              <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Multivariate
                  Analysis<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">*</xref></th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>Beta</th>
              <th>p</th>
              <th>Beta</th>
              <th>p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>STR</td>
              <td align="center">0.432</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">2.527</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Electrocardiographic ischemia grade</td>
              <td align="center">0.321</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.497</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Time from symptoms to admission (min)</td>
              <td align="center">0.162</td>
              <td align="center">0.028</td>
              <td align="center">0.052</td>
              <td align="center">0.383</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>In-hospital mortality</td>
              <td align="center">0.189</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
              <td align="center">-2.445</td>
              <td align="center">0.025</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hospitalization duration (days)</td>
              <td align="center">0.165</td>
              <td align="center">0.019</td>
              <td align="center">0.114</td>
              <td align="center">0.558</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Admission SBP</td>
              <td align="center">-0.151</td>
              <td align="center">0.033</td>
              <td align="center">-0.016</td>
              <td align="center">0.081</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Serum glucose</td>
              <td align="center">0.159</td>
              <td align="center">0.023</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
              <td align="center">0.555</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Serum urea</td>
              <td align="center">0.187</td>
              <td align="center">0.008</td>
              <td align="center">0.023</td>
              <td align="center">0.080</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hyperlipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">-0.081</td>
              <td align="center">0.251</td>
              <td align="center">-0.009</td>
              <td align="center">0.985</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LVEF</td>
              <td align="center">-0.123</td>
              <td align="center">0.087</td>
              <td align="center">-0.029</td>
              <td align="center">0.319</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Anterior MI</td>
              <td align="center">0.012</td>
              <td align="center">0.870</td>
              <td align="center">0.566</td>
              <td align="center">0.230</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Infarct-related artery</td>
              <td align="center">-0.018</td>
              <td align="center">0.803</td>
              <td align="center">-0.377</td>
              <td align="center">0.428</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>= p value at the last step with the independent variables that remained in model.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn>
            <p>NLR: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; STR: ST-segment resolution; SBP: systolic blood
              pressure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MI: myocardial infarction.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Effects of different variables on ECG ischemia grade in multivariate logistic
            regression analyses</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Covariates</th>
              <th align="center">Adjusted OR</th>
              <th align="center">95% CI</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>NLR</td>
              <td align="center">1.254</td>
              <td align="center">1.120-1.403</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Anterior MI</td>
              <td align="center">2.016</td>
              <td align="center">0.979-4.151</td>
              <td align="center">0.050</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Admission SBP</td>
              <td align="center">1.015</td>
              <td align="center">1.000-1.030</td>
              <td align="center">0.075</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hyperlipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">2.107</td>
              <td align="center">0.927-4.789</td>
              <td align="center">0.051</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LVEF</td>
              <td align="center">0.952</td>
              <td align="center">0.906-1.000</td>
              <td align="center">0.185</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; NLR: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio;
              MI: myocardial infarction; SBP: systolic blood pressure; LVEF: left ventricular
              ejection fraction.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this study, we showed that NLR was independently associated with ECG ischemia grade in
        patients with STEMI.</p>
      <p>With the growing understanding of the pathophysiological role of WBC counts in the STEMI
        process, many studies that have focused on this topic have shown that the increase in WBC
        count is associated with worse clinical outcomes and all-cause mortality in patients with
          STEMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Nonetheless, WBC subtypes have been found to be superior to WBC in modulating
        the inflammatory response in the setting of STEMI. Neutrophils are the first leukocytes to
        be found in the damaged myocardial area<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Activated
        neutrophils exacerbate the inflammatory response through secretion of a variety of
        inflammatory mediators including myeloperoxidase, elastase, oxygen free radicals and
        arachidonic acid derivates<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. These neutrophil-mediated inflammatory processes that
        occur during STEMI cause additional tissue damage, plaque disruption, activation of
        coagulation pathways and thrombosis, microvascular plugging, myocyte necrosis and
        enlargement of the infarct size<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. In contrast to neutrophils, lymphocytes infiltrating
        the ischemic myocardium represent the regulatory arm of the inflammatory and cytotoxic
          response<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> and play a significant role in the
        healing process of the heart during the course of STEMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. However, in patients presenting with MI, low lymphocyte count &#8211; particularly
        CD4+ count &#8211; is a common finding<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Consequently, the
        inflammatory process occurring during the course of STEMI is mediated by the complex
        interaction between innate neutrophil mediated reactive immune responses and subsequent
        lymphocyte mediated adaptive immune responses. Also, many previous studies have demonstrated
        that NLR has superior predictive value compared with counts of leukocytes and their subtypes
        in predicting worse clinical outcomes in patients with STEMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. As a result of these studies, the addition of NLR to
        conventional risk factors for early risk stratification of STEMI patients has been
        suggested.</p>
      <p>Various parameters on the admission ECG, such as sum of ST elevation, number of Q waves and
        bundle branch block, have been correlated with short- and long-term adverse outcomes in
        patients with STEMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. In addition, recent studies have focused on one such
        presenting ECG parameter, the determination of distortion of the terminal portion of the QRS
        complex in leads in which ST segment elevations are seen. The local Purkinje fibers are less
        sensitive to ischemia and conduct impulses more slowly than the contracting myocytes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Increases in the R-wave amplitude and decreases in
        the S-wave amplitude and, therefore, changes in the terminal portion of the QRS develop due
        to prolonged delay in the electrical conduction of the Purkinje system induced by
          ischemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. With respect to these changes, the grade of ischemia can be readily
        determined by changes in the terminal portion of the QRS on the surface ECG of STEMI
        patients and does not require any calculations. Three different ischemic ECG patterns can be
        seen in the leads corresponding to the ischemic zone<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>
        (G1I, G2I and G3I). Among these ischemia grades, G3I has been correlated with more severe
        ischemia, more tissue damage, higher peak CKMB levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, less collateral circulation31 and pre-infarction angina which might
        precondition the heart and prevent G3I changes by either metabolic protective mechanisms or
        residual blood supply<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. This study also found that
        the frequency of G3I was higher in patients presenting with anterior STEMI than in those
        with non-anterior STEMI. We propose that microcirculatory and increased tissue damages occur
        in patients with anterior STEMI because of the usually larger myocardial territory involved
        in the infarction of the left anterior descending coronary artery. In patients with STEMI,
        the grade of ischemia has emerged as an independent, strong predictor of adverse procedural
        outcome and mortality to a much greater extent than other initial ECG parameters<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>.
