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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">yGcSyPT8r4JSCXYsSTbpfnK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000100012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040159</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140159</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effects of PDE type 5 inhibitors on Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in Resistant Hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Cabral de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Modolo</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreno</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz Vaz Domingues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreno</surname>
            <given-names>Heitor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Universidade Estadual de Campinas (FCM-UNICAMP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Ana Paula Cabral de Faria</bold>. Rua Tess&#225;lia Vieira de Camargo 126, Bar&#227;o Geraldo. Postal Code: 13093-970, Campinas, SP - Brazil. E-mail:   <email>aninha_cfaria@hotmail.com</email>; <email>ana.cabralfaria@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Moreno H; Acquisition of data: Faria APC; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Faria APC, Modolo R, Domingues-Moreno BV, Moreno H; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Faria APC, Modolo R, Moreno H.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>85</fpage>
      <lpage>89</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Resistant hypertension (RHTN) is a multifactorial disease characterized by blood pressure (BP) levels above goal (140/90 mmHg) in spite of the concurrent use of three or more antihypertensive drugs of different classes. Moreover, it is well known that RHTN subjects have high prevalence of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD), which leads to increased risk of heart failure progression. This review gathers data from studies evaluating the effects of phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors (administration of acute sildenafil and short-term tadalafil) on diastolic function, biochemical and hemodynamic parameters in patients with RHTN. Acute study with sildenafil treatment found that inhibition of PDE-5 improved hemodynamic parameters and diastolic relaxation. In addition, short-term study with the use of tadalafil demonstrated improvement of LVDD, cGMP and BNP-32 levels, regardless of BP reduction. No endothelial function changes were observed in the studies. The findings of acute and short-term studies revealed potential therapeutic effects of IPDE-5 drugs on LVDD in RHTN patients.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Left Ventricular Dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors / therapeutic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasodilator Agents / therapeutic use</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="36"/>
        <page-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Resistant hypertension (RHTN) is a multifactorial condition characterized by blood pressure (BP) levels above goal (140/90 mmHg) in spite of the concurrent use of three or more antihypertensive drugs of different classes or controlled BP with the use of four or more agents<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. The overall prevalence is estimated from 15% to 18% of all hypertensive individuals in population-based studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> and frequently the increasing number of antihypertensive drugs used in the course of disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> is associated with with overweight or obesity and diabetes type 2; however, those conditions are not enough to primarily explain the individuals' physical limitations and cardiovascular complaints. In an echocardiography study, it was observed that 95% of RHTN and 72% of controlled hypertensive subjects had left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) with preserved systolic function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Previous studies have demonstrated that hypertensive rat models produced by chronic treatment with nitric oxide (NO) inhibitor - NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) - showed marked impairment of the first temporal derivative negative pressure of the LV diastolic pressure (-dP/dt, in mmHg/s), indicating LVDD in those animals <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. Curiously, this effect was reversed by oral administration of sildenafil, a selective phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (IPDE-5) after 8 weeks of treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Indeed, immunohistochemistry revealed reduced L-NAME-related myocardial lesions, in addition to increased PDE-5 intensity in the intercalary discs between myocytes <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Hence, this finding was related to improvement in LVDD due to direct sildenafil effect on cardiac relaxation in L-NAME-treated rats.</p>
