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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">zMS7fw3YBPf36qWRX7hGDPd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000200003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040183</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140183</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reproducibility of Left Ventricular Mass by Echocardiogram in the
               ELSA-Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tognon</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Foppa</surname>
            <given-names>Murilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luft</surname>
            <given-names>Vivian Cristine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">7</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chambless</surname>
            <given-names>Lloyd Ellwood</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>El Aouar</surname>
            <given-names>Lilia Maria Mameri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duncan</surname>
            <given-names>Bruce Bartholow</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do
               Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em
               Epidemiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Epidemiologia,
               Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio
               Grande do Sul - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Vicente de Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Grupo de Pesquisa Cardiovascular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Passo Fundo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa Cardiovascular do Hospital S&#227;o
               Vicente de Paulo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">The University of North Carolina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Chapel Hill</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">NC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Estados Unidos</country>
        <institution content-type="original">The University of North Carolina. Chapel Hill, NC,
               Estados Unidos</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo,
               S&#227;o Paulo - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Esp&#237;rito Santo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo, Vit&#243;ria,
               Esp&#237;rito Santo - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Bahia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFRGS</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">HCPA</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Estudos em Alimenta&#231;&#227;o e
               Nutri&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Estudos em Alimenta&#231;&#227;o e Nutri&#231;&#227;o, HCPA/
               UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Alexandre Pereira Tognon</bold>, Rua Teixeira
               Soares 808, Hospital S&#227;o Vicente de Paulo &#8211; Hemodin&#226;mica. Centro. Postal Code
               99010-080. Passo Fundo, RS &#8211; Brazil. E-mail:
               <email>aptognon@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Tognon AP, Foppa M, Duncan BB; Acquisition
                  of data: Foppa M, El Aoua LMM, Fernandes LP; Analysis and interpretation of the
                  data: Tognon AP, Luft VC, Chambless L; Statistical analysis: Tognon AP, Chambless
                  L; Obtaining financing: Lotufo P, Duncan BB; Writing of the manuscript: Tognon AP,
                  Foppa M; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Luft VC,
                  Chambless L, Lotufo P, El Aoua LMM, Fernandes LP, Duncan BB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>104</fpage>
      <lpage>111</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
                  Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted
                  non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
                  original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Echocardiography, though non-invasive and having relatively low-cost, presents
                  issues of variability which can limit its use in epidemiological studies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate left ventricular mass reproducibility when assessed at acquisition
                  (online) compared to when assessed at a reading center after electronic
                  transmission (offline) and also when assessed by different readers at the reading
                  center.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Echocardiographers from the 6 ELSA-Brasil study investigation centers measured the
                  left ventricular mass online during the acquisition from 124 studies before
                  transmitting to the reading center, where studies were read according to the study
                  protocol. Half of these studies were blindly read by a second reader in the
                  reading center.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>From the 124 echocardiograms, 5 (4%) were considered not measurable. Among the
                  remaining 119, 72 (61%) were women, mean age was 50.2 &#177; 7.0 years and 2 had
                  structural myocardial abnormalities. Images were considered to be optimal/ good by
                  the reading center for 110 (92.4%) cases. No significant difference existed
                  between online and offline measurements (1,29 g, CI 95% &#8722;3.60-6.19), and the
                  intraclass correlation coefficient between them was 0.79 (CI 95% 0.71-0.85). For
                  images read by two readers, the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.86 (CI
                  95% 0.78-0.91).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>There were no significant drifts between online and offline left ventricular mass
                  measurements, and reproducibility was similar to that described in previous
                  studies. Central quantitative assessment of echocardiographic studies in reading
                  centers, as performed in the ELSA-Brasil study, is feasible and useful in clinical
                  and epidemiological studies performed in our setting.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertrophy Left Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Dimensional Measurement Accuracy</kwd>
        <kwd>Multicenter Studies</kwd>
        <kwd>Reproducibiity of Results</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="17"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Echocardiography is the most used noninvasive imaging method in clinical cardiology for
            functional and structural evaluation, and it is also employed in clinical and
            epidemiological research<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Left ventricular hypertrophy is a condition that
            can be measured by echocardiography and is used in clinical practice as a predictor of
            cardiovascular events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Although echocardiography
            is the cheapest and most accessible cardiovascular imaging method, its use in
            epidemiological studies is limited owing to the difficulty in obtaining good-quality
            images for all individuals and the variability among repeated measurements<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
      <p>The assessment of the variability of the left ventricular mass (LVM) is important to
            ensure the quality control of echocardiographic measurements. In addition, it can be
            performed in the clinical setting and integrates several measurements acquired during
            examination. Notably, its calculation method may potentially cause errors in the LVM
            estimate with a magnitude of 10E3.</p>
      <p>To ensure more precise and accurate measurements, the American Society of
            Echocardiography defends a centralized reading of echocardiography exams in multicenter
               trials<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. This is recommended because it has
            been shown that echocardiography exams performed locally have a lower prognostic impact
            than those performed in a central laboratory<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.
            These recommendations were implemented in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult
            Health (ELSA-Brasil)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, which generated an
            imaging protocol and digital videos corresponding to three cardiac cycles that were
            stored and transmitted to the reading center.</p>
      <p>Digital technology has revolutionized the acquisition, transmission, and storage of
            exams and aids in the processing and use of images. However, even if these technological
            advances are incorporated into clinical practice, their impact in measurement reading
            variability in the research environment remains unknown. Therefore, the objective of
            this study was to assess the reproducibility of echocardiographic measurements that
            allow the estimation of LVM by comparing values obtained locally (online, in the
            acquisition centers) with those obtained in the reading centers (offline) and with
            duplicate measurements performed by different readers at the reading center.
            Furthermore, the study aimed to assess the reproducibility of the measurements of the
            left atrium and aorta and those obtained by transmitral flow Doppler and mitral annular
            tissue Doppler imaging.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>ELSA-Brasil is a prospective multicenter trial involving 15,105 voluntary participants
            aged between 35 and 74&#160;years and consisting of the staff of public universities and
            research institutes. The goal of ELSA-Brasil was to investigate the epidemiological,
            clinical, and molecular aspects of nontransmissible chronic diseases, particularly
            cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Data were
            collected between August 2008 and December 2010, and approximately 10,000 participants
            were subjected to an echocardiographic exam as the standard procedure. The ELSA-Brasil
            protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committees of all institutions involved,
            and all the participants signed an informed consent form.</p>
      <p>All the tests were performed at the investigation centers using the same model equipment
            (Toshiba Aplio XG) and by well-trained echocardiographists who were later certified by
            the reading center involved in the study. The ELSA-Brasil protocol followed the methods
            recommended by the European and North American Echocardiography Societies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. We selected the sequences of three consecutive heartbeats in each
            echocardiographic window that best represented existing findings and recorded them in a
            standard digital format for medical imaging (DICOM).</p>
      <p>For analysis of reproducibility, in addition to image acquisition according to the
            established protocol, the echocardiographists of the investigation center performed
            echocardiographic measurements during image acquisition, according to current practice
            (online measurements).</p>
      <p>Subsequently, the data files were sent to the reading center, together with a completed
            form with an evaluation of image quality and online measurements. At the reading center,
            the images were analyzed in a ComPACS 10.5 workstation (Medimatic SrL, Italy). The
            offline measurements were performed at the reading center by another skilled
            echocardiographist (reader) blinded to previous readings. The offline readings involved
            a second qualitative assessment as well as all echocardiographic measurements using
            procedures similar to those adopted in the investigation center. A few exams (n = 68)
            were read again by a second reader at the reading center blinded to the initial online
            assessment and to the initial offline assessment.</p>
      <p>LVM was calculated by making linear measurements of the final diastolic diameter and the
            LV parietal thickness on the two-dimensional mode and M-mode. For this purpose, the
            formula and the definition criteria of the leading edge technique proposed by the
            American Society of Echocardiography were used, as follows<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>:</p>
      <p>LVM = 0.8 &#215; [1.04 (LVIDD + PWTD + IVSTD)<sup>3</sup> &#8722; (LVIDD)<sup>3</sup>] + 0.6 g,</p>
      <p>where LVM: left ventricular mass; LVIDD: left ventricular internal diameter in diastole;
            PWTD: posterior wall thickness in diastole; and IVSTD: interventricular septum thickness
            in diastole.</p>
      <p>For other measurements and Doppler studies, we used the parameters defined in the
            ELSA-Brasil protocol<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 17.0 software for Windows. The
               categorical variables were expressed as the absolute and relative frequency and the
               numeric variables as means &#177; standard deviations.</p>
        <p>The differences between echocardiographic measurements were represented using
               Bland&#8211;Altman plots<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and tested by variance
               analysis. Measurement variability was described using the intraclass correlation
               coefficient (ICC), also known as the reliability coefficient. ICC was calculated from
               the estimated variance components in models that considered the following to
               determine the reproducibility among the readers of the reading center: 1) the effect
               of the reading center versus the acquisition center as the fixed variable and the
               effect of individuals on which these measurements were performed as the random