        Many studies have demonstrated that patients with G3I on admission ECG have larger infarcts,
        poor tissue myocardial perfusion grades irrespective of the reperfusion modality, failure of
        STR, higher rates of reinfarction, lower left ventricular ejection fraction and therefore,
        increased mortality and longer hospital stay as compared with G2I patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>.</p>
      <p>STR is considered a simple and perhaps more accurate marker of microvascular reflow and
        adequate myocardial reperfusion after pPCI in STEMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Recently, numerous studies have pointed to STR as a stronger prognostic marker
        in identifying tissue reperfusion than epicardial TIMI flow grade in the IRA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>.
        We therefore used STR to evaluate tissue reperfusion due to its ease of use and known
        superiority. Similar to previous studies, our present study revealed that patients with G3I
        on admission ECG had partial or no STR after pPCI. Additionally, we found that patients with
        no STR had higher NLR values compared with patients with complete and partial STR.</p>
      <p>Although quick restoration of epicardial coronary artery is achieved with pPCI in patients
        with STEMI, the prognosis is mainly dependent upon restoration of an adequate perfusion of
        areas with microvascular integrity. Separately, both elevated NLR and G3I on admission are
        predictors of poor tissue-level reperfusion and poor prognostic markers in patients with
        STEMI, probably due to severe ischemic damage to the microvasculature. This hypothesis has
        been explained in part by the poorer collateral supply and the larger clot burden seen in
        these patients. Activation of inflammation in the infarcted region may contribute to
        plugging in the microvasculature and developing no-reflow phenomenon via platelet-neutrophil
        interaction in patients with STEMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
      <p>Lucchesi et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> showed that activated leukocytes
        might modulate the electrical activity of the myocardium by releasing oxygen free radicals.
        In the Efficacy of Vasopressin Antagonism in Heart Failure Outcome Study with Tolvaptan
        (EVEREST) study, lymphopenia was associated with a widened QRS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitation</title>
        <p>The present study has a number of limitations. The major limitations are the study&#8217;s
          retrospective design, its location on a single tertiary center and the relatively small
          number of patients, which may affect study generalizability. However, our study may serve
          as an inspiration for additional prospective studies with larger sample sizes. Next, we
          did not assess TIMI flow grade routinely. Since many studies have shown that STR is a more
          powerful prognostic predictor than epicardial TIMI flow grade, and with a better
          correlation with late mortality, we chose to use STR and believe our findings are
          clinically important. Finally, the choice of the ideal blood collection time is
          challenging since neutrophils have a short life in the circulation (around 7 hours), and
          because the exact time to peak inflammatory response after STEMI and cut-off points of NLR
          remains unknown. Although many studies recommend serial sampling for better
          prognostication, we believe this unpredictability may be accurate for counts of WBCs and
          their subtypes, but not for the NLR, which is the reason we evaluated NLR only once on
          admission.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>We found that there is an association between G3I and elevated NLR, both easily
        ascertainable through low-cost methods. We speculate that this association is likely caused
        by the same mechanism (adequate perfusion of areas with microvascular integrity). The
        finding of this association may help elucidate the adverse cardiovascular outcomes seen in
        patients with STEMI. We believe that the incorporation of NLR and ECG ischemia grade as
        covariables in well-validated standardized risk scores will provide additional prognostic
        value for risk stratification of patients with STEMI. However, these findings must be
        confirmed in additional studies with larger numbers of patients.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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              <surname>Ucar</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Karakas</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
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              <surname>Akdemir</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Yanikoglu</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
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              <surname>Gulcan</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
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          <article-title xml:lang="en">Relation of Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio with GRACE risk
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          <source>Clin Appl Thromb Hemost</source>
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          <month>09</month>
          <day>27</day>
          <comment>[Epub ahead of print]</comment>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre a Rela&#231;&#227;o Neutr&#243;filos/Linf&#243;citos e o Grau de Isquemia
          Eletrocardiogr&#225;fica no IAMEST</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yalcinkaya</surname>
            <given-names>Emre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yuksel</surname>
            <given-names>Uygar Cagdas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Celik</surname>
            <given-names>Murat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kabul</surname>
            <given-names>Hasan Kutsi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barcin</surname>
            <given-names>Cem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gokoglan</surname>
            <given-names>Yalcin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yildirim</surname>
            <given-names>Erkan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Iyisoy</surname>
            <given-names>Atila</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Aksaz Military Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Aksaz Military Hospital - Department of
          Cardiology</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Gulhane Military Medical Academy</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Gulhane Military Medical Academy - School of Medicine -
          Department of Cardiology</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Emre Yalcinkaya,</bold> Aksaz Asker Hastanesi
          Kardiyoloji Bolumu Marmaris - Mugla. 48750 &#8211; Turquia. E-mail:
            <email>dremreyalcinkaya@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do
            manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Yalcinkaya E, Yuksel UC, Celik M,
            Kabul HK, Barcin C, Gokoglan Y, Yildirim E, Iyisoy A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Yalcinkaya E,
            Celik M, Gokoglan Y, Yildirim E; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Yalcinkaya E, Yuksel UC, Celik M,
            Barcin C; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Yalcinkaya E, Barcin C.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos (N/L) tem sido descrita como boa preditora de eventos
            cardiovasculares adversos futuros em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com
            eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMEST). Mudan&#231;as na por&#231;&#227;o terminal do complexo QRS tamb&#233;m t&#234;m
            sido associadas a eventos adversos ap&#243;s IAMEST.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o grau de isquemia no ECG e a rela&#231;&#227;o N/L em pacientes
            com IAMEST para determinar fatores de risco convencionais adicionais na estratifica&#231;&#227;o
            precoce de risco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Pacientes com IAMEST foram investigados. O grau de isquemia foi analisado a partir do
