<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.1" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jzHwSChsFBsKjDXDrs3FF5d</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000100010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040168</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140168</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Functional Capacity of Patients with Pacemaker Due to Isolated Congenital Atrioventricular Block</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto M&#225;rcio de</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>K&#225;tia Regina da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kawauchi</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana Satie</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Bassolli de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Crevelari</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth Sartori</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinelli</surname>
            <given-names>Martino</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor/HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Roberto Costa,</bold> Avenida Doutor En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, sala 3, 2&#730; andar, bloco 2 - Cerqueira Cesar, Postal Code 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>roberto.oli.jr@gmail.com</email>;   <email>roberto.oliveira@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Oliveira J&#250;nior RM, Silva KR, Costa R; Acquisition of data: Oliveira J&#250;nior RM; Statistical analysis: Alves LBO; Obtaining financing: Costa R; Writing of the manuscript: Oliveira J&#250;nior RM, Silva KR, Kawauchi TS, Costa R; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Oliveira J&#250;nior RM, Silva KR, Crevelari ES, Martinelli Filho M, Costa R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>67</fpage>
      <lpage>77</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Isolated congenital atrioventricular block (CAVB) is a rare condition with multiple clinical outcomes. Ventricular remodeling can occur in approximately 10% of the patients after pacemaker (PM) implantation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To assess the functional capacity of children and young adults with isolated CAVB and chronic pacing of the right ventricle (RV) and evaluate its correlation with predictors of ventricular remodeling.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This cross-sectional study used a cohort of patients with isolated CAVB and RV pacing for over a year. The subjects underwent clinical and echocardiographic evaluation. Functional capacity was assessed using the six-minute walk test. Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and Pearson correlation coefficient were used, considering a significance level of 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 61 individuals were evaluated between March 2010 and December 2013, of which 67.2% were women, aged between 7 and 41 years, who were using PMs for 13.5 &#177; 6.3 years. The percentage of ventricular pacing was 97.9 &#177; 4.1%, and the duration of the paced QRS complex was 153.7 &#177; 19.1 ms. Majority of the subjects (95.1%) were asymptomatic and did not use any medication. The mean distance walked was 546.9 &#177; 76.2 meters and was strongly correlated with the predicted distance (r = 0.907, p = 0.001) but not with risk factors for ventricular remodeling. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The functional capacity of isolated CAVB patients with chronic RV pacing was satisfactory but did not correlate with risk factors for ventricular remodeling.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Congenital Heart Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrioventricular Block</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Artificial Pacemaker</kwd>
        <kwd>Young Adult</kwd>
        <kwd>Walk</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="41"/>
        <page-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Atrioventricular (AV) block is a rare congenital condition, with an estimated incidence of 1 case in 20,000 births<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. Its isolated form, i.e., without associated intracardiac defects, corresponds to approximately 70% of the cases. The pathophysiology of AV block is strongly correlated with maternal autoimmune diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>. The implantation of a permanent cardiac pacemaker (PM) is the only form of treatment and results in significant long-term survival rates<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>Despite the satisfactory clinical outcome in most cases, approximately 10% of the patients develop severe ventricular dysfunction, even after treatment with a PM. There is evidence that the unfavorable outcome is associated with intrauterine autoimmune myocarditis and with the deleterious effect of chronic pacing of the right ventricle (RV)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>Considering the rarity of CAVB, the effects of chronic RV pacing on the functional ability remain poorly studied. The data available in the literature were obtained from a small series of cases involving individuals who had not yet undergone PM implantation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
      <p>To investigate the functional capacity of children and young adults with PM suffering from CAVB, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis in a prospective cohort comprising individuals with CAVB and artificial cardiac PMs during follow-up in our institution. We hypothesized that chronic RV pacing did not impair the functional capacity of individuals not suffering from structural heart diseases associated with impulse disturbance.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design and population</title>
        <p>Between 1982 and 2013, 165 individuals with CAVB underwent a first implantation of a permanent cardiac PM at our institution before completing 21 years of age. This prospective cohort group was monitored for the evaluation of clinical, functional, and echocardiographic effects of chronic cardiac pacing in children and young adults with CAVB (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ClinicalTrials.gov">ClinicalTrials.gov</ext-link> ID = NCT01477658).</p>
        <p>In the present study, a cross-sectional analysis of this population was performed considering the following inclusion criteria: (1) age &lt;21 years at the first PM implantation; (2) unifocal RV pacing for &gt;1 year; (3) absence of intracardiac defects regardless of surgical correction. Subjects with LV or multifocal pacing were not included. The study was approved by the research ethics committee of our institution, and all the subjects signed an informed consent form.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study outcome</title>
        <p>The functional capacity was assessed using the six-minute walk test (6MWT), and the expected outcome was that individuals would walk a distance close to 90% of the predicted value.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patient recruitment</title>
        <p>The subjects were consecutively recruited during outpatient care or by referring to the database of the surgical PM unit.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of medical records</title>
        <p>The medical history of each patient was analyzed with interviews and reviews of medical records. The following data were collected: (1) demographic data; (2) clinical data preceding the PM implantation (during the diagnosis of CAVB), including clinical events, comorbidities, medications used, and electrocardiogram and echocardiogram results; (3) data associated with the first PM implantation (age, time between diagnosis and implantation, type of PM, route of access used, and site of RV pacing).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Population profile at the time of enrollment</title>
        <p>At enrollment, all subjects underwent physical examination, Also, a revision of their medical records, including the assessment of heart failure symptoms and use of cardiovascular drugs, was made.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of implantable electronic cardiac devices</title>
        <p>The evaluation of the cardiac pacing device aimed at determining several parameters, including the pacing mode, atrial pacing, ventricular pacing, heart rate, duration of the QRS complex (spontaneous and with an active PM), mode of operation, and percentage of ventricular pacing. Specific programmers for each PM model and the Hewlett-Packard Page Writer 200 electrocardiograph with capacity for automatic analysis of axes and intervals were used.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of functional capacity</title>
        <p>The 6MWT was performed according to the guidelines of the American Thoracic Society (ATS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. All participants were instructed to walk at the maximum possible speed in a 45-meter long corridor with demarcations on the ground at every meter. Participants were verbally encouraged at two and four minutes after the beginning of the test. The examiner determined the completion of the test after six minutes.</p>