               variable and 2) the effect of the first read at the reading center in relation to the
               second read at the reading center as the fixed variable and the effect of individuals
               on which these measurements were performed as the random variable.</p>
        <p>The mean differences and ICCs were calculated using 95% confidence intervals
               (CIs).</p>
        <p>A sample size of 100 exams was estimated to obtain 90% potency and identify a mean
               difference of 10 g in LVM among acquisition measurements and reading center
               measurements, with a significance level of 0.05<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. For convenience purposes and to compensate for losses, 124 individuals
               were selected for the reproducibility study, representing at least 20 individuals of
               each of the six investigation centers of the ELSA-Brasil study. Between July and
               November 2009, each center consecutively included its participants until the local
               target was reached, following the visit schedule of ELSA.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Among the selected participants, five exams were considered to be nonmeasurable (4%). Of
            the 119&#160;participants, 72 (61%) were female, with a mean age of 50.2 &#177; 7.0 years (minimum
            and maximum of 35 and 68 years, respectively), mean height of 1.64 &#177; 0.09 m (minimum and
            maximum of 1.44 and 1.83 m, respectively), and mean body mass index of 26.6 &#177; 4.0
               kg/m<sup>2</sup> (minimum and maximum of 19.2 and 36.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>,
            respectively). Of the participating individuals, 54 (45.3%) were of Caucasian ethnicity,
            32 (26.9%) were of Middle Eastern/South Asian ethnicity, 31 (26.1%) were of African
            ethnicity, and two (1.7%) were of Eastern/Southeast Asian ethnicity. Only two
            individuals were diagnosed with cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p>The quality of parasternal longitudinal images of 115 (96.6%) tests and 106 (92.4%)
            tests was considered to be excellent/good by the acquisition center and reading center,
            respectively. Agreement was found for 106 (89.1%) quality evaluations.</p>
      <p>No clinically significant differences were found among the means of measurements
            obtained at the investigation center (online) and those obtained at the reading center
            (offline) for most measurements (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiographic measurements obtained at the acquisition and reading centers
                  and respective reproducibility measurements</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">Measurement</th>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Values</th>
              <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Reproducibility measurement</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>n</th>
              <th>Acquisition center</th>
              <th>Reading center</th>
              <th>Mean difference (95% CI)</th>
              <th>ICC (95% CI)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="center" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <td colspan="6" align="left">
                <bold>Two-dimensional mode</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Aortic root diameter (cm)</td>
              <td>117</td>
              <td>3.00 &#177; 0.45</td>
              <td>2.98 &#177; 0.38</td>
              <td>0.02 (&#8722;0.03-0.08)</td>
              <td>0.75 (0.66-0.82)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LA diameter (cm)</td>
              <td>118</td>
              <td>3.40 &#177; 0.54</td>
              <td>3.50 &#177; 0.46</td>
              <td>&#8722;0.10 (&#8722;0.18-0.02)</td>
              <td>0.63 (0.51-0.73)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Septal thickness(cm)</td>
              <td>119</td>
              <td>0.88 &#177; 0.17</td>
              <td>0.87 &#177; 0.17</td>
              <td>0.00 (&#8722;0.03-0.03)</td>
              <td>0.56 (0.42-0.67)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LV posterior wall thickness (cm)</td>
              <td>119</td>
              <td>0.84 &#177; 0.16</td>
              <td>0.86 &#177; 0.15</td>
              <td>&#8722;0.02 (&#8722;0.05-0.01)</td>
              <td>0.56 (0.43-0.68)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Diastolic LV diameter (cm)</td>
              <td>119</td>
              <td>4.58 &#177; 0.50</td>
              <td>4.52 &#177; 0.47</td>
              <td>0.06 (0.00-0.11)</td>
              <td>0.79 (0.71-0.85)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Systolic LV diameter (cm)</td>
              <td>118</td>
              <td>2.92 &#177; 0.46</td>
              <td>2.82 &#177; 0.43</td>
              <td>0.10 (0.03-0.17)</td>
              <td>0.67 (0.55-0.76)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LV mass</td>
              <td>119</td>
              <td>131.29 &#177; 42.98</td>
              <td>129.99 &#177; 40.79</td>
              <td>1.29 (&#8722;3.60-6.19)</td>
              <td>0.79 (0.72-0.86)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LA area (cm&#178;)</td>
              <td>101</td>
              <td>16.33 &#177; 3.85</td>
              <td>16.63 &#177; 3.68</td>
              <td>&#8722;0.30 (&#8722;0.97-0.37)</td>
              <td>0.59 (0.45-0.71)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LV ejection fraction</td>
              <td>118</td>
              <td>65.08 &#177; 10.87</td>
              <td>67.31 &#177; 8.95</td>
              <td>&#8722;2.22 (&#8722;4.29-0.16)</td>
              <td>0.35 (0.19-0.50)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td colspan="6" align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <bold>M-mode</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Aortic root diameter (cm)</td>
              <td>100</td>
              <td>2.99 &#177; 0.40</td>
              <td>2.98 &#177; 0.42</td>
              <td>0.01 (&#8722;0.03-0.05)</td>
              <td>0.89 (0.84-0.92)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LA diameter (cm)</td>
              <td>100</td>
              <td>3.55 &#177; 0.46</td>
              <td>3.68 &#177; 0.46</td>
              <td>&#8722;0.13 (&#8722;0.18-0.08)</td>
              <td>0.86 (0.80-0.90)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Septal thickness(cm)</td>
              <td>86</td>
              <td>0.88 &#177; 0.18</td>
              <td>0.87 &#177; 0.19</td>
              <td>0.01 (&#8722;0.02-0.04)</td>
              <td>0.67 (0.53-0.77)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LV posterior wall thickness (cm)</td>
              <td>86</td>
              <td>0.84 &#177; 0.16</td>
              <td>0.85 &#177; 0.17</td>
              <td>&#8722;0.01 (&#8722;0.04-0.02)</td>
              <td>0.60 (0.44-0.72)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Diastolic LV diameter (cm)</td>
              <td>86</td>
              <td>4.72 &#177; 0.57</td>
              <td>4.71 &#177; 0.56</td>
              <td>0.01 (&#8722;0.04-0.06)</td>
              <td>0.92 (0.88-0.95)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Systolic LV diameter (cm)</td>
              <td>86</td>
              <td>2.85 &#177; 0.54</td>
              <td>2.82 &#177; 0.58</td>
              <td>0.03 (&#8722;0.02-0.08)</td>
              <td>0.92 (0.88-0.95)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LV mass</td>
              <td>86</td>
              <td>139.52 &#177; 55.18</td>
              <td>138.87 &#177; 53.05</td>
              <td>0.66 (&#8722;4.89-6.20)</td>
              <td>0.89 (0.83-0.92)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LV ejection fraction</td>
              <td>86</td>
              <td>69.98 &#177; 7.62</td>
              <td>70.33 &#177; 9.18</td>
              <td>&#8722;0.35 (&#8722;1.59-0.89)</td>
              <td>0.77 (0.66-0.84)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td colspan="6" align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <bold>Mitral Doppler</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">E wave</td>
              <td>119</td>
              <td>0.72 &#177; 0.17</td>
              <td>0.72 &#177; 0.15</td>
              <td>0.01 (&#8722;0.01-0.02)</td>
              <td>0.88 (0.83-0.92)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Deceleration time</td>
              <td>117</td>
              <td>217.50 &#177; 45.55</td>
              <td>226.35 &#177; 42.31</td>
              <td>&#8722;8.86 (&#8722;16.22-1.49)</td>
              <td>0.58 (0.45-0.69)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">A wave</td>
              <td>119</td>
              <td>0.59 &#177; 0.16</td>
              <td>0.60 &#177; 0.15</td>
              <td>&#8722;0.01 (&#8722;0.02-0.01)</td>
              <td>0.90 (0.86-0.93)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">E/A ratio</td>
              <td>119</td>
              <td>1.30 &#177; 0.45</td>
              <td>1.26 &#177; 0.41</td>
              <td>0.04 (0.01-0.07)</td>
              <td>0.93 (0.90-0.95)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td colspan="6" align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <bold>Medial mitral annular TDI</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">s' velocity</td>
              <td>111</td>
              <td>7.56 &#177; 1.34</td>
              <td>7.49 &#177; 1.14</td>
              <td>0.07 (&#8722;0.13-0.26)</td>
              <td>0.65 (0.52-0.74)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">e' velocity</td>
              <td>112</td>
              <td>9.86 &#177; 2.74</td>
              <td>9.92 &#177; 2.61</td>
              <td>&#8722;0.06 (&#8722;0.34-0.23)</td>
              <td>0.84 (0.78-0.89)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">a' velocity</td>
              <td>113</td>
              <td>9.71 &#177; 2.36</td>
              <td>9.63 &#177; 1.74</td>
              <td>0.07 (&#8722;0.28-0.43)</td>
              <td>0.57 (0.43-0.68)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td colspan="6" align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <bold>Lateral mitral annular TDI</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">s' velocity</td>
              <td>111</td>
              <td>8.38 &#177; 2.06</td>
              <td>8.35 &#177; 1.82</td>
              <td>0.03 (&#8722;0.31-0.37)</td>
              <td>0.57 (0.43-0.68)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">e' velocity</td>
              <td>113</td>
              <td>11.98 &#177; 2.63</td>
              <td>11.97 &#177; 2.55</td>
              <td>0.01 (&#8722;0.23-0.26)</td>
              <td>0.87 (0.82-0.91)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">a' velocity</td>
              <td>113</td>
              <td>9.14 &#177; 2.57</td>
              <td>9.23 &#177; 2.51</td>
              <td>&#8722;0.09 (&#8722;0.25-0.06)</td>
              <td>0.95 (0.92-0.96)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient; difference: value obtained at the
                     reading center &#8722; value obtained at the acquisition center; LV: left ventricle;
                     LA: left atrium; TDI: tissue Doppler imaging. The values obtained at the
                     acquisition and reading centers are expressed as the mean &#177; standard
                     deviation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> shows the differences between values
            obtained at the acquisition centers and those obtained at the reading center on the
            basis of the mean LVM readings, estimated using two-dimensional measurements
            (Bland&#8211;Altman plots). There was no notable tendency among online and offline
            measurements. In 95% samples, the differences were less than 0.7 cm, 0.3 cm, and 0.4 cm
            for the LV diastolic diameter, septum thickness, and posterior wall thickness,
            respectively. LVM was calculated from these three variables and showed a discrepancy of
            54 g or lower in 95% of samples. There were no association trends between magnitude and
            amplitude differences in these variables.</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Differences between the measurements from which LVM was estimated, performed
                  from images obtained on the two-dimensional mode in the acquisition and reading
                  centers (y axis) and the mean of both measurements (x axis). A: Left ventricular
                  diameter; B: left ventricular posterior wall thickness; C: septal thickness; D:
                  left ventricular mass. The solid line indicates the mean difference between both
                  measurements, and the dashed line indicates the mean &#177; two standard
                  deviations.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0104-40183-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The exclusion of the images that the reading center considered to be of regular quality
            (n = 9) did not change the mean differences of the following parameters measured online
            and offline: LV diameter (0.07 cm, 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.13), posterior LV wall thickness
            (&#8722;0.02 cm, 95% CI: &#8722;0.05 to 0.01), interventricular septum thickness (0 cm, 95% CI:
            &#8722;0.03 to 0.04), and LVM estimate (2.27 g, 95% CI: &#8722;2.77 to 7.31). Moreover, the results
            were quite similar after the exclusion in relation to ICC (0.80 for LV diameter, 0.48
            for posterior LV wall thickness, 0.52 for interventricular septum thickness, and 0.80
            for LVM estimate).</p>
      <p>For the remaining assessments, the distribution of the differences was of the same
            magnitude, as well as the distribution of the ICC values (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> shows the measurements obtained by
            different readers at the reading center. Although significant differences were observed
            between measurements, their magnitude was relatively low from a clinical point of
