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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">xyxvHcBgLjSbtQsrBNDrs6p</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000100011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040165</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140165</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Use of Short-term Circulatory Support as a Bridge in Pediatric Heart Transplantation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Can&#234;o</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miana</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tanamati</surname>
            <given-names>Carla</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Penha</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shimoda</surname>
            <given-names>Monica Satsuki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azeka</surname>
            <given-names>Estela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miura</surname>
            <given-names>Nana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galas</surname>
            <given-names>Filomena Regina Barbosa Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor HC FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Luiz Fernando Can&#234;o,</bold> Av. Doutor En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - bloco II - 2&#176; andar - sala 5 - Cerqueira Cesar, S&#227;o Paulo - SP, Postal Code 05403-900, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>caneo@mac.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Can&#234;o LF;Acquisition of data: Can&#234;o LF, Miana LA, Tanamati C, Penha J, Shimoda MS, Azeka E, Miura N, Galas FRBG, Guimar&#227;es VA, Jatene MB;Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Can&#234;o LF, Miana LA, Jatene MB;Statistical analysis: Can&#234;o LF, Miana LA; Obtaining financing: Can&#234;o LF, Galas FRBG, Jatene MB; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Can&#234;o LF, Miana LA, Miura N, Jatene MB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>78</fpage>
      <lpage>84</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Heart transplantation is considered the gold standard therapy for the advanced heart failure, but donor shortage, especially in pediatric patients, is the main limitation for this procedure, so most sick patients die while waiting for the procedure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the use of short-term circulatory support as a bridge to transplantation in end-stage cardiomyopathy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Retrospective clinical study. Between January 2011 and December 2013, 40 patients with cardiomyopathy were admitted in our Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, with a mean age of 4.5 years. Twenty patients evolved during hospitalization with clinical deterioration and were classified as Intermacs 1 and 2. One patient died within 24 hours and 19 could be stabilized and were listed. They were divided into 2 groups: A, clinical support alone and B, implantation of short-term circulatory support as bridge to transplantation additionally to clinical therapy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We used short-term mechanical circulatory support as a bridge to transplantation in 9. In group A (n=10), eight died waiting and 2 patients (20%) were transplanted, but none was discharged. In group B (n=9), 6 patients (66.7%) were transplanted and three were discharged.The mean support time was 21,8 days (6 to 984h). The mean transplant waiting list time was 33,8 days. Renal failure and sepsis were the main complication and causeof death in group A while neurologic complications were more prevalent en group B.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Mechanical circulatory support increases survival on the pediatric heart transplantation waiting list in patients classified as Intermacs 1 and 2.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Assisted Circulation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="33"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Although cardiac transplant (HTX) is considered the best treatment for terminal heart failure, the scarcity of donors, particularly in pediatrics, limits its use.</p>
      <p>The difficulty of identifying heart failure in children causes many to visit our emergency units for the very first time in very advanced stages of the disease. These patients or patients whose status worsened and required vasoactive drugs and ventilator support and had liver and kidney dysfunction (INTERMACS 1 and 2 according to the classification of Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support;   <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>) should be hemodynamically compensated to reverse organ failure before the patients are subjected to HTX<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Often, isolated clinical measures are not sufficient, and mortality in these patients awaiting HTX surpasses 90% over 30 days<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>INTERMACS profiles of advanced heart failure</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>Profile</th>
              <th>Hemodynamic Conditions</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>1</td>
              <td><bold>Critical cardiogenic shock:</bold> persistent hypotension despite rapidly escalating vasoactive drugs, critical organ hypoperfusion</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>2</td>
              <td><bold>Progressive decline:</bold> intravenous inotropic support, maintaining acceptable pressure levels, progressive nutrional depletion, worsening renal function, or fluid retention</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>3</td>
              <td><bold>Stable but inotrope dependent:</bold> stable blood pressure dependent on inotropic support, unable to wean due to hypotension, renal dysfunction, or worsening of symptoms</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>4</td>
              <td><bold>resting symptoms:</bold> without use of inotropes, but recurring symptoms and fluid retention. Worsening is "recurrent"</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>5</td>
              <td><bold>Exertion intolerant:</bold> severe limitations to physical activity, comfortable at rest, little fluid retention, and at times some renal dysfunction. Living predominantly within the home and neighborhood</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>6</td>
              <td><bold>Exertion limited:</bold> capable of some activity but fatigues easily, intolerance to fluid overload</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>7</td>
              <td><bold>Advanced NYHA class III:</bold> clinically stable, reasonably comfortable with activities despite previous history of recent worsening</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Short-term mechanical circulatory supports (MCS) such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and centrifugal pumps, CentriMag (Thoratec Corporation, Pleasanton, CA, USA), PediMag (Thoratec Corporation), and Rotaflow (Maquet - Getinge Group, Rastatt, Germany), have been used in an attempt to maintain hemodynamic support in ideal conditions, improving the clinical conditions of patients awaiting HTX. In our clinical setting, due to the financial difficulties faced by the health system, we have used MCS in selected and sporadic cases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. ECMO can be used with a certain degree of safety, but it negatively interferes with transplant results when used for periods surpassing 15 days. The use of centrifugal blood pumps has been shown to be an alternative to ECMO, allowing greater ventricular support time, greater mobility for the child, and encouraging results that have been previously published study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Nevertheless, biventricular and/or pulmonary dysfunction limit the use of this method, particularly in cases with advanced circulatory shock<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