            ECG obtido &#224; admiss&#227;o. A contagem de leuc&#243;citos e seus subtipos foi realizada a partir
            de hemograma automatizado. De acordo com o grau de isquemia presente no ECG de admiss&#227;o,
            os pacientes foram classificados em dois grupos, isquemia grau 2 (IG2) e isquemia grau 3
            (IG3).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Pacientes com IG3 apresentaram valores m&#233;dios significativamente menores de fra&#231;&#227;o de
            eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo do que os pacientes com IG2 (44,58 &#177; 7,23 versus 48,44 &#177;
            7,61; p = 0,001). Como esperado, a taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar aumentou
            proporcionalmente com o aumento no grau de isquemia (p = 0,036). Houve diferen&#231;as
            significativas nas porcentagens de linf&#243;citos (p = 0,010) e de neutr&#243;filos (p = 0,004)
            e, portanto, a rela&#231;&#227;o N/L diferiu significativamente entre pacientes com IG2 e IG3 (p
            &lt; 0,001). &#192; an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, apenas a rela&#231;&#227;o N/L emergiu
            como vari&#225;vel independente com efeito significativo sobre o grau de isquemia no ECG
            (odds ratio = 1,254; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% 1,120-1,403; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>N&#243;s encontramos uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre IG3 e rela&#231;&#227;o N/L aumentada em pacientes com
            IAMEST. Acreditamos que esta associa&#231;&#227;o possa oferecer um valor progn&#243;stico adicional
            para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes com IAMEST quando usado em combina&#231;&#227;o com
            escores de risco padronizados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Eleva&#231;&#227;o do Segmento ST</kwd>
        <kwd>Rela&#231;&#227;o Neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Eletrocardiogr&#225;fica Grau 3</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A estratifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de risco &#233; recomendada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria para predizer a
          extens&#227;o do infarto, o sucesso no restabelecimento do fluxo coronariano epic&#225;rdico e o
          risco de eventos adversos em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do
          segmento ST (IAMEST). Al&#233;m dos escores de risco atuais, tem havido interesse no
          desenvolvimento de um conjunto de ferramentas de beira de leito obtidas a partir de
          informa&#231;&#245;es de admiss&#227;o para predizer o progn&#243;stico da recanaliza&#231;&#227;o arterial. Os
          par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e bioqu&#237;micos s&#227;o os par&#226;metros de admiss&#227;o mais estudados
          para definir o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com IAMEST.</p>
        <p>O hemograma &#233; realizado rotineiramente &#224; admiss&#227;o e carrega informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas
          importantes. A rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos (N/L), uma combina&#231;&#227;o de dois marcadores
          independentes de inflama&#231;&#227;o, &#233; considerada um marcador simples e inespec&#237;fico de
            inflama&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Neste contexto, a rela&#231;&#227;o N/L tem
          sido avaliada em diversos estudos de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), especialmente no
          IAMEST, e emergiu como uma nova ferramenta de baixo custo para avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com
          IAMEST antes da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Al&#233;m disto, v&#225;rios par&#226;metros no eletrocardiograma
          (ECG) de admiss&#227;o j&#225; foram associados a resultados adversos ap&#243;s o IAMEST<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. Um destes par&#226;metros &#233; o grau de isquemia, que pode
          ser prontamente determinado pela presen&#231;a de distor&#231;&#227;o da por&#231;&#227;o terminal do complexo QRS
          no ECG de admiss&#227;o sem exigir nenhuma medida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. O
          aumento no grau de isquemia tem sido encontrado em associa&#231;&#227;o com falha na reperfus&#227;o
          mioc&#225;rdica independente de outros fatores-chave preditores de desfecho em pacientes com
            IAMEST<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Apesar de tanto a rela&#231;&#227;o N/L quanto o
          grau de isquemia terem se mostrado &#250;teis preditores de resultados adversos em pacientes
          com IAMEST, seus mecanismos ainda s&#227;o pouco claros e com isto, a rela&#231;&#227;o N/L e o grau de
          isquemia n&#227;o s&#227;o integrados a nenhum sistema de escore de risco.</p>
        <p>N&#243;s levantamos a hip&#243;tese de que o valor progn&#243;stico dos subtipos de leuc&#243;citos pode ser
          pelo menos parcialmente ligado a uma poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o com o grau de isquemia no ECG no
          IAMEST. Em nosso estudo, n&#243;s procuramos identificar caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e
          eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas &#224; admiss&#227;o que pudessem predizer a reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e
          investigamos se a rela&#231;&#227;o N/R estaria relacionada ao grau de isquemia no ECG de admiss&#227;o
          em pacientes com IAMEST.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes</title>
          <p>N&#243;s investigamos 253 pacientes que foram submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana
            percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICPp) entre fevereiro de 2011 e junho de 2013 ap&#243;s diagn&#243;stico de
            IAMEST. O diagn&#243;stico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) foi determinado pela ocorr&#234;ncia de
            sintomas cl&#225;ssicos de isquemia coronariana dentro de 12 horas, eleva&#231;&#227;o dos
            biomarcadores card&#237;acos e detec&#231;&#227;o da eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es
            cont&#237;guas, como bem estabelecido pelo <italic>American College of Cardiology e pela
              European Society of Cardiology</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> . As caracter&#237;sticas
            cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas foram obtidas de prontu&#225;rios de pacientes, recuperados da base
            de dados informatizada do hospital. As seguintes vari&#225;veis foram analisadas
            retrospectivamente: idade, fatores de risco cardiovascular (hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo,
            diabetes mellitus e hipercolesterolemia), hist&#243;ria cardiovascular (revasculariza&#231;&#227;o
            coronariana pr&#233;via, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva e IM) e hist&#243;ria familiar
            relevante de DAC, al&#233;m de press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, e frequ&#234;ncia
            card&#237;aca &#224; admiss&#227;o. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram a presen&#231;a de evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica de
            infec&#231;&#227;o ativa, doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica, doen&#231;a hematol&#243;gica, doen&#231;as terminais
            hep&#225;tica e renal, doen&#231;a autoimune sist&#234;mica, doen&#231;a maligna conhecida, IM isolado
            posterior, presen&#231;a de bloqueio do ramo esquerdo, ritmo acelerado / ventricular ou
            isquemia grau 1 (IG1) ao ECG de apresenta&#231;&#227;o, falta de dados laboratoriais e registros
            de ECG indispon&#237;veis. Um total de 50 pacientes que preencheram os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o
            n&#227;o foram considerados para o estudo. A popula&#231;&#227;o final foi consistitu&#237;da por 203
            pacientes. O comit&#234; &#233;tico local da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o aprovou o protocolo do estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise eletrocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