        <p>Before beginning and after completing the test, blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation were measured, and each individual described their level of dyspnea and fatigue using the modified Borg scale<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. The criteria for test interruption included angina, significant dyspnea, lower limb fatigue, dizziness, profuse sweating, and pallor.</p>
        <p>Functional capacity was assessed by evaluating the distance walked during the six minutes (in meters). The predicted distance was calculated using the equation proposed for the Brazilian population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Electronic data collection and management</title>
        <p>Data were stored in a database developed with the Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) system<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, which is hosted on the server of our institution. This software, developed at Vanderbilt University (Tennessee, USA), is fully web-based and enables electronic data collection and management and also study process management, while meeting the criteria set by the international policies on data privacy and security in the health sector<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. The use of this tool also allowed the validation, auditing, and electronic data export. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref> illustrates the software functionalities.</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>The REDCap electronic form developed to collect data related to the evaluation of the functional capacity of patients with PM presenting congenital atrioventricular block.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0067-40168-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Variable analysis</title>
        <p>Several variables that could influence the functional capacity of the individuals and serve as predictors of ventricular remodeling were studied, including gender, age at first PM implantation, current age, functional class according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA), use of cardiovascular drugs, type of PM in use (ventricular or atrioventricular), length of PM use, duration of artificially stimulated QRS complex, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) using Simpson's method, left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDD), left intraventricular electromechanical delay determined by tissue Doppler, and the presence of autoantibodies (anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB) in the mothers of the study participants.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data were exported to Microsoft Excel spreadsheets and analyzed using SAS (Statistical Analysis System), SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences), and R Studio softwares.</p>
        <p>The quantitative variables were described using the mean and standard deviation, and qualitative variables were presented as absolute and relative frequencies.</p>
        <p>The correlation of the qualitative variables with the predicted distance achieved in the walk test (greater or smaller than 90%) was measured using chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. The correlation of the quantitative variables with the predicted distance achieved was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. P values &#8804;0.05 were considered significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Between 1982 and 2013, 165 individuals diagnosed with CAVB had undergone the first PM implantation at our institution before completing 21 years of age. Of these, 45 had associated cardiac defects and were not eligible for the study. Of the 120 eligible, 61 met the study criteria (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). Of the remaining subjects, two had died, six had been monitored for other medical complications, and 25 could not be located, and therefore were not considered for follow-up. In addition, 26 other subjects were located but were not included in the study for the following reasons: RV pacing for less than one year or LV pacing at the time of the study in 13 subjects; change to a biventricular type of PM in 4 subjects; cardiac transplantation in one subject; and residing in remote locations in 8 subjects.</p>
      <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Profile of the study population.</title>
          <p>AVB: atrioventricular block; PM: pacemaker; 6MWT: six-minute walk test; CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy.</p>
          <p>* Two individuals were not included in the analysis because they were not old enough to perform the walk test (infants), although they fulfilled the eligibility criteria.</p>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0067-40168-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Demographic and clinical data were collected during the first PM implantation and are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic and clinical profile of the study group</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left"> Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics</th>
              <th align="center">&#160;</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Female, N (%)</td>
              <td align="center">41 (67.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Ethnicity, N (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Caucasian</td>
              <td align="center">28 (45.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Black</td>
              <td align="center">3 (4.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mixed</td>
              <td align="center">30 (49.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Time of CAVB diagnosis, N (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Intrauterine</td>
              <td align="center">17 (27.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Neonatal</td>
              <td align="center">8 (13.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Infant</td>
              <td align="center">12 (19.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pre-school age</td>
              <td align="center">6 (9.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>School age</td>
              <td align="center">9 (14.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Adolescence</td>
              <td align="center">9 (14.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Time of PM implantation, N (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Neonatal</td>
              <td align="center">6 (9.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Infant</td>
              <td align="center">8 (13.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pre-school age</td>
              <td align="center">8 (13.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>School age</td>
              <td align="center">11 (18.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Adolescence</td>
              <td align="center">28 (45.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Indication for PM implantation, N (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Symptomatic bradycardia</td>
              <td align="center">44 (72.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Isolated bradycardia</td>
              <td align="center">17 (27.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Comorbidities, N (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>None</td>
              <td align="center">58 (95.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mitral valve prolapse</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Myocarditis</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Use of cardiovascular drugs, N (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Not used</td>
              <td align="center">57 (93.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors</td>
              <td align="center">2 (3.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Furosemide</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Beta blockers</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Heart rate before PM implantation, bpm (mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">51.0 &#177; 11.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>QRS complex duration before PM implantation (mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">85.5 &#177; 15.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Axis of the QRS complex before PM implantation (range)</td>
              <td align="center">30-175 degrees-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Ventricular rhythm, N (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Complete atrioventricular block</td>
              <td align="center">58 (95.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mobitz II second-degree atrioventricular block</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Second-degree atrioventricular block with 2:1 conduction ratio</td>