      <p>In late 2011, perceiving the poor progress of these patients, we began to experiment with installing MCS devices in INTERMACS 1 and 2 patients. The availability of the equipment was limited but increased over the course of the study.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to assess the impact of these devices on the survival of patients while on the waiting list and after HTX.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee for the Analysis of Research Projects at the Hospital of Clinics of the Medical Faculty of Medical College at the University of S&#227;o Paulo (CAPPesq) and registered under the number CAAE: 20282113.2.0000.0068.</p>
      <p>During the period of January 2011-December 2013, 40 patients younger than 18 years of age with a diagnosis of cardiomyopathy were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) at our institution. Of these, 20 were at INTERMACS 1 or 2, comprising the population of our study. One of these patients died in 24 h and 19 remained in treatment and on the list awaiting HTX. The other 20 remained stable at INTERMACS 3 or above and were discharged from the ICU (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Patient evolution according to severity presented at first admission (INTERMACS classification).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0078-40165-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Demographic and clinical data were collected from each patient's electronic chart. The patients who had been admitted at any time prior to the study period were assessed from their first hospitalization. Demographic and diagnostic data were analyzed along with transplant wait time (period from the date the patient was listed and date of transplant or death), support time (time between the initiation of circulatory support and transplant or death in those patients who did not undergo transplant), the incidence of complications, and post-transplant hospitalization time (period of time between transplant and discharge or death in hospital).</p>
      <p>The patients who were classified as INTERMACS 1 and 2 at any time during their hospitalization were divided into two groups: Group A (without MCS), which comprised patients who were clinically managed for hemodynamic compensation; Group B (with MCS), which comprised those who received some type of short-duration MCS as a bridge to HTX. Clinical characteristics for both the groups at the time they were placed on the transplant list are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of the patients who were managed clinically (Group A) and those who received MCS device implants (Group B)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>Group A</th>
              <th>Group B</th>
              <th>p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Demographic Variables</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">n = 10</td>
              <td align="center">n = 9</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (years) &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">4.9 &#177; 4.1</td>
              <td align="center">4.2 &#177; 4.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.59</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Weight (kg) &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">3.0 &#177; 20.6</td>
              <td align="center">5.0 &#177; 19.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.59</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sex female n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (44.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.51</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
              <td colspan="4">
                <bold>Clinical Variables</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Intermacs 1 n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (33.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.87</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Peritoneal dialysis</td>
              <td align="center">5 (50%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (44.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.80</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Cardiac arrest</td>
              <td align="center">8 (80%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (77.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Orotracheal intubation</td>
              <td align="center">4 (40%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (44.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.84</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>As observed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>, the groups were very similar; however, there was no randomization. MCS was used when logistical conditions permitted. At the beginning of the study, we depended on the donation of the devices, and later, we depended on the availability of the equipment because this was a public health service.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Devices used</title>
        <p>The short-term devices used were isolated ECMO (one case), isolated centrifugal blood pump (eight cases), and one patient initially received ECMO and later was treated with a centrifugal blood pump associated with a paracorporeal ventricular assist device (Berlin Heart Excor, Berlin, Germany). The ECMO circuit utilized was the PLS Maquet (Maquet - Getinge Group, Rastatt, Germany), composed of a hollow polymethylpentene diffusion membrane, centrifugal pump, and tubes treated with platelet anticoagulant material. These were three-eight-inch tubes with no bridge connection in patients &gt; 10 kg and 1/4 inch with a bridge connection in patients &lt; 10 kg. Peripheral cannulation (carotid or jugular vein) or central cannulation (right atrium and aorta) through a median sternotomy, depending on patient's size and previous cardiac function, was performed.</p>
        <p>In the patients who used the centrifugal blood pump, the most common type of cannulation was via the left ventricle (LV) and aorta (seven of eight cases), and via left atrium and aorta (one case). The centrifugal pumps were implanted via a median sternotomy with the help of extracorporeal circulation in those cases where the LV was cannulated. As in the case of ECMO, in patients &lt; 10 kg a one-fourth-inch tube and pre/post pump bridge connections were used, maintaining different flows in the circuit and patient that was controlled by a second independent flow monitor. Two types of pumps were used: Rotaflow (Getting-Maquet Group, Hastat, Germany) and PedMag (Thoratec Corporation, Pleasanton, CA, USA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The data for the continuous variables that showed normal distribution were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). The categorical variables were represented as percentages and the continuous variables with their median followed by minimum and maximum values for the sample. &#967;<sup>2</sup> tests were used to compare the proportions of the categorical data and unpaired <italic>t</italic>-tests for continuous variables. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered to be significant. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Each patient who received circulatory support as a bridge to transplant was analyzed as an isolated event, even if they received implants of more than one device, different types of devices, or at different times.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of the 40 patients admitted to the ICU with dilated cardiomyopathy, six were admitted, for the first time, to INTERMACS 1, 10 patients to INTERMACS 2, 14 to INTERMACS 3, and the remaining 10 to INTERMACS 4-6. This latter group was admitted for reasons other than hemodynamic deterioration, such as respiratory infection, biopsy, or other invasive procedure. Of the 14 patients at INTERMACS 3, four worsened to INTERMACS 2 and 10 remained at INTERMACS 3 or improved. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>summarizes the evolution of the patients from their first hospital admission by INTERMACS classification according to severity.</p>