      <p>Therefore, because of the high prevalence of LVDD (95%) observed in our Outpatient Clinic specialized in RHTN (Campinas, Brazil) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>and the lack of standard treatment, which reduces mortality rates <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, our group recently sought to investigate LVDD condition by echocardiography - a non-invasive diagnostic method frequently used - in association with IPDE-5 in acute (sildenafil) and short-term (tadalafil) administration. Thus, this clinical update report two recently published findings that evaluated the effects of PDE-5 inhibitors on diastolic function in the specific group of resistant hypertensive subjects <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"> 12</xref>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>LVDD TREATMENT in RHTN: primary clinical studies using IPDE-5 drugs</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Acute study</title>
          <p>The hypothesis for the first recently published study involved a selective IPDE-5 and LVDD in RHTN patients, considering that acutely administered sildenafil could improve hemodynamic parameters, endothelial and left ventricular diastolic functions <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. This crossover, single-blind and placebo-controlled study included 26 subjects diagnosed with RHTN (Clinicaltrial.gov - Protocol ID: CAAE-0758.0.146.000-09). Endothelial function (assessed by flow-mediated dilation method-FMD) and echocardiogram were determined during pre and post-sildenafil treatment, as well as measures of nitrite and plasma cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels. Additionally, non-invasive hemodynamic parameters (Finometer - Finapres Medical Systems; Amsterdam, Netherlands) were evaluated prior to and during the entire period of sildenafil treatment, with increasing dose administration (37.5, 50 and 100 mg) at 30-minute intervals.</p>
          <p>No differences were found in nitrite and cGMP levels, as well as in endothelial function after sildenafil use. Conversely, hemodynamic evaluation revealed that sildenafil administration contributed to the decrease in mean blood pressure (MAP) at increasing doses, when compared to baseline levels (84.17&#177;21.04 to 75&#177;17.21 mmHg, p&lt;0.05). Total peripheral resistance (TPR) was markedly reduced after the first dose of 37.5 mg (1149&#177;459.7 to 1037&#177;340 dyn.s/cm-5, p&lt;0.05), but heart rate increased progressively with cumulative doses of this short-acting IPDE-5. Finally, improvement in diastolic function with reduction of: (1) left atrial volume (25.4&#177;1.1 to 20.9&#177;0.9 mL, p&lt;0.05), (2) isovolumetric relaxation time (104.4&#177;3.8 to 88.3&#177;3.0 ms, p&lt;0.05), (3) E/e' lateral and E/e' septal ratios (7.7&#177;0.7 to 6.4&#177;0.6 and 9.8&#177;0.8 to 7.9&#177;0.6, respectively, p&lt;0.05) was found, when compared to pre-sildenafil echocardiogram.</p>
          <p>The findings suggested that acute inhibition of PDE-5 improves hemodynamic parameters - reducing MAP levels through TPR reduction - as well as diastolic relaxation, although endothelial function changes were not observed <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> .</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Short-term study</title>
          <p>In a second recently published study, our group investigated whether tadalafil use, a long-acting IPDE-5 drug, improved LVDD in RHTN patients, regardless of BP reduction <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. A total of 19 patients were included in this crossover, single-blind and placebo-controlled study (ClinicalTrials.gov - Protocol ID: CAAE-0044.0.146.000-09). All subjects received oral tadalafil (20 mg/day) for 2 weeks. Endothelial (FMD method) and LV diastolic (echocardiography) functions, nitrite, plasma cGMP and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP-32) levels were determined at baseline and post-tadalafil treatment.</p>
          <p>No changes in endothelial function or nitrite levels were observed. On the other hand, cGMP increased and BNP-32 reduced after the use of tadalafil (62.4&#177;32.2 to 112.6&#177;75.3 pmol/mL and143.3&#177;33.3 to 119.3&#177;31.3 pg/mL, respectively, p&lt;0.05). Echocardiography revealed improvement of the LVDD variables: (1) peak E-wave velocity (67.8&#177;18.3 to 77.8&#177;16.0 cm/s, p&lt;0.05); (2) E/A ratio (0.9&#177;0.3 to 1.08&#177;0.3, p&lt;0.05); (3) E-wave deceleration time (234.1&#177;46.0 to 194.4&#177;43.3 ms, p&lt;0.05); (4) lateral E'-wave velocity (7.7&#177;2.1 to 8.8&#177;2.8 cm/s, p&lt;0.05); (5) isovolumetric relaxation time (128.7&#177;17.6 to 96.8&#177;26.9 ms, p&lt;0.05); and (6) both septal and lateral S'-wave velocities (6.3&#177;1.4 to 7.7&#177;1.7 and 7.5&#177;2.3 to 8.3&#177;2.2 cm/s, respectively, p&lt;0.05) post-tadalafil treatment. Moreover, the study showed reductions in dyspnea, palpitations, and fatigue reported by the patients.</p>
          <p>In summary, this short-term study demonstrated clinical relevance with the use of tadalafil for 2 weeks on LVDD treatment and diastolic function-related biomarkers in RHTN subjects, and this effect was independent of BP reduction <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mechanism discussion</title>
        <p>The findings of the acute study with increasing doses of sildenafil (37.5, 50 and 100 mg at 30-minute intervals) showed improvement in the hemodynamic profile and LVDD in RHTN patients.</p>