              <td align="center">2 (3.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LV ejection fraction (%) - Teicholz (mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">55.6 &#177; 20.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>End-systolic LV diameter, mm (mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">24.4 &#177; 9.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>End-diastolic LV diameter, mm (mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">40.0 &#177; 11.6</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>CAVB: complete congenital atrioventricular block; bpm: beats per minute; SD: standard deviation; LV: left ventricle; PM: pacemaker.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The mean age of participants at the first implantation was 8.5 &#177; 6.2 years (range 4 days to 20.2 years). The mean period between diagnosis and first PM implantation was 4.8 &#177; 5.4 years (range from 4 days to 20 years) with a median of 2.5 years.</p>
      <p>The clinical events that motivated the PM implantation were symptomatic bradycardia in 44 individuals (72.1%), and included signs and symptoms of heart failure, syncope, presyncope, dizziness, and palpitations. Other patients presented asymptomatic bradycardia with complex ventricular arrhythmia, prolonged QT interval, chronotropic incompetence, or poor weight development.</p>
      <p>Preoperative echocardiography was performed in 44 (72.1%) subjects. In all cases, heart in <italic>situs solitus</italic>, levocardia, and absence of defects in the cardiac septum and valves were observed.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Data obtained during the first pacemaker implantation</title>
        <p>Unicameral ventricular pacing was used in 65.6% of the implantations, and only three children (4.9%) aged &#8804;10 years underwent implantation of atrioventricular PMs.</p>
        <p>The epicardium was used as the access route in 4 of 6 infants and in 5 of 8 pre-school children. The transvenous route through the femoral vein was used as the access route in the remaining groups. The subclavian vein was used as the access route in 43% of the patients comprising pre-school children, school children, and adolescents.</p>
        <p>The apical endocardium of RV was the site of pacing in 33 (54.1%) patients. Of the 10 epicardial implants (16.4%), 7 (11.5%) were initially performed in LV.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Population profile at enrollment</title>
        <p>The profile of the study population at enrollment is summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Profile of the study group at the time of enrollment</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="left">Profile of the study group</th>
                <th align="center">&#160;</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Age at the time of evaluation, years (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                <td align="center">21.6 &#177; 8.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Period of RV stimulation, years (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                <td align="center">9.9 &#177; 5.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Total length of PM use, years (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                <td align="center">13.5 &#177; 6.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Clinical evaluation</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">NYHA functional class in the last evaluation, N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>I</td>
                <td align="center">58 (95.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>II</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Cardiovascular drug, N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Atenolol</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Atenolol and enalapril</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Captopril and aspirin</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Losartan and hydrochlorothiazide</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Evaluation of pacemaker</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Type of PM, N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Ventricular</td>
                <td align="center">26 (42.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Atrioventricular</td>
                <td align="center">35 (57.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Percentage of ventricular pacing, % (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                <td align="center">97.9 &#177; 4.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Duration of stimulated QRS, ms (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                <td align="center">153.7 &#177; 19.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Duration of inhibited QRS, ms (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                <td align="center">88.7 &#177; 12.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Heart rate, N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Sequential atrioventricular pacing</td>
                <td align="center">19 (31.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Exclusive ventricular pacing (AV dissociation)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (42.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Ventricular pacing synchronized to P waves</td>
                <td align="center">16 (26.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Site of RV stimulation, N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Interventricular septum</td>
                <td align="center">20 (32.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Other RV regions (including the apical septum)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (67.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Echocardiographic study</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">LV ejection fraction, % (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                <td align="center">54.7 &#177; 7.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Diastolic LV diameter, mm (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                <td align="center">48.2 &#177; 5.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Mitral regurgitation, N (%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Absent</td>
                <td align="center">5 (8.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Discreet</td>
                <td align="center">43 (70.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Mild/moderate</td>
                <td align="center">12 (19.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Moderate/severe</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Intraventricular delay, ms (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                <td align="center">87.8 &#177; 57.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Interventricular delay, ms (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                <td align="center">144.1 &#177; 89.3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>AV: atrioventricular; SD: standard deviation; NYHA: New York Heart Association; RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical and pacemaker evaluation</title>
        <p>There were no reports of hospitalization for treatment of heart failure from the period of PM implantation until study enrollment. Only three subjects (4.9%) reported symptoms of fatigue during major physical effort. The use of cardiovascular medication was reported by five subjects (8.2%), as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>The 35 individuals using AV PMs had adequate sinus function, evidenced by a low percentage of atrial pacing (27.0 &#177; 23.7%, median = 19%). The established limits of minimum frequency of pacing varied between 50 and 80 ppm (59.9 &#177; 3.1 ppm) and the maximum frequency varied between 110 and 170 ppm (130.7 &#177; 15.8 ppm).</p>
        <p>The 26 individuals with ventricular PMs were using sensors to modulate the pacing frequency. Twenty individuals were using sensors for body movement (accelerometers) and six were using the combination of respiratory minute-volume sensors with body movement. The established limits of minimum frequency of pacing varied between 60 and 80 ppm (70.0 &#177; 6.3 ppm), and the maximum frequency varied between 120 and 170 ppm (145.7 &#177; 18.4 ppm).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of functional capacity</title>
        <p>The 6MWT was performed in 61 subjects, aged between 7 and 41 years. No cases of test interruption or need for special care were reported. The mean walking distance was 546.9 &#177; 76.2 meters, representing 91.0 &#177; 12.5% &#8203;&#8203;of the value predicted by the equation used in this study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Graph 1</xref>). Most participants walked a distance greater than 80% of the predicted value, whereas 18 (29.5%) participants walked distances greater than the values &#8203;&#8203;estimated by the equation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Graph 1</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Graph 2</xref> shows the strong correlation between the total distance walked and the predicted distance (r = 0.907, p = 0.001).</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Graph 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Total distance walked and percentage of the predicted distance achieved during the six-minute walk test.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0067-40168-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Graph 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation between the total distance walked and the distance predicted by the equation.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0067-40168-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The cardiorespiratory parameters measured before and after the 6MWT are described in   <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>. All parameters had a normal physiological behavior. However, individuals with responsive ventricular PMs with sensors tended to have a greater variation in heart rate when compared with those treated with AV PMs synchronized with spontaneous P waves (p = 0.141).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiorespiratory parameters measured before and after the six-minute walk test according to the type of pacemaker in use</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="left">Measured parameters</th>