      <p>In Group A, of the 10 patients who were clinically managed, only two (20%) were able to be hemodynamically compensated with reversal of organ failure and underwent HTX. Among the nine patients in Group B, six were able to receive transplants (66.7%; p = 0.04;   <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Results for patients at INTERMACS 1 and 2 levels, who were managed clinically (Group A) and received MCS device implant (Group B)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Results</th>
              <th>Group A (n = 10)</th>
              <th>Group B (n = 9)</th>
              <th>p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>HTX, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (55,5%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Discharge, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (33,3%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.049</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>Discharge: number of patients who were discharged from hospital. Group A: no mechanical circulatory support. Group B: with mechanical circulatory support n: number of patients. HTX: number of patients who received transplants.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>None of the patients in Group A were discharged (0%) and three patients in Group B were discharged (33.3%; p = 0.049; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>The two patients in Group A who received transplants died during the post-operative period on day 10 and day 48, respectively. The other eight progressed to multiple organ failure and died, unable to undergo HTX.</p>
      <p>In Group B, three (33.3%) died while receiving support via centrifugal pump; two died from complications related to cerebral vascular accident and one died from related multiple organ failure and consumptive coagulopathy. Of the six who underwent HTX, three died after surgery (50%), one died due to neurological complications, and two died due to multiple organ failure on days 21 and 27 after surgery.</p>
      <p>The wait time on the transplant list was 32 days in Group A and 62 days in Group B. If we only include those who received transplants, the mean wait time was 47 days (0-149 days).</p>
      <p>The mean support time, considering all patients in Group B, was 471 h (6-960 h). Considering only the patients who received transplants, the support time was 349 h (6-984 h). The post-transplant hospitalization time was 49 days (6-115 days).</p>
      <p>Embolic phenomena and neurological complications affecting motor ability affected six patients in Group B (66.7%), and these complications were directly related to death in three of these cases.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Cardiac transplant is the most effective treatment for terminal cardiac failure, although it is limited by the number of donors. Pediatric post-HTX survival in the first year is approximately 90% and 60% over 10 years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. These results vary according to age of recipient, diagnosis, period when conducted, and location. The major limitation for the number of transplants is the number of donors. Difficulty in obtaining organs varies according to variables such as blood type, age, the weight of recipient, and geographic distribution<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      <p>A large number of children, who were diagnosed with cardiomyopathy in advanced stages of heart failure and required vasoactive drugs, visited the emergency departments of specialized hospitals for the first time. This may also be due to the great difficulty in clinically diagnosing heart failure in this age group.</p>
      <p>Advanced cardiac failure varies; therefore, the patient may be restricted to the hospital bed or in cardiogenic shock. In addition, there is a requirement to differentiate these two cases because the prognosis is directly related to the patient's degree of decompensation. The INTERMACS classification proposed by the Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support classifies these patients into levels 1-7, with 1 being the most severe.</p>
      <p>The patients who were classified with INTERMACS 1 and 2 had impaired tissue perfusion and required higher doses of vasoactive drugs. The clinical response of these patients is poor and once multiple organ failure occurs, the therapeutic window for HTX is lost. The objective of using MCS in these cases is to reverse the low-volume scenario, restoring visceral perfusion, and allowing the patient to wait for a donor in satisfactory clinical condition.</p>
      <p>MCS devices can be classified as short- and long term. In the short-term device group, the most commonly used devices in the pediatric population are ECMO and centrifugal pumps<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>; these are generally used on patients at INTERMACS 1 or 2 level for some weeks. Long-term devices allow ventricular support for longer periods of months. They can be used very safely on patients at INTERMACS 3 or 4 level. Their availability in pediatrics is limited, particularly due to the size of these devices and requirement for biventricular support in most of this population. Among these devices, paracorporeal pumps are the most widely used<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Due to the wait time required to obtain a suitable organ, longer-duration devices are more recommended as a bridge to transplant; however, the minimal availability of these in our setting due to their high costs and lack of funding for the majority of our services restricts their use in Brazil.</p>
      <p>Although it provides a limited time of circulatory support, ECMO is still the most utilized device in younger children. In recent years, we have observed a greater number of long-duration device implants such as paracorporeal pneumatic ventricular assist devices in the pediatric population. This is due to the fact that the devices were recently approved in the United States and the experience gathered by Berlin Heart in Europe in small children over the last five years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. The use of ECMO is associated with greater mortality after 15 days of assistance due to resulting complications such as alterations in coagulation and renal failure. The development of renal failure in patients using ECMO is an isolated factor in increased mortality during support and post-transplant<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> and can also be related to delayed recommendation to begin support in patients already experiencing systematic dysfunction.</p>
      <p>In the United States, despite the high rate of use for offered organs, which surpasses 98%, we observed a recent increase (22% in 2005 and 25% in 2010) in the use of some kind of implanted MCS as a bridge to HTX in the pediatric population. The isolated use of ECMO fell from 9.4% in 2005 to 2.6% in 2010. On the other hand, ventricular assist devices including the complete artificial heart increased from 12.1% to 20.4% in the same period.</p>
      <p>The use of MCS as a bridge to transplant in adults is much more common and has significantly increased in the recent years. Furthermore, we observed an inversion in the number of transplants in relation to the number of implanted devices in this population, where the number of devices tend to be greater than the number of transplants conducted.</p>