        <p>Previously, studies have evaluated the administration of IPDE-5 inhibitor in hypertensive groups. Firstly, it was demonstrated that sildenafil use during 16 days reduced ambulatory BP levels in untreated hypertensive subjects <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. A second study has demonstrated BP reduction with acute sildenafil administration in a single dose (50 mg) in RHTN <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. This study also found that the combination of sildenafil and organic nitrate (isosorbide mononitrate) was well tolerated and resulted in a greater decrease in brachial and central BP levels, raising the idea that this new therapeutic approach might be effective to RHTN patients. Despite these important findings, the mechanism of BP reduction was not reported.</p>
        <p>The proposal to investigate hemodynamic parameters continuously contributed to detect that BP reduction was due to TPR reduction, since cardiac output remained unaltered. Curiously, the marked decrease in MAP levels and TPR occurred after the first sildenafil dose (37.5 mg), which was not sustained with consecutive administration of increasing doses (50 mg and 100 mg). In accordance with previous studies <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>, those findings indicated that sildenafil did not have a dose-dependent effect <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>The proposed causal mechanism for LVDD improvement in the acute study was also due to TPR reduction <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Taken together, those findings suggest that LVDD is characterized by increased afterload - resulting from increased TPR - with myocardial relaxation impairment of the left ventricle. Hence, it contributes to resistance in ventricular filling and alterations of diastolic pressure/volume ratio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"> 18</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Potential mechanisms for the improvement of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in preclinical and clinical studies.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0085-40159-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The short-term study assessed the effects of long-acting IPDE-5 (tadalafil 20 mg/day for 2 weeks) and resulted in LVDD improvement, regardless of BP reduction, and in cGMP and BNP-32 alterations after drug use in RHTN subjects. However, no nitrite and endothelial function changes were observed <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Those findings reinforced the hypothesis of the direct tadalafil effects on cardiomyocytes, as we could exclude the potential influence of NO-mediated vasodilation, and consequently, reduction of ventricular afterload (TPR was not altered).</p>
        <p>Previous studies have demonstrated that PDE-5, through cGMP signaling pathway, leads to adverse cardiac remodeling <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> and its inhibition - with increased levels of cGMP - results in positive effects, such as the blocking of adrenergic, hypertrophic and apoptotic signaling pathways <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. In accordance with these clinical findings, a study demonstrated the increase in plasma cGMP levels and left ventricular diastolic and systolic capacitance and decrease in measurements of cardiomyocyte passive stiffness during serial treatment with sildenafil and with BNP <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. The PDE-5 enzyme was found in the intercalary discs between myocytes and IPDE-5 may have a potential relevance for diastolic relaxation by preventing the L-NAME-induced impairment in -dP/dt measurement. Thus, attenuation of deleterious hemodynamic and morphological alterations observed with L-NAME treatment might be modulated by PDE5 inhibition in cardiac myocytes <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. In addition, IPDE-5 treatment may reduce cardiac inflammation followed by an improved remodeling process, as well as cardiac apoptosis, resulting in improved LV function in experimental models of angiotensin II-induced heart failure   <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. These mechanisms highlight the importance of PDE-5 as a strategic pharmacological target for cardiomyocytes relaxation and, consequently, for LVDD improvement by increasing cGMP levels after treatment with IPDE-5 drugs.</p>
        <p>Finally, the reduction of BNP-32 levels - a clinical biomarker widely used for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of heart failure <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> - in the short-term study revealed a close association with LVDD <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. Similarly to previous studies, which demonstrated that natriuretic peptides were strong predictors of diastolic dysfunction <sup>(27-)(29)</sup>, the short-term study suggested the potential diagnostic role in measuring BNP-32 levels to evaluate cardiovascular alterations related to LVDD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical Implications</title>