                <th>VVIR mode</th>
                <th>DDDR mode</th>
                <th>p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Before the test</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Heart rate (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">73.3 &#177; 12.2</td>
                <td align="center">75.1 &#177; 13.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.599</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Systolic pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">111.2 &#177; 11.7</td>
                <td align="center">111.2 &#177; 7.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.994</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Diastolic pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">75.0 &#177; 12.1</td>
                <td align="center">74.3 &#177; 7.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.804</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Oxygen saturation (%)</td>
                <td align="center">97.6 &#177; 1.3</td>
                <td align="center">96.7 &#177; 1.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.028</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Borg scale</td>
                <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0.1</td>
                <td align="center">1.3 &#177; 1.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.230</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>After the test</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Heart rate (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">95.2 &#177; 24.7</td>
                <td align="center">86.8 &#177; 16.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.141</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Systolic pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">116.7 &#177; 11.1</td>
                <td align="center">114.9 &#177; 10.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.553</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Diastolic pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">78.1 &#177; 11.8</td>
                <td align="center">77.1 &#177; 9.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.717</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Oxygen saturation (%)</td>
                <td align="center">97.5 &#177; 1.6</td>
                <td align="center">97.1 &#177; 1.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.344</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Borg scale</td>
                <td align="center">2.2 &#177; 2.0</td>
                <td align="center">2.0 &#177; 2.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.727</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Despite the variation detected in the functional capacity, there was no correlation between the distance walked and age, both at the initial PM implantation (r = 0.030, p = 0.816) and during the study period (r = 0.053, p = 0.684). Similarly, there was no correlation between the distance walked with the duration of RV stimulation (r = 0.099, p = 0.448), total duration of PM use (r = 0.057, p = 0.664), LVEF (r = 0.071, p = 0.877), LVDD (r = 0.161, p = 0.216), and the duration of the stimulated QRS complex (r = 0.057, p = 0.664) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Graph 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
          <label>Graph 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation between the predicted distance walked in the six-minute walk test and age at the time of PM implantation (A), age during the study (B), duration of RV pacing (C), total period of PM use (D), LVEF (E), and LVDD (F).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0067-40168-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Graph 4</xref> indicates the lack of association between the distance walked and gender (p = 0.121), mode of pacing (p = 0.821), position of the electrode in the RV (p = 0.928), or presence of maternal autoantibodies (p = 0.288).</p>
        <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
          <label>Graph 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison between the predicted distance walked in the six-minute walk test and gender (A), pacing mode (B), position of the electrode in the RV (C), and presence of anti-Ro/SSA autoantibodies in patients&#8217; mothers (D).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0067-40168-gf06.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Congenital AV block can be adequately treated only with cardiac pacing. Considering its rarity, pathophysiology, and multiple clinical events it, presents peculiarities that make it difficult to standardize a routine care. Furthermore, there is no consensus as to the best time for PM implantation, pacing mode, or access route to be used. Among the difficulties in patient monitoring, the inability to identify those who will develop late onset cardiomyopathy and severe heart failure has been the most important<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>The selection criteria used in this study allowed the formation of a homogeneous group with isolated CAVB maintained with chronic RV pacing. Their preoperative characteristics exemplify the diversity of clinical presentations, in which 27.9% of the individuals presented with asymptomatic bradycardia and had marked differences in age during the first PM implantation, varying between a few days of life until 20 years of age. Although the ECG showed complete AV block in 95.2% of the patients, there was a large variation in the type of PM used, and patients with ventricular pacing represented 65.6% of the cases. The clinical improvement reported in the literature was confirmed in this study, with only 4.9% of the patients showing heart failure symptoms and only 8.2% requiring the use of cardiovascular medication<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
      <p>There is evidence that chronic RV pacing may have deleterious effects on the LV function<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. The delayed activation, particularly of the free wall of LV, in relation to the interventricular septum, has been reported as an important cause of decreased efficiency of contraction, leading to increased volume, geometry changes and dysfunction of the LV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. The population evaluated comprised individuals without cardiac defects, except CAVB, and represented an excellent model for understanding the effects caused by cardiac dyssynchrony induced by cardiac pacing, considering that, in addition to the normal cardiac anatomy, intraventricular impulse conduction is also normal in most cases. In the present study, we evaluated the primary factors related to poor clinical and functional outcomes, including age at the first PM implantation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>, pacing mode used<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, site of RV pacing<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>, duration of cardiac pacing<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>, duration of the PM-stimulated QRS complex<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, presence of dyssynchrony on echocardiography<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>, and the presence of maternal autoantibodies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>.</p>
      <p>In this scenario, the walk test can greatly contribute to the early detection of clinical worsening by allowing an objective assessment of functional capacity. The 6MWT is considered a submaximal test used to assess functional capacity, in view of the global and integrated responses of the systems involved during exercise (cardiorespiratory system, systemic and peripheral circulation, neuromuscular units, and muscle metabolism)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. The 6MWT can be performed by children, young people, older people with fragilities or other limitations, and by those who cannot be evaluated through standardized bicycle or treadmill maximal tests. Moreover, it is a quick and inexpensive way to measure the physical exercise capacity, and is safe, valid, and reproducible<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, despite the large age variation of individuals at the time of test application, most of them had a good functional capacity and walked distances greater than 80% of the predicted value, and 29.5% of the subjects walked a distance greater than that estimated by the equation. Moreover, a strong correlation was observed between the total distance covered and the distance predicted. On the other hand, the walk test did not correlate with any of the predictors of poor outcome in the study group.</p>