            view.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiographic measurements obtained at the reading center, repeated in
                  different moments by different readers</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr align="center">
              <th rowspan="2" align="left">Measurement</th>
              <th style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</th>
              <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Values</th>
              <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Reproducibility measurement</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>n</th>
              <th>First reading at the reading center</th>
              <th>Second reading at the reading center</th>
              <th>Mean difference (95% CI)</th>
              <th>ICC (95% CI)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr align="left">
              <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <bold>Measurement</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Aortic root diameter (cm)</td>
              <td>63</td>
              <td>3.02 &#177; 0.37</td>
              <td>3.02 &#177; 0.37</td>
              <td>0.00 (&#8722;0.07-0.07)</td>
              <td>0.74 (0.61-0.84)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LA diameter (cm)</td>
              <td>66</td>
              <td>3.58 &#177; 0.43</td>
              <td>3.63 &#177; 0.43</td>
              <td>&#8722;0.05 (-0.11-0.01)</td>
              <td>0.84 (0.75-0.90)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Septal thickness(cm)</td>
              <td>66</td>
              <td>0.87 &#177; 0.19</td>
              <td>0.94 &#177; 0.18</td>
              <td>-0.07 (&#8722;0.09-0.04)</td>
              <td>0.84 (0.75-0.90)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LV posterior wall thickness (cm)</td>
              <td>66</td>
              <td>0.87 &#177; 0.17</td>
              <td>0.93 &#177; 0.15</td>
              <td>&#8722;0.06 (&#8722;0.10-0.02)</td>
              <td>0.53 (0.33-0.68)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Diastolic LV diameter (cm)</td>
              <td>66</td>
              <td>4.60 &#177; 0.47</td>
              <td>4.55 &#177; 0.50</td>
              <td>0.05 (&#8722;0.01-0.11)</td>
              <td>0.88 (0.82-0.93)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Systolic LV diameter (cm)</td>
              <td>66</td>
              <td>2.85 &#177; 0.50</td>
              <td>2.90 &#177; 0.52</td>
              <td>&#8722;0.05 (&#8722;0.10-0.00)</td>
              <td>0.92 (0.86-0.95)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LV mass</td>
              <td>66</td>
              <td>134.80 &#177; 46.22</td>
              <td>145.30 &#177; 43.66</td>
              <td>&#8722;10.50 (&#8722;16.40-4.60)</td>
              <td>0.86 (0.78-0.91)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LA area (cm&#178;)</td>
              <td>59</td>
              <td>16.80 &#177; 4.03</td>
              <td>18.07 &#177; 3.19</td>
              <td>&#8722;1.27 (&#8722;1.94-0.60)</td>
              <td>0.75 (0.61-0.84)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LV ejection fraction</td>
              <td>66</td>
              <td>68.04 &#177; 8.97</td>
              <td>65.79 &#177; 9.44</td>
              <td>2.25 (0.76-3.75)</td>
              <td>0.78 (0.67-0.86)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="left">
              <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <bold>M-mode</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Aortic root diameter (cm)</td>
              <td>57</td>
              <td>3.00 &#177; 0.40</td>
              <td>2.98 &#177; 0.40</td>
              <td>0.02 (&#8722;0.03-0.07)</td>
              <td>0.88 (0.80-0.93)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LA diameter (cm)</td>
              <td>57</td>
              <td>3.73 &#177; 0.47</td>
              <td>3.77 &#177; 0.47</td>
              <td>&#8722;0.04 (&#8722;0.10-0.01)</td>
              <td>0.89 (0.83-0.94)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Septal thickness(cm)</td>
              <td>35</td>
              <td>0.86 &#177; 0.14</td>
              <td>1.04 &#177; 0.18</td>
              <td>&#8722;0.18 (&#8722;0.24-0.13)</td>
              <td>0.54 (0.26-0.74)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LV posterior wall thickness (cm)</td>
              <td>35</td>
              <td>0.83 &#177; 0.16</td>
              <td>1.01 &#177; 0.19</td>
              <td>&#8722;0.18 (&#8722;0.22-0.13)</td>
              <td>0.74 (0.55-0.70)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Diastolic LV diameter (cm)</td>
              <td>35</td>
              <td>4.90 &#177; 0.60</td>
              <td>4.79 &#177; 0.63</td>
              <td>0.11 (0.03-0.18)</td>
              <td>0.93 (0.87-0.97)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Systolic LV diameter (cm)</td>
              <td>35</td>
              <td>2.99 &#177; 0.77</td>
              <td>3.12 &#177; 0.65</td>
              <td>&#8722;0.13 (&#8722;0.22-0.04)</td>
              <td>0.88 (0.88-0.97)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LV mass</td>
              <td>35</td>
              <td>143.42 &#177; 41.58</td>
              <td>178.04 &#177; 47.58</td>
              <td>&#8722;34.61 (-42.89-26.34)</td>
              <td>0.86 (0.73-0.92)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">LV ejection fraction</td>
              <td>35</td>
              <td>68.81 &#177; 11.93</td>
              <td>63.92 &#177; 9.26</td>
              <td>4.89 (2.20-7.58)</td>
              <td>0.73 (0.53-0.86)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="left">
              <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <bold>Mitral Doppler</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">E wave</td>
              <td>66</td>
              <td>0.72 &#177; 0.15</td>
              <td>0.72 &#177; 0.16</td>
              <td>0.00 (&#8722;0.02-0.02)</td>
              <td>0.91 (0.86-0.94)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">Deceleration time</td>
              <td>66</td>
              <td>222.59 &#177; 44.18</td>
              <td>214.03 &#177; 35.73</td>
              <td>8.56 (0.42-16.69)</td>
              <td>0.66 (0.50-0.78)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">A wave</td>
              <td>66</td>
              <td>0.58 &#177; 0.15</td>
              <td>0.58 &#177; 0.15</td>
              <td>0.01 (&#8722;0.01-0.02)</td>
              <td>0.92 (0.87-0.95)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">E/A ration</td>
              <td>66</td>
              <td>1.31 &#177; 0.41</td>
              <td>1.32 &#177; 0.42</td>
              <td>&#8722;0.02 (&#8722;0.03-0.00)</td>
              <td>0.99 (0.98-0.99)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="left">
              <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <bold>Medial mitral annular TDI</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">s' velocity</td>
              <td>64</td>
              <td>7.69 &#177; 1.13</td>
              <td>7.74 &#177; 1.18</td>
              <td>&#8722;0.06 (&#8722;0.31-0.19)</td>
              <td>0.62 (0.45-0.75)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">e' velocity</td>
              <td>64</td>
              <td>10.09 &#177; 2.49</td>
              <td>9.70 &#177; 2.54</td>
              <td>0.39 (0.03-0.76)</td>
              <td>0.83 (0.74-0.89)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">a' velocity</td>
              <td>64</td>
              <td>9.49 &#177; 1.61</td>
              <td>9.33 &#177; 1.55</td>
              <td>0.16 (0.00-0.31)</td>
              <td>0.92 (0.88-0.95)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td colspan="6" align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <bold>Lateral mitral annular TDI</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">s' velocity</td>
              <td>64</td>
              <td>8.50 &#177; 1.74</td>
              <td>9.11 &#177; 1.83</td>
              <td>&#8722;0.61 (&#8722;1.01-0.20)</td>
              <td>0.59 (0.40-0.73)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">e' velocity</td>
              <td>64</td>
              <td>12.41 &#177; 2.36</td>
              <td>12.36 &#177; 2.36</td>
              <td>0.05 (&#8722;0.16-0.27)</td>
              <td>0.93 (0.89-0.96)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr align="center">
              <td align="left">a' velocity</td>
              <td>63</td>
              <td>9.42 &#177; 2.37</td>
              <td>9.22 &#177; 2.18</td>
              <td>0.20 (0.00-0.40)</td>
              <td>0.94 (0.90-0.96)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <p>ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient; difference: value obtained at the
                     reading center &#8722; value obtained at the acquisition center; LV: left ventricle;
                     LA: left atrium; TDI:&#160;tissue Doppler imaging. The values obtained at the
                     acquisition and reading centers are expressed as the mean &#177; standard
                     deviation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref> shows the measurement differences
            obtained in both readings, according to the mean LV values. The LVM difference did not
            surpass 58 g in 95% samples. There were no association trends between magnitude and
            amplitude differences in these variables. After the exclusion of regular-quality exams
            (n = 8), the results were quite similar in terms of the mean differences between both
            offline readings of LV diameter (0.04&#160;cm, 95%&#160;CI:&#160;&#8722;0.02 to 0.10), posterior LV wall
            thickness (&#8722;0.08&#160;cm, 95% CI: &#8722;0.11 to &#8722;0.04), interventricular septum thickness (&#8722;0.07
            cm, 95% CI: &#8722;0.10 to &#8722;0.04), and LVM estimate (&#8722;13.2&#160;g, 95% CI: &#8722;18.5 to &#8722;7.96) and the
            respective ICC values (0.89 for LV diameter, 0.57 for posterior LV wall thickness, 0.79
            for interventricular septum thickness, and 0.90 for LVM estimate).</p>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Differences between the measurements from which LVM was estimated, performed
                  by different readers at the reading center (y axis) from images obtained on the
                  two-dimensional mode, and the mean of both measurements (x axis). A: Left
                  ventricular diameter; B: left ventricular posterior wall thickness; C: septal
                  thickness; D: left ventricular mass. The solid line indicates the mean difference
                  between both measurements, and the dashed line indicates the mean &#177; two standard
                  deviations</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0104-40183-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In addition to LV measurements using the two-dimensional mode, we investigated the
            reproducibility of other measurements performed as part of the echocardiography protocol
            of ELSA-Brasil. We observed CCI values in the same range for measurements obtained using
            the M-Mode and transmitral flow Doppler and mitral annular tissue Doppler imaging. This
            was true not only for offline and online measurements but also for measurements
            performed by distinct readers of the reading center (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">2</xref>).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this study, the differences observed between online and offline measurements were
            practically null. The intraclass correlation coefficient, used for reproducibility
            assessment, was considered to be satisfactory for the LVM estimates obtained in the
            acquisition and reading centers (ICC = 0.79). For most tests, the online and offline LVM
            estimates did not surpass 50&#160;g. In a similar comparative study involving 274
            hypertensive individuals<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, ICC was not reported
            for the comparison of measurements performed in the acquisition centers and the reading
            center; however, the Pearson correlation was 0.76 and the mean difference was 8&#160;&#177;&#160;20 g
            (p &lt; 0.001), and this discrepancy was similar to that obtained in the present study
            for most individuals.</p>
      <p>With regard to reproducibility of measurements performed at the reading center by
            different readers, despite the existence of differences between the mean LVM estimates
            (&#8722;10.50 g, CI 95%: &#8722;16.40 to &#8722;4.60), the magnitude of this difference was relatively
            small from the clinical point of view, and ICC of both estimates was quite satisfactory
            (ICC = 0.86). In a previous report,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> the
            agreement between the readers of the reading center was only calculated for 10
            high-quality echocardiography exams after repeated measurements, and it was considered
            to be very satisfactory (ICC = 0.96 to 0.99, depending on the reader).</p>
      <p>With regard to other assessed echocardiographic measurements, we also observed small
            differences among the readers, and the reproducibility estimates were better when both
            the assessments were performed at the reading center. In general, these values were
            similar and had the same result patterns for the LVM findings. A similar performance was
            observed in other studies assessing the reproducibility of echocardiographic
               measurements<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>Although the reading center was apparently more demanding in the assessment of image
            quality than the investigation center (92% versus 97% for images considered to have
            excellent/good quality), the proportion of exams considered to be nonmeasureable was
            much lower than that observed in other population studies. In the Framingham Heart