        <p>Resistant hypertension is a chronic disease and several factors that contribute to a complex pathophysiology might differ among the subjects, which compromise the efficacy of therapeutic regimens. Hence, those many different mechanisms may result in greater difficulties to achieve BP control, even despite the use of multiple drugs with confirmed adherence, leading to resistance to antihypertensive treatment <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. The challenge of RHTN treatment points out that the inclusion of new drugs is necessary to the therapeutic scheme of resistant hypertensive patients. In this context, recently IPDE-5 drugs were tested as antihypertensive treatment <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>. Moreover, due to the high prevalence of LVDD in RHTN subjects <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> - which is associated with worse outcomes <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> - and evidence from preclinical studies that have demonstrated diastolic function improvement <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"> 24</xref>, IPDE-5 emerges as a highly promising candidate for the treatment of clinical conditions, such as LVDD, associated with resistance to antihypertensive therapy.</p>
        <p>Some studies have sustained the hypothesis that IPDE-5 drug use is a viable pharmacological strategy for improvement in LV relaxation due to (1) shortening in both lateral and septal T E-E&#180;(a Doppler-derived index of LV relaxation performance)   <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>; (2) the reverse cardiac remodeling effect; and (3) the reduced levels of BNP precursor over time <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>. LVDD treatment in RHTN population is important because LVDD does not have a standard treatment, therefore the use of therapeutic candidates could reduce mortality, especially in resistant hypertensive subjects, who have high cardiovascular risk<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>.</p>
        <p>Recent studies, including the acute study from our group<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, have shown BP reduction after sildenafil administration<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. This effect must be carefully interpreted. Although those studies may point out to a meaningful clinical effect on BP, we must consider that they were conducted in a short period of time, not allowing us to conclude that a chronic treatment would have the same impact on BP levels.</p>
        <p>Finally, both acute and short period administration of IPDE-5 drugs (sildenafil and tadalafil, respectively) were well tolerated according to patient self-reports. This may represent a great clinical advantage, especially when treating RHTN subjects, since those patients are taking multiple drugs and the adverse effects are relevant for treatment adherence <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>.</p>
        <p>The results of the abovementioned acute and short-term studies contributed to advance our knowledge about potential therapeutic effects of IPDE-5 drugs on LVDD in RHTN patients. As we did not investigate drug action in the long term, those findings reinforce that future prospective clinical studies must be conducted to evaluate efficacy and safety of IPDE-5 candidates in treatment of LVDD using a larger RHTN population in a long-term trial.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESP and CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Thiago Quinaglia Ara&#250;jo Costa Silva and Rodrigo Cardoso Santos, from Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Medicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos dos Inibidores da PDE do Tipo 5 sobre a Disfun&#231;&#227;o Diast&#243;lica Ventricular Esquerda na Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Resistente</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Cabral de</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Modolo</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreno</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz Vaz Domingues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreno</surname>
            <given-names>Heitor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Universidade Estadual de Campinas (FCM-UNICAMP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ana Paula Cabral de Faria</bold>. Rua Tess&#225;lia Vieira de Camargo 126, Bar&#227;o Geraldo. CEP: 13093-970, Campinas, SP - Brasil.   <italic>E-mail</italic>: <email>aninha_cfaria@hotmail.com</email>;   <email>ana.cabralfaria@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Moreno H; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Faria APC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Faria APC, Modolo R, Domingues-Moreno BV, Moreno H; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Faria APC, Modolo R, Moreno H.