      <p>With regard to the mode of pacing, in addition to the hemodynamic effects inherent to the loss of AV synchrony when ventricular PMs are used, the use of AV PMs enables individuals to take advantage of the physiological response of the heart rate because ventricular pacing is synchronized with spontaneous P waves. However, no difference was observed between the functional capacity of patients with AV PMs and that of patients with ventricular PMs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. The tendency of increased heart rate variation between the initiation and completion of the walk test in patients with ventricular PMs modulated by sensors compared with that in patients with AV PMs modulated by spontaneous P waves may suggest that sensors may overestimate the need to adjust the heart rate.</p>
      <p>Several equations for predicting the walking distance for normal populations have been proposed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. One of the most commonly used is based on adults aged between 40 and 80 years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>. However, the option to use the Brazilian equation as a parameter of normality in the present study was justified by the fact that our sample comprised young subjects, with a physique different from international standards<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. The validity of this equation was tested in 85 subjects aged 41 &#177; 13 years, who walked 571 &#177; 74 meters versus a predicted distance of 575 &#177; 38 meters, which represented 99.6 &#177; 11.9% of the predicted value. In the present study, although the distance walked was smaller than expected, there was a significant correlation between the predicted and the walked distance, and the values obtained were similar to those achieved by normal subjects<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. These findings suggest that chronic RV pacing did not significantly limit the functional capacity of individuals with CAVB.</p>
      <p>To the best of our knowledge, the study sample was the largest in which the functional capacity of a cohort of children and young adults with ICAVB and artificial PMs was evaluated after a long follow-up period in a single cardiology center. Recently, the functional capacity of 16 children with ICAVB was evaluated, 3 of which had not yet been subjected to PM implantation. Despite the small sample size, the authors found no differences between exercise capacity in the two groups<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The present study has limitations related to the cross-sectional analyses, such as the lack of a preoperative assessment of the functional capacity of the study group. Similarly, the lack of a control group prevented the formulation of more consistent hypotheses on the actual effects of PM implantation on the daily lives of patients. The rarity of this condition limits the design of clinical studies aimed at comparing outcomes before and after PM implantation, even in multicenter projects. The longitudinal follow-up, associated with clinical, laboratory, and detailed echocardiographic investigations, may provide more robust evidence on the possible deleterious effects of conventional PMs on the outcomes of individuals presented with isolated CAVB.</p>
        <p>Some considerations need to be made in the interpretation of our results. The 6MWT does not determine peak oxygen consumption or allow the identification of the causes underlying potential physical exercise limitations, and this task is more appropriately performed using cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Therefore, the information provided by the 6MWT should be considered complementary to the cardiopulmonary exercise test but not a replacement. On the other hand, the walk test has been widely used to measure clinical outcomes in randomized studies with very large populations of patients with implantable electronic cardiac devices and therefore, can serve as a fast and objective measure of functional capacity and even as a prognostic marker of mortality and hospitalization in patients with heart failure. Additionally, it has been shown that the 6MWT correlates with the NYHA functional class, peak oxygen consumption, and life quality scores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The functional capacity of children and young adults with isolated congenital AV block and right ventricular pacing was satisfactory and compatible with their clinical evaluation. However, the walk test failed to identify individuals with worse cardiac function and morphology outcomes or factors associated with poor outcome.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Roberto M&#225;rcio de Oliveira J&#250;nior, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>We would like to thank Adriana Yun Huang, Marianna Sobral Lacerda and Marina Bertelli Rossi for their help in performing the walking tests and Associa&#231;&#227;o para Estudo e Desenvolvimento da Eletroterapia Card&#237;aca.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B01">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>Bordachar P, Zachary W, Ploux S, Labrousse L, Haissaguerre M, Thambo JB. Pathophysiology, clinical course, and management of congenital complete atrioventricular block. Heart Rhythm. 2013;10(5):760-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bordachar</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zachary</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ploux</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Labrousse</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haissaguerre</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thambo</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Pathophysiology, clinical course, and management of congenital complete atrioventricular block</article-title>
          <source>Heart Rhythm</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>760</fpage>
          <lpage>766</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B02">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>Micha&#235;lsson M, Riesenfeld T, Jonzon A. Natural history of congenital complete atrioventricular block. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1997;20(8 Pt 2):2098-101.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Micha&#235;lsson</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Riesenfeld</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jonzon</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Natural history of congenital complete atrioventricular block</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <issue-part>Pt 2</issue-part>
          <fpage>2098</fpage>
          <lpage>2101</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B03">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>Breur JM, Kapusta L, Stoutenbeek P, Visser GH, van den Berg P, Meijboom EJ. Isolated congenital atrioventricular block diagnosed in utero: Natural history and outcome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2008;21(7):469-76.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Breur</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kapusta</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stoutenbeek</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Visser</surname>
              <given-names>GH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van den Berg</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meijboom</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Isolated congenital atrioventricular block diagnosed in &#250;tero: Natural history and outcome</article-title>
          <source>J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>469</fpage>
          <lpage>476</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B04">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>Cruz RB, Viana VS, Nishioka SD, Martinelli-F M, Bonfa E. Is isolated congenital heart block associated to neonatal lupus requiring pacemaker a distinct cardiac syndrome? Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2004;27(5):615-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cruz</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Viana</surname>
              <given-names>VS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nishioka</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martinelli-F</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonfa</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Is isolated congenital heart block associated to neonatal lupus requiring pacemaker a distinct cardiac syndrome?</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>615</fpage>
          <lpage>620</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B05">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>Lopes LM, Tavares GM, Damiano AP, Lopes MA, Aiello VD, Schultz R, et al. Perinatal outcome of fetal atrioventricular block one-hundred-sixteen cases from a single institution. Circulation. 2008;118(12):1268-75. Erratum in: Circulation. 2008;118(16): e671.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavares</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Damiano</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aiello</surname>
