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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras.
					Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">kcrNhYm4qwTTJZBxZHztpHg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000200002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2015005040219</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140219</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Special Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Multivariate Analysis for Animal Selection in Experimental
					Research</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Renan Mercuri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Dijon Henrique Salom&#233; de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tomasi</surname>
            <given-names>Loreta Casquel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cicogna</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Padovani</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Bioestat&#237;stica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Bioestat&#237;stica - Instituto de
					Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, S&#227;o
					Paulo - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de
					Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, S&#227;o
					Paulo - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Renan Mercuri Pinto</bold>, Rua Thomaz Ceneviva, 117,
					Vila Anita. Postal Code 13484-295, Limeira, SP - Brazil E-mail:
						<email>renanmp@usp.br</email>; <email>renanmp@icloud.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research:Pinto RM, Padovani CR. Acquisition of
						data: Campos DHS, Tomasi LC, Cicogna AC, Okoshi K. Analysis and
						interpretation of the data: Pinto RM, Campos DHS, Tomasi LC, Cicogna AC,
						Okoshi K, Padovani CR. Statistical analysis: Pinto RM, Padovani CR.
						Obtaining financing:Pinto RM, Padovani CR. Writing of the manuscript: Pinto
						RM, Campos DHS, Tomasi LC, Padovani CR. Critical revision of the manuscript
						for intellectual content: Pinto RM, Cicogna AC, Okoshi K, Padovani CR.
						Orientation / Supervision: Padovani CR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>97</fpage>
      <lpage>103</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the
						Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits
						unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any
						medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Several researchers seek methods for the selection of homogeneous groups of
						animals in experimental studies, a fact justified because homogeneity is an
						indispensable prerequisite for casualization of treatments. The lack of
						robust methods that comply with statistical and biological principles is the
						reason why researchers use empirical or subjective methods, influencing
						their results.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To develop a multivariate statistical model for the selection of a
						homogeneous group of animals for experimental research and to elaborate a
						computational package to use it.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The set of echocardiographic data of 115 male Wistar rats with supravalvular
						aortic stenosis (AoS) was used as an example of model development.
						Initially, the data were standardized, and became dimensionless. Then, the
						variance matrix of the set was submitted to principal components analysis
						(PCA), aiming at reducing the parametric space and at retaining the relevant
						variability. That technique established a new Cartesian system into which
						the animals were allocated, and finally the confidence region (ellipsoid)
						was built for the profile of the animals&#8217; homogeneous responses. The animals
						located inside the ellipsoid were considered as belonging to the homogeneous
						batch; those outside the ellipsoid were considered spurious.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The PCA established eight descriptive axes that represented the accumulated
						variance of the data set in 88.71%. The allocation of the animals in the new
						system and the construction of the confidence region revealed six spurious
						animals as compared to the homogeneous batch of 109 animals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The biometric criterion presented proved to be effective, because it
						considers the animal as a whole, analyzing jointly all parameters measured,
						in addition to having a small discard rate.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Multivariate Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Animals</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Experimental</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Stenosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Due to lack of statistical knowledge, several researchers choose to use empirical or
				subjective decision-making methods, ignoring the casualization process, a basic
				principle for reliability of findings, which influences the results.</p>
      <p>A very common example of that influence occurs in the process of sample
				homogenization, which is important for randomization in research involving animals
				as an experimental unit. Regarding that process, several researchers usually adopt a
				fragmented or intentional approach, using only a convenient parameter to classify
				the group as homogeneous, which results in a biased and inappropriate
				homogenization, in addition to favoring the possibility of discarding animals due to
				a simple spurious value rather than to biological dissimilarity.</p>
      <p>From the biological viewpoint, the most interesting process of homogenization should
				jointly consider all parameters assessed in the experimental unit, because most of
				those are correlated, and the best way to understand the behavior of the animal
				consists in a set of numerical data representing all its biological characteristics.
				Thus, statistical methods that consider the animal as a whole rather than in a
				fragmented way are required, because the organism reacts as a whole to any
				intervention or treatment.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that, when there is dependence between variables, multivariate
				analysis of data should be used, because, as such, the significance index of
				inferential statistics is not inflated, a problem that occurs when several
				univariate analyses are performed simultaneously<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <p>This study&#8217;s objective was to develop a multivariate statistical model for the
				selection of a homogeneous group of animals for experimental research that follows
				biological and statistical principles, in addition to elaborating a computational
				package to apply that model.</p>
      <p>To exemplify the development and application of the criterion, the set of
				echocardiographic data of animals undergoing surgery for induction of supravalvular
				aortic stenosis (AoS), provided by the Research Group on Experimental Cardiology of
				the Botucatu Medical School (FMB) of the State University of S&#227;o Paulo (Unesp), was
				used, aiming at overcoming the difficulties in selecting a homogeneous group of
				animals by using the simple casualization process, for later submission to
				treatments of interest.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals and experimental protocol</title>
        <p>The set of echocardiographic data was obtained from male Wistar rats undergoing
					surgery for induction of supravalvular AoS and provided by the Research Group on
					Experimental Cardiology of the FMB - Unesp. This study was approved by the
					Ethics Committee for Animal Experimentation of the FMB - Unesp (protocol number
					850/2010). Of the set comprising 115 experimental units, 31 parameters regarding
					body mass and structural and functional variables of transthoracic
					echocardiography were used (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table
					1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Identification of the parameters measured</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Index</th>
                <th align="center">Identification</th>
                <th align="center">Description</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>1</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">BM (g)</td>
                <td align="center">body mass</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>2</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">HR (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">heart rate</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>3</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">LVDD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">left ventricular diastolic diameter</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>4</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">LVSD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">left ventricular systolic diameter</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>5</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">PWDT (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">left ventricular posterior wall diastolic
									thickness</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>6</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">PWST (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">left ventricular posterior wall systolic
									thickness</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>7</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">IVSDT (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">interventricular septum diastolic thickness</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>8</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">IVSST (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">interventricular septum systolic thickness</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>9</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">AOD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">aorta diameter</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>10</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">LAD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">left atrial diameter</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>11</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">LAD/AOD</td>
                <td align="center">left atrial diameter to aorta diameter ratio</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>12</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">LVDD/BM (mm/kg)</td>
                <td align="center">left ventricular diastolic diameter to body mass
									ratio</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>13</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">LAD/BM (mm/kg)</td>