            Study, only 28% of the echocardiography exams performed during the first 5 months were
            considered to be acceptable, reaching an acceptability of 74% to 81% in 2 years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. In the <italic>Atherosclerosis Risk</italic> in
            Communities (<italic>ARIC</italic>) study, despite the fact that the echocardiogram was
            acquired in one study center, only 70% of the exams were considered to be appropriate
            for estimating LVM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. This phenomenon may explain the variability in
            our study, and we can assume that the echocardiographist of the investigation center
            caused more interference in the measurements owing to the larger sample size when
            performing the exams. In contrast, it is possible that the image quality assessment was
            too permissive. Considering the increased number of images whose measurement was
            difficult in comparison with that in other studies, the technological benefits may have
            not been sufficient to compensate for the inadequate image quality.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Limitations</title>
        <p>Among the limitations of the study, the first noteworthy aspect is that the
               reproducibility was not evaluated in all investigation centers; therefore, it is not
               possible to infer whether the measurements repeated at the reading center are more
               reproducible than those repeated at each acquisition center. Potential difficulties
               in the standardization of acquisition readings in different centers are one of the
               main reasons to perform all measurements in a single center. The reproducibility of
               offline measurements was only determined in 50% of the samples. This percentage is
               significant in comparison with that observed previously<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, and it seems to be appropriate because there are fewer
               sources of variability in these comparisons.</p>
        <p>Another limitation of the study is that data collected for the evaluation of
               reproducibility were from the initial phases, during the learning curve, as observed
               in the Framingham Heart Study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. This may have
               caused systematic temporal drifts, consequently influencing the results,
               corroborating the need for permanent quality control protocols in ELSA-Brasil and
               subsequent studies, and it may help implement additional reading control measures
               that are effective for most exams that were included and read in the present
               study.</p>
        <p>ICC of the LVM measurement obtained on the M-mode (86 exams, 69.4%) was higher than
               that obtained on the two-dimensional mode (119 exams, 96.0%). These findings suggest
               that exams using poor-quality images are less reproducible; however, when these were
               excluded, there was no significant improvement in reproducibility. We focused our
               conclusions on the two-dimensional measurements because they best reflect current
               practices. Moreover, higher reproducibility does not necessarily imply increased
               accuracy because of the systematic errors inherent to the M-mode<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>There were no relevant systematic differences in the offline and online LVM
            echocardiographic measurements. The reproducibility measurements were similar to those
            found in previous studies, despite the fact that these studies avoided the exclusion of
            a high percentage of images. Several variability sources persisted in the present study,
            even in the exams performed with current technology and guided by a research protocol.
            This may indicate the need for an increased sample size to identify LVM differences
            among population and/or therapeutic interventions. The strategy of performing
            echocardiography measurements in reading centers (offline), as used in ELSA-Brasil, is
            feasible and can be important in clinical and epidemiological studies. This is also true
            for institutes where exams are analyzed by the echocardiographist during image
            acquisition (online).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Funding</title>
        <p>The ELSA-Brasil study was funded by the Health Ministry (Department of Science and
               Technology), the Ministry of Science and Technology (FINEP&#8211; Funding Authority for
               Studies and Projects, and the National Council for Scientific Research), process
               numbers: 01 06 0010.00 RS, 01 06 0212.00BA, 01 06 0300.00 ES, 01 06 0278.00 MG, 01 06
               0115.00SP, and 01 06 0071.00 RJ.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de (Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia),
               Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos e Conselho
               Nacional de Pesquisa).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Alexandre Pereira Tognon,
               from Alexandre Pereira Tognon.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>We are grateful to the participants of the ELSA-Brasil study and the researchers who
            made their achievement possible.</p>
    </ack>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reprodutibilidade de Medidas Ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da Massa Ventricular
               Esquerda no ELSA-Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tognon</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff09">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Foppa</surname>
            <given-names>Murilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luft</surname>
            <given-names>Vivian Cristine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">7</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chambless</surname>
            <given-names>Lloyd Ellwood</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>El Aouar</surname>
            <given-names>Lilia Maria Mameri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duncan</surname>
            <given-names>Bruce Bartholow</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do
               Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em
               Epidemiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Epidemiologia,
               Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio
               Grande do Sul - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff09">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Vicente de Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Grupo de Pesquisa Cardiovascular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Passo Fundo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa Cardiovascular do Hospital S&#227;o
               Vicente de Paulo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">The University of North Carolina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Chapel Hill</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">NC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Estados Unidos</country>
        <institution content-type="original">The University of North Carolina. Chapel Hill, NC,
               Estados Unidos</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo,
               S&#227;o Paulo - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Esp&#237;rito Santo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo, Vit&#243;ria,
               Esp&#237;rito Santo - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Bahia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia -
               Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFRGS</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">HCPA</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Estudos em Alimenta&#231;&#227;o e
               Nutri&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Estudos em Alimenta&#231;&#227;o e Nutri&#231;&#227;o, HCPA/
               UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Alexandre Pereira Tognon</bold>, Rua Teixeira
               Soares 808, Hospital S&#227;o Vicente de Paulo &#8211; Hemodin&#226;mica. Centro. CEP 99010-080.
               Passo Fundo, RS &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>aptognon@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Tognon AP, Foppa M, Duncan BB; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados:
                  Foppa M, El Aoua LMM, Fernandes LP; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Tognon AP,
                  Luft VC, Chambless L; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Tognon AP, Chambless L; Obten&#231;&#227;o de
                  financiamento: Lotufo P, Duncan BB; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Tognon AP, Foppa M;
                  Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Luft VC,
                  Chambless L, Lotufo P, El Aoua LMM, Fernandes LP, Duncan BB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A ecocardiografia, apesar de n&#227;o invasiva e de relativo baixo custo, tem na
                  variabilidade de medidas repetidas um dos principais limitantes a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o
                  em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a reprodutibilidade da massa ventricular esquerda obtida em centros de
                  investiga&#231;&#227;o (<italic>on-line</italic>) com aquela obtida em centro de leitura
                     (<italic>off-line</italic>) e entre medidas realizadas por diferentes
                  avaliadores no centro de leitura.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Ecocardiografistas dos seis centros de investiga&#231;&#227;o do ELSA-Brasil mediram
                     <italic>on-line</italic> a massa ventricular esquerda e outras medidas
                  ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de 124 exames antes de envi&#225;-los ao centro de leitura, onde
                  foram lidos <italic>off-line</italic> de acordo com o protocolo do estudo. Metade
                  desses exames foi medida de forma cega por um segundo leitor.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Dos 124 exames, cinco (4%) foram considerados n&#227;o mensur&#225;veis. Dos 119 restantes,
                  72 (61%) eram de mulheres, com idade m&#233;dia de 50,2 &#177; 7,0 anos, sendo apenas dois
                  exames com altera&#231;&#227;o estrutural card&#237;aca. Em 110 (92,4%) dos exames, as imagens
                  foram consideradas &#243;timas/boas pelo centro de leitura. N&#227;o foram observadas
                  diferen&#231;as significativas entre as m&#233;dias da massa ventricular esquerda obtidas
                     <italic>on-line</italic> e <italic>off-line</italic> (1,29 g, IC 95%
                  &#8722;3,60-6,19), sendo o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse de 0,79 (IC 95%
                  0,72-0,85). Para as medidas realizadas no centro de leitura, % 0,78-0,91).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as sistem&#225;ticas relevantes na medida da massa ventricular
                  esquerda on-line versus off-line e a reprodutibilidade das medidas foi similar &#224;
                  de estudos anteriores. A realiza&#231;&#227;o das medidas em centros de leitura, como
                  utilizado no ELSA-Brasil, &#233; fact&#237;vel e &#250;til em estudos cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gicos
                  realizados em nosso meio.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Precis&#227;o da Medi&#231;&#227;o Dimensional</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudo Multic&#234;ntrico</kwd>
        <kwd>Reprodutibilidade dos Testes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A ecocardiografia &#233; o m&#233;todo de imagem n&#227;o invasivo mais empregado em cardiologia
               cl&#237;nica para avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional e estrutural, sendo tamb&#233;m empregado em pesquisa
                  cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. A hipertrofia ventricular esquerda &#233; uma das
               medidas derivadas da ecocardiografia incorporada &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica como preditor de
               eventos cardiovasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Mesmo sendo a
               modalidade de imagem cardiovascular de menor custo e mais acess&#237;vel, o seu uso em
               estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos &#233; limitado pela dificuldade de se obterem imagens de boa
               qualidade para a totalidade dos indiv&#237;duos e pela variabilidade entre medidas
                  repetidas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>.</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da massa ventricular esquerda (MVE) &#233; &#250;til para garantia
               e controle de qualidade na realiza&#231;&#227;o das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, uma vez que ela
               &#233; clinicamente &#250;til e integra m&#250;ltiplas medidas adquiridas no exame. Cabe salientar
               que, da forma como &#233; calculada, potenciais erros s&#227;o elevados &#224; terceira pot&#234;ncia na
               estimativa da MVE.</p>
        <p>Para viabilizar medidas mais precisas e acuradas, a Sociedade Americana de
               Ecocardiografia defende a leitura centralizada de exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos em estudos
                  multic&#234;ntricos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, uma vez que se demonstrou
               que medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas realizadas localmente t&#234;m impacto progn&#243;stico menor que
               aquelas realizadas em um laborat&#243;rio central<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.