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <p>A Hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente (HAR) &#233; uma doen&#231;a multifatorial caracterizada por n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos acima das metas (140/90 mmHg), a despeito de tratamento farmacol&#243;gico otimizado de 3 ou mais f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos de diferentes classes. Pacientes diagnosticados como hipertensos resistentes apresentam alta preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE) que proporciona risco aumentado para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Esta revis&#227;o re&#250;ne dados de estudos pr&#233;vios avaliando os efeitos dos inibidores de fosfodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) (administra&#231;&#227;o aguda de sildenafil e de curto prazo de tadalafil) na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e nos par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos e hemodin&#226;micos em pacientes com HAR. O estudo agudo com sildenafil demonstrou que a inibi&#231;&#227;o da PDE-5 melhorou os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos e de relaxamento diast&#243;lico. Al&#233;m disso, o estudo curto prazo com o uso de tadalafil revelou melhora da DDVE e dos n&#237;veis de GMPc e BNP-32, independente de redu&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial. A fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial n&#227;o apresentou altera&#231;&#227;o com ambos os tratamentos. Os resultados dos estudos agudo e de curto prazo sugerem efeitos terap&#234;uticos potenciais dos f&#225;rmacos inibidores da PDE-5 na disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em pacientes com HAR.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Inibidores da Fosfodiesterase 5 / uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasodilatadores / uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente (HAR) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o multifatorial caracterizada por n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial (PA) acima da meta (140/90 mmHg), apesar do uso concomitante de tr&#234;s ou mais medicamentos anti-hipertensivos de diferentes classes ou PA controlada com o uso de quatro ou mais agentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref> A preval&#234;ncia &#233; estimada em 15-18% de indiv&#237;duos hipertensos em estudos populacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref> e, frequentemente, o aumento do n&#250;mero de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos utilizados no curso da doen&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> est&#225; associado a sobrepeso ou obesidade e diabetes tipo 2; no entanto, essas condi&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o s&#227;o suficientes para explicar primariamente as limita&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas e queixas cardiovasculares dos indiv&#237;duos. Em um estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico, foi observado que 95% dos indiv&#237;duos com HAR e 72% dos hipertensos controlados tinham disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda (DDVE) com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>Estudos anteriores demonstraram em modelos de animais hipertensos induzidos por tratamento cr&#244;nico com inibidor de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) &#233;ster met&#237;lico NG-nitro-L-arginina (L-NAME) - a defici&#234;ncia acentuada da primeira derivada temporal negativa da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE (-dP/dt, em mmHg/s), indicando DDVE nesses animais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref> Curiosamente, esse efeito foi revertido com a administra&#231;&#227;o oral de sildenafil, um inibidor seletivo da fosfodiesterase 5 (IPDE-5), ap&#243;s oito semanas de tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref> De fato, a an&#225;lise imuno-histoqu&#237;mica revelou les&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas relacionadas ao L-NAME, al&#233;m do aumento da intensidade de PDE-5 nos discos intercalares entre os mi&#243;citos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> Portanto, esse achado foi relacionado &#224; melhora da DDVE devido aos efeitos diretos do sildenafil no relaxamento card&#237;aco em ratos tratados com L-NAME.</p>
        <p>Dessa forma, devido &#224; alta preval&#234;ncia de DDVE (95%) observada em nosso ambulat&#243;rio especializado em HAR (Campinas, Brasil)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> e &#224; falta de tratamento-padr&#227;o, o que reduz as taxas de mortalidade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> recentemente nosso grupo investigou a DDVE por meio da ecocardiografia - um m&#233;todo de diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o invasivo usado com frequ&#234;ncia - em associa&#231;&#227;o com IPDE-5, na administra&#231;&#227;o aguda (sildenafil) e de curto prazo (tadalafil). Assim, esta atualiza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica relata dois achados, recentemente publicados, que avaliaram os efeitos dos inibidores PDE-5 na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, no grupo espec&#237;fico de indiv&#237;duos hipertensos resistentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Tratamento da DDVE na HAR: estudos cl&#237;nicos prim&#225;rios utilizando IPDE-5</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Estudo agudo</title>
            <p>A hip&#243;tese para o primeiro estudo publicado recentemente envolveu um IPDE-5 seletivo e DDVE em pacientes com HAR, considerando que a administra&#231;&#227;o aguda do sildenafil poderia melhorar os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos, as fun&#231;&#245;es endoteliais e diast&#243;licas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>Este estudo cruzado, cego e controlado por placebo, incluiu 26 indiv&#237;duos diagnosticados com HAR (Clinicaltrial.gov - protocolo ID: CAAE-0758.0.146.000-09). A fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial (avaliada pelo m&#233;todo de dilata&#231;&#227;o fluxomediada - DFM) e o ecocardiograma foram determinados durante o tratamento pr&#233; e p&#243;s-sildenafil, assim como medidas dos n&#237;veis de nitrito e de monofosfato c&#237;clico de guanosina (GMPc) no plasma. Al&#233;m disso, os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos n&#227;o invasivos (Finometer - Finapres Medical Systems, Amsterd&#227;, Holanda) foram avaliados antes e durante todo o per&#237;odo de tratamento com sildenafil, com administra&#231;&#227;o de doses crescentes (37,5, 50 e 100 mg) a intervalos de 30 minutos.</p>