                <td align="center">left atrial diameter to body mass ratio</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>14</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">CO (mL/min)</td>
                <td align="center">cardiac output</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>15</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">CI (mL/min/kg)</td>
                <td align="center">cardiac index</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>16</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">EFS</td>
                <td align="center">endocardial fractional shortening</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>17</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">MFS</td>
                <td align="center">midwall fractional shortening</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>18</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">LVM (g)</td>
                <td align="center">left ventricular mass</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>19</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">LVMI (g/kg)</td>
                <td align="center">left ventricular mass index</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>20</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">E wave (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">early diastolic velocity of mitral flow</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>21</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">A wave (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">late diastolic velocity of mitral flow</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>22</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">E/A</td>
                <td align="center">E wave to A wave ratio</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>23</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">LVRT</td>
                <td align="center">left ventricular relative wall thickness</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>24</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">LVPWSV (mm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">left ventricular posterior wall shortening
									velocity</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>25</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">IVRT (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">left ventricular isovolumetric relaxation
									time</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>26</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">R-R (s)</td>
                <td align="center">interval between two consecutive cardiac
									cycles</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>27</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">IVRTn</td>
                <td align="center">left ventricular isovolumetric relaxation time
									normalized to heart rate</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>28</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Tei-a (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">isovolumetric contraction time + ejection time +
									IVRT</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>29</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Tei-b (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">ejection time</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>30</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">MPI</td>
                <td align="center">myocardial performance index</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">X<sub>31</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">LVEF</td>
                <td align="center">left ventricular ejection fraction</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The literature has plenty of experimental studies on the development of cardiac
					remodeling due to pressure overload<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. The AoS model has been widely used to
					promote the gradual development of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy in
						rats<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. In that model, pressure
					overload installs and progressively increases as the animals grow, partially
					similar to AoS in men. Some advantages of that experimental procedure are the
					absence of myocardial anatomical lesions and its low operational cost<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Induction of supravalvular aortic stenosis</title>
        <p>Aortic stenosis was induced according to a previously described method<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. The three- to four-week-old animals,
					weighing 70-90 g, underwent anesthesia with the association of ketamine chloride
					(60 mg/kg) and xylidine chloride (10 mg/kg), by intraperitoneal (ip) route. Then
					median thoracotomy was performed, the ascending aorta dissected and a silver
					clip (inner diameter of 0.6 mm) placed approximately 3 mm from its root (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>). The thoracic wall was closed, and
					the sternum, muscle layers and skin were sutured with 5.0-mononylon thread.
					During surgery, the animals were manually ventilated with positive pressure,
					100% oxygen. After the end of surgery, they received, subcutaneously, 1 mL of
					warm saline solution, and were placed on a warm surface to recover from
					anesthesia.</p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Placement of the silver clip in the aortic valve</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0097-40219-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic assessment</title>
        <p>Echocardiographic assessment was performed six weeks after AoS induction. To
					undergo that test, the rats were anesthetized with the association of ketamine
					chloride (50 mg/kg/ip) and xylidine chloride (10 mg/kg/ip), and put in the left
					lateral decubitus position. A Vivid S6 echocardiography device (General Electric
					Medical Systems, Tirat Carmel, Israel) equipped with a 12-MHz electronic
					transducer was used. To measure the cardiac structures, M-mode images were used
					and the ultrasound beam was guided by the two-dimensional image with the
					transducer in the parasternal short axis view. The monodimensional image of the
					left ventricle was obtained by positioning the M-mode cursor right below the
					mitral valve plane between the papillary muscles<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. The images of the aorta and left atrium were also obtained in the
					parasternal short axis view with the M-mode cursor positioned at the aortic
					valve level. Later, the cardiac structures were measured manually with the aid
					of a pachymeter in at least five consecutive cardiac cycles. The LV diastolic
					diameter (LVDD), the LV posterior wall diastolic thickness (PWDT) and the
					interventricular septum diastolic thickness (IVSDT) were measured at the time
					corresponding to the maximum LV diameter. The LV systolic diameter (LVSD) and
					the LV posterior wall systolic thickness (PWST) and the interventricular septum
					systolic thickness (IVSST) were measured at the time corresponding to the
					minimum LV diameter. The LV systolic function was assessed by calculating the
					midwall fractional shortening (MFS), {[(LVDD + &#189; PWDT + &#189; IVSDT) &#8211; (LVSD + &#189;
					PWST + &#189; IVSST)]/(LVDD + &#189; PWDT + IVSDT)}, and the LV posterior wall shortening
					velocity (LVPWSV), maximum tangent of the posterior wall systolic movement.
					Studying the LV diastolic function, the peak velocities of mitral flow
					corresponding to the initial filling phase (E wave) and to the late filling
					phase, consequent to atrial contraction (A wave), were measured, and the E
					wave/A wave ratio was calculated. The flows related to the diastolic function
					were obtained by positioning the transducer on the region corresponding to the
					tip of the heart in the four-chamber image; the flows were measured on the
					echocardiographic monitor.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical model</title>
        <p>The statistical model developed to establish the procedure of exploratory
					multivariate analysis of data and assess the homogeneity of the batch involves
					simultaneously all variables measured and considers the entire data variation
					structure, that is, the variation inside the variables (intravariability) and
					the variation between variables (intervariability). It is worth noting that the
					global variation structure can be well represented by descriptive measures of
					data variability, more specifically, variances and covariances.</p>
        <p>In addition, the model is elaborated to use all animals included in the research,
					in the cardiac remodeling group, which survived the surgical procedure
					previously described. Thus, there was no specific criterion to determine the
					number of animals that should participate in the study.</p>
        <p>Initially, because the parameters were presented in different measure units, the
					data were standardized and became dimensionless, that is, each measure was
					presented as a value that represents how far away it is from the mean of the
					respective parameter. Then, to build the statistical model, named
						<italic>multihomogen</italic> criterion, the matrix structure of variances
					and covariances of standardized data (variance matrix) was considered, which is
					equivalent to the correlation matrix (R) of the initial set<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>The multivariate technique used for data analysis consists in the principal
					components analysis (PCA), whose basic principle relies on the reduction of the
					parametric space with no loss of the data set variance structure (in the present
					study, biological characteristics of the animal) and no loss of the general
					biological information of the animal. That statistical technique, proposed by
					Karl Pearson in 1901, consists in transforming an initial set of interrelated
					variables into another set of non-interrelated variables, which is an orthogonal
					linear combination of the initial set<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>The principal components (PC) are presented in a decreasing order of importance
					for the data set variance structure, that is, the first explains the maximum
					possible variance, and the second explains the maximum variance still retained
					in the set after discounting the effect of the first, and so on, up to the last
					component. The greater the retention of total variance in a smaller number of
					linear combinations, the better the practical application of the procedure to
					experimental data, although that condition is not a deterrent factor for the use
					of the criterion to identify spurious values<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>An interesting mathematical property of the PC consists in all of them being
					non-interrelated and, thus, regarding data normality, independent of each other.