      <p>In our study, ECMO was used in the first two patients, and this device was reserved for patients in serious conditions with established organ failure. The paracorporeal pneumatic device was used in only one patient, who initially received ECMO for hemodynamic compensation (INTERMACS 1). After a period of &gt;20 days of ECMO, a paracorporeal pneumatic device implanted (Berlin Heart Excor), which was donated by the company, as isolated left ventricular support. In addition, with the requirement for simultaneous pulmonary support, we made the transition from VA ECMO to VV, cannulating the right atrium and pulmonary artery, and than to isolated RV support keeping only the centrifugal pump in the circuit with improved pulmonary function, keeping the device on left side during the entire period until the cardiac transplant.</p>
      <p>Experience with the isolated centrifugal pump as a bridge to HTX is restricted to few centers and requires further study, particularly because it can be an adequate support for 4-8 weeks, and in general, provides slightly superior results than ECMO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. On the other hand, if these devices provide the patient with adequate circulatory support while awaiting transplant, their use may be associated with greater mortality in the post-transplant period<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> due to associated complications. In our study, we used the centrifugal blood pump alone on the left side in seven cases and used it with another device in one patient.</p>
      <p>Besides the possibility of reducing mortality in patients awaiting transplant, MCS also offers the opportunity to recover cardiac function in selected cases. Although it is still not completely understood, the recovery of cardiac function was observed with the use of circulatory support in children diagnosed with cardiomyopathy, perhaps as a result of a reverse remodeling obtained by the reduction of ventricular volume obtained using this support. This did not occur in our limited study.</p>
      <p>Although few Brazilian centers perform HTX in the pediatric population, we have observed a small increase in their numbers in recent years. Our program began in 1992, and since then, we have performed an average of six HTX per year. Over the past three years, due to improvements in the state funding system and greater availability of air transport for long-distance recovery, we have averaged 17 transplants annually.</p>
      <p>Although the number of donations has increased, the current difficulties faced by the public health system lead to low-quality organs, generating a donated organ utilization rate of &lt;10%. In this scenario, mortality while awaiting transplant is still very high. In our personal experience, it reaches around 37% at 30 days for priority patients using vasoactive drugs, who were admitted to the ICU, and using mechanical ventilation or some sort of MCS, according to priorities defined by the National Secretary of Transplants.</p>
      <p>Transplantation in children in these clinical conditions, performed on an emergency basis, becomes a challenge. A previous study conducted at our institution showed that transplants performed under these conditions presented higher mortality (25%) than that in patients awaiting transplantation at home or admitted under nonpriority. When we stratify these patients by priority using INTERMACS classification, we observe that when a child has a INTERMACS 1 classification, mortality while awaiting transplant is &gt;98% in 30 days, as shown in the present study.</p>
      <p>The use of short-term devices such as ECMO and isolated centrifugal blood pumps increased the wait time by approximately 30 days, considering the average waiting time in both groups; 62 days in Group B and 31.5 days in Group A. Moreover, because such devices present limited use time, their indication id always postponed. In most cases, the implant was performed later, when there was already impaired renal and/or liver function.</p>
      <p>The incidence of neurological complications was high in patients receiving MCS. Embolic phenomena related to the devices were probably the main underlying cause and improvements in anticoagulation protocol for these patients are being pursued. However, one cannot discard the fact that almost 80% of these patients were presented with resuscitated cardiac arrests before implanting MCS.</p>
      <p>The use of MCS in our study was observed to be extremely effective in providing circulatory support to these patients, allowing the reduction of vasoactive drugs, improvement in hepatic and renal function, and withdrawal of ventilator support in most cases, particularly in cases where the centrifugal pump was used alone (80%). Therefore, an earlier implementation may provide better results.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>This is a retrospective, nonrandomized study conducted in a single center. The criteria for implementing either treatment were influenced by the logistical availability of the devices and increasing experience in the service.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The use of MCS in pediatric patients at INTERMACS 1 and 2 levels led to higher rates of survival to transplant and hospital discharge.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by CMS, Maquet Cardiopulmonary e Neurotechs.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Emprego do Suporte Circulat&#243;rio de Curta Dura&#231;&#227;o como Ponte para Transplante Card&#237;aco Pedi&#225;trico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Can&#234;o</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miana</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tanamati</surname>
            <given-names>Carla</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Penha</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Shimoda</surname>
            <given-names>Monica Satsuki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azeka</surname>
            <given-names>Estela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miura</surname>
            <given-names>Nana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galas</surname>
            <given-names>Filomena Regina Barbosa Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor HC FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luiz Fernando Can&#234;o,</bold> Av. Doutor En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - bloco II - 2&#176; andar - sala 5 - Cerqueira Cesar, S&#227;o Paulo - SP, CEP 05403-900, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>caneo@mac.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Can&#234;o LF; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Can&#234;o LF, Miana LA, Tanamati C, Penha J, Shimoda MS, Azeka E, Miura N, Galas FRBG, Guimar&#227;es VA, Jatene MB; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Can&#234;o LF, Miana LA, Jatene MB; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Can&#234;o LF, Miana LA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Can&#234;o LF, Galas FRBG, Jatene MB; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Can&#234;o LF, Miana LA, Miura N, Jatene MB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O transplante card&#237;aco &#233; o tratamento de escolha na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca terminal, por&#233;m a escassez de doadores limita o seu emprego, especialmente na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica. O implante de dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica (ACM) pode aumentar o tempo de espera e contribuir na redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Estudar a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com diagn&#243;stico de miocardiopatia, com indica&#231;&#227;o de transplante e que evolu&#237;ram em Intermacs1 ou 2, comparando a utiliza&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o de algum tipo de ACM de curta dura&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>No per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2013, 40 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 4,5 anos foram admitidos com diagn&#243;stico de miocardiopatia dilatada. Desses pacientes, 20 evolu&#237;ram em Intermacs 1 ou 2. Um faleceu em menos de 24 horas e 19 foram listados para transplante. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: A, pacientes manejados clinicamente em espera para o transplante; B, pacientes que utilizaram algum tipo de ACM de curta dura&#231;&#227;o durante o tempo de espera em lista.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>No grupo A (n=10), oito pacientes evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito aguardando o transplante e dois pacientes (20%) foram transplantados, sendo que nenhum recebeu alta hospitalar. No grupo B (n = 9), seis pacientes (66,7%; p = 0,04) foram transplantados e tr&#234;s receberam alta hospitalar (p = 0,049). As principais complica&#231;&#245;es foram insufici&#234;ncia renal e sepse, no grupo A, e complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas no grupo B.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O emprego de ACM de curta dura&#231;&#227;o aumentou a sobrevida dos pacientes priorizados e em fila de espera de transplante card&#237;aco pedi&#225;trico.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Circula&#231;&#227;o Assistida</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Embora o transplante card&#237;aco (TX) seja considerado o melhor tratamento na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca terminal, a escassez de doadores, especialmente em pediatria, limita o seu emprego.</p>
        <p>A dificuldade de identifica&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na crian&#231;a faz com que muitas se apresentem pela primeira vez em nossas unidades de emerg&#234;ncia em est&#225;gios bastante avan&#231;ados da doen&#231;a. Os pacientes que se apresentam ou evoluem com piora cl&#237;nica progressiva e necessidade de suporte com drogas vasoativas, suporte ventilat&#243;rio e disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica e renal (Intermacs 1 e 2 pela classifica&#231;&#227;o da Interagency <italic>Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support</italic> -   <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>) devem ser compensados hemodinamicamente para a revers&#227;o das disfun&#231;&#245;es org&#226;nicas antes de serem submetidos ao TX<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Muitas vezes, medidas cl&#237;nicas isoladas n&#227;o s&#227;o suficientes, e a mortalidade desses pacientes na espera pelo transplante &#233; superior a 90% em 30 dias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada proposta pelo Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (Intermacs)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>Perfil</th>
                <th>Condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td><bold>choque cardiog&#234;nico cr&#237;tico:</bold> hipotens&#227;o persistente apesar da r&#225;pida escalada de drogas vasotivas, hipoperfus&#227;o tecidual critica</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td><bold>decl&#237;nio progressivo:</bold> suporte inotr&#243;pico endovenoso mantendo niveis press&#243;ricos aceit&#225;veis, deteriora&#231;&#227;o progressiva do estado nutritivo, da fun&#231;&#227;o renal ou reten&#231;&#227;o de fluidos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td rowspan="2"><bold>est&#225;vel na depend&#234;ncia de inotr&#243;picos:</bold>estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica dependente de droga vasosativa, n&#227;o tolerando o desmame devido a hipotens&#227;o, piora dos sintomas ou da fun&#231;&#227;o renal</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4</td>
                <td rowspan="2"><bold>sintomas em repouso:</bold> sem drogas vasoativas, mas apresentando piora recorrente dos sintomas e reten&#231;&#227;o de liquido. Descompens&#227;o "recorrente" maior do que "refrat&#225;ria"</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5</td>
                <td><bold>intoler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o:</bold> limita&#231;&#227;o severa a atividade fisica, confort&#225;vel em repouso, pequena reten&#231;&#227;o h&#237;drica e, &#224;s vezes, alguma disfun&#231;&#227;o renal. Vida predominante dentro de casa e vizinhan&#231;a</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6</td>
                <td><bold>limitado ao esfor&#231;o:</bold> capaz de fazer algum exerc&#237;cio, por&#233;m cansa f&#225;cil, com intoler&#226;ncia a sobrecarga h&#237;drica</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>7</td>
                <td rowspan="2"><bold>classe III avan&#231;ada da New York Heart Association:</bold> clinicamente est&#225;vel com razo&#225;vel conforto &#224;s atividades, apesar da historia pr&#233;via de descompensa&#231;&#227;o recente</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica (ACM) de curta dura&#231;&#227;o, como ECMO (<italic>extracorporeal membrane oxygenation</italic>) e bombas centr&#237;fugas (CentriMag e PediMag - Thoratec Corporation, Pleasanton, CA, Estados Unidos, e Rotaflow - Maquet - Getinge Group, Rastatt, Alemanha), t&#234;m sido empregados na tentativa de manter o suporte hemodin&#226;mico em condi&#231;&#245;es ideais, melhorando as condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas do paciente em espera pelo TX. Em nosso meio, devido &#224;s dificuldades de financiamento pelo sistema de sa&#250;de, temos empregado ACM em casos selecionados e espor&#225;dicos. A ECMO pode ser utilizada com certa seguran&#231;a, por&#233;m interfere negativamente no resultado do transplante quando empregada em per&#237;odos superiores a 15 dias. J&#225; o emprego de bomba centr&#237;fuga isolada tem se mostrado uma alternativa &#224; ECMO, permitindo maior tempo de suporte ventricular, maior mobilidade da crian&#231;a e resultados animadores como os publicados por alguns grupos. No entanto, disfun&#231;&#227;o biventricular e/ou pulmonar s&#227;o limitantes para esse m&#233;todo, principalmente em casos de choque circulat&#243;rio avan&#231;ado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>.</p>
        <p>No final de 2011, percebendo a p&#233;ssima evolu&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes, come&#231;amos nossa experi&#234;ncia com a instala&#231;&#227;o de dispositivos de ACM nos pacientes Intermacs 1 e 2. A disponibilidade do uso dos equipamentos foi limitada, por&#233;m cada vez mais poss&#237;vel no decorrer do estudo.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo visa avaliar o impacto desses dispositivos na sobrevida dos pacientes na fila de espera e ap&#243;s o TX.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todo</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica para An&#225;lise de Projetos de Pesquisa do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (CAPPesq) sob o n&#250;mero CAAE: 20282113.2.0000.0068.</p>
        <p>No per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2013, 40 pacientes menores de 18 anos com diagn&#243;stico de miocardiopatia foram internados na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) pedi&#225;trica de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. Destes, 20 evolu&#237;ram em Intermacs 1 ou 2, perfazendo a nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo. Um deles evoluiu para &#243;bito em 24 horas e 19 permaneceram em tratamento e listados para TX. Os outros 20 mantiveram-se est&#225;veis, em Intermacs 3 ou superior e puderam receber alta da UTI. A evolu&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes pode ser melhor observada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes de acordo com a gravidade que apresentaram na primeira interna&#231;&#227;o (classificados de acordo com Intermacs).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0078-40165-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Dados demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos foram coletados do prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico de cada um desses pacientes. Os pacientes que tiveram alguma interna&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via ao per&#237;odo estudado foram avaliados desde a sua primeira interna&#231;&#227;o. Foram analisados os dados demogr&#225;ficos, diagn&#243;sticos, tempos de espera em fila (per&#237;odo de tempo entre a data da entrada do paciente na fila at&#233; a realiza&#231;&#227;o do transplante ou &#243;bito), tempo de assist&#234;ncia (per&#237;odo de tempo entre o in&#237;cio da assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria e o transplante ou &#243;bito daqueles que n&#227;o foram transplantados), incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es e tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-transplante (per&#237;odo de tempo entre o transplante e a alta ou &#243;bito hospitalar).</p>