            <p>N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as entre os n&#237;veis de nitrito e de GMPc, bem como na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ap&#243;s o uso do sildenafil. Por outro lado, a avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica revelou que a administra&#231;&#227;o de sildenafil contribuiu para a diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM), em doses crescentes, quando comparada aos n&#237;veis basais (84,17 &#177; 21,04 a 75 &#177; 17,21 mmHg, p &lt; 0,05). A resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica total (RVPT) diminuiu acentuadamente ap&#243;s a primeira dose de 37,5 mg (1.149 &#177; 459,7 a 1.037 &#177; 340 dyn.s/cm<sup>-5</sup>, p &lt; 0,05), mas a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aumentou progressivamente com doses cumulativas desse IPDE-5 de curta dura&#231;&#227;o. Finalmente, foi encontrada melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica com redu&#231;&#227;o de: (1) volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (25,4 &#177; 1,1 a 20,9 &#177; 0,9 mL, p &lt; 0,05), (2) tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico (104,4 &#177; 3,8 a 88,3 &#177; 3,0 ms, p &lt;0,05), (3) raz&#245;es E/e' lateral e E/e' septal (7,7 &#177; 0,7 a 6,4 &#177; 0,6 e 9,8 &#177; 0,8 a 7,9 &#177; 0,6, respectivamente, p &lt; 0,05), quando comparada ao ecocardiograma pr&#233;-sildenafil.</p>
            <p>Os resultados sugerem que a inibi&#231;&#227;o aguda do PDE-5 melhora os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos - reduzindo os n&#237;veis de PAM atrav&#233;s da redu&#231;&#227;o da RVPT -, bem como o relaxamento diast&#243;lico, embora mudan&#231;as na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial n&#227;o tenham sido observadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Estudo de curto prazo</title>
            <p>No segundo estudo publicado recentemente, nosso grupo investigou se o uso de tadalafil, um IPDE-5 de longa a&#231;&#227;o, melhorou a DDVE em pacientes com HAR, independentemente da redu&#231;&#227;o da PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>Dezenove pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos nesse estudo cruzado, cego e controlado por placebo (ClinicalTrials.gov - protocolo ID: CAAE-0044.0.146.000-09). Todos os indiv&#237;duos receberam tadalafil por via oral (20 mg/dia), durante duas semanas. A fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial (m&#233;todo FMD) e a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE (ecocardiografia), os n&#237;veis de nitrito, GMPc no plasma e pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B (BNP-32) plasm&#225;ticos foram determinados no in&#237;cio e ap&#243;s o tratamento com tadalafil.</p>
            <p>N&#227;o foram encontradas altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e nos n&#237;veis de nitrito. Por outro lado, os n&#237;veis de GMPc aumentaram e os de BNP-32 diminu&#237;ram ap&#243;s o uso de tadalafil (62,4 &#177; 32,2 a 112,6 &#177; 75,3 pmol/mL e 143,3 &#177; 33,3 a 119,3 &#177; 31,3 pg/ mL, respectivamente, p &lt; 0,05). A ecocardiografia revelou melhora das vari&#225;veis da DDVE: (1) a velocidade de pico da onda E (67,8 &#177; 18,3 a 77,8 &#177; 16,0 cm/s, p &lt; 0,05), (2) a raz&#227;o E/A (0,9 &#177; 0,3 a 1,08 &#177; 0,3, p &lt; 0,05); (3) o tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E (234,1 &#177; 46,0 a 194,4 &#177; 43,3 ms, p &lt; 0,05); (4) a velocidade lateral de onda E' (7,7 &#177; 2,1 a 8,8 &#177; 2,8 cm/s, p &lt;0,05); (5) o tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico (128,7 &#177; 17,6 a 96,8 &#177; 26,9 ms, p &lt;0,05); e (6) as velocidades septal e lateral da onda S' (6,3 &#177; 1,4 a 7,7 &#177; 1,7 e 7,5 &#177; 2,3 a 8,3 &#177; 2,2 cm/s, respectivamente, p &lt;0,05) p&#243;s-tratamento com tadalafil. Al&#233;m disso, o estudo mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o de dispneia, palpita&#231;&#245;es e fadiga relatadas pelos pacientes.</p>
            <p>O estudo de curto prazo demonstrou relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica com o uso de tadalafil por duas semanas, no tratamento da DDVE, e biomarcadores relacionados com a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em indiv&#237;duos com HAR, efeito esse independente da redu&#231;&#227;o da PA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Discuss&#227;o do mecanismo</title>
          <p>As conclus&#245;es do estudo agudo com doses crescentes de sildenafil (37,5, 50 e 100 mg em intervalos de 30 minutos) mostrou melhora do perfil hemodin&#226;mico e DDVE em pacientes com HAR.</p>