					This ensures a system of orthogonal axes for the graphic representation of
					animals (experimental units), which can be complemented with statistical
					inference to identify those that can be ruled out due to the high probability of
					the occurrence of spurious values as compared to the population of origin.</p>
        <p>There are several criteria to determine the number of descriptive axes (PC)
					considered relevant to the orthogonal system. The present study adopted the
					Kaiser criterion, also known as the latent root criterion, in which a component
					accounts for a meaningful amount of variance when it has an eigenvalue greater
					than 1.0. Therefore such a component is worthy of being retained<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>For the methodological practice of homogenization in experimental or
					observational research, the desirable situation for biological information,
					mainly for the graphical visualization of the procedure, consists in having a
					maximum number of PC (also known as descriptive axes) of three. However, for
					more than three dimensions (a common situation when assessing a considerable
					number of characteristics in the experimental unit), the technique remains the
					same, except for graphical visualization, which becomes unfeasible.</p>
        <p>After assigning the animals to the Cartesian system, determined by the
					descriptive axes selected, the confidence (ellipsoid) region for the mean
					profile of the animals&#8217; homogeneous responses is built. The 100(1 &#8722; &#945;)%
					confidence region is constructed by using Hotelling <italic>T</italic>
					<sup>2</sup> statistics transformed into Fisher-Snedecor&#8217;s F distribution<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. It is worth considering that the
					statistical technique used to establish the confidence region involves the
					construction of inclusion intervals, considering a jointly confidence level for
					all variables, that enables verifying if the animals are inside or outside the
						ellipsoid<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>If the response vector of the animal studied is inside the confidence ellipsoid
					built (that is, if the animal&#8217;s generalized Mahalanobis distance from the
					centroid of an ellipsoid is shorter than the distance from the outline), the
					animal is classified as belonging to the homogeneous batch; on the contrary
					(greater distance), it is identified as spurious, and, thus, does not
					participate in the simple casualization process of treatments<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>By using the statistical procedures approached in this section, the generalized
					algorithm was developed, as well as the computational package, making the use of
					the criterion proposed possible. It was named <italic>multihomogen
						package</italic>, elaborated for the Rstudio statistical program (made
					available free of charge on-line: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.R-project.org">http://www.R-project.org</ext-link>),
					and can be directly and costlessly obtained by emailing the authors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>To use the software developed and characterize the homogeneity of an experimental
				group of animals, the multihomogen criterion was applied to the set of data relating
				to the parameters assessed in Wistar rats undergoing AoS in the study previously
				mentioned. From the quadratic matrix of variance (order 31), involving the
				correlations, eight descriptive axes were established, corresponding to eight PC
				selected based on the Kaiser criterion, representing the accumulated variance of the
				set of data in 88.71% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Eigenvalues corresponding to the components selected based on the Kaiser
						criterion</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">&#160;</th>
              <th align="left">Eigenvalue</th>
              <th align="center">Explained variance (%)</th>
              <th align="center">Accumulated variance (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#955;<sub>1</sub>
							</td>
              <td align="center">9.400</td>
              <td align="center">30.32</td>
              <td align="center">30.32</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#955;<sub>2</sub>
							</td>
              <td align="center">5.121</td>
              <td align="center">16.52</td>
              <td align="center">46.84</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#955;<sub>3</sub>
							</td>
              <td align="center">3.995</td>
              <td align="center">12.89</td>
              <td align="center">59.73</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#955;<sub>4</sub>
							</td>
              <td align="center">2.541</td>
              <td align="center">8.20</td>
              <td align="center">67.93</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#955;<sub>5</sub>
							</td>
              <td align="center">2.094</td>
              <td align="center">6.75</td>
              <td align="center">74.68</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#955;<sub>6</sub>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.839</td>
              <td align="center">5.93</td>
              <td align="center">80.61</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#955;<sub>7</sub>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.456</td>
              <td align="center">4.70</td>
              <td align="center">85.31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#955;<sub>8</sub>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.055</td>
              <td align="center">3.40</td>
              <td align="center">88.71</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Based on the new data structure, in the system generated by the eight descriptive
				axes, the Mahalanobis distances of each animal were determined in relation to the
				centroid of the set of all 115 animals. The multivariate statistical procedure
				established an animal&#8217;s maximum distance from the centroid for it to be located
				inside the ellipsoid, built to a 95% confidence level, as being 17.419. Thus,
				animals whose distance values were greater than that, shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>, were considered to be outside the confidence
				ellipsoid, being indicated as special (spurious) as compared to those inside that
				ellipsoid.</p>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mahalanobis distance between the animals and the centroid of the
						group.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0097-40219-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>As such, spurious animals were those registered under the numbers 5, 19, 43, 53, 64
				and 110, being the homogeneous batch formed by the 109 animals inside the confidence
				region, which can be submitted to the experimental models via the simple
				casualization process. Of the spurious animals, the one registered as 19 was the
				most dissimilar to the total group, while that registered as 110 was the least
				dissimilar.</p>
      <p>The conclusion of the assessment of the amount of PC required to retain the relevant
				variability of this study was that the data set regarding the animals induced to AoS
				is a complex structure, from the statistical viewpoint. Although its parametric
				space has been reduced substantially, eight descriptive axes were necessary to form
				the new Cartesian system, making the graphical visualization of the method
				impossible.</p>
      <p>Despite that limitation, the graph in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>
				can visually translate each animal&#8217;s behavior regarding the group. The ordinate axis
				represents the Mahalanobis distance of each animal from the set centroid. Thus,
				knowing the distance from the centroid to the outline of the ellipsoid (represented
				by the red horizontal line), the animals with discrepant behavior are evidenced.