        <p>Os pacientes que evolu&#237;ram em algum tempo da interna&#231;&#227;o em Intermacs 1 e 2 foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo A (sem ACM), que corresponde aos pacientes manejados clinicamente para compensa&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica; e grupo B (com ACM), que corresponde &#224;queles que foram submetidos ao implante de algum tipo de ACM de curta dura&#231;&#227;o como ponte para TX. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas no momento da entrada na lista de transplante de ambos os grupos est&#227;o listadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes manejados clinicamente (grupo A) e dos que receberam o implante de ACM (grupo B)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>Grupo A</th>
                <th>Grupo B</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <td>
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">n = 10</td>
                <td align="center">n = 9</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos) &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">4,9 &#177; 4,1</td>
                <td align="center">4,2 &#177; 4,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso (kg) &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 &#177; 20,6</td>
                <td align="center">5,0 &#177; 19,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo feminino n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (44,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intermacs 1 n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (33,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#225;lise peritoneal</td>
                <td align="center">5 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (44,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Parada cardiaca</td>
                <td align="center">8 (80%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (77,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Entuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal</td>
                <td align="center">4 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (44,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,84</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Como se pode observar na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>, os grupos s&#227;o bastante homog&#234;neos, no entanto n&#227;o houve randomiza&#231;&#227;o. A ACM foi utilizada quando se reuniram condi&#231;&#245;es log&#237;sticas para tal. No princ&#237;pio da experi&#234;ncia, por tratar-se de servi&#231;o p&#250;blico, dependia-se de doa&#231;&#245;es dos dispositivos e, depois, dependia-se da disponibilidade do equipamento.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Dispositivos utilizados</title>
          <p>Como dispositivos de curta dura&#231;&#227;o foram utilizadas a ECMO isolada (um caso), a bomba centr&#237;fuga isolada (oito casos), e um paciente recebeu inicialmente ECMO e depois bomba centr&#237;fuga associada a dispositivo pneum&#225;tico para corp&#243;reo (Berlin Heart Excor, Berlim, Alemanha). O circuito de ECMO utilizado foi o PLS Maquet (Getting-Maquet Group, Hastat, Alemanha), composto de oxigenador de membrana oca de polimetilpenteno, bomba centr&#237;fuga e tubos tratados com material antiagregante plaquet&#225;rio, sendo tubos de 3/8 de polegadas sem ponte nos pacientes acima de 10 kg e tubos de 1/4 com ponte naqueles com peso inferior a 10 kg. Foi realizada a canula&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica (car&#243;tida e veia jugular) ou central (&#225;trio direito e aorta) por meio de esternotomia mediana, dependendo do tamanho do paciente e da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca pr&#233;via.</p>
          <p>Nos pacientes que utilizaram bomba centr&#237;fuga, a canula&#231;&#227;o mais empregada foi ponta de VE e aorta, em sete dos oito casos, e canula&#231;&#227;o de &#225;trio esquerdo e aorta em um caso. As bombas centr&#237;fugas foram implantadas por esternotomia mediana, com aux&#237;lio de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea nos casos em que a ponta do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) foi canulada. Da mesma forma que o circuito de ECMO, em crian&#231;as abaixo de 10 kg utilizou-se tubo de 1/4 de polegada e ponte pr&#233;/p&#243;s-bomba, mantendo-se fluxos diferenciados no circuito e no paciente, controlados atrav&#233;s de um segundo flux&#244;metro independente. Foram utilizadas bombas centr&#237;fugas de dois fabricantes distintos: Rotaflow (Maquet - Getinge Group, Rastatt, Alemanha) e PedMag (Thoratec Corporation, Pleasanton, CA, Estados Unidos).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas que apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentados por meio de m&#233;dia e respectivo desvio-padr&#227;o (SD). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram representadas como porcentagem, e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com sua mediana seguida dos valores m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo da amostra. O teste de &#967;<sup>2</sup>foi utilizado para a compara&#231;&#227;o das propor&#231;&#245;es dos dados categ&#243;ricos, e o teste   <italic>t</italic> n&#227;o pareado, para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Foi considerado significativo um valor de p inferior a 0,05. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se o <italic>software</italic> IBM SPSS vers&#227;o 20 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, Estados Unidos). Cada um dos pacientes submetidos ao suporte circulat&#243;rio como ponte para transplante foi analisado como sendo um evento isolado, mesmo que tenha sido submetido ao implante de mais de um dispositivo, de tipo diferente ou em momento distinto.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Dos 40 pacientes admitidos na UTI com miocardiopatia dilatada, seis apresentaram-se pela primeira vez em Intermacs 1, 10 pacientes em Intermacs 2, 14 em Intermacs 3 e os outros 10 em Intermacs 4 a 6. Estes &#250;ltimos foram internados por outras causas que n&#227;o deteriora&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, como infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria, realiza&#231;&#227;o de bi&#243;psia ou outro procedimento invasivo. Dos 14 pacientes em Intermacs 3, quatro tiveram piora cl&#237;nica para Intermacs 2 e 10 mantiveram-se em Intermacs 3 ou melhoraram. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> resume a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, de acordo com a gravidade, que se apresentaram na primeira interna&#231;&#227;o segundo a classifica&#231;&#227;o Intermacs.</p>
        <p>No grupo A, dos 10 pacientes que foram manejados clinicamente, apenas dois (20%) puderam ser compensados hemodinamicamente, com revers&#227;o das disfun&#231;&#245;es org&#226;nicas, e submetidos ao TX. Entre os nove pacientes do grupo B, seis (66,7%) puderam ser transplantados (p = 0,04) - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resultado dos pacientes em Intermacs 1 e 2 manejados clinicamente (grupo A) e submetidos ao implante de ACM (grupo B)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Resultados</th>
                <th>Grupo A (n = 10)</th>