               Essas recomenda&#231;&#245;es foram implementadas no Estudo Longitudinal da Sa&#250;de do Adulto
                  (ELSA-Brasil)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, do qual um protocolo de
               imagens foi obtido e v&#237;deos digitais correspondendo a tr&#234;s ciclos card&#237;acos foram
               armazenados e transmitidos ao centro de leitura.</p>
        <p>A transforma&#231;&#227;o advinda da tecnologia digital para aquisi&#231;&#227;o, transmiss&#227;o e
               armazenamento facilitou o processamento e o uso das imagens. Entretanto, mesmo que
               esses avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos tenham sido incorporados &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, n&#227;o &#233; claro
               qual o seu impacto, no ambiente de pesquisa, na variabilidade da leitura. O presente
               estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a reprodutibilidade da estimativa da MVE e das
               medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, a partir das quais &#233; calculada, comparando valores obtidos
               localmente (nos centros de aquisi&#231;&#227;o &#8211; <italic>on-line</italic>) com aqueles obtidos
               no centro de leitura (<italic>off-line</italic>) e tamb&#233;m entre medidas realizadas em
               duplicata, por diferentes leitores, no centro de leitura. Como objetivo secund&#225;rio
               avaliamos a reprodutibilidade das medidas do &#225;trio esquerdo e aorta, e das medidas
               obtidas por Doppler do fluxo transmitral e Doppler tecidual do anel mitral.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>O Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) &#233; uma investiga&#231;&#227;o prospectiva
               multic&#234;ntrica de 15.105&#160;participantes volunt&#225;rios, funcion&#225;rios de institui&#231;&#245;es
               p&#250;blicas de ensino superior e pesquisa, com idade entre 35 e 74 anos, que tem por
               objetivo investigar aspectos epidemiol&#243;gicos, cl&#237;nicos e moleculares de doen&#231;as
               cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis, principalmente as cardiovasculares e o diabetes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. O per&#237;odo da coleta de dados da linha de base
               ocorreu de agosto de 2008 a dezembro de 2010. Aproximadamente 10 mil participantes
               foram submetidos a um exame de ecocardiografia como parte da linha de base. O
               protocolo do ELSA-Brasil foi aprovado por comit&#234;s de &#233;tica das institui&#231;&#245;es
               envolvidas, e todos os participantes assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e
               esclarecido.</p>
        <p>Todos os exames foram realizados nos centros de investiga&#231;&#227;o em aparelhos do mesmo
               modelo (Toshiba Aplio XG) por ecocardiografistas habilitados, que foram treinados e
               posteriormente certificados pelo centro de leitura do estudo. O protocolo do
               ELSA-Brasil baseou-se nos m&#233;todos recomendados pelas sociedades europeia e
               norte-americana de ecocardiografia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Sequ&#234;ncias de tr&#234;s
               batimentos card&#237;acos consecutivos, em cada janela ecocardiogr&#225;fica, que melhor
               representassem os achados existentes, foram selecionadas e salvas em arquivos
               digitais em formato padronizado para imagens m&#233;dicas (DICOM).</p>
        <p>Para o estudo de reprodutibilidade, al&#233;m da aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens do protocolo, os
               ecocardiografistas do centro de investiga&#231;&#227;o realizaram a leitura e a realiza&#231;&#227;o das
               medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas durante a aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens, de acordo com a pr&#225;tica
               vigente em nosso meio (medidas <italic>on-line</italic>).</p>
        <p>Posteriormente, os arquivos foram enviados para o centro de leitura, juntamente com
               um formul&#225;rio preenchido com as impress&#245;es sobre a qualidade das imagens e as medidas
                  <italic>on-line</italic>. No centro de leitura, as sequ&#234;ncias de imagens foram
               revisadas em uma esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho ComPACS 10.5 (Medimatic SrL, It&#225;lia). As medidas
                  <italic>off-line</italic> foram realizadas no centro de leitura por outro
               ecocardiografista habilitado (leitor), cego para a leitura anterior. A leitura
                  <italic>off-line</italic> consistiu em uma segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o qualitativa das
               imagens e na realiza&#231;&#227;o de todas as medidas eoccardiogr&#225;ficas, similar &#224; realizada no
               centro de investiga&#231;&#227;o. Uma amostra desses exames (n = 68) foi tamb&#233;m lida novamente
               por um segundo leitor no centro de leitura, cego para a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial e para a
               primeira medida <italic>off-line</italic>.</p>
        <p>A MVE foi calculada por meio das medidas lineares do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final e das
               espessuras parietais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo obtidas nos modos bidimensional e M,
               utilizando-se a f&#243;rmula e os crit&#233;rios de defini&#231;&#227;o de interface das bordas
                  (<italic>leading to leading edge</italic>) propostos pela Sociedade Americana de
                  Ecocardiografia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>:</p>
        <p>MVE = 0,8 &#215; [1,04 (DVID + EPPD + ESIVD)<sup>3</sup> &#8722; (DVID)<sup>3</sup>] + 0,6 g</p>
        <p>onde MVE: massa ventricular esquerda; DVID: di&#226;metro do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na
               di&#225;stole; EPPD: espessura da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na di&#225;stole;
               ESIVD: espessura do septo interventricular na di&#225;stole.</p>
        <p>Para as demais medidas e para o Doppler foram utilizados os par&#226;metros determinados
               no protocolo do ELSA-Brasil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando-se o SPSS 17.0 para Windows. As
                  vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa, e as
                  num&#233;ricas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o.</p>
          <p>As diferen&#231;as entre as medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram descritas em gr&#225;ficos de
                     Bland-Altman<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e testadas utilizando-se
                  an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia. A variabilidade das medidas foi descrita utilizando o
                  coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (CCI), tamb&#233;m conhecido como coeficiente de
                  confiabilidade (<italic>reliability</italic>
                  <italic>coefficient</italic>), calculado a partir dos componentes de vari&#226;ncia
                  estimados em modelos que consideravam: 1) como fixo o efeito de centro de leitura
                     <italic>versus</italic> centros de aquisi&#231;&#227;o e como aleat&#243;rio o efeito dos
                  indiv&#237;duos sobre os quais as medidas foram realizadas; 2) para a determina&#231;&#227;o da
                  reprodutibilidade entre os leitores do CL foi considerado fixo o efeito de
                  primeira leitura no centro de leitura <italic>versus</italic> segunda leitura no
                  centro de leitura, e como aleat&#243;rio o efeito dos indiv&#237;duos sobre os quais as
                  medidas foram realizadas.</p>
          <p>As diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias e os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse foram
                  apresentados com os respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
          <p>Foi estimado um tamanho amostral de 100 exames para obter um poder de 90%, para
                  identificar a diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia de 10 g na massa ventricular esquerda entre as
                  medidas na aquisi&#231;&#227;o e no centro de leitura, com signific&#226;ncia de 0,05<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Por conveni&#234;ncia e para compensar poss&#237;veis
                  perdas, foram selecionados para o estudo de reprodutibilidade 124&#160;indiv&#237;duos,
                  representando pelo menos 20 indiv&#237;duos em cada um dos seis centros de investiga&#231;&#227;o
                  do estudo ELSA-Brasil. Cada centro, dentro do per&#237;odo de julho a novembro de 2009,
                  incluiu consecutivamente os seus participantes at&#233; atingir a meta local, seguindo
                  o agendamento de visitas do ELSA.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Dos 124 participantes selecionados, exames de cinco foram considerados n&#227;o
               mensur&#225;veis (4%). Dos 119 indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos, 72 (61%) eram do sexo feminino, a
               idade m&#233;dia era 50,2 &#177; 7,0 anos (m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo: 35 e 68 anos, respectivamente), a
               altura m&#233;dia era 1,64 &#177; 0,09 m (m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo: 1,44 m e 1,83 m, respectivamente) e
               o &#237;ndice de massa corporal m&#233;dio era 26,6 &#177; 4,0 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo:
               19,2 e 36,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, respectivamente). Referiram-se como brancos 54 (45,3%)
               indiv&#237;duos, 32 (26,9%) como pardos, 31 (26,1%) como pretos e dois (1,7%) como
               amarelos. Apenas dois indiv&#237;duos tinham diagn&#243;stico de cardiomiopatia.</p>
        <p>A qualidade das imagens paraesternais longitudinais foi considerada &#243;tima/boa pelos
               centros de aquisi&#231;&#227;o em 115&#160;(96,6%) dos exames, e pelo centro de leitura em
               110&#160;(92,4%). Observou-se concord&#226;ncia em 106 (89,1%) das avalia&#231;&#245;es de qualidade.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as clinicamente significativas entre as m&#233;dias das
               medidas obtidas no centro de investiga&#231;&#227;o (<italic>on-line</italic>) e as obtidas no
               centro de leitura (<italic>off-line</italic>) para a maior parte das medidas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas aferidas nos centros de aquisi&#231;&#227;o e de leitura, e
                     respectivas medidas de reprodutibilidade</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">Medida</th>
                <th style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Valores</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Medida de reprodutibilidade</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>Centro de aquisi&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>Centro de leitura</th>
                <th>Diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>CCI (IC 95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                <td colspan="6">