				They should be more deeply assessed to verify their non-homogeneous characteristics
				regarding the group.</p>
      <p>Regarding the development of the statistical model to detect the non-homogeneous
				animals, there is no limitation to the application of the procedure in the search
				for spurious animals. From the practical perspective of using the results of the
				model proposed to new studies, it is worth noting that the process is limited to the
				study of animals submitted to AoS under experimental conditions similar to the one
				described. As such, further studies/tests would be necessary to corroborate the
				reliability of the model for other samples.</p>
      <p>In the process of selecting homogeneous groups in experimental research, when using
				procedures with no concern about the general structure of variability, the number of
				experimental units (animals) discarded is relevant when compared to the amount of
				spurious animals identified by the criterion proposed in this study. This can be
				understood by the fact that the method proposed characterizes the discard by
				considering the animal, while those with no concern about the general structure of
				variability consider the discard fragmented according to the variable.</p>
      <p>The contribution of the method is explained by the improvement in the quality of
				homogenization, by ensuring greater reliability to the animals&#8217; biological
				characteristics in the inclusion of similar animals, thus motivating a smaller
				discard rate, maximizing the homogeneous batch, for posterior submission to
				treatments by use of the simple casualization process of the animals.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The criterion presented, named <italic>multihomogen</italic> criterion, proved to be
				effective in selecting homogeneous groups of animals for experimental research,
				because it considers the biological situation of the animal as a whole, analyzing
				jointly all parameters measured, in addition to having a small discard rate.</p>
      <p>As such, this biometrical tool serves to researchers of the biological and health
				areas. Regarding specifically cardiac remodeling, in which animals are submitted to
				AoS, the results of this study confirm the expectations presented initially in the
				discussions involving the experiments previously conducted by the Research Group on
				Experimental Cardiology of the FMB - Unesp.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo
					(FAPESP).</p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de
					N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the dissertation of master submitted by Renan Mercuri
					Pinto, from Universidade Estadual Paulista &#8220;J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho&#8221;.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Especial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise Multivariada na Sele&#231;&#227;o de Animais em Pesquisas
					Experimentais</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Renan Mercuri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Dijon Henrique Salom&#233; de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tomasi</surname>
            <given-names>Loreta Casquel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cicogna</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Padovani</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Bioestat&#237;stica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Bioestat&#237;stica - Instituto de
					Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, S&#227;o
					Paulo - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de
					Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, S&#227;o
					Paulo - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Renan Mercuri Pinto</bold>, Rua Thomaz Ceneviva, 117,
					Vila Anita. CEP 13484-295, Limeira, SP - Brasil E-mail:
						<email>renanmp@usp.br</email>; <email>renanmp@icloud.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa:Pinto RM, Padovani CR. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados:
						Campos DHS, Tomasi LC, Cicogna AC, Okoshi K. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos
						dados: Pinto RM, Campos DHS, Tomasi LC, Cicogna AC, Okoshi K, Padovani CR.
						An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Pinto RM, Padovani CR. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Pinto
						RM, Padovani CR. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Pinto RM, Campos DHS, Tomasi LC,
						Padovani CR. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual
						importante: Pinto RM, Cicogna AC, Okoshi K, Padovani CR. Orienta&#231;&#227;o/
						Supervis&#227;o: Padovani CR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Muitos pesquisadores buscam m&#233;todos para a sele&#231;&#227;o de grupos homog&#234;neos de
						animais em pesquisas experimentais, fato que se justifica por ser a
						homogeneidade pr&#233;-requisito indispens&#225;vel &#224; casualiza&#231;&#227;o de tratamentos. A
						aus&#234;ncia de m&#233;todos robustos, que atendam a princ&#237;pios estat&#237;sticos e
						biol&#243;gicos, faz com que os pesquisadores utilizem m&#233;todos emp&#237;ricos ou
						subjetivos, influenciando seus resultados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Desenvolver modelo estat&#237;stico multivariado para a sele&#231;&#227;o de grupo homog&#234;neo
						de animais para pesquisas experimentais e elaborar pacote computacional que
						o operacionalize.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>O conjunto de dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de 115 ratos Wistar, machos, com
						estenose a&#243;rtica (EAo) supravalvular foi utilizado para exemplificar o
						desenvolvimento do modelo. Inicialmente, os dados foram padronizados,
						tornando-se adimensionais. Em sequ&#234;ncia, submeteu-se a matriz de
						variabilidade do conjunto &#224; an&#225;lise de componentes principais (ACP)
						buscando-se reduzir o espa&#231;o param&#233;trico e conservar a variabilidade
						relevante. Essa t&#233;cnica estabeleceu um novo sistema cartesiano em que os
						animais foram alocados e, finalmente, construiu-se a regi&#227;o de confian&#231;a
						(elipsoide) para o perfil de respostas homog&#234;neas dos animais. Os que se
						situaram no interior do elipsoide foram considerados pertencentes ao grupo
						homog&#234;neo; caso contr&#225;rio, esp&#250;rios ao grupo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A ACP estabeleceu oito eixos descritores que representaram a variabilidade
						acumulada dos dados em 88,71%. A aloca&#231;&#227;o dos animais no novo sistema e a
						constru&#231;&#227;o da regi&#227;o de confian&#231;a revelou a presen&#231;a de seis esp&#250;rios ao
						lote homog&#234;neo formado por 109 animais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O crit&#233;rio biom&#233;trico proposto mostra-se eficiente, pois considera o animal
						como um todo, analisando conjuntamente todos os par&#226;metros mensurados, al&#233;m
						de apresentar pequena frequ&#234;ncia de descartes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>An&#225;lise Multivariada</kwd>
        <kwd>Animais</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia Experimental</kwd>
        <kwd>Estenose da V&#225;lvula A&#243;rtica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Devido &#224; falta de conhecimento estat&#237;stico, muitos pesquisadores optam por
					utilizar m&#233;todos emp&#237;ricos ou subjetivos para a tomada de decis&#227;o, ignorando o
					processo de casualiza&#231;&#227;o, princ&#237;pio b&#225;sico para a fidedignidade dos achados, e,
					consequentemente, influenciando seus resultados.</p>
        <p>Exemplo de influ&#234;ncia muito comum ocorre no processo de homogeneiza&#231;&#227;o de
					amostras, que &#233; importante para a randomiza&#231;&#227;o em pesquisas envolvendo animais
					como unidade experimental. Nesse processo, muitos pesquisadores t&#234;m o h&#225;bito de
					faz&#234;-la de maneira fragmentada ou intencional, ou seja, utilizando apenas um
					par&#226;metro conveniente para classificar o grupo como homog&#234;neo, fator que, al&#233;m
					de resultar em homogeneiza&#231;&#227;o viesada e inadequada, favorece a possibilidade de
					descartar animais por um simples valor esp&#250;rio do que por dessemelhan&#231;a
					biol&#243;gica.</p>
        <p>O processo de homogeneiza&#231;&#227;o mais interessante sob o ponto de vista biol&#243;gico
					deve considerar conjuntamente todos os par&#226;metros avaliados na unidade
					experimental porque esses s&#227;o, na sua maioria, correlacionados, e a melhor forma
					de compreender o comportamento do animal est&#225; expressa em um conjunto de
					informa&#231;&#245;es num&#233;ricas que represente todas as suas caracter&#237;sticas biol&#243;gicas.