          <p>&#192; admiss&#227;o, ECGs de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es foram obtidos imediatamente em papel com velocidade
            de 25 mm/s e ganho de 10 mV. O IAMEST foi estabelecido pela presen&#231;a de eleva&#231;&#227;o de 0,2
            mV do segmento ST medida no ponto J nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V1-V3 ou de 0,1 mV em pelo menos duas
            deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas nas demais deriva&#231;&#245;es. O primeiro ECG obtido ap&#243;s ICPp foi
            analisado para determina&#231;&#227;o da resolu&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (RST). Conforme recomenda&#231;&#227;o das
              diretrizes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, n&#243;s avaliamos a diferen&#231;a percentual entre a soma da eleva&#231;&#227;o do
            segmento ST nos ECGs obtidos &#224; admiss&#227;o e ap&#243;s o procedimento. N&#243;s definimos como RST
            completa o achado de resolu&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 70%, como RST parcial uma resolu&#231;&#227;o entre 30% e 69% e
            como aus&#234;ncia de RT uma resolu&#231;&#227;o &lt; 30%. O grau de isquemia foi analisado no ECG de
            admiss&#227;o. A IG1 foi definida como a presen&#231;a de ondas T sim&#233;tricas, altas e com pico,
            isquemia grau 2 isquemia (IG2) como a eleva&#231;&#227;o ST sem distor&#231;&#227;o da por&#231;&#227;o terminal do
            complexo QRS (eleva&#231;&#227;o do ponto J &gt; 1,0 mm, mas &lt;50% da amplitude da onda R) e
            isquemia grau 3 (IG3) como a eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST com distor&#231;&#227;o da por&#231;&#227;o terminal do
            complexo QRS (amplitude ST-ponto J &gt; 50% da onda R nas deriva&#231;&#245;es com configura&#231;&#227;o
            qR, ou aus&#234;ncia da onda S nas deriva&#231;&#245;es com configura&#231;&#227;o Rs), como descrito
              anteriormente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Dois
            investigadores cegos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s informa&#231;&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes
            analisaram os ECGs. Ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o dos pacientes com IG1, os demais pacientes foram
            classificados como IG2 e IG3 conforme o grau de isquemia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise bioqu&#237;mica</title>
          <p>Amostras de sangue foram coletadas da veia antecubital at&#233; 1 hora ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o. A
            contagem dos leuc&#243;citos e seus subtipos foi realizada em hemograma automatizado
            previamente &#224; ICPp e antes do in&#237;cio de qualquer medicamento para evitar interfer&#234;ncia
            com o resultado. A rela&#231;&#227;o N/L foi calculada automaticamente como a raz&#227;o entre
            neutr&#243;filos e linf&#243;citos, ambos obtidos a partir da mesma amostra de sangue. Outras
            medidas bioqu&#237;micas inclu&#237;ram biomarcadores card&#237;acos, fun&#231;&#227;o renal, e dosagem de
            eletr&#243;litos e lip&#237;dios, determinados de acordo com m&#233;todos laboratoriais
            padronizados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise angiogr&#225;fica</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de heparina endovenosa em bolo (70 U/kg), a angiografia coronariana
            foi realizada de acordo com a t&#233;cnica de Judkins logo que poss&#237;vel. A decis&#227;o quanto ao
            tipo de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana (ICPp ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio) foi feita
            de acordo com diretrizes atuais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. A ICPp se concentrou somente na art&#233;ria
            relacionada ao infarto (ARI). O implante direto de <italic>stent</italic> foi realizado
            sempre que poss&#237;vel, enquanto que a pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o foi o tratamento para os
            demais casos. A ICPp foi considerada bem sucedida quando associada com sucesso
            angiogr&#225;fico e al&#237;vio dos sintomas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o, sem resultados adversos relacionados
            ao procedimento (dissec&#231;&#227;o coronariana, <italic>no-reflow,</italic> &#234;mbolos
            coronarianos, trombo residual ou estenose residual &gt; 50%) ou resultado adverso maior
            (acidente vascular cerebral, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio de urg&#234;ncia ou morte).
            Pacientes com implante de stent receberam terapia dupla adjuvante com clopidogrel e
            aspirina. O crit&#233;rio de sele&#231;&#227;o para escolha entre <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico
            e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico e quanto ao uso de antagonistas do receptor plaquet&#225;rio GP IIb/IIIa
            foi deixado a crit&#233;rio do operador.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram testados quanto &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o normal pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov.
            As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e as vari&#225;veis
            categ&#243;ricas como porcentagens. O teste t de amostras independentes e o teste do
            qui-quadrado foram usados para compara&#231;&#227;o de dados quantitativos e categ&#243;ricos,
            respectivamente, entre os grupos. Correla&#231;&#227;o univariada com a rela&#231;&#227;o N/L foi realizada
            com coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman e Pearson. Ap&#243;s correla&#231;&#245;es univariadas, um
            modelo de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla com sele&#231;&#227;o <italic>backward</italic> foi aplicado
            para identificar preditores independentes da rela&#231;&#227;o N/L. Os efeitos de diferentes
            vari&#225;veis sobre o grau de isquemia no ECG foram avaliados com an&#225;lise multivariada por
            regress&#227;o log&#237;stica pelo m&#233;todo <italic>backward</italic>. As diferen&#231;as foram
            consideradas estatisticamente significativas quando o valor de p era &lt; 0,05. O
              <italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS, Chicago, Illinois,
            EUA), vers&#227;o 20, foi utilizado para todos os c&#225;lculos e an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>No total, 203 pacientes (163 homens, m&#233;dia de idade = 59,78 &#177; 13,49 anos) com IAMEST
          foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo. Os pacientes foram classificados em dois grupos de acordo
          com o grau de isquemia no ECG de admiss&#227;o. O grupo 1 foi composto por 126 pacientes com
          IG2 (103 homens, m&#233;dia de idade = 59,15 &#177; 13,36 anos) e o grupo 2 por 77 pacientes com IG3
          (60 homens, m&#233;dia de idade = 60,83 &#177; 13,71 anos). As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e
          demogr&#225;ficas foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela
            1</xref>). A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica realizada &#224; admiss&#227;o em todos os pacientes
          mostrou que pacientes com IG3 apresentaram valores significativamente menores de fra&#231;&#227;o de
          eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo do que os pacientes com IG2 (44,58 &#177; 7,23 versus 48,44 &#177;
          7,61; p = 0,001). Todos os pacientes apresentaram oclus&#227;o total ou subtotal da ARI antes
          da ICPp. A DAE foi estabelecida como a ARI em 39,7% dos pacientes com IG2 e em 59,7% dos
          pacientes com IG3 (p = 0,031), portanto, a frequ&#234;ncia de IM anterior foi
          significativamente mais elevada do que a de IM n&#227;o anterior em pacientes com IG3 em
          compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com IG2 (46 pacientes versus 50 pacientes; p = 0,002). ICPp com
          implante de <italic>stent</italic> foi realizada em 147 (72,1%) pacientes que participaram
          do estudo.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">Grau 2 - Isquemia (n = 126)</th>