              <given-names>VD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schultz</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Perinatal outcome of fetal atrioventricular block one-hundred-sixteen cases from a single institution</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>118</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1268</fpage>
          <lpage>1275</lpage>
          <comment>Erratum in: Circulation. 2008;118(16): e671.</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B06">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>Jaeggi ET, Hamilton RM, Silverman ED, Zamora SA, Hornberger LK. Outcome of children with fetal, neonatal or childhood diagnosis of isolated complete heart block (CHB): a single institution's experience of 30 years. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(1):130-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jaeggi</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamilton</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silverman</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zamora</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hornberger</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Outcome of children with fetal, neonatal or childhood diagnosis of isolated complete heart block (CHB): a single institution's experience of 30 years</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>130</fpage>
          <lpage>137</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B07">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>Baruteau AE, Fouchard S, Behaghel A, Mabo P, Villain E, Thambo JB, et al. Characteristics and long-term outcome of non-immune isolated atrioventricular block diagnosed in utero or early childhood: a multicentre study. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(5):622-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baruteau</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fouchard</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Behaghel</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mabo</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Villain</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thambo</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Characteristics and long-term outcome of non-immune isolated atrioventricular block diagnosed in utero or early childhood: a multicentre study</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>622</fpage>
          <lpage>629</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B08">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>Villain E. Indications for pacing in patients with congenital heart disease. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2008;31 Suppl 1:S17-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Villain</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Indications for pacing in patients with congenital heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>S17</fpage>
          <lpage>S20</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B09">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>Balmer C, Fasnacht M, Rahn M, Molinari L, Bauersfeld U. Long-term follow up of children with congenital complete atrioventricular block and the impact of pacemaker therapy. Europace. 2002;4(4):345-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Balmer</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fasnacht</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rahn</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Molinari</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bauersfeld</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Long-term follow up of children with congenital complete atrioventricular block and the impact of pacemaker therapy</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>345</fpage>
          <lpage>349</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>Breur JM, Udink ten Cate FE, Kapusta L, Cohen MI, Crosson JE, Boramanand N, et al. Pacemaker therapy in isolated congenital complete atrioventricular block. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2002;25(12):1685-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Breur</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Udink ten Cate</surname>
              <given-names>FE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kapusta</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crosson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boramanand</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Pacemaker therapy in isolated congenital complete atrioventricular block</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1685</fpage>
          <lpage>1691</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>Karpawich PP, Rabah R, Haas JE. Altered cardiac histology following apical right ventricular pacing in patients with congenital atrioventricular block. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1999;22(9):1372-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Karpawich</surname>
              <given-names>PP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rabah</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haas</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Altered cardiac histology following apical right ventricular pacing in patients with congenital atrioventricular block</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1372</fpage>
          <lpage>1377</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>Janousek J, Tomek V, Chaloupecky V, Gebauer RA. Dilated cardiomyopathy associated with dual-chamber pacing in infants: improvement through either left ventricular cardiac resynchronization or programming the pacemaker off allowing intrinsic normal conduction. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2004;15(4):470-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Janousek</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tomek</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaloupecky</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gebauer</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Dilated cardiomyopathy associated with dual-chamber pacing in infants: improvement through either left ventricular cardiac resynchronization or programming the pacemaker off allowing intrinsic normal conduction</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>470</fpage>
          <lpage>474</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>Villain E, Coastedoat-Chalumeau N, Marijon E, Boudjemline Y, Piette JC, Bonnet D. Presentation and prognosis of complete atrioventricular block in childhood, according to maternal antibody status. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(8):1682-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Villain</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coastedoat-Chalumeau</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marijon</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boudjemline</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piette</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonnet</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Presentation and prognosis of complete atrioventricular block in childhood, according to maternal antibody status</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1682</fpage>
          <lpage>1687</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>Gebauer RA, Tomek V, Salameh A, Marek J, Chaloupeck&#253; V, Gebauer R, et al. Predictors of left ventricular remodelling and failure in right ventricular pacing in the young. Eur Heart J. 2009;30(9):1097-104.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gebauer</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tomek</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salameh</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marek</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaloupeck&#253;</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gebauer</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Predictors of left ventricular remodelling and failure in right ventricular pacing in the young</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1097</fpage>
          <lpage>1104</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>Moak JP, Barron KS, Hougen TJ, Wiles HB, Balaji S, Sreeram N, et al. Congenital heart block: development of late-onset cardiomyopathy, a previously underappreciated sequela. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37(1):238-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moak</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barron</surname>
              <given-names>KS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hougen</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wiles</surname>
              <given-names>HB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Balaji</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sreeram</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Congenital heart block: development of late-onset cardiomyopathy, a previously underappreciated sequela</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>238</fpage>
          <lpage>242</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>Sagar S, Shen WK, Asirvatham SJ, Cha YM, Espinosa RE, Friedman PA, et al. Effect of long-term right ventricular pacing in young adults with structurally normal heart. Circulation. 2010;121(15):1698-705.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sagar</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shen</surname>
