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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">wt7KdMbG7nMTwh84xKHr67y</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000100014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20150004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Clinicoradiological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 1/2015 A 76-year-old Male Patient with Ebstein Anomaly in Natural Course</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Edmar</surname>
            <given-names>Atik</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8722; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailling Address: Edmar Atik</bold>. Rua Dona Adma Jafet, 74, conj. 73, Bela Vista. Postal Code 01308-050, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail:   <email>eatik@cardiol.br</email>; <email>conatik@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>e1</fpage>
      <lpage>e3</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Ebstein Anomaly</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Defects, Congenital</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="3"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p><bold>Clinical data:</bold> Shortness of breath on mild to moderate exertion for 2 months accompanied by heart palpitations. The patient did not report any previous heart disease, had never received specific medication throughout life and did not report cyanosis. He was started on furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and losartan, with improvement of symptoms. Laboratory tests showed H= 6,800,000/mm<sup>3</sup>; Hct = 63%; Hg = 20.6 g/dL; BUN = 103; creatinine = 2.03; BNP = 286.</p>
    <p><bold>Physical examination:</bold> normal breathing ; with grade 1/4 cyanosis; arrhythmic pulses, grade 2/4 jugular venous distension. Weight 65 kg, height 170 cm, blood pressure (BP) 100/60 mmHg, heart rate (HR) 82 bpm, oxygen saturation 88%. Grade 1/4 aorta (Ao) palpable on the suprasternal notch.</p>
    <p>In the precordium, apical impulse diffusely palpable on the fourth and fifth left intercostal space and slight systolic impulses on the left sternal border. Diminished heart sounds; grade 1/6 coarse systolic murmur on the left sternal border and apex. Liver not palpable.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Laboratory tests</title>
      <p><bold>Electrocardiogram</bold> (ECG) showed atrial fibrillation, signs of right ventricular (RV) diastolic overload, and left anterior superior hemiblock. Low-voltage QRS complex with qr morphology in V1; RS in V6, with final conduction disturbance in the right bundle branch. QRSA: - 70&#186;, TA: + 30&#176; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Chest radiograph showing enlarged cardiac silhouette due to enlarged right chambers, with pulmonary vascular network close to normal. Electrocardiogram showing atrial fibrillation with right ventricular diastolic overload and left anterior hemiblock.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-00e1-50004-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p><bold>Chest radiograph</bold> showed moderately enlarged cardiac silhouette (cardiothoracic ratio: 0.61), resulting from enlarged right chambers. The pulmonary vascular network was slightly decreased, the arch of the pulmonary artery was concave, and the aortic knob was prominent. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p><bold>Echocardiogram</bold> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>) showed a thickened dysplastic tricuspid valve with a 19-mm fusion of the septal cusp and defective central coaptation, as well as marked tricuspid regurgitation. The right chambers were much dilated (right ventricle (RV) = 47 mm; left ventricle (LV) = 38 mm; left atrium (LA) = 41 mm; (right atrium (RA) = 36 mm), with the area of the right atrium added to that of the atrialized RV (with 56.5 cm<sup>2</sup>), of the functional RV (with 17.6 cm<sup>2</sup>), of the LA (with 13.9 cm<sup>2</sup>) and LV (with 15.6 cm<sup>2</sup>). The Celemajer index was calculated at 1.2. The inferior vena cava was dilated, with 23 mm, with spontaneous contrast enhancement. The tricuspid ring had 57 mm, the mitral ring 35 mm, the pulmonary ring 20 mm, and the aortic ring 24 mm. The LV ejection fraction was 66%, and the pulmonary arteries had 14 mm. There was a foramen ovale with bidirectional shunt and the atrial septum bulged to the left. RV systolic pressure was 30 mmHg.</p>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Apical four-chamber echocardiogram showing severe enlargement of right cardiac chambers, in A, with clear fusion of the septal cusp in the interventricular septum (arrow). The interatrial septum is bulged to the left and the left chambers are clearly displaced. Subcostal view, showing markedly enlarged right atrium (RA), in B; long-axis view showing, markedly enlarged right ventricle (RV), on the sternal border, with left ventricle (LV) displaced posteriorly, in C. LA: left atrium.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-00e1-50004-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p><bold>Clinical diagnosis:</bold> Ebstein anomaly with marked tricuspid valve dysplasia and severe tricuspid regurgitation, with mild chronic hypoxemia in natural course.</p>