                <th align="center">Grau 3 - Isquemia (n = 77)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Idade, (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">59,15 &#177; 13,36</td>
                <td align="center">60,83 &#177; 13,71</td>
                <td align="center">0,391</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Homens, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">103 (81,7)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (77,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,312</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (44,4)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (49,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,296</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Hiperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (31,2)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (19,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,047</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (24)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (27,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,360</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (29,4)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (28,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,517</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Doen&#231;a coronariana pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (25,4)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (19,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,213</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#224; admiss&#227;o, (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">129,79 &#177; 23,63</td>
                <td align="center">133,89 &#177; 22,83</td>
                <td align="center">0,231</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &#224; admiss&#227;o, (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">76,24 &#177; 13,80</td>
                <td align="center">78,86 &#177; 16,47</td>
                <td align="center">0,229</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#224; admiss&#227;o, (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">76,69 &#177; 11,79</td>
                <td align="center">78,92 &#177; 11,51</td>
                <td align="center">0,188</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas &#224; admiss&#227;o (hora)</td>
                <td align="center">4,36 &#177; 3,18</td>
                <td align="center">5,15 &#177; 3,88</td>
                <td align="center">0,129</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (dias)</td>
                <td align="center">5,26 &#177; 1,23</td>
                <td align="center">5,44 &#177; 1,38</td>
                <td align="center">0,359</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">48,44 &#177; 7,61</td>
                <td align="center">44,58 &#177; 7,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio anterior, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (39,7)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (61,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda</td>
                <td align="center">50 (39,7)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (59,7)</td>
                <td rowspan="4" align="center">0,031</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Art&#233;ria circunflexa</td>
                <td align="center">26 (20,6)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (18,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita</td>
                <td align="center">46 (36,5)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (19,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>ACPE/EVS/intermedi&#225;ria/diagonal/ obtusa marginal</td>
                <td align="center">4 (3,2)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>ICP com implante de stent, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (69,0)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (77,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,112</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Resolu&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Completa</td>
                <td align="center">109 (86,5)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (70,1)</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Parcial</td>
                <td align="center">14 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (19,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2,4)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (10,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Mortalidade intra-hospitalar, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>5 (4,0)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>9 (11,7)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,036</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>ACPE: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria principal esquerda, EVS: enxerto de veia safena, ICP:
                interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos em termos de tempo de
          evolu&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas &#224; admiss&#227;o, tempo porta-agulha, ICP com implante de
            <italic>stent</italic>, tipo de <italic>stent</italic> utilizado e medica&#231;&#227;o
          administrada (incluindo inibidores das glicoprote&#237;nas <italic>IIb/IIIa</italic> e terapia
          antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla).</p>
        <p>Para a RST, houve uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos. RST
          parcial e n&#227;o RST foram mais frequentes em pacientes com IG3, enquanto que a taxa de RST
          completa foi maior em pacientes com IG2 (p = 0,008). Como esperado, a taxa de mortalidade
          intra-hospitalar aumentou proporcionalmente com o aumento no grau de isquemia (p =
          0,036).</p>
        <p>Houve diferen&#231;as significativas nas porcentagens de linf&#243;citos (p = 0,010) e de
          neutr&#243;filos (p = 0,004) e, portanto, a rela&#231;&#227;o N/L foi significativamente diferente entre
          pacientes com IG2 e IG3 (p &lt; 0,001). Por outro lado, a contagem de leuc&#243;citos n&#227;o
          diferiu entre os grupos. Ap&#243;s categorizar os pacientes de acordo com seus achados de RTS,
          encontramos que os pacientes sem RTS apresentaram valores mais altos da rela&#231;&#227;o N/L quando
          comparados com aqueles com RTS parcial e completa. O valor m&#233;dio da rela&#231;&#227;o N/L foi 3,55 &#177;
          2,48 para pacientes com RTS completa, 6,26 &#177; 3,62 para aqueles com RTS parcial e 8,44 &#177;
          5,67 para aqueles sem RTS (p &lt; 0,001). A rela&#231;&#227;o N/L tamb&#233;m foi maior em pacientes com
          morte intra&#8209;hospitalar em compara&#231;&#227;o com os demais pacientes (6,42 &#177; 6,11 vs 4,03 &#177; 2,84;
          p = 0,007). Outros par&#226;metros hematol&#243;gicos e bioqu&#237;micos foram semelhantes em ambos os
          grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o univariada, RTS, grau de isquemia, tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o dos
          sintomas at&#233; a admiss&#227;o, mortalidade intra-hospitalar, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, press&#227;o
          arterial sist&#243;lica &#224; admiss&#227;o, e glicose e ureia s&#233;ricas correlacionaram
          significativamente com a rela&#231;&#227;o N/L (p &lt; 0,05 para todos). As vari&#225;veis que se
          correlacionaram significativamente com a rela&#231;&#227;o N/L, al&#233;m de outras vari&#225;veis
          (hiperlipidemia, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, IM anterior e ARI) que
          apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos IG2 e IG3 foram inclu&#237;das na
          an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o univariada. Para determinar as vari&#225;veis independentes que pudessem
          predizer a rela&#231;&#227;o N/L, incluindo vari&#225;veis que permaneceram no modelo de regress&#227;o
          univariada (p &lt; 0,05), uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla com sele&#231;&#227;o
            <italic>backward</italic> foi realizada. N&#243;s observamos que o grau de isquemia no ECG (&#946;
          = 1,017; p = 0,001), RTS (&#946; = 2,527; p &lt; 0,001) e mortalidade intra-hospitalar (&#946; =
          -2,445; p = 0,025) foram preditores independentes significativos da rela&#231;&#227;o N/L (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 3</xref>). As vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das no modelo de