              <given-names>WK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asirvatham</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cha</surname>
              <given-names>YM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Espinosa</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Friedman</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of long-term right ventricular pacing in young adults with structurally normal heart</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>1698</fpage>
          <lpage>1705</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>Reybrouck T, Vanden Eynde B, Dumoulin M, Van der Hauwaert LG. Cardiorespiratory response to exercise in congenital complete atrioventricular block. Am J Cardiol. 1989;64(14):896-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Reybrouck</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vanden Eynde</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dumoulin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van der Hauwaert</surname>
              <given-names>LG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Cardiorespiratory response to exercise in congenital complete atrioventricular block</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1989</year>
          <volume>64</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>896</fpage>
          <lpage>899</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>Blank AC, Hakim S, Strengers JL, Tanke RB, van Veen TA, Vos MA, et al. Exercise capacity in children with isolated congenital complete atrioventricular block: does pacing make a difference? Pediatr Cardiol. 2012;33(4):576-85.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Blank</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hakim</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strengers</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tanke</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Veen</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vos</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Exercise capacity in children with isolated congenital complete atrioventricular block: does pacing make a difference?</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Cardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>576</fpage>
          <lpage>585</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>ATS Committee on Proficiency Standards for Clinical Pulmonary Function Laboratories. ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(1):111-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>ATS Committee on Proficiency Standards for Clinical Pulmonary Function Laboratories</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test</article-title>
          <source>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>166</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>111</fpage>
          <lpage>117</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>Iwama AM, Andrade GN, Shima P, Tanni SE, Godoy I, Dourado VZ. The six-minute walk test and body weight-walk distance product in healthy Brazilian subjects. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2009;42(11):1080-5. Erratum in: Braz J Med Biol Res. 2010;43(3):324.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Iwama</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>GN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shima</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tanni</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Godoy</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dourado</surname>
              <given-names>VZ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">The six-minute walk test and body weight-walk distance product in healthy Brazilian subjects</article-title>
          <source>Braz J Med Biol Res</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1080</fpage>
          <lpage>1085</lpage>
          <comment>Erratum in: Braz J Med Biol Res. 2010;43(3):324</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap) - a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42(2):377-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Harris</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taylor</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thielke</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Payne</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gonzalez</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Conde</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Research electronic data capture (REDCap) - a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support</article-title>
          <source>J Biomed Inform</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>377</fpage>
          <lpage>381</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services. Health insurance portability and accountability act of 1996 (HIPAA) Privacy, Security and Breach Notification Rules. [Access in 2014 Mar 5]. Available from: http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/index.html.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source xml:lang="en">Health insurance portability and accountability act of 1996 (HIPAA) Privacy, Security and Breach Notification Rules</source>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">Access in 2014 Mar 5</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/index.html">http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/index.html</ext-link>.</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>Tantengco MV, Thomas RL, Karpawich PP. Left ventricular dysfunction after long-term right ventricular apical pacing in the young. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37(8):2093-100.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tantengco</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karpawich</surname>
              <given-names>PP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Left ventricular dysfunction after long-term right ventricular apical pacing in the young</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>2093</fpage>
          <lpage>2100</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>Sweeney MO, Prinzen FW. A new paradigm for physiologic ventricular pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(2):282-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sweeney</surname>
              <given-names>MO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prinzen</surname>
              <given-names>FW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">A new paradigm for physiologic ventricular pacing</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>282</fpage>
          <lpage>288</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>Kim JJ, Friedman RA, Eidem BW, Cannon BC, Arora G, Smith EO, et al. Ventricular function and long-term pacing in children with congenital complete atrioventricular block. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2007;18(4):373-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Friedman</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eidem</surname>
              <given-names>BW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cannon</surname>
              <given-names>BC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arora</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>EO</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Ventricular function and long-term pacing in children with congenital complete atrioventricular block</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>373</fpage>
          <lpage>377</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>Nothroff J, Norozi K, Alpers V, Arnhold JO, Wessel A, Ruschewski W, et al. Pacemaker implantation as a risk factor for heart failure in young adults with congenital heart disease. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2006;29(4):386-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nothroff</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Norozi</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alpers</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arnhold</surname>
              <given-names>JO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wessel</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruschewski</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Pacemaker implantation as a risk factor for heart failure in young adults with congenital heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>386</fpage>
          <lpage>392</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>Beaufort-Krol GC, Schasfoort-van Leeuwen MJ, Stienstra Y, Bink-Boelkens MT. Longitudinal echocardiographic follow-up in children with congenital complete atrioventricular block. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2007;30(11):1339-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Beaufort-Krol</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schasfoort-van Leeuwen</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stienstra</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bink-Boelkens</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Longitudinal echocardiographic follow-up in children with congenital complete atrioventricular block</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1339</fpage>