          <p>Anteriormente, estudos avaliaram a administra&#231;&#227;o do inibidor de PDE-5 em grupos hipertensos. Em primeiro lugar, foi demonstrado que o uso de sildenafil durante 16 dias reduziu os n&#237;veis ambulatoriais de press&#227;o arterial em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos n&#227;o tratados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Um segundo estudo demonstrou redu&#231;&#227;o da PA com a administra&#231;&#227;o aguda de sildenafil em dose &#250;nica (50 mg) em HAR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Esse estudo tamb&#233;m constatou que a combina&#231;&#227;o de sildenafil e nitrato org&#226;nico (mononitrato de isossorbida) foi bem tolerada e resultou em diminui&#231;&#227;o maior dos n&#237;veis de PA braquial e central, dando a ideia de que essa nova abordagem terap&#234;utica pudesse ser eficaz em pacientes com HAR. Apesar desses achados importantes, o mecanismo de redu&#231;&#227;o da PA n&#227;o foi relatado.</p>
          <p>A proposta de investigar continuamente os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos contribuiu para detectar que a redu&#231;&#227;o da PA foi devida &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da RVPT, uma vez que o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco permaneceu inalterado. Curiosamente, a queda acentuada dos n&#237;veis de PAM e RVPT ocorreu ap&#243;s a primeira dose de sildenafil (37,5 mg), o que n&#227;o foi sustentado com a administra&#231;&#227;o consecutiva de doses crescentes (50 mg e 100 mg). De acordo com estudos anteriores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> esses achados indicam que o sildenafil n&#227;o apresentou efeito dose-dependente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
          <p>O mecanismo causal proposto para melhora da DDVE no estudo agudo tamb&#233;m foi devido &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da RVPT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Esses resultados sugerem que a DDVE &#233; caracterizada pelo aumento da p&#243;s-carga - resultante do aumento da RVPT - com comprometimento do relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Por isso, h&#225; resist&#234;ncia do enchimento ventricular e as altera&#231;&#245;es da raz&#227;o press&#227;o diast&#243;lica/volume<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mecanismos potenciais para a melhora da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda em estudos pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos e cl&#237;nicos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0085-40159-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <p>O estudo de curto prazo avaliou os efeitos de longa a&#231;&#227;o do IPDE-5 (tadalafil 20 mg/dia por duas semanas) e resultou em melhora na DDVE, independentemente da redu&#231;&#227;o da PA, e em altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de GMPc e BNP-32 ap&#243;s o uso do medicamento em indiv&#237;duos com HAR. No entanto, altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de nitrito e da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial n&#227;o foram observadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Esses achados refor&#231;am a hip&#243;tese dos efeitos diretos do tadalafil sobre os cardiomi&#243;citos, j&#225; que podemos excluir a influ&#234;ncia potencial de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o NO-mediada e, consequentemente, a redu&#231;&#227;o da p&#243;s-carga ventricular (a RVPT n&#227;o foi alterada).</p>
          <p>Estudos anteriores demonstraram que a PDE-5, por meio da via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o do GMPc, leva ao remodelamento card&#237;aco, e sua inibi&#231;&#227;o com aumento dos n&#237;veis de GMPc - resulta em efeitos positivos, como o bloqueio das vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica, hipertr&#243;fica e apopt&#243;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. De acordo com esses achados cl&#237;nicos, um estudo demonstrou aumento dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de GMPc e da capacit&#226;ncia sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com diminui&#231;&#227;o nas medidas de rigidez dos cardiomi&#243;citos durante o tratamento concomitante de sildenafil e BNP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. A enzima PDE-5 foi encontrada nos discos intercalares entre os mi&#243;citos, e o IPDE-5 pode ter potencial relev&#226;ncia para relaxamento diast&#243;lico, impedindo a diminui&#231;&#227;o induzida pelo L-NAME na medida de -dP/dt. Assim, a atenua&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas e morfol&#243;gicas delet&#233;rias observadas com o tratamento com L-NAME podem ser moduladas pela inibi&#231;&#227;o de PDE-5 em mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, o tratamento com IPDE-5 pode reduzir a inflama&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, seguindo-se da melhora do processo de remodelamento, bem como da apoptose card&#237;aca, resultando na melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o do VE em modelos experimentais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca induzida por angiotensina II.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Esses mecanismos destacam a import&#226;ncia da PDE-5 como alvo farmacol&#243;gico para relaxamento de cardiomi&#243;citos e, consequentemente, para a melhora da DDVE, aumentando os n&#237;veis de GMPc ap&#243;s o tratamento com IPDE-5.</p>