          regress&#227;o univariada para predizer a rela&#231;&#227;o N/L e outras (rela&#231;&#227;o N/L, idade e sexo)
          consideradas preditoras do grau de isquemia no ECG foram avaliadas com an&#225;lise de
          regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada. As vari&#225;veis que permaneceram no modelo de regress&#227;o
          univariada (p &lt; 0,05) foram inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise multivariada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica
          pelo m&#233;todo backward para determinar os preditores independentes do grau de isquemia no
          ECG. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada mostrou que apenas a rela&#231;&#227;o N/L (odds
          ratio = 1,254; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% = 1,120-1,403; p &lt; 0,001) emergiu como uma
          vari&#225;vel independente ap&#243;s mostrar um efeito significativo sobre o grau de isquemia ao ECG
            (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros hematol&#243;gicos e bioqu&#237;micos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">Grau 2 - Isquemia (n = 126)</th>
                <th align="center">Grau 3 - Isquemia (n = 77)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Glicemia, (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">141,36 &#177; 56,51</td>
                <td align="center">155,85 &#177; 60,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,085</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Ureia, (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">37,78 &#177; 15,92</td>
                <td align="center">41,88 &#177; 19,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,102</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Creatinina, (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,08 &#177; 0,33</td>
                <td align="center">1,19 &#177; 0,81</td>
                <td align="center">0,194</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">&#193;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico, (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">6,08 &#177; 1,64</td>
                <td align="center">5,98 &#177; 2,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,759</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Lipoprote&#237;nas de alta densidade ligadas ao colesterol, (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">41,08 &#177; 8,41</td>
                <td align="center">39,68 &#177; 8,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,260</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa densidade ligadas ao colesterol, (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">118,44 &#177; 35,55</td>
                <td align="center">112,49 &#177; 40,70</td>
                <td align="center">0,296</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Triglicer&#237;deos, (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">140,48 &#177; 77,64</td>
                <td align="center">151,47 &#177; 141,43</td>
                <td align="center">0,494</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Colesterol s&#233;rico total, (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">186,99 &#177; 39,37</td>
                <td align="center">177,10 &#177; 45,20</td>
                <td align="center">0,117</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Leuc&#243;citos (10<sup>3</sup> &#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center">11, 40 &#177; 33,34</td>
                <td align="center">12,30 &#177; 40,52</td>
                <td align="center">0,088</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Neutr&#243;filos, (10<sup>3</sup> &#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center">7,45 &#177; 3,15</td>
                <td align="center">8,95 &#177; 4,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Linf&#243;citos, (10<sup>3</sup> &#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center">2,86 &#177; 1,55</td>
                <td align="center">2,28 &#177; 1,47</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos / linf&#243;citos</td>
                <td align="center">3,40 &#177; 2,38</td>
                <td align="center">5,51 &#177; 3,90</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Hemoglobina, (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">14,12 &#177; 1,93</td>
                <td align="center">14,05 &#177; 2,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,800</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Hemat&#243;crito, (%)</td>
                <td align="center">41,51 &#177; 5,19</td>
                <td align="center">41,19 &#177; 5,61</td>
                <td align="center">0,682</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Contagem de plaquetas, (10<sup>3</sup> &#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center">252,11 &#177; 72,25</td>
                <td align="center">254,54 &#177; 73,70</td>
                <td align="center">0,818</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Volume m&#233;dio de plaquetas, (fL)</td>
                <td align="center">8,24 &#177; 1,01</td>
                <td align="center">8,27 &#177; 0,95</td>
                <td align="center">0,833</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o dos eritr&#243;citos, (%)</td>
                <td align="center">12,78 &#177; 1,27</td>
                <td align="center">13,09 &#177; 1,82</td>
                <td align="center">0,170</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Modelos de regress&#227;o univariada e multivariada baseados em vari&#225;veis
              independentes com probabilidade em predizer a rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos / linf&#243;citos
              (N/L)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">Vari&#225;veis independentes</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">An&#225;lise Univariada</th>
                <th colspan="2" align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">An&#225;lise
                    Multivariada<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref></th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Beta</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>Beta</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>RTS</td>
                <td align="center">0,432</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2,527</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Grau de isquemia ao eletrocardiograma</td>
                <td align="center">0,321</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,497</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas &#224; admiss&#227;o (min)</td>
                <td align="center">0,162</td>
                <td align="center">0,028</td>
                <td align="center">0,052</td>
                <td align="center">0,383</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mortalidade intra-hospitalar, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,189</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
                <td align="center">-2,445</td>
                <td align="center">0,025</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (dias)</td>
                <td align="center">0,165</td>
                <td align="center">0,019</td>
                <td align="center">0,114</td>
                <td align="center">0,558</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica &#224; admiss&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">-0,151</td>
                <td align="center">0,033</td>
                <td align="center">-0,016</td>
                <td align="center">0,081</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicemia</td>
                <td align="center">0,159</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
                <td align="center">0,555</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ureia s&#233;rica</td>
                <td align="center">0,187</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
                <td align="center">0,080</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperlipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">-0,081</td>
                <td align="center">0,251</td>
                <td align="center">-0,009</td>