          <lpage>1343</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>Gillis AM, Chung MK. Pacing the right ventricle: to pace or not to pace? Heart Rhythm. 2005;2(2):201-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gillis</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chung</surname>
              <given-names>MK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Pacing the right ventricle: to pace or not to pace?</article-title>
          <source>Heart Rhythm</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>201</fpage>
          <lpage>206</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>H&#246;ijer CJ, Meurling C, Brandt J. Upgrade to biventricular pacing in patients with conventional pacemakers and heart failure: a double-blind, randomized crossover study. Europace. 2006;8(1):51-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>H&#246;ijer</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meurling</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brandt</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Upgrade to biventricular pacing in patients with conventional pacemakers and heart failure: a double-blind, randomized crossover study</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>51</fpage>
          <lpage>55</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>Horwich T, Foster E, De Marco T, Tseng Z, Saxon L. Effects of resynchronization therapy on cardiac function in pacemaker patients "upgraded" to biventricular devices. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2004;15(11):1284-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Horwich</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foster</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Marco</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tseng</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saxon</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of resynchronization therapy on cardiac function in pacemaker patients "upgraded" to biventricular devices</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1284</fpage>
          <lpage>1289</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>Nawa S, Kioka Y, Shimizu A, Tsuji H, Miyachi Y, Ebara K, et al. Characteristics of chronically paced cardiac functions in the congenital complete atrioventricular block. Artif Organs. 1987;11(3):252-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nawa</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kioka</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shimizu</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsuji</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miyachi</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ebara</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Characteristics of chronically paced cardiac functions in the congenital complete atrioventricular block</article-title>
          <source>Artif Organs</source>
          <year>1987</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>252</fpage>
          <lpage>258</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>Bordachar P, Garrigue S, Lafitte S, Reuter S, Ja&#239;s P, Ha&#239;ssaguerre M, et al. Interventricular and intra-left ventricular electromechanical delays in right ventricular paced patients with heart failure: implications for upgrading to biventricular stimulation. Heart. 2003;89(12):1401-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bordachar</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garrigue</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lafitte</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reuter</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
            <name>
              <surname>Ja&#239;s</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ha&#239;ssaguerre</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Interventricular and intra-left ventricular electromechanical delays in right ventricular paced patients with heart failure: implications for upgrading to biventricular stimulation</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>89</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1401</fpage>
          <lpage>1405</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>Hong WJ, Yung TC, Lun KS, Wong SJ, Cheung YF. Impact of right ventricular pacing on three-dimensional global left ventricular dyssynchrony in children and young adults with congenital and acquired heart block associated with congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104(5):700-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hong</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yung</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lun</surname>
              <given-names>KS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wong</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheung</surname>
              <given-names>YF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Impact of right ventricular pacing on three-dimensional global left ventricular dyssynchrony in children and young adults with congenital and acquired heart block associated with congenital heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>700</fpage>
          <lpage>706</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Georgin-Lavialle S, Amoura Z, Piette JC. Anti-SSA/Ro and anti-SSB/La antibody-mediated congenital heart block. Lupus. 2005;14(9):660-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Costedoat-Chalumeau</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Georgin-Lavialle</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amoura</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piette</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Anti-SSA/Ro and anti-SSB/La antibody-mediated congenital heart block</article-title>
          <source>Lupus</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>660</fpage>
          <lpage>664</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>Anderson RH, Wenick AC, Losekoot TG, Becker AE. Congenitally complete heart block: developmental aspects. Circulation. 1977;56(1):90-101.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wenick</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Losekoot</surname>
              <given-names>TG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Becker</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Congenitally complete heart block: developmental aspects</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1977</year>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>90</fpage>
          <lpage>101</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>Buyon JP, Winchester R. Congenital complete heart block: a human model of passively acquired autoimmune injury. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33(5):609-14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Buyon</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Winchester</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Congenital complete heart block: a human model of passively acquired autoimmune injury</article-title>
          <source>Arthritis Rheum</source>
          <year>1990</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>609</fpage>
          <lpage>614</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>Enright PL, McBurnie MA, Bittner V, Tracy RP, McNamara R, Arnold A, et al; Cardiovascular Health Study. The 6-min walk test: a quick measure of functional status in elderly adults. Chest. 2003;123(2):387-98.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Enright</surname>
              <given-names>PL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McBurnie</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bittner</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tracy</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McNamara</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arnold</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
            <collab>Cardiovascular Health Study</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">The 6-min walk test: a quick measure of functional status in elderly adults</article-title>
          <source>Chest</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>123</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>387</fpage>
          <lpage>398</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>Enright PL, Sherrill DL. Reference equations for the six-minute walk in healthy adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158(5 Pt 1):1384-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Enright</surname>
              <given-names>PL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sherrill</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Reference equations for the six-minute walk in healthy adults</article-title>
          <source>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>158</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <issue-part>Pt 1</issue-part>
          <fpage>1384</fpage>
          <lpage>1387</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>Gibbons WJ, Fruchter N, Sloan S, Levy RD. Reference values for a multiple repetition 6-minute walk test in healthy adults older than 20 years. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2001;21(2):87-93.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gibbons</