					Dessa forma, h&#225; necessidade de m&#233;todos estat&#237;sticos que considerem o animal como
					um todo e n&#227;o de maneira fragmentada, j&#225; que o organismo reage de maneira
					conjunta a qualquer interven&#231;&#227;o ou tratamento.</p>
        <p>Cabe destacar que, quando se tem uma estrutura de depend&#234;ncia entre vari&#225;veis,
					deve-se utilizar a an&#225;lise multivariada de dados porque, dessa forma, na
					estat&#237;stica inferencial n&#227;o se tem o &#237;ndice de signific&#226;ncia inflacionado,
					problema ocorrente quando s&#227;o realizadas v&#225;rias an&#225;lises univariadas
						simultaneamente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um modelo estat&#237;stico multivariado para a
					sele&#231;&#227;o de grupo homog&#234;neo de animais para pesquisas experimentais que atenda a
					princ&#237;pios biol&#243;gicos e estat&#237;sticos, e elaborar pacote computacional que o
					operacionalize.</p>
        <p>Para exemplificar o desenvolvimento e a aplica&#231;&#227;o do crit&#233;rio, foi utilizado o
					conjunto de dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de animais submetidos &#224; cirurgia de indu&#231;&#227;o
					de estenose a&#243;rtica (EAo) supravalvular, cedido pelo grupo de pesquisa em
					cardiologia experimental da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (FMB), Unesp,
					buscando-se responder as suas dificuldades em selecionar um grupo homog&#234;neo de
					animais por simples processo de casualiza&#231;&#227;o, para posterior submiss&#227;o a
					tratamentos de interesse.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais e protocolo experimental</title>
          <p>O conjunto de dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foi obtido de ratos Wistar machos
						submetidos &#224; cirurgia para indu&#231;&#227;o de EAo supravalvular, sendo este estudo
						aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica no Uso de Animais em Experimenta&#231;&#227;o da
						FMB&#8722;Unesp sob o n&#250;mero 850/2010, disponibilizado pelo grupo de pesquisa em
						cardiologia experimental da referida institui&#231;&#227;o. Do conjunto, composto por
						115 unidades experimentais, foram utilizados 31 par&#226;metros referentes &#224;
						massa corporal e &#224;s vari&#225;veis estruturais e funcionais obtidas pela
						ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela
							1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t03">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Identifica&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros mensurados nos animais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Indice</th>
                  <th align="center">Identifica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">Descri&#231;&#227;o</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>1</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">MC (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">Massa corporal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>2</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">FC (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>3</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">DDVE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo
										(VE)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>4</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">DSVE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do VE</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>5</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">EDPP (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">Espessura diast&#243;lica da parede posterior do
										VE</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>6</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">ESPP (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">Espessura sist&#243;lica da parede posterior do
										VE</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>7</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">EDSIV (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">Espessura diast&#243;lica do septo
										interventricular</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>8</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">ESSIV (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">Espessura sist&#243;lica do septo
										interventricular</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>9</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">AO (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">Di&#226;metro da aorta</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>10</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">AE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">Di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>11</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">AE/AO</td>
                  <td align="center">Rela&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo pela
										aorta</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>12</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">DDVE/MC (mm/kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">Rela&#231;&#227;o de DDVE por MC</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>13</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">AE/MC (mm/kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">Rela&#231;&#227;o de AE por MC</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>14</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">DC (ml/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">D&#233;bito card&#237;aco</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>15</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">IndCard (ml/min/kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#205;ndice card&#237;aco</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>16</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">PEE</td>
                  <td align="center">Porcentagem de encurtamento endoc&#225;rdico</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>17</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">PEM</td>
                  <td align="center">Porcentagem de encurtamento mesoc&#225;rdico</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>18</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">MVE (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">Massa do VE</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>19</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">IMVE (g/kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#205;ndice de massa do VE</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>20</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Onda E (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">Velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial do fluxo
										transvalvular mitral</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>21</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Onda A (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">Velocidade diast&#243;lica final do fluxo
										transvalvular mitral</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>22</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">E/A</td>
                  <td align="center">Rela&#231;&#227;o onda E pela onda A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>23</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">ERVE</td>
                  <td align="center">Espessura relativa do VE</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>24</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">VEPP (mm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">Velocidade de encurtamento da parede
										posterior do VE</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>25</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">TRIV (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">Tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico do
										VE</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>26</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">R-R (seg)</td>
                  <td align="center">Intervalo entre dois ciclos card&#237;acos
										consecutivos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>27</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">TRIVn</td>
                  <td align="center">TRIV normalizado para a frequ&#234;ncia
										card&#237;aca</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>28</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Tei-a (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">Tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica + tempo de
										eje&#231;&#227;o + TRIV</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>29</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">Tei-b (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">Tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>30</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">IPM</td>
                  <td align="center">&#205;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">X<sub>31</sub>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Na literatura, encontra-se n&#250;mero consider&#225;vel de estudos experimentais para
						o desenvolvimento da remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca por sobrecarga press&#243;rica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>. O modelo de EAo tem sido muito
						utilizado por promover o desenvolvimento gradual de hipertrofia ventricular
						esquerda em ratos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Nesse modelo, a
						sobrecarga press&#243;rica se instala e acentua-se progressivamente &#224; medida que
						os animais crescem, assemelhando-se, em parte, &#224; EAo no homem. Destacam-se
						como algumas vantagens, nesse procedimento experimental, a aus&#234;ncia de
						les&#245;es anat&#244;micas no mioc&#225;rdio e o baixo custo operacional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Indu&#231;&#227;o de estenose a&#243;rtica supravalvular</title>
          <p>A EAo foi induzida de acordo com o m&#233;todo previamente descrito<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Os animais com tr&#234;s a quatro
						semanas de vida e pesando 70-90 g, ap&#243;s anestesia com cloridrato de
						quetamina (60 mg/kg) e cloridrato de xilidino (10 mg/kg), via
						intraperitoneal (ip), foram submetidos &#224; toracotomia mediana. A aorta
						ascendente foi dissecada e um clipe de prata com 0,6&#160;mm de di&#226;metro interno
						foi colocado a aproximadamente 3&#160;mm da sua raiz (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>). A parede tor&#225;cica foi fechada, sendo o
						esterno, as camadas musculares e a pele suturados com fio monon&#225;ilon 5.0.