      <p><bold>Clinical reasoning:</bold> The clinical elements of cyanotic heart disease with long-standing low pulmonary flow and hypoxemia are expressed by shortness of breath and increased hematocrit. The diminished heart sounds suggest normal arterial position and low pulmonary flow resulting from severe tricuspid regurgitation with mild systolic murmur due to contiguous low-pressure chambers. The right atrium, the atrialized RV and functional RV behave as a true single chamber. RV diastolic overload on the electrocardiogram (ECG) suggests the diagnosis of tricuspid regurgitation. Chest radiograph shows markedly increased right chambers with slightly decreased pulmonary vascular network. Taken together, these elements point to the diagnosis of Ebstein anomaly.</p>
      <p><bold>Differential diagnosis:</bold> Heart diseases with hypoxemia and dilatation of right chambers are also found in their natural course in long-standing pulmonary stenosis, however with RV systolic overload. Other heart diseases uncommonly manifest as seen in this case.</p>
      <p><bold>Management:</bold> In face of the long-standing hypoxemic consequences, with unfavorable clinical manifestations, cardiac surgery was considered for tricuspid valve replacement despite the higher risk due to the advanced patient age. For this purpose, other studies of RV viability are necessary to more adequately determine the RV function and, in turn, to support the best treatment option. As a precautionary measure, medical treatment was chosen aiming at treating the cardiac arrhythmia and heart failure, mainly considering the advanced patient age.</p>
      <p><bold>Commentaries:</bold> Few similar cases of Ebstein anomaly are found in their natural course at advanced ages <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. It is known that only 5% of these patients survive naturally beyond their 5th decade of life. It is a fact that, even with severe tricuspid regurgitation, cases that extrapolate the cardiac compensation phenomena for such a long time are sometimes identified. It can be stated that this anomaly is well tolerated provided the RV function is preserved, as seems to have been the case in this patient. However, in the presence of RV dysfunction, the course of the disease is shorter, due to the higher volume overload. Supraventricular cardiac arrhythmia, such as atrial fibrillation, adds more risk to this course, given the greater possibility of thrombi formation and embolism. Even aware of the potentially unfavorable course, it is difficult to indicate surgery because of acquired conditions such as myocardial fibrosis and hypoxemic changes in other organs such as the kidneys and liver, which undoubtedly pose greater risks to elderly patients. Hence, the logical advice for an expectant medical management.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>Lincoln T, Stewart C, Shah P. An unusual first presentation of Ebstein&#8217;s anomaly in a 72-year-old patient. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;93(2):e19-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
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            <name>
              <surname>Lincoln</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stewart</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shah</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>An unusual first presentation of Ebstein&#8217;s anomaly in a 72-year-old patient</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg.</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>e19</fpage>
          <lpage>e20</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B02">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>D&#8217;Andrea A, Scognamiglio G, Giordano F, Cuomo S, Russo MG, Rinaldi G, et al. An atypical assessment of Ebstein&#8217;s anomaly in an 86-year-old man. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2011;76(2):104-5.</mixed-citation>
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            <name>
              <surname>D&#8217;Andrea</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scognamiglio</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giordano</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cuomo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Russo</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rinaldi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>An atypical assessment of Ebstein&#8217;s anomaly in an 86-year-old man</article-title>
          <source>Monaldi Arch Chest Dis.</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>76</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>104</fpage>
          <lpage>105</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B03">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>Ukoh VA, Adesanya AA. Complex Ebstein&#8217;s anomaly in a 80 year old Nigerian woman. Niger J Clin Pract. 2007;10(3):255-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ukoh</surname>