                <td align="center">0,985</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE</td>
                <td align="center">-0,123</td>
                <td align="center">0,087</td>
                <td align="center">-0,029</td>
                <td align="center">0,319</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IM anterior</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
                <td align="center">0,870</td>
                <td align="center">0,566</td>
                <td align="center">0,230</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto</td>
                <td align="center">-0,018</td>
                <td align="center">0,803</td>
                <td align="center">-0,377</td>
                <td align="center">0,428</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>= valor de p na &#250;ltima etapa com as vari&#225;veis independentes que permaneceram no
                modelo.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn>
              <p>Rela&#231;&#227;o N/L: rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos / linf&#243;citos; RTS: resolu&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST; FEVE:
                fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Efeitos de diferentes vari&#225;veis no grau de isquemia no ECG em regress&#227;o log&#237;stica
              multivariada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Covari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">OR ajustado</th>
                <th align="center">IC 95%</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o N/L</td>
                <td align="center">1,254</td>
                <td align="center">1,120-1,403</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IM anterior</td>
                <td align="center">2,016</td>
                <td align="center">0,979-4,151</td>
                <td align="center">0,050</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica &#224; admiss&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,015</td>
                <td align="center">1,000-1,030</td>
                <td align="center">0,075</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperlipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">2,107</td>
                <td align="center">0,927-4,789</td>
                <td align="center">0,051</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE</td>
                <td align="center">0,952</td>
                <td align="center">0,906-1,000</td>
                <td align="center">0,185</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>OR: odds ratio; IC 95%: intervalo de confia&#231;a de 95%; rela&#231;&#227;o N/L: rela&#231;&#227;o
                neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do
                ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>N&#243;s mostramos neste estudo que a rela&#231;&#227;o N/L esteve independentemente associada ao grau
          de isquemia no ECG em pacientes com IAMEST.</p>
        <p>Com o aumento da compreens&#227;o do papel fisiopatol&#243;gico da contagem de leuc&#243;citos no
          processo do IAMEST, muitos estudos que se concentram neste t&#243;pico t&#234;m mostrado que o
          aumento do n&#250;mero de leuc&#243;citos est&#225; associado com piores desfechos cl&#237;nicos e pior
          mortalidade por todas as causas em pacientes com IAMEST<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. . No entanto, os
          subtipos de leuc&#243;citos foram considerados superiores aos leuc&#243;citos na modula&#231;&#227;o da
          resposta inflamat&#243;ria na presen&#231;a de IAMEST. Os neutr&#243;filos s&#227;o os primeiros leuc&#243;citos
          encontrados na &#225;rea mioc&#225;rdica danificada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Os
          neutr&#243;filos ativados exarcebam a resposta inflamat&#243;ria atrav&#233;s da secre&#231;&#227;o de diversos
          mediadores inflamat&#243;rios, incluindo mieloperoxidase, elastase, radicais de oxig&#234;nio livre
          e derivados do &#225;cido araquid&#244;nico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Estes processos
          inflamat&#243;rios mediados por neutr&#243;filos que ocorrem durante o IAMEST causam dano tecidual
          adicional, ruptura de placa, ativa&#231;&#227;o de vias de coagula&#231;&#227;o e trombose, obstru&#231;&#227;o
          microvascular, necrose de mi&#243;citos e amplia&#231;&#227;o na &#225;rea do infarto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Em contraste
          com os neutr&#243;filos, os linf&#243;citos que infiltram o mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico representam a
          vertente regulat&#243;ria da resposta inflamat&#243;ria e citot&#243;xica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> e t&#234;m um papel fundamental no processo de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o no curso do
            IAMEST<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. No entanto, em pacientes com IM, a
          baixa contagem de linf&#243;citos - particularmente CD4+ - &#233; um achado comum<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Consequentemente, o processo inflamat&#243;rio que
          ocorre durante o curso do IAMEST &#233; mediado pela intera&#231;&#227;o complexa entre as respostas
          imunes inatas mediadas por neutr&#243;filos reativos e subsequente respostas imunes adaptativas
          mediadas por linf&#243;citos. Al&#233;m disto, muitos estudos anteriores demonstraram que o rela&#231;&#227;o
          N/L tem valor preditivo superior quando comparado &#224; contagem de leuc&#243;citos e seus subtipos
          em predizer piores resultados cl&#237;nicos em pacientes com IAMEST<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Como resultado destes estudos, tem sido sugerida a
          adi&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o N/L aos fatores de risco convencionais para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco
          precoce em pacientes com IAMEST.</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios par&#226;metros no ECG de admiss&#227;o, como a soma da eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST, o n&#250;mero de
          ondas Q e bloqueio de ramo, t&#234;m sido correlacionados com resultados adversos a curto e
          longo prazo em pacientes com IAMEST<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. Al&#233;m disto, estudos
          recentes t&#234;m focado em um destes par&#226;metros no ECG de apresenta&#231;&#227;o, a determina&#231;&#227;o da
          distor&#231;&#227;o da por&#231;&#227;o terminal do complexo QRS nas deriva&#231;&#245;es nas quais as eleva&#231;&#245;es do
          segmento ST s&#227;o vistas. As fibras de Purkinje locais s&#227;o menos sens&#237;veis &#224; isquemia e
          conduzem os impulsos mais lentamente do que os mi&#243;citos contr&#225;teis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. Os aumentos na amplitude da onda R e redu&#231;&#245;es na amplitude da onda
          S e, portanto, as altera&#231;&#245;es na por&#231;&#227;o terminal do QRS se desenvolvem devido a um atraso
          prolongado na condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica do sistema de Purkinje induzido pela isquemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>. No que diz respeito a estas altera&#231;&#245;es, o grau de isquemia pode ser facilmente
          determinado por altera&#231;&#245;es na por&#231;&#227;o terminal do QRS no ECG de superf&#237;cie de pacientes com
          IAMEST e n&#227;o necessita de quaisquer c&#225;lculos. Tr&#234;s padr&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de
          isquemia distintos podem ser vistos nas deriva&#231;&#245;es correspondentes &#224; zona isqu&#234;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> (IG1, IG2 e IG3). Entre estes graus de isquemia, a
          IG3 tem sido correlacionada com isquemia mais severa, maior dano tecidual, n&#237;veis mais
          elevados de pico de CKMB<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, menos circula&#231;&#227;o
            colateral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> e angina pr&#233;-infarto que pode
          precondicionar o cora&#231;&#227;o e evitar mudan&#231;as na IG3 por parte dos mecanismos metab&#243;licos de
          prote&#231;&#227;o ou pelo fornecimento de sangue residual<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.