          <p>Finalmente, a redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de BNP-32 - um biomarcador cl&#237;nico amplamente utilizado para diagn&#243;stico, progn&#243;stico e tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> - neste estudo de curto prazo revelou estreita associa&#231;&#227;o com a DDVE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>De forma similar aos estudos anteriores, os quais demonstraram que os pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos eram fortes preditores de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> o estudo de curto prazo sugeriu um potencial papel diagn&#243;stico ao medir os n&#237;veis de BNP-32 para avaliar altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares relacionadas com a DDVE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas</title>
          <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente &#233; uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica, e v&#225;rios fatores que contribuem para a fisiopatologia complexa podem ser diferentes entre os indiv&#237;duos, o que compromete a efic&#225;cia de regimes terap&#234;uticos. Assim, esses v&#225;rios mecanismos podem resultar em maiores dificuldades para conseguir o controle da PA, mesmo com o uso de m&#250;ltiplos medicamentos com ades&#227;o confirmada, levando &#224; resist&#234;ncia ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> O desafio do tratamento da HAR indica que a inclus&#227;o de novos medicamentos &#233; necess&#225;ria no esquema terap&#234;utico de pacientes hipertensos resistentes. Nesse contexto, medicamentos IPDE-5 foram recentemente testados como tratamento anti-hipertensivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Al&#233;m disso, devido &#224; alta preval&#234;ncia de DDVE em pacientes com HAR<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> - que est&#225; associada a desfechos desfavor&#225;veis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> - e as evid&#234;ncias de estudos pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos que demonstraram melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> o IPDE-5 surge como candidato muito promissor para o tratamento de condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas como DDVE associada com a resist&#234;ncia &#224; terapia anti-hipertensiva.</p>
          <p>Alguns estudos t&#234;m sustentado a hip&#243;tese de que o uso de medicamentos IPDE-5 &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia farmacol&#243;gica vi&#225;vel para a melhora do relaxamento do VE devido: (1) ao encurtamento tanto lateral quanto septal de T E-E' (um &#237;ndice derivado do Doppler de desempenho de relaxamento do VE);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> (2) ao efeito do remodelamento card&#237;aco reverso; e (3) &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis do precursor de BNP ao longo do tempo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> O tratamento da DDVE na popula&#231;&#227;o com HAR &#233; importante porque a DDVE n&#227;o tem tratamento-padr&#227;o; portanto, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de candidatos terap&#234;uticos poderia reduzir a mortalidade, especialmente nos hipertensos resistentes, os quais t&#234;m alto risco cardiovascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>.</p>
          <p>Estudos recentes, incluindo o estudo agudo do nosso grupo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> mostraram redu&#231;&#227;o da PA ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de sildenafil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Esse efeito deve ser interpretado com cautela. Embora esses estudos possam indicar um efeito cl&#237;nico significativo na PA, &#233; preciso considerar que eles foram realizados em curto per&#237;odo de tempo, o que n&#227;o permite concluir que um tratamento cr&#244;nico teria o mesmo impacto sobre os n&#237;veis de PA.</p>
          <p>Por fim, a administra&#231;&#227;o aguda e por per&#237;odo curto de medicamentos IPDE-5 (sildenafil e tadalafil, respectivamente) foi bem tolerada, de acordo com o autorrelato dos pacientes. Isso pode representar grande vantagem cl&#237;nica, especialmente no tratamento de indiv&#237;duos com HAR, j&#225; que esses pacientes est&#227;o tomando v&#225;rios medicamentos, e os efeitos adversos s&#227;o relevantes para a ades&#227;o ao tratamento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>.</p>
          <p>Os resultados do estudo agudo e do estudo de curto prazo mencionados contribu&#237;ram para aumentar o nosso conhecimento sobre os efeitos terap&#234;uticos potenciais de medicamentos IPDE-5 na DDVE em pacientes com HAR. Como n&#227;o investigamos a a&#231;&#227;o da administra&#231;&#227;o dos medicamentos em longo prazo, esses achados refor&#231;am que futuros estudos cl&#237;nicos prospectivos devem ser realizados para avaliar a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a dos IPDE-5 candidatos no tratamento da DDVE em uma maior popula&#231;&#227;o com HAR, em estudo de longo prazo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP e CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Thiago Quinaglia Ara&#250;jo Costa Silva e Rodrigo Cardoso Santos pela Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias Medicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