						Durante a cirurgia, os animais foram ventilados manualmente com press&#227;o
						positiva, oxig&#234;nio a 100%. Conclu&#237;do o ato cir&#250;rgico, os ratos receberam,
						por via subcut&#226;nea, 1 ml de soro fisiol&#243;gico aquecido e foram colocados em
						superf&#237;cie aquecida at&#233; retornarem da anestesia.</p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Aloca&#231;&#227;o do clipe de prata na v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0097-40219-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica foi realizada ap&#243;s seis semanas da indu&#231;&#227;o de EAo.
						Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, os ratos foram anestesiados com cloridrato de
						quetamina (50&#160;mg/kg/ip) e cloridrato de xilazina (10 mg/kg/ip), e
						posicionados em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo. Utilizou-se o ecocardi&#243;grafo
						modelo Vivid S6 (General Electric Medical Systems, Tirat Carmel, Israel),
						equipado com transdutor eletr&#244;nico de 12&#160;MHz. Para medir as estruturas
						card&#237;acas, foram utilizadas imagens em modo M com o feixe de ultrassom
						orientado pela imagem bidimensional com o transdutor na posi&#231;&#227;o paraesternal
						eixo menor. A imagem monodimensional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) foi obtida
						posicionando o cursor do modo M logo abaixo do plano da v&#225;lvula mitral entre
						os m&#250;sculos papilares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. As imagens da
						aorta e do &#225;trio esquerdo tamb&#233;m foram obtidas na posi&#231;&#227;o paraesternal eixo
						menor com o cursor do modo M posicionado ao n&#237;vel da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica.
						Posteriormente, as estruturas card&#237;acas foram medidas manualmente com o
						aux&#237;lio de um paqu&#237;metro em pelo menos cinco ciclos card&#237;acos consecutivos.
						O di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE (DDVE) e a espessura diast&#243;lica da parede
						posterior do VE (EDPP) e do septo interventricular (EDSIV) foram medidos no
						momento correspondente ao di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo da cavidade. O di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico
						do VE (DSVE) e a espessura sist&#243;lica da parede posterior do VE (ESPP) e do
						septo interventricular (ESSIV) foram medidos no momento correspondente ao
						di&#226;metro m&#237;nimo da cavidade. Para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE foram
						calculadas a porcentagem de encurtamento mesoc&#225;rdico (PEM), {[(DDVE + &#189; EDPP
						+ &#189; EDSIV) &#8211; (DSVE + &#189; ESPP + &#189; ESSIV)]/(DDVE + &#189; EDPP + EDSIV)} e a
						velocidade de encurtamento da parede posterior do VE (VEPP), tangente m&#225;xima
						do movimento sist&#243;lico da parede posterior. No estudo da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica
						do VE foram medidos os picos das velocidades do fluxo transvalvular mitral
						correspondentes &#224; fase de enchimento inicial (onda E) e &#224; fase de enchimento
						tardio, consequente &#224; contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (onda A), bem como o c&#225;lculo da
						rela&#231;&#227;o onda E/onda A. Para a obten&#231;&#227;o dos fluxos relacionados &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o
						diast&#243;lica, o transdutor foi posicionado na regi&#227;o correspondente &#224; ponta do
						cora&#231;&#227;o na imagem denominada quatro c&#226;maras; a medida dos fluxos foi
						realizada no monitor do ecocardi&#243;grafo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Modelo estat&#237;stico</title>
          <p>O modelo estat&#237;stico desenvolvido para estabelecer o procedimento de an&#225;lise
						explorat&#243;ria multivariada de dados e verificar a homogeneidade do lote
						envolve simultaneamente todas as vari&#225;veis mensuradas e leva em considera&#231;&#227;o
						toda a estrutura de varia&#231;&#227;o existente nos dados, ou seja, a varia&#231;&#227;o dentro
						das vari&#225;veis (intravariabilidade) e a varia&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis
						(intervariabilidade). Destaca-se que a estrutura global de varia&#231;&#227;o pode ser
						bem representada por medidas descritivas de variabilidade dos dados, mais
						especificamente, vari&#226;ncias e covari&#226;ncias.</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m disso, o modelo &#233; elaborado tendo em vista aproveitar todos os animais
						inclu&#237;dos na pesquisa do grupo de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca que sobreviveram ao
						processo cir&#250;rgico descrito anteriormente. Dessa forma, n&#227;o houve crit&#233;rio
						espec&#237;fico para determina&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de animais que deveriam participar do
						estudo.</p>
          <p>Inicialmente, pelo fato de os par&#226;metros se apresentarem em unidades de
						medida diferentes, os dados foram padronizados, tornando-se adimensionais,
						ou seja, cada medida foi apresentada como um valor que representa o quanto
						ela se afasta da m&#233;dia no respectivo par&#226;metro. Em seguida, para constru&#231;&#227;o
						do modelo estat&#237;stico, intitulado crit&#233;rio <italic>multihomogen</italic>,
						tomou-se a estrutura matricial de vari&#226;ncias e covari&#226;ncias dos dados
						padronizados (matriz de variabilidade), que equivale &#224; matriz de correla&#231;&#227;o
						(R) do conjunto inicial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
          <p>A t&#233;cnica multivariada empregada na sequ&#234;ncia para a an&#225;lise dos dados
						consiste na an&#225;lise dos componentes principais (ACP), cujo princ&#237;pio b&#225;sico
						fundamenta-se na redu&#231;&#227;o do espa&#231;o param&#233;trico sem perda da estrutura de
						variabilidade conjunta dos dados (no presente estudo, caracter&#237;sticas
						biol&#243;gicas do animal) e preju&#237;zo da informa&#231;&#227;o biol&#243;gica geral do animal.