                  <bold>Modo bidimensional</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro da raiz da aorta (cm)</td>
                <td>117</td>
                <td>3,00 &#177; 0,45</td>
                <td>2,98 &#177; 0,38</td>
                <td>0,02 (&#8722;0,03-0,08)</td>
                <td>0,75 (0,66-0,82)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro AE (cm)</td>
                <td>118</td>
                <td>3,40 &#177; 0,54</td>
                <td>3,50 &#177; 0,46</td>
                <td>&#8722;0,10 (&#8722;0,18-0,02)</td>
                <td>0,63 (0,51-0,73)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Espessura do septo IV (cm)</td>
                <td>119</td>
                <td>0,88 &#177; 0,17</td>
                <td>0,87 &#177; 0,17</td>
                <td>0,00 (&#8722;0,03-0,03)</td>
                <td>0,56 (0,42-0,67)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Espessura da parede posterior do VE (cm)</td>
                <td>119</td>
                <td>0,84 &#177; 0,16</td>
                <td>0,86 &#177; 0,15</td>
                <td>&#8722;0,02 (&#8722;0,05-0,01)</td>
                <td>0,56 (0,43-0,68)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro VE na di&#225;stole (cm)</td>
                <td>119</td>
                <td>4,58 &#177; 0,50</td>
                <td>4,52 &#177; 0,47</td>
                <td>0,06 (0,00-0,11)</td>
                <td>0,79 (0,71-0,85)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro VE na s&#237;stole (cm)</td>
                <td>118</td>
                <td>2,92 &#177; 0,46</td>
                <td>2,82 &#177; 0,43</td>
                <td>0,10 (0,03-0,17)</td>
                <td>0,67 (0,55-0,76)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Massa VE</td>
                <td>119</td>
                <td>131,29 &#177; 42,98</td>
                <td>129,99 &#177; 40,79</td>
                <td>1,29 (&#8722;3,60-6,19)</td>
                <td>0,79 (0,72-0,86)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#193;rea AE (cm&#178;)</td>
                <td>101</td>
                <td>16,33 &#177; 3,85</td>
                <td>16,63 &#177; 3,68</td>
                <td>&#8722;0,30 (&#8722;0,97-0,37)</td>
                <td>0,59 (0,45-0,71)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o VE</td>
                <td>118</td>
                <td>65,08 &#177; 10,87</td>
                <td>67,31 &#177; 8,95</td>
                <td>&#8722;2,22 (&#8722;4,29-0,16)</td>
                <td>0,35 (0,19-0,50)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="left">
                <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                  <bold>Modo M</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro da raiz da aorta (cm)</td>
                <td>100</td>
                <td>2,99 &#177; 0,40</td>
                <td>2,98 &#177; 0,42</td>
                <td>0,01 (&#8722;0,03-0,05)</td>
                <td>0,89 (0,84-0,92)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro AE (cm)</td>
                <td>100</td>
                <td>3,55 &#177; 0,46</td>
                <td>3,68 &#177; 0,46</td>
                <td>&#8722;0,13 (&#8722;0,18-0,08)</td>
                <td>0,86 (0,80-0,90)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Espessura do septo IV (cm)</td>
                <td>86</td>
                <td>0,88 &#177; 0,18</td>
                <td>0,87 &#177; 0,19</td>
                <td>0,01 (&#8722;0,02-0,04)</td>
                <td>0,67 (0,53-0,77)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Espessura da parede posterior do VE (cm)</td>
                <td>86</td>
                <td>0,84 &#177; 0,16</td>
                <td>0,85 &#177; 0,17</td>
                <td>&#8722;0,01 (&#8722;0,04-0,02)</td>
                <td>0,60 (0,44-0,72)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro VE na di&#225;stole (cm)</td>
                <td>86</td>
                <td>4,72 &#177; 0,57</td>
                <td>4,71 &#177; 0,56</td>
                <td>0,01 (&#8722;0,04-0,06)</td>
                <td>0,92 (0,88-0,95)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro VE na s&#237;stole (cm)</td>
                <td>86</td>
                <td>2,85 &#177; 0,54</td>
                <td>2,82 &#177; 0,58</td>
                <td>0,03 (&#8722;0,02-0,08)</td>
                <td>0,92 (0,88-0,95)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Massa VE</td>
                <td>86</td>
                <td>139,52 &#177; 55,18</td>
                <td>138,87 &#177; 53,05</td>
                <td>0,66 (&#8722;4,89-6,20)</td>
                <td>0,89 (0,83-0,92)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o VE</td>
                <td>86</td>
                <td>69,98 &#177; 7,62</td>
                <td>70,33 &#177; 9,18</td>
                <td>&#8722;0,35 (&#8722;1,59-0,89)</td>
                <td>0,77 (0,66-0,84)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="left">
                <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                  <bold>Doppler mitral</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Onda E</td>
                <td>119</td>
                <td>0,72 &#177; 0,17</td>
                <td>0,72 &#177; 0,15</td>
                <td>0,01 (&#8722;0,01-0,02)</td>
                <td>0,88 (0,83-0,92)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td>117</td>
                <td>217,50 &#177; 45,55</td>
                <td>226,35 &#177; 42,31</td>
                <td>&#8722;8,86 (&#8722;16,22-1,49)</td>
                <td>0,58 (0,45-0,69)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Onda A</td>
                <td>119</td>
                <td>0,59 &#177; 0,16</td>
                <td>0,60 &#177; 0,15</td>
                <td>&#8722;0,01 (&#8722;0,02-0,01)</td>
                <td>0,90 (0,86-0,93)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o E/A</td>
                <td>119</td>
                <td>1,30 &#177; 0,45</td>
                <td>1,26 &#177; 0,41</td>
                <td>0,04 (0,01-0,07)</td>
                <td>0,93 (0,90-0,95)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="left">
                <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                  <bold>Doppler tecidual do anel mitral medial</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Velocidade onda S</td>
                <td>111</td>
                <td>7,56 &#177; 1,34</td>
                <td>7,49 &#177; 1,14</td>
                <td>0,07 (&#8722;0,13-0,26)</td>
                <td>0,65 (0,52-0,74)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Velocidade onda E</td>
                <td>112</td>
                <td>9,86 &#177; 2,74</td>
                <td>9,92 &#177; 2,61</td>
                <td>&#8722;0,06 (&#8722;0,34-0,23)</td>
                <td>0,84 (0,78-0,89)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Velocidade onda A</td>
                <td>113</td>
                <td>9,71 &#177; 2,36</td>
                <td>9,63 &#177; 1,74</td>
                <td>0,07 (&#8722;0,28-0,43)</td>
                <td>0,57 (0,43-0,68)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="left">
                <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                  <bold>Doppler tecidual do anel mitral lateral</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Velocidade onda S</td>
                <td>111</td>
                <td>8,38 &#177; 2,06</td>
                <td>8,35 &#177; 1,82</td>
                <td>0,03 (&#8722;0,31-0,37)</td>
                <td>0,57 (0,43-0,68)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Velocidade onda E</td>
                <td>113</td>
                <td>11,98 &#177; 2,63</td>
                <td>11,97 &#177; 2,55</td>
                <td>0,01 (&#8722;0,23-0,26)</td>
                <td>0,87 (0,82-0,91)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Velocidade onda A</td>
                <td>113</td>
                <td>9,14 &#177; 2,57</td>
                <td>9,23 &#177; 2,51</td>
                <td>&#8722;0,09 (&#8722;0,25-0,06)</td>
                <td>0,95 (0,92-0,96)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <p>CCI: coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse; diferen&#231;a: valor obtido no
                        centro de leitura &#177; valor obtido no centro de aquisi&#231;&#227;o; VE: ventr&#237;culo
                        esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; IV: interventricular. Valores obtidos nos
                        centros de aquisi&#231;&#227;o e leitura expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref> apresenta a diferen&#231;a entre os
               valores obtidos nos centros de aquisi&#231;&#227;o e no centro de leitura em fun&#231;&#227;o do valor
               m&#233;dio das duas aferi&#231;&#245;es da MVE, estimada pelas medidas bidimensionais (gr&#225;ficos de
               Bland-Altman). N&#227;o houve tend&#234;ncia not&#225;vel de diferen&#231;as entre as medidas obtidas
                  <italic>on-line</italic> e <italic>off-line</italic>. Em 95% da amostra, as
               discrep&#226;ncias foram menores que 0,7 cm, 0,3 cm e 0,4&#160;cm para o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do
               VE, espessura septal e espessura da parede posterior. A MVE, calculada a partir
               dessas tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis, apresentou discrep&#226;ncia menor ou igual a 54 g em 95% da
               amostra. N&#227;o se observaram tend&#234;ncias de associa&#231;&#227;o entre a magnitude da diferen&#231;a e
               a amplitude dos valores dessas vari&#225;veis.</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diferen&#231;as entre medidas das quais a MVE &#233; estimada, realizadas a partir de
                     imagens obtidas no modo bidimensional nos centros de aquisi&#231;&#227;o e no centro de
                     leitura (eixo y) versus m&#233;dia das duas medidas (eixo x). A: di&#226;metro
                     ventricular esquerdo; B: espessura da parede posterior; C: espessura do septo
                     interventricular; D: massa ventricular esquerda. A linha s&#243;lida indica a
                     diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia entre as duas medidas, e as linhas tracejadas, m&#233;dia &#177; 2
                     desvios-padr&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0104-40183-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>A exclus&#227;o de imagens que o centro de leitura julgou como de qualidade apenas regular
               (n = 9) n&#227;o produziu altera&#231;&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias das medidas
                  <italic>on-line</italic> e <italic>off-line</italic> do di&#226;metro ventricular
               esquerdo (0,07&#160;cm, IC 95% 0,01-0,13), da espessura da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo
               esquerdo (&#8722;0,02 cm, IC 95% &#8722;0,05-0,01), do septo interventricular (0 cm, IC 95%
               &#8722;0,03-0,04) e da estimativa da MVE (2,27 g, IC 95% &#8722;2,77-7,31). Os resultados tamb&#233;m
               permaneceram bastante similares, ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao CCI (0,80 para
               di&#226;metro VE, 0,48 para espessura da parede posterior do VE, 0,52 para septo