              <given-names>VA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adesanya</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Complex Ebstein&#8217;s anomaly in a 80 year old Nigerian woman</article-title>
          <source>Niger J Clin Pract.</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>255</fpage>
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        </element-citation>
      </ref>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nico-radiogr&#225;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 1/2015 Homem de 76 Anos de Idade com Anomalia de Ebstein em Evolu&#231;&#227;o Natural</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Edmar</surname>
            <given-names>Atik</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label/>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8722; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Edmar Atik</bold>. Rua Dona Adma Jafet, 74, conj. 73, Bela Vista. CEP 01308-050, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail:   <email>eatik@cardiol.br</email>; <email>conatik@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Anomalia de Ebstein</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p><bold>Dados cl&#237;nicos:</bold> cansa&#231;o de pequenos a m&#233;dios esfor&#231;os h&#225; 2 meses com epis&#243;dios de palpita&#231;&#245;es precordiais. Ignorava a exist&#234;ncia de cardiopatia, nunca recebeu medica&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica ao longo da vida e n&#227;o relatava cianose. Foi medicado com furosemida, hidroclorotiazida, &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (AAS) e losartana com melhora dos sintomas. Exames laboratoriais mostraram hematias (H) = 6.800.000/mm<sup>3</sup>; hemat&#243;crito (Hct) = 63%; hemoglobina (Hg) = 20,6 g/dL; ureia de 103; creatinina de 2,03; pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (BN P) = 286.</p>
      <p><bold>Exame f&#237;sico:</bold> eupneico, cian&#243;tico +, pulsos arr&#237;tmicos, turg&#234;ncia jugular ++. Peso de 65 kg, altura de 170 cm, press&#227;o arterial (PA) de 100/60 mmHg, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) de 82 bpm, satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio de 88%. Aorta (Ao) palpada + na f&#250;rcula.</p>
      <p>No prec&#243;rdio, <italic>ictus cordis</italic> difuso no quarto e quinto espa&#231;o intercostal esquerdo (eice) e impuls&#245;es sist&#243;licas discretas na borda esternal esquerda (BE E). Bulhas card&#237;acas hipofon&#233;ticas; sopro sist&#243;lico, +, rude, borda esternal esquerda e ponta. O f&#237;gado n&#227;o era palpado.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Exames complementares</title>
        <p><bold>Eletrocardiograma</bold> (ECG) mostrou ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e sinais de sobrecarga diast&#243;lica de ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) e hemibloqueio anterossuperior do ramo esquerdo. O complexo QRS era de baixa voltagem com morfologia qr em V1, RS em V6 com dist&#250;rbio final de condu&#231;&#227;o pelo ramo direito. AQRS: - 70&#186;, AT: + 30&#176; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Radiografia de t&#243;rax mostra &#225;rea card&#237;aca aumentada, &#224; custa das cavidades direitas com trama vascular pulmonar pr&#243;xima do normal. Eletrocardiograma salienta a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com sobrecarga diast&#243;lica de ventr&#237;culo direito e hemibloqueio anterior esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-00e1-50004-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <p><bold>Radiografia de t&#243;rax</bold> mostrou &#225;rea card&#237;aca aumentada em grau moderado (&#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico: 0,61), decorrente das cavidades direitas. A trama vascular pulmonar era discretamente diminu&#237;da, o arco m&#233;dio escavado e havia aumento do bot&#227;o a&#243;rtico. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p><bold>Ecocardiograma</bold> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 2</xref>) mostrou valva tric&#250;spide displ&#225;sica e espessada, com acolamento da c&#250;spide septal de 19 mm, com falha de coapta&#231;&#227;o central e acentuada insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide. As cavidades direitas eram muito dilatadas (VD = 47 mm; ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#8722; VE = 38 mm; AE = 41 mm; Ao = 36 mm), sendo a &#225;rea do &#225;trio direito acrescida da do VD atrializado (com 56,5 cm<sup>2</sup>), do VD funcional (com 17,6 cm<sup>2</sup>), do AE (com 13,9 cm<sup>2</sup>) e do VE (com 15,6 cm<sup>2</sup>). &#205;ndice de Celemajer calculado em 1,2. A veia cava inferior era dilatada com 23 mm, com contraste espont&#226;neo. O anel tric&#250;spide tinha 57 mm, o mitral 35 mm, o pulmonar 20 mm e o a&#243;rtico 24 mm. Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE de 66% e as art&#233;rias pulmonares com 14 mm. Havia forame oval com shunt bidirecional com septo atrial abaulado para a esquerda. A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de VD era de 30 mmHg.