						Essa t&#233;cnica estat&#237;stica, proposta por Karl Pearson em 1901, consiste em
						transformar um conjunto inicial de vari&#225;veis correlacionadas entre si em
						outro conjunto de vari&#225;veis n&#227;o correlacionadas, que s&#227;o combina&#231;&#245;es
						lineares ortogonais do inicial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
          <p>Os componentes principais (CP) s&#227;o apresentados por ordem decrescente de
						import&#226;ncia para a estrutura conjunta de variabilidade dos dados, isto &#233;, o
						primeiro explica o m&#225;ximo poss&#237;vel dessa variabilidade, o segundo, o m&#225;ximo
						da variabilidade ainda retida no conjunto ap&#243;s o desconto do efeito do
						primeiro, e assim sucessivamente, at&#233; o &#250;ltimo componente. Quanto maior for
						a reten&#231;&#227;o da varia&#231;&#227;o total em um n&#250;mero menor de combina&#231;&#245;es lineares,
						melhor ser&#225; a aplica&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica desse procedimento aos dados experimentais,
						embora essa condi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o seja fator impeditivo para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do crit&#233;rio
						para identificar valores esp&#250;rios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
          <p>Uma propriedade matem&#225;tica interessante dos CP consiste em todos serem
						mutuamente n&#227;o correlacionados e, portanto, no que se refere &#224; ader&#234;ncia &#224;
						normalidade dos dados, independentes entre si. Esse fato assegura um sistema
						de eixos ortogonais para a representa&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica dos animais (unidades
						experimentais) e que pode ser complementado com infer&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica para
						identificar os que podem ser descartados por apresentarem alta probabilidade
						de ocorr&#234;ncia de valores esp&#250;rios &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o de origem.</p>
          <p>Nesse sentido, existem diversos crit&#233;rios para determinar o n&#250;mero de eixos
						descritores (CP) considerados relevantes para o sistema ortogonal. No
						presente estudo adotou-se o crit&#233;rio de Kaiser, tamb&#233;m conhecido como
						crit&#233;rio da raiz latente, no qual se toma como representativo o CP que
						cont&#233;m informa&#231;&#227;o acumulada no respectivo autovalor superior &#224; unidade.
						Trata-se de componentes que condensam uma consider&#225;vel variabilidade dos
							dados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
          <p>Para conduta da pr&#225;tica metodol&#243;gica de homogeneiza&#231;&#227;o em pesquisas
						experimentais ou observacionais, a situa&#231;&#227;o desej&#225;vel para a informa&#231;&#227;o
						biol&#243;gica, principalmente para a visualiza&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica do procedimento,
						consiste em ser o n&#250;mero de CP (tamb&#233;m denominados eixos descritores), no
						m&#225;ximo, tr&#234;s. Por&#233;m, para dimens&#245;es acima de tr&#234;s (situa&#231;&#227;o comum quando se
						tem um n&#250;mero consider&#225;vel de caracter&#237;sticas avaliadas na unidade
						experimental), a t&#233;cnica permanece exatamente a mesma, salvo a visualiza&#231;&#227;o
						gr&#225;fica, que se torna invi&#225;vel.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s aloca&#231;&#227;o dos animais no sistema cartesiano, determinado pelos eixos
						descritores selecionados, constr&#243;i-se a regi&#227;o (elipsoide) de confian&#231;a para
						o perfil m&#233;dio de resposta homog&#234;nea dos animais. A constru&#231;&#227;o da regi&#227;o de
						100 (1 &#8722; &#945;)% de confian&#231;a fica determinada com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da estat&#237;stica
							<italic>T</italic>
						<sup>2</sup> de Hotelling transformada na distribui&#231;&#227;o F de
							Fisher-Snedecor<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Deve tamb&#233;m
						ser considerado que a t&#233;cnica estat&#237;stica utilizada para estabelecer a
						regi&#227;o de confian&#231;a envolve a constru&#231;&#227;o de intervalos de inclus&#227;o,
						considerando um n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a conjunto para todas as vari&#225;veis, que
						possibilita verificar se os animais est&#227;o ou n&#227;o dentro do elipsoide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
          <p>Nesse sentido, se o vetor de respostas do animal em estudo situar-se no
						interior do elipsoide de confian&#231;a constru&#237;do (isto &#233;, se a dist&#226;ncia
						generalizada de Mahalanobis do animal ao centroide do elipsoide for menor
						que a dist&#226;ncia do contorno), o animal &#233; classificado como pertencente ao
						lote homog&#234;neo; caso contr&#225;rio (dist&#226;ncia maior), &#233; identificado como
						esp&#250;rio e, consequentemente, n&#227;o participa do processo de casualiza&#231;&#227;o
						simples dos tratamentos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
          <p>Por meio dos procedimentos estat&#237;sticos abordados nesta se&#231;&#227;o, desenvolveu-se
						o algoritmo generalizado e, consequentemente, o pacote computacional,
						facilitando a operacionaliza&#231;&#227;o do crit&#233;rio proposto. Elaborado para o
						programa estat&#237;stico Rstudio (disponibilizado gratuitamente
							<italic>on-line</italic>: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.R-project.org">http://www.R-project.org</ext-link>), foi intitulado pacote
							<italic>multihomogen</italic> e pode ser obtido diretamente (sem custo
						financeiro) com os autores via <italic>e-mail</italic>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A t&#237;tulo de operacionalizar o <italic>software</italic> desenvolvido e
					caracterizar a homogeneidade de um grupo experimental de animais, o crit&#233;rio
						<italic>multihomogen</italic> foi aplicado ao conjunto de dados relativos
					aos par&#226;metros avaliados nos ratos Wistar submetidos &#224; EAo do estudo mencionado
					anteriormente. A&#160;partir da matriz quadr&#225;tica de variabilidade (de ordem 31),
					envolvendo as correla&#231;&#245;es, foram estabelecidos oito eixos descritores,
					correspondentes aos oito CP selecionados pelo crit&#233;rio de Kaiser, que
					representaram a vari&#226;ncia acumulada do conjunto de dados em 88,71% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Autovalores correspondentes aos componentes selecionados pelo
							crit&#233;rio de Kaiser</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="left">Autovalor</th>
                <th align="center">Vari&#226;ncia explicada (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Vari&#226;ncia acumulada (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#955;<sub>1</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">9,400</td>
                <td align="center">30,32</td>
                <td align="center">30,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#955;<sub>2</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">5,121</td>
                <td align="center">16,52</td>
                <td align="center">46,84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#955;<sub>3</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">3,995</td>