                <th>Grupo B (n = 9)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>TX, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (55,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alta, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (33,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,049</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>Alta: n&#250;mero de pacientes que receberam alta hospitalar; grupo A: sem assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica: grupo B: com assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica; n: n&#250;mero de pacientes; TX: n&#250;mero de pacientes que receberam o transplante.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Nenhum dos pacientes do grupo A recebeu alta (0%), e tr&#234;s pacientes do grupo B receberam alta hospitalar (33,3%; p = 0,049) - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os dois pacientes do grupo A transplantados evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, no 10.&#186; e no 48.&#186; dia. Os outros oito evolu&#237;ram com disfun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica m&#250;ltipla e &#243;bito, sem possibilidade de serem submetidos ao TX.</p>
        <p>No grupo B, tr&#234;s (33,3%) evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito em assist&#234;ncia por bomba centr&#237;fuga (dois por complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a acidente vascular encef&#225;lico e um por disfun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica m&#250;ltipla relacionada e coagulopatia de consumo). Dos seis que receberam TX, tr&#234;s evolu&#237;ram para &#243;bito no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (50%), um por complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas e dois por disfun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica m&#250;ltipla, no 21.&#186; e no 27.&#186; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
        <p>O tempo de espera em fila (per&#237;odo de tempo entre a data da entrada do paciente na fila at&#233; a realiza&#231;&#227;o do transplante ou &#243;bito) foi de 32 dias no grupo A e de 62 no grupo B. Se considerarmos apenas aqueles que foram transplantados, o tempo m&#233;dio em lista de espera foi de 47 dias (0-149 dias).</p>
        <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de assist&#234;ncia (in&#237;cio da assist&#234;ncia at&#233; o transplante ou &#243;bito), considerando todos os pacientes do grupo B, foi de 471 horas (6-960h). Considerando apenas os pacientes transplantados, o tempo de assist&#234;ncia foi de 349 horas (6-984h). O tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-transplante (per&#237;odo de tempo entre o transplante e a alta ou &#243;bito hospitalar) foi de 49 dias (6-115 dias).</p>
        <p>Fen&#244;menos emb&#243;licos e complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas com sequela motora afetaram seis pacientes do grupo B (66,7%), sendo que essas complica&#231;&#245;es foram diretamente relacionadas ao &#243;bito em tr&#234;s deles.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O transplante card&#237;aco &#233; o tratamento mais efetivo da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca terminal, por&#233;m limitado pelo n&#250;mero de doadores. A sobrevida ap&#243;s o TX pedi&#225;trico no primeiro ano &#233; de aproximadamente 90%, e de 60% aos 10 anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Esses resultados variam com a idade do receptor, o diagn&#243;stico, o per&#237;odo em que foi realizado e o local. O grande limitador do n&#250;mero de transplantes &#233; o n&#250;mero de doadores. A dificuldade de obten&#231;&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o varia com tipo sangu&#237;neo, idade, peso do receptor, distribui&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica, entre outras vari&#225;veis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        <p>&#201; interessante observar que grande n&#250;mero de crian&#231;as com diagn&#243;stico de miocardiopatia se apresenta em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, em est&#225;gio avan&#231;ado, com necessidade de drogas vasoativas pela primeira vez na unidade de emerg&#234;ncia do hospital especializado. Isso talvez se deva &#224; grande dificuldade de diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nessa faixa et&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>Na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada podemos ter desde o paciente restrito ao leito at&#233; aqueles em choque cardiog&#234;nico, e precisamos diferenci&#225;-los, uma vez que o progn&#243;stico est&#225; diretamente relacionado ao grau de descompensa&#231;&#227;o em que o paciente se encontra. A classifica&#231;&#227;o Intermacs, proposta pela <italic>Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support</italic> (Intermacs), classifica esses pacientes em n&#237;veis de 1 a 7, sendo o n&#237;vel 1 o de maior gravidade.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes que se apresentam em Intermacs1 e 2 cursam com m&#225;perfus&#227;o tecidual e necessidade de aumento de doses de drogas vasoativas. A resposta cl&#237;nica desses pacientes &#233; pobre e, uma vez instalada a disfun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica m&#250;ltipla, perde-se a janela terap&#234;utica do TX. O objetivo do emprego de ACM nesses casos &#233;a revers&#227;o do quadro de baixo d&#233;bito, restituindo a perfus&#227;o visceral e permitindo ao paciente aguardar por um doador em condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas satisfat&#243;rias.</p>
        <p>Os dispositivos de ACM podem ser classificados como de curta e de longa dura&#231;&#227;o. No grupo de dispositivos de curta dura&#231;&#227;o, os mais comumente utilizados na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica s&#227;o a ECMO e a bomba centr&#237;fuga<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, mais empregados em Intermacs 1 ou 2, por algumas semanas. Os de longa dura&#231;&#227;o permitem assist&#234;ncia ventricular em per&#237;odos maiores, de alguns meses. Portanto, podem ser utilizados em pacientes em Intermacs 3 ou 4 com bastante seguran&#231;a. Sua disponibilidade em pediatria &#233; limitada, sobretudo devido ao tamanho desses dispositivos e &#224; necessidade de suporte biventricular em grande parcela dessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Dentre esses dispositivos, os pneum&#225;ticos paracorp&#243;reos s&#227;o os mais amplamente utilizados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. Pelo tempo de espera para a obten&#231;&#227;o de um &#243;rg&#227;o compat&#237;vel, os dispositivos de maior dura&#231;&#227;o seriam mais recomendados como ponte para transplante, por&#233;m a sua pequena disponibilidade em nosso meio, pelo alto custo e aus&#234;ncia de financiamento na maioria de nossos servi&#231;os, restringe o seu emprego em nosso pa&#237;s.</p>
        <p>Embora possibilite tempo limitado de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria, a ECMO ainda &#233; o dispositivo mais utilizado nas crian&#231;as menores. Nos &#250;ltimos anos, observamos n&#250;mero maior de implantes de dispositivos de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, como os DAVs paracorp&#243;reos pneum&#225;ticos, na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica. Isso se deve aos dispositivos recentemente aprovados nos Estados Unidos e &#224; experi&#234;ncia acumulada na Europa, em crian&#231;as pequenas, com o Berlin Heart nos &#250;ltimos cinco anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>. O emprego de ECMO est&#225; associado a maior risco de morte ap&#243;s 15 dias de assist&#234;ncia devido &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes, como altera&#231;&#245;es de coagula&#231;&#227;o e insufici&#234;ncia renal, entre outras. O desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia renal nos pacientes em ECMO &#233; fator isolado de aumento na mortalidade durante a assist&#234;ncia e ap&#243;s o transplante<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, podendo ainda estar relacionado com indica&#231;&#227;o tardia do in&#237;cio da assist&#234;ncia, em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica instalada.</p>