</p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ecocardiograma apical de 4 c&#226;maras salienta, em A, o grande aumento das cavidades card&#237;acas direitas com acolamento n&#237;tido da c&#250;spide septal no septo interventricular (seta). O septo interatrial est&#225; abaulado para a esquerda e as cavidades esquerdas recha&#231;adas nitidamente. Em corte subcostal, nota-se o aumento acentuado do &#225;trio direito (AD) em B e, no corte de eixo longo, na borda esternal, o grande aumento do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), com ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) recha&#231;ado posteriormente, em C. AE: &#225;trio esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-00e1-50004-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico:</bold> anomalia de Ebstein com displasia acentuada da valva tric&#250;spide e acentuada insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide, com hipoxemia discreta cr&#244;nica em evolu&#231;&#227;o natural.</p>
        <p><bold>Racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico:</bold> os elementos cl&#237;nicos de cardiopatia cianog&#234;nica com hipofluxo pulmonar e hipoxemia de longa data se expressam por cansa&#231;o e eleva&#231;&#227;o do hemat&#243;crito. As bulhas hipofon&#233;ticas orientam a normoposi&#231;&#227;o arterial e o hipofluxo pulmonar, decorrentes de insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide acentuada e com sopro sist&#243;lico discreto, pela contiguidade de c&#226;maras de baixa press&#227;o. O &#225;trio direito, o VD atrializado e o VD funcional comportam-se como verdadeira c&#226;mara &#250;nica. Sobrecarga diast&#243;lica de VD no eletrocardiograma (ECG) orienta o diagn&#243;stico da insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide. Radiografia de t&#243;rax salienta o aumento acentuado das cavidades direitas com trama vascular pulmonar discretamente diminu&#237;da. Esses elementos, em conjunto, orientam o diagn&#243;stico da anomalia de Ebstein.</p>
        <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico diferencial:</bold> cardiopatias com hipoxemia e dilata&#231;&#227;o das cavidades direitas s&#227;o tamb&#233;m encontradas em evolu&#231;&#227;o natural na estenose pulmonar de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, mas com sobrecarga sist&#243;lica de VD. Dificilmente outras cardiopatias se exteriorizam da maneira exposta.</p>
        <p><bold>Conduta:</bold> Em face da repercuss&#227;o hipox&#234;mica de longa data, com manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas desfavor&#225;veis, considerou&#8209;se at&#233; a opera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca para substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar tric&#250;spide, apesar do risco maior em vista da idade avan&#231;ada do paciente. Para tal, outros estudos da viabilidade do VD se mostram necess&#225;rios, para determinar mais adequadamente a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD e, por sua vez, para refor&#231;ar a conduta mais adequada. Como precau&#231;&#227;o, foi adotada conduta cl&#237;nica viabilizando o tratamento da arritmia card&#237;aca e da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, tendo principalmente como foco a idade avan&#231;ada do paciente.</p>
        <p><bold>Coment&#225;rios:</bold> raros casos semelhantes de anomalia de Ebstein s&#227;o encontrados em evolu&#231;&#227;o natural em idades igualmente avan&#231;adas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. &#201; conhecido de que apenas 5% desses pacientes sobrevivem naturalmente al&#233;m da 5&#170; d&#233;cada da vida. O fato &#233; que mesmo com insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide acentuada, por vezes s&#227;o identificados esses casos que extrapolam os fen&#244;menos de compensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca a t&#227;o longo prazo. Pode-se afirmar que essa anomalia se torna bem tolerada desde que o VD se mostre com fun&#231;&#227;o preservada, como parece ter ocorrido nesse paciente. No entanto, quando o VD mostra disfun&#231;&#227;o, a evolu&#231;&#227;o se torna encurtada, imposta pela maior sobrecarga de volume. A arritmia card&#237;aca supraventricular, como a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, acresce maior risco a essa evolu&#231;&#227;o, dada a possibilidade maior da forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos e embolias. Mesmo com o conhecimento de evolu&#231;&#227;o potencialmente desfavor&#225;vel, a dificuldade de indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica reside em aspectos adquiridos, como fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e altera&#231;&#245;es hipox&#234;micas em outros &#243;rg&#227;os, como rim e f&#237;gado, e que, sem d&#250;vida, acrescem riscos em paciente com idade avan&#231;ada. Da&#237; a orienta&#231;&#227;o l&#243;gica para a conduta cl&#237;nica expectante.</p>
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