                <td align="center">12,89</td>
                <td align="center">59,73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#955;<sub>4</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2,541</td>
                <td align="center">8,20</td>
                <td align="center">67,93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#955;<sub>5</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2,094</td>
                <td align="center">6,75</td>
                <td align="center">74,68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#955;<sub>6</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,839</td>
                <td align="center">5,93</td>
                <td align="center">80,61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#955;<sub>7</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,456</td>
                <td align="center">4,70</td>
                <td align="center">85,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#955;<sub>8</sub>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,055</td>
                <td align="center">3,40</td>
                <td align="center">88,71</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A partir da nova estrutura dos dados, no sistema gerado pelos oito eixos
					descritores foram determinadas as dist&#226;ncias de Mahalanobis de cada animal em
					rela&#231;&#227;o ao centroide do conjunto de todos os 115 animais. O procedimento
					estat&#237;stico multivariado estabeleceu o valor m&#225;ximo da dist&#226;ncia de um animal ao
					centroide para que ele se localize no interior do elipsoide, constru&#237;do para o
					n&#237;vel de 95% de confian&#231;a, como sendo 17,419. Portanto, os animais cujos valores
					das dist&#226;ncias apresentaram-se superiores a esse, destacados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>, foram considerados fora do
					elipsoide de confian&#231;a e, consequentemente, apontados como especiais (esp&#250;rios)
					em rela&#231;&#227;o aos situados no interior.</p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dist&#226;ncia de Mahalanobis entre os animais e o centroide do
							grupo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-02-0097-40219-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>Dessa forma, foram considerados animais esp&#250;rios ao grupo os registrados sob os
					n&#250;meros 5, 19, 43, 53, 64 e 110, ficando ent&#227;o o lote homog&#234;neo formado pelos
					109 animais inseridos na regi&#227;o de confian&#231;a, que podem ser submetidos a modelos
					experimentais por simples processo de casualiza&#231;&#227;o. Nos animais n&#227;o inclu&#237;dos
					para a homogeneiza&#231;&#227;o, o registrado sob n&#250;mero 19 consiste no mais dessemelhante
					do grupo total, enquanto o 110 &#233; o menos dessemelhante.</p>
        <p>Avaliando a quantidade de CP necess&#225;rios para reter a variabilidade relevante
					deste estudo, conclui-se que o conjunto de dados referente aos animais induzidos
					&#224; EAo &#233; uma estrutura complexa do ponto de vista estat&#237;stico. Embora seu espa&#231;o
					param&#233;trico tenha se reduzido substancialmente, foram necess&#225;rios oito eixos
					descritores para compor o novo sistema cartesiano, impossibilitando a
					visualiza&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica do m&#233;todo.</p>
        <p>Apesar dessa limita&#231;&#227;o encontrada, o gr&#225;fico representado pela <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref> consegue traduzir visualmente o
					comportamento de cada animal em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo. O&#160;eixo das ordenadas apresenta
					a dist&#226;ncia de Mahalanobis de cada animal ao centroide do conjunto. Dessa forma,
					conhecendo a dist&#226;ncia do centroide &#224; casca do elipsoide de confian&#231;a
					(representada pela linha horizontal vermelha), fica confort&#225;vel apontar os
					animais com comportamento discrepante. A eles cabe um aprofundamento para
					verificar caracter&#237;sticas n&#227;o homog&#234;neas ao grupo.</p>
        <p>Quanto ao desenvolvimento do modelo estat&#237;stico para detec&#231;&#227;o de animais n&#227;o
					homog&#234;neos ao grupo de estudos, n&#227;o h&#225; qualquer limita&#231;&#227;o para a aplica&#231;&#227;o do
					procedimento na busca por animais esp&#250;rios. Sob o aspecto pr&#225;tico da utiliza&#231;&#227;o
					dos resultados do modelo proposto em novos estudos, deve ser considerado que o
					processo se limita a estudos de animais submetidos &#224; EAo em condi&#231;&#245;es
					experimentais semelhantes &#224; descrita. Dessa forma, seriam necess&#225;rios mais
					estudos/testes para corroborar a confiabilidade do modelo para outras
					amostras.</p>
        <p>No processo de sele&#231;&#227;o de grupos homog&#234;neos em pesquisas experimentais, ao
					utilizar procedimentos sem qualquer preocupa&#231;&#227;o com a estrutura geral de
					variabilidade, o n&#250;mero de descartes de unidades experimentais (animais) tem
					relev&#226;ncia quando comparado &#224; quantidade de animais esp&#250;rios apontados pelo
					crit&#233;rio proposto neste trabalho. Isso pode ser entendido pelo fato de o m&#233;todo
					proposto caracterizar o descarte considerando o animal, enquanto os
					despreocupados com a estrutura geral de variabilidade consideram o descarte
					fragmentado por vari&#225;vel.</p>
        <p>A contribui&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo explica-se pelo melhoramento na qualidade de
					homogeneiza&#231;&#227;o, por assegurar maior fidelidade &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas biol&#243;gicas da
					inclus&#227;o de animais semelhantes e, por consequ&#234;ncia, motivar pequena frequ&#234;ncia
					de descartes, maximizando o lote homog&#234;neo, para posterior submiss&#227;o aos
					tratamentos por processo simples de casualiza&#231;&#227;o dos animais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>O crit&#233;rio apresentado, intitulado crit&#233;rio <italic>multihomogen</italic>,
					mostra-se eficiente para a sele&#231;&#227;o de grupos homog&#234;neos de animais em pesquisas
					experimentais, pois considera a situa&#231;&#227;o biol&#243;gica do animal como um todo,
					analisando conjuntamente todos os par&#226;metros mensurados, al&#233;m de apresentar
					pequena frequ&#234;ncia de descarte.</p>
        <p>Dessa forma, a presente ferramenta biom&#233;trica serve de subs&#237;dio a pesquisadores
					das &#225;reas biol&#243;gicas e da sa&#250;de. Especificamente dentro da linha de remodela&#231;&#227;o
					card&#237;aca, em que os animais s&#227;o submetidos &#224; EAo, os resultados do presente
					estudo corroboraram as expectativas apresentadas inicialmente nas discuss&#245;es
					envolvendo os experimentos previamente realizados pelo Grupo de Pesquisa em
					Cardiologia Experimental da FMB - Unesp.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado
						de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP).</p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por Coordena&#231;&#227;o de
						Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Renan Mercuri Pinto pela
						Universidade Estadual Paulista &#8220;J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho&#8221;.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