        <p>Nos Estados Unidos, apesar de elevado &#237;ndice de aproveitamento de &#243;rg&#227;os ofertados, que chega a ser superior a 98%, observamos nos &#250;ltimos anos aumento (22% em 2005 e 25% em 2010) da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de algum tipo de ACM implantada como ponte para TX na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o isolada de ECMO diminuiu de 9,4% em 2005 para 2,6% em 2010. Os dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia ventricular (VADs), incluindo o cora&#231;&#227;o artificial total, por outro lado, mostram aumento de 12,1% para 20,4% no mesmo per&#237;odo.</p>
        <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de ACM como ponte para transplante em adultos &#233; muito mais comum e vem aumentando significativamente nos &#250;ltimos anos. Observamos, ainda, nessa popula&#231;&#227;o uma invers&#227;o no n&#250;mero de transplantes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de dispositivos implantados, em que o n&#250;mero de dispositivos tende a ser maior que o n&#250;mero de transplantes realizados.</p>
        <p>Em nossa experi&#234;ncia aqui apresentada, utilizamos a ECMO nos dois primeiros pacientes da experi&#234;ncia e temos reservado esse dispositivo para pacientes mais graves, com disfun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica instalada.O dispositivo paracorp&#243;reo pneum&#225;tico foi utilizado em apenas um paciente, inicialmente submetido &#224; ECMO para compensa&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica (Intermacs 1). Ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo superior a 20 dias de ECMO, implantamos um dispositivo pneum&#225;tico paracorp&#243;reo (Berlin Heart Excor) doado pela empresa isoladamente como suporte ventricular E. Com a necessidade de suporte pulmonar concomitante, fizemos a transi&#231;&#227;o para ECMO &#224; D (canula&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio direito com o tronco pulmonar) e depois para bomba centr&#237;fuga &#224; D com a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, mantendo o dispositivo pneum&#225;tico do lado esquerdo durante todo esse per&#237;odo at&#233; o transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
        <p>A experi&#234;ncia com bomba centr&#237;fuga isolada como ponte para TX &#233;restrita a poucos centros e merece ser mais estudada, em especial pelo fato de ser poss&#237;vel adequado suporte durante 4-8 semanas e, em m&#233;dia, um pouco superior ao observado com a ECMO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Se, por um lado, esses dispositivos permitem um suporte circulat&#243;rio adequado do paciente em fila de espera para o transplante, a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o pode estar associada a maior mortalidade no per&#237;odo ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do mesmo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> em decorr&#234;ncia das complica&#231;&#245;es associadas. Em nossa casu&#237;stica, utilizamos a bomba centr&#237;fuga de forma isolada do lado esquerdo em sete casos e associada a outro dispositivo em um paciente.</p>
        <p>A ACM tem demonstrado, al&#233;m da possibilidade de diminuir a mortalidade na fila de espera do transplante, a oportunidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em casos selecionados. Embora ainda n&#227;o totalmente compreendido, a recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foi observada com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de suporte circulat&#243;rio em crian&#231;as com diagn&#243;stico de miocardiopatia, resultado talvez de um remodelamento reverso obtido com a diminui&#231;&#227;o do volume ventricular obtido com ele. Esse fato n&#227;o ocorreu em nossa limitada experi&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>Apesar de poucos centros brasileiros realizarem TX na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, observamos pequeno aumento no n&#250;mero dos mesmos nestes &#250;ltimos anos. Nosso programa teve in&#237;cio em 1992 e, desde ent&#227;o, realizamos em m&#233;dia seis TX ao ano. Nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s anos, devido &#224;s melhorias do sistema de capta&#231;&#227;o do estado e &#224; disponibilidade maior de transporte a&#233;reo para a capta&#231;&#227;o a dist&#226;ncia, realizamos uma m&#233;dia de 17 transplantes anuais.</p>
        <p>Muito embora o n&#250;mero de doa&#231;&#245;es tenha crescido, as dificuldades atuais do sistema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica imp&#245;em baixa qualidade ao &#243;rg&#227;o ofertado, gerando um &#237;ndice de aproveitamento do &#243;rg&#227;o doado inferior a 10%. Nesse cen&#225;rio, a mortalidade em fila de espera &#233; ainda bastante elevada. Em nossa experi&#234;ncia pessoal, ela atinge cerca de 37% em 30 dias nos pacientes em prioridade (com droga vasoativa, internados em unidade de terapia intensiva, em ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica ou com algum tipo de ACM, de acordo com a defini&#231;&#227;o de prioridade da Secretaria Nacional de Transplante).</p>
        <p>O transplante das crian&#231;as nessas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, realizado em car&#225;ter de urg&#234;ncia, passa a ser um desafio. Estudo anterior de nosso servi&#231;o mostrou que o transplante realizado nessas condi&#231;&#245;es apresentou mortalidade maior (25%) que nos pacientes que aguardavam o transplante em casa ou internados n&#227;o priorizados. Quando estratificamos esses pacientes em prioridade utilizando a classifica&#231;&#227;o Intermacs, observamos que, quando a crian&#231;a se apresenta em Intermacs 1, a mortalidade na espera pelo transplante &#233; superior a 98% em 30 dias, como mostra o presente estudo.</p>
        <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de dispositivos de curta dura&#231;&#227;o, como ECMO e bomba centr&#237;fuga isolada, aumentou o tempo de espera em cerca de 30 dias, considerando o tempo m&#233;dio de espera entre os grupos (62 dias no grupo B e 31,5 dias no grupo A). Por outro lado, pelo fato de tais dispositivos apresentarem tempo limitado de uso, sua indica&#231;&#227;o sempre foi postergada. Na maioria dos casos, o implante foi realizado tardiamente, j&#225; com comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o renal e/ou hep&#225;tica.</p>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas foi bastante elevada nos pacientes submetidos &#224; ACM. Fen&#244;menos emb&#243;licos relacionados aos dispositivos foram, provavelmente, os principais respons&#225;veis, e melhorias no protocolo de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes v&#234;m sendo perseguidas. No entanto, n&#227;o se pode afastar o fato de que quase 80% desses pacientes tinham apresentado paradas card&#237;acas reanimadas previamente ao implante da ACM.</p>
        <p>O emprego de ACM mostrou, em nossa experi&#234;ncia, ser extremamente eficaz no suporte circulat&#243;rio desses pacientes, permitindo a redu&#231;&#227;o de drogas vasoativas, melhoria na fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica e renal, e retirada do suporte ventilat&#243;rio na maioria dos casos, em especial nos casos de bomba centr&#237;fuga isolada (80%). Estimamos que a indica&#231;&#227;o mais precoce possa fornecer melhores resultados.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Trata-se de estudo realizado em um &#250;nico centro, retrospectivo e n&#227;o randomizado. O crit&#233;rio de indicar um ou outro tratamento foi influenciado pela disponibilidade log&#237;stica dos dispositivos e pela crescente experi&#234;ncia do servi&#231;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O emprego de ACM em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos Intermacs 1 e 2 propiciou maior sobrevida ao TX e &#224; alta hospitalar.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelas empresas CMS, Maquet Cardiopulmonary e Neurotechs.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