               interventricular e 0,80 para MVE).</p>
        <p>Para as demais medidas avaliadas, a distribui&#231;&#227;o das diferen&#231;as foi da mesma
               magnitude, assim como a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos valores do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o
               intraclasse (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta as medidas realizadas
               por diferentes avaliadores no centro de leitura. Embora diferen&#231;as estatisticamente
               significativas tenham sido encontradas, a magnitude delas foi relativamente pequena
               do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas aferidas no centro de leitura, repetidas em
                     momentos diferentes por diferentes observadores</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr align="center">
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">Medida</th>
                <th style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Valores</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">Medida de Reprodutibilidade</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>Primeira leitura no centro de leitura</th>
                <th>Segunda leitura no centro de leitura</th>
                <th>Diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>CCI (IC 95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td colspan="6" align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                  <bold>Modo bidimensional</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro da raiz da aorta (cm)</td>
                <td>63</td>
                <td>3,02 &#177; 0,37</td>
                <td>3,02 &#177; 0,37</td>
                <td>0,00 (&#8722;0,07-0,07)</td>
                <td>0,74 (0,61-0,84)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro AE (cm)</td>
                <td>66</td>
                <td>3,58 &#177; 0,43</td>
                <td>3,63 &#177; 0,43</td>
                <td>&#8722;0,05 (-0,11-0,01)</td>
                <td>0,84 (0,75-0,90)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Espessura do septo IV (cm)</td>
                <td>66</td>
                <td>0,87 &#177; 0,19</td>
                <td>0,94 &#177; 0,18</td>
                <td>-0,07 (&#8722;0,09-0,04)</td>
                <td>0,84 (0,75-0,90)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Espessura da parede posterior do VE (cm)</td>
                <td>66</td>
                <td>0,87 &#177; 0,17</td>
                <td>0,93 &#177; 0,15</td>
                <td>&#8722;0,06 (&#8722;0,10-0,02)</td>
                <td>0,53 (0,33-0,68)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro VE na di&#225;stole (cm)</td>
                <td>66</td>
                <td>4,60 &#177; 0,47</td>
                <td>4,55 &#177; 0,50</td>
                <td>0,05 (&#8722;0,01-0,11)</td>
                <td>0,88 (0,82-0,93)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro VE na s&#237;stole (cm)</td>
                <td>66</td>
                <td>2,85 &#177; 0,50</td>
                <td>2,90 &#177; 0,52</td>
                <td>&#8722;0,05 (&#8722;0,10-0,00)</td>
                <td>0,92 (0,86-0,95)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Massa VE</td>
                <td>66</td>
                <td>134,80 &#177; 46,22</td>
                <td>145,30 &#177; 43,66</td>
                <td>&#8722;10,50 (&#8722;16,40-4,60)</td>
                <td>0,86 (0,78-0,91)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#193;rea AE (cm&#178;)</td>
                <td>59</td>
                <td>16,80 &#177; 4,03</td>
                <td>18,07 &#177; 3,19</td>
                <td>&#8722;1,27 (&#8722;1,94-0,60)</td>
                <td>0,75 (0,61-0,84)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o VE</td>
                <td>66</td>
                <td>68,04 &#177; 8,97</td>
                <td>65,79 &#177; 9,44</td>
                <td>2,25 (0,76-3,75)</td>
                <td>0,78 (0,67-0,86)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td colspan="6" align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                  <bold>Modo M</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro da raiz da aorta (cm)</td>
                <td>57</td>
                <td>3,00 &#177; 0,40</td>
                <td>2,98 &#177; 0,40</td>
                <td>0,02 (&#8722;0,03-0,07)</td>
                <td>0,88 (0,80-0,93)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro AE (cm)</td>
                <td>57</td>
                <td>3,73 &#177; 0,47</td>
                <td>3,77 &#177; 0,47</td>
                <td>&#8722;0,04 (&#8722;0,10-0,01)</td>
                <td>0,89 (0,83-0,94)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Espessura do septo IV (cm)</td>
                <td>35</td>
                <td>0,86 &#177; 0,14</td>
                <td>1,04 &#177; 0,18</td>
                <td>&#8722;0,18 (&#8722;0,24-0,13)</td>
                <td>0,54 (0,26-0,74)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Espessura da parede posterior do VE (cm)</td>
                <td>35</td>
                <td>0,83 &#177; 0,16</td>
                <td>1,01 &#177; 0,19</td>
                <td>&#8722;0,18 (&#8722;0,22-0,13)</td>
                <td>0,74 (0,55-0,70)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro VE na di&#225;stole (cm)</td>
                <td>35</td>
                <td>4,90 &#177; 0,60</td>
                <td>4,79 &#177; 0,63</td>
                <td>0,11 (0,03-0,18)</td>
                <td>0,93 (0,87-0,97)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro VE na s&#237;stole (cm)</td>
                <td>35</td>
                <td>2,99 &#177; 0,77</td>
                <td>3,12 &#177; 0,65</td>
                <td>&#8722;0,13 (&#8722;0,22-0,04)</td>
                <td>0,88 (0,88-0,97)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Massa VE</td>
                <td>35</td>
                <td>143,42 &#177; 41,58</td>
                <td>178,04 &#177; 47,58</td>
                <td>&#8722;34,61 (-42,89-26,34)</td>
                <td>0,86 (0,73-0,92)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o VE</td>
                <td>35</td>
                <td>68,81 &#177; 11,93</td>
                <td>63,92 &#177; 9,26</td>
                <td>4,89 (2,20-7,58)</td>
                <td>0,73 (0,53-0,86)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td colspan="6" align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                  <bold>Doppler mitral</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Onda E</td>
                <td>66</td>
                <td>0,72 &#177; 0,15</td>
                <td>0,72 &#177; 0,16</td>
                <td>0,00 (&#8722;0,02-0,02)</td>
                <td>0,91 (0,86-0,94)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td>66</td>
                <td>222,59 &#177; 44,18</td>
                <td>214,03 &#177; 35,73</td>
                <td>8,56 (0,42-16,69)</td>
                <td>0,66 (0,50-0,78)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Onda A</td>
                <td>66</td>
                <td>0,58 &#177; 0,15</td>
                <td>0,58 &#177; 0,15</td>
                <td>0,01 (&#8722;0,01-0,02)</td>
                <td>0,92 (0,87-0,95)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o E/A</td>
                <td>66</td>
                <td>1,31 &#177; 0,41</td>
                <td>1,32 &#177; 0,42</td>
                <td>&#8722;0,02 (&#8722;0,03-0,00)</td>
                <td>0,99 (0,98-0,99)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td colspan="6" align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                  <bold>Doppler tecidual do anel mitral medial</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Velocidade onda S</td>
                <td>64</td>
                <td>7,69 &#177; 1,13</td>
                <td>7,74 &#177; 1,18</td>
                <td>&#8722;0,06 (&#8722;0,31-0,19)</td>
                <td>0,62 (0,45-0,75)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Velocidade onda E</td>
                <td>64</td>
                <td>10,09 &#177; 2,49</td>
                <td>9,70 &#177; 2,54</td>
                <td>0,39 (0,03-0,76)</td>
                <td>0,83 (0,74-0,89)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Velocidade onda A</td>
                <td>64</td>
                <td>9,49 &#177; 1,61</td>
                <td>9,33 &#177; 1,55</td>
                <td>0,16 (0,00-0,31)</td>
                <td>0,92 (0,88-0,95)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td colspan="6" align="left" style="border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:thin; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:thin">
                  <bold>Doppler tecidual do anel mitral lateral</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Velocidade onda S</td>
                <td>64</td>
                <td>8,50 &#177; 1,74</td>
                <td>9,11 &#177; 1,83</td>
                <td>&#8722;0,61 (&#8722;1,01-0,20)</td>
                <td>0,59 (0,40-0,73)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Velocidade onda E</td>
                <td>64</td>
                <td>12,41 &#177; 2,36</td>
                <td>12,36 &#177; 2,36</td>
                <td>0,05 (&#8722;0,16-0,27)</td>
                <td>0,93 (0,89-0,96)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">Velocidade onda A</td>
                <td>63</td>
                <td>9,42 &#177; 2,37</td>
                <td>9,22 &#177; 2,18</td>
                <td>0,20 (0,00-0,40)</td>
                <td>0,94 (0,90-0,96)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <p>CCI: coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse; diferen&#231;a: valor obtido no
                        centro de leitura &#177; valor obtido no centro de aquisi&#231;&#227;o; VE: ventr&#237;culo
                        esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; IV: interventricular. Valores obtidos nos
                        centros de aquisi&#231;&#227;o e leitura expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref> demonstra a diferen&#231;a entre os
               valores obtidos nas duas leituras em fun&#231;&#227;o do seu valor m&#233;dio para as medidas do
               ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A diferen&#231;a da MVE n&#227;o ultrapassou 58 g em 95% da amostra. N&#227;o
               observamos tend&#234;ncias de associa&#231;&#227;o entre a magnitude da diferen&#231;a e a amplitude dos
               valores dessas vari&#225;veis. Com a exclus&#227;o dos exames de qualidade regular (n = 8), os
               resultados permaneceram bastante similares em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias entre as
               duas leituras <italic>off-line</italic> do di&#226;metro ventricular esquerdo (0,04 cm, IC
               95% &#8722;0,02-0,10), da espessura da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (&#8722;0,08&#160;cm,
               IC&#160;95% &#8722;0,11-0,04), do septo interventricular (&#8722;0,07&#160;cm, IC 95% &#8722;0,10-0,04) e da
               estimativa da MVE (&#8722;13,2&#160;g, IC&#160;95%&#160;&#8722;18,5-7,96), assim como os respectivos CCI (0,89
               para di&#226;metro do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, 0,57 para espessura da parede posterior do
               ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, 0,79 para septo interventricular e 0,90 para massa ventricular
               esquerda).</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diferen&#231;as entre duas medidas das quais a MVE &#233; estimada, realizadas por
                     avaliadores diferentes no centro de leitura (eixo y), a partir de imagens
                     obtidas no modo bidimensional versus m&#233;dia das duas medidas (eixo x). A:
                     di&#226;metro ventricular esquerdo; B: espessura da parede posterior; C: espessura
                     do septo interventricular; D: massa ventricular esquerda. A linha s&#243;lida indica
                     a diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia entre as duas medidas, e as linhas tracejadas, m&#233;dia &#177; 2
                     desvios-padr&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0104-40183-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Al&#233;m das medidas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pelo modo bidimensional, investigou-se,
               tamb&#233;m, a reprodutibilidade de outras medidas aferidas como parte do protocolo de
               ecocardiografia do ELSA-Brasil. Observou-se CCI na mesma faixa de valores para as
               medidas no modo M, Doppler transmitral e Doppler tecidual mitral, tanto nas medidas
                  <italic>on-line</italic>
               <italic>versus</italic>
               <italic>off-line</italic> como na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os leitores do centro de leitura
                  (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">2</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo, as diferen&#231;as encontradas entre as medidas obtidas
                  <italic>on-line</italic> e <italic>off-line</italic> foram praticamente nulas. O
               coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse, utilizado na avalia&#231;&#227;o de reprodutibilidade,
               foi considerado satisfat&#243;rio para as estimativas da MVE realizadas nos centros de
               aquisi&#231;&#227;o e no centro de leitura (CCI = 0,79). Na maioria dos exames, a diferen&#231;a das
               estimativas <italic>on-line</italic> e <italic>off-line</italic> da MVE n&#227;o
               ultrapassou 50 g. Em um estudo que fez compara&#231;&#227;o semelhante em 274 indiv&#237;duos
                  hipertensos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o
               intraclasse n&#227;o foi reportado entre medidas realizadas nos centros de aquisi&#231;&#227;o
                  <italic>versus</italic> centro de leitura, mas a correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi de 0,76
               e a diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia de 8 &#177; 20 g (p &lt; 0,001), de modo que discrep&#226;ncias t&#227;o grandes
               quanto as nossas parecem ter acontecido para a maior parte dos indiv&#237;duos.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; reprodutibilidade de medidas realizadas no centro de leitura por
               diferentes avaliadores, embora houvesse diferen&#231;a entre as m&#233;dias da estimativa da
               MVE (&#8722;10,50&#160;g, IC 95% &#8722;16,40-4,60), a magnitude dessa diferen&#231;a foi relativamente
               pequena do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico, e o CCI entre as duas estimativas foi bastante
               satisfat&#243;rio (CCI = 0,86). No estudo relatado anteriormente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> a concord&#226;ncia entre os membros do centro de leitura foi
               calculada em somente 10&#160;ecocardiogramas de alta qualidade avaliados repetidamente,
               sendo nesse caso considerada muito boa (CCI = 0,96 a 0,99, dependendo dos
               avaliadores).</p>
        <p>Para as demais medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas aferidas, tamb&#233;m foram observadas pequenas
               diferen&#231;as entre os avaliadores, sendo as estimativas de reprodutibilidade um pouco
               melhores quando ambas as aferi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas no centro de leitura, condizendo,
               de modo geral, com os mesmos padr&#245;es de resultados achados para a MVE. Desempenho
               semelhante foi observado em outros estudos que investigaram reprodutibilidade de
               medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>Ainda que o centro de leitura tenha sido aparentemente mais exigente na avalia&#231;&#227;o da
               qualidade das imagens do que o centro de investiga&#231;&#227;o (92% <italic>versus</italic>
               97% consideradas &#243;timas/boas), a propor&#231;&#227;o de exames considerados n&#227;o mensur&#225;veis foi
               muito menor que em outros estudos populacionais. No Framingham Heart Study, apenas
               28% dos ecocardiogramas realizados durante os primeiros cinco meses de estudo foram
               considerados aceit&#225;veis, evoluindo para um percentual de aceitabilidade de 74-81% em
               dois anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. No <italic>Atherosclerosis
                  Risk</italic> in Communities Study(ARIC), mesmo que o ecocardiograma tenha sido
               adquirido em somente um dos centros do estudo, apenas 70% dos exames foram
               considerados adequados para estimar de forma v&#225;lida a MVE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Esse
               fen&#244;meno pode explicar parte da variabilidade do nosso estudo, podendo supor que o
               ecocardiografista no centro de investiga&#231;&#227;o tenha realizado uma infer&#234;ncia maior das
               medidas por dispor de amostragem maior de imagens durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame. Por
               outro lado, &#233; poss&#237;vel que o julgamento da qualidade das imagens tenha sido muito
               permissivo, tendo inclu&#237;do mais imagens de dif&#237;cil mensura&#231;&#227;o que outros estudos e,
               assim, os benef&#237;cios tecnol&#243;gicos podem n&#227;o ter sido suficientes para compensar a
               qualidade inadequada das imagens.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Dentre as limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo, um primeiro aspecto &#233; que n&#227;o foi avaliada a
                  reprodutibilidade em cada centro de investiga&#231;&#227;o, o que impede inferir se medidas
                  repetidas no centro de leitura tenham maior reprodutibilidade do que medidas
                  repetidas realizadas em cada um dos centros de aquisi&#231;&#227;o. Potenciais dificuldades
                  em manter a padroniza&#231;&#227;o de leituras na aquisi&#231;&#227;o nos diferentes centros &#233; uma das
                  principais justificativas para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de medidas em um &#250;nico centro. A
                  reprodutibilidade da medida <italic>off-line</italic> foi realizada em somente 50%
                  da amostra. Esse n&#250;mero foi substancialmente maior comparado a estudos
                     anteriores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> e parece apropriado pelo
                  menor n&#250;mero de fontes de variabilidade nessas compara&#231;&#245;es.</p>
          <p>Outra limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo &#233; que a realiza&#231;&#227;o da coleta dos dados para
                  reprodutibilidade foi realizada nas suas fases iniciais, quando uma curva de
                  aprendizagem, como a observada no Framingham Heart Study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, e a possibilidade de desvios sistem&#225;ticos
                     (<italic>drifts</italic>) temporais podem ter influenciado os resultados. Isso
                  evidenciou a necessidade de protocolos de controle de qualidade permanentes no
                  ELSA-Brasil e outros estudos que o sucederam, o que favoreceu a implementa&#231;&#227;o de
                  controles adicionais na leitura, efetivos para a grande maioria dos indiv&#237;duos que
                  foram inclu&#237;dos e lidos posteriormente aos aqui relatados.</p>
          <p>A medida da MVE obtida a partir do modo M apresentou valores de CCI maiores que
                  aquela obtida pelo modo bidimensional, por&#233;m s&#243; foi poss&#237;vel medi-la a partir do
                  modo M em 86 exames (69,4%), comparados a 119 (96,0%) pelo modo bidimensional.
                  Esses achados sugerem que exames de pior qualidade de imagem s&#227;o menos
                  reprodut&#237;veis, entretanto, quando realizamos as an&#225;lises excluindo os exames de
                  pior qualidade n&#227;o observamos melhora significativa da reprodutibilidade. Focamos
                  nossas conclus&#245;es nas medidas do modo bidimensional por refletirem a pr&#225;tica
                  corrente. Al&#233;m disso, essa maior reprodutibilidade n&#227;o implica necessariamente
                  melhor acur&#225;cia, por erros sistem&#225;ticos inerentes ao modo M<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as sistem&#225;ticas relevantes na medida ecocardiogr&#225;fica da MVE
                  <italic>off-line versus on-line</italic>. A reprodutibilidade das medidas foi
               bastante similar &#224; encontrada na literatura em estudos anteriores, por&#233;m evitando a
               exclus&#227;o de grande percentual das imagens. Diversas fontes de variabilidade
               persistem, mesmo nos exames realizados com tecnologia corrente dentro de um protocolo
               de pesquisa definido. Isso pode aumentar o tamanho das amostras necess&#225;rias para
               identificar diferen&#231;as da MVE entre popula&#231;&#245;es e/ou interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas. A
               estrat&#233;gia de realiza&#231;&#227;o de medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em centros de leitura
                  (<italic>off-line</italic>), como a utilizada no ELSA-Brasil, &#233; fact&#237;vel e pode
               ser &#250;til em estudos cl&#237;nico-epidemiol&#243;gicos, mesmo em locais onde a leitura
               usualmente &#233; realizada pelo ecocardiografista no momento da aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens
                  (<italic>on-line</italic>).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Financiamento</title>
          <p>O ELSA-Brasil foi financiado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de (Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e
                  Tecnologia), Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia (Financiadora de Estudos e
                  Projetos e Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa), processos: 01 06 0010.00 RS, 01 06
                  0212.00BA, 01 06 0300.00 ES, 01 06 0278.00 MG, 01 06 0115.00SP, 01 06 0071.00
                  RJ.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de (Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia
                  e Tecnologia), Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia (Financiadora de Estudos e
                  Projetos e Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Alexandre Pereira Tognon pela
                  Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