          O estudo tamb&#233;m encontrou que a frequ&#234;ncia de IG3 foi maior em pacientes com IAMEST
          anterior do que naqueles com IAMEST n&#227;o anterior. N&#243;s propomos que o dano
          microcirculat&#243;rio e o aumento dos danos teciduais que ocorrem em pacientes com IAMEST
          anterior sejam devidos &#224; amplitude geralmente maior do territ&#243;rio mioc&#225;rdico envolvido no
          infarto da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior esquerda. Em pacientes com IAMEST, o
          grau de isquemia surgiu como um preditor forte e independente de resultados adversos
          relacionados ao procedimento e mortalidade em uma extens&#227;o muito maior do que outros
          par&#226;metros iniciais no ECG<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Muitos estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que pacientes com
          IG3 no ECG de admiss&#227;o t&#234;m infartos maiores, graus piores de perfus&#227;o tecidual mioc&#225;rdica
          independente da modalidade de reperfus&#227;o, falha de RTS , maiores taxas de re-infarto,
          menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e, portanto, aumento da mortalidade e tempo
          de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes com IG2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>.</p>
        <p>A RTS &#233; considerada um marcador simples e talvez mais preciso de reperfus&#227;o da
          microcircula&#231;&#227;o e reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica adequada ap&#243;s ICPp no IAMEST<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Recentemente, v&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m apontado para a RTS como um
          marcador de progn&#243;stico mais forte na identifica&#231;&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o tecidual do que o fluxo
          TIMI epic&#225;rdico na ARI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. N&#243;s utilizamos portanto a RTS para avaliar
          reperfus&#227;o tecidual devido &#224; sua facilidade de uso e sua conhecida superioridade.
          Semelhante a estudos anteriores, nosso estudo revelou que pacientes com IG3 no ECG de
          admiss&#227;o apresentaram RTS parcial ou nenhuma RTS ap&#243;s ICPp. Al&#233;m disto, n&#243;s mostramos que
          pacientes sem RTS apresentaram valores mais elevados da rela&#231;&#227;o N/L em compara&#231;&#227;o a
          pacientes com RTS completa e parcial.</p>
        <p>Embora a r&#225;pida restaura&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica seja obtida com ICPp em
          pacientes com IAMEST, o progn&#243;stico &#233; principalmente dependente da restaura&#231;&#227;o de uma
          perfus&#227;o adequada de &#225;reas com integridade microvascular. Separadamente, tanto a rela&#231;&#227;o
          N/L elevada quanto a IG3 &#224; admiss&#227;o s&#227;o preditoras de m&#225; reperfus&#227;o a n&#237;vel tecidual e
          marcadoras de mal progn&#243;stico em pacientes com IAMEST, provavelmente devido &#224; les&#227;o
          isqu&#234;mica grave na microvasculatura. Esta hip&#243;tese tem sido explicada em parte pela pior
          circula&#231;&#227;o colateral e maior sobrecarga imposta pelo co&#225;gulo observada nestes pacientes. A
          ativa&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o na regi&#227;o infartada pode contribuir para a obstru&#231;&#227;o na
          microcircula&#231;&#227;o e desenvolvimento do fen&#244;meno de <italic>no-reflow</italic> atrav&#233;s da
          intera&#231;&#227;o entre plaquetas e neutr&#243;filos em pacientes com IAMEST<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
        <p>Lucchesi e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> mostraram que leuc&#243;citos
          ativados podem modular a atividade el&#233;trica do mioc&#225;rdio atrav&#233;s da libera&#231;&#227;o de radicais
          livres de oxig&#234;nio. No estudo <italic>Efficacy of Vasopressin Antagonism in Heart Failure
            Outcome Study with Tolvaptan</italic> (EVEREST), a linfopenia se mostrou associada com
          um alargamento do QRS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. Al&#233;m disto, um per&#237;odo de
          oclus&#227;o mais longo causa dano microvascular adicional e, com isto, piores taxas finais de
          fluxo. No entanto, com base em nosso conhecimento, nenhum estudo pr&#233;vio relatou a
          associa&#231;&#227;o entre o rela&#231;&#227;o N/L e graus de isquemia ao ECG, e o nosso presente estudo &#233; o
          primeiro a este respeito. N&#243;s demonstramos que existe uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre
          rela&#231;&#227;o N/L e graus de isquemia no ECG, e assim, especulamos que o pior efeito do IG3
          sobre o resultado cl&#237;nico possa ser parcialmente explicado pelo valor progn&#243;stico da
          rela&#231;&#227;o N/L.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>O presente estudo tem uma s&#233;rie de limita&#231;&#245;es. As principais limita&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o o seu
            desenho retrospectivo, a sua localiza&#231;&#227;o em um &#250;nico centro terci&#225;rio e o n&#250;mero
            relativamente pequeno de pacientes, o que pode afetar a generaliza&#231;&#227;o do estudo. No
            entanto, nosso estudo pode servir de inspira&#231;&#227;o para estudos prospectivos adicionais com
            amostras maiores. Em segundo lugar, n&#227;o avaliamos o grau de fluxo TIMI rotineiramente.
            Uma vez que muitos estudos t&#234;m mostrado que a RTS &#233; um preditor progn&#243;stico mais forte
            do que o grau de fluxo TIMI epic&#225;rdico, e com uma melhor correla&#231;&#227;o com a mortalidade
            tardia, n&#243;s optamos por usar RTS e acreditamos que nossos achados s&#227;o clinicamente
            importantes. Por fim, a escolha do momento mais conveniente para a coleta de sangue &#233;
            desafiadora, j&#225; que os neutr&#243;filos t&#234;m uma vida curta na circula&#231;&#227;o (cerca de 7 horas) e
            porque o tempo exato para o pico da resposta inflamat&#243;ria ap&#243;s o IAMEST e os pontos de
            corte da rela&#231;&#227;o N/L permanecem desconhecidos. Apesar de muitos estudos recomendarem uma
            amostragem seriada para melhor determina&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico, n&#243;s acreditamos que esta
            imprevisibilidade seja aplicada &#224; contagem dos leuc&#243;citos e seus subtipos, mas n&#227;o &#224;
            rela&#231;&#227;o N/L, motivo pelo qual n&#243;s avaliamos a rela&#231;&#227;o N/L uma &#250;nica vez na admiss&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>N&#243;s encontramos uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre IG3 e rela&#231;&#227;o N/L elevada, ambos m&#233;todos facilmente
          verific&#225;veis e de baixo custo. N&#243;s especulamos que esta associa&#231;&#227;o &#233; provavelmente causada
          pelo mesmo mecanismo (perfus&#227;o adequada de &#225;reas com integridade microvascular). Os
          achados desta associa&#231;&#227;o podem ajudar a elucidar os resultados cardiovasculares adversos
          observados em pacientes com IAMEST. Acreditamos que a incorpora&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o N/L e do
          grau de isquemia ao ECG como covari&#225;veis em escores de risco padronizados bem validados
          ir&#225; fornecer valor progn&#243;stico adicional para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes com
          IAMEST. No entanto, estes resultados devem ser confirmados em estudos adicionais com maior
          n&#250;mero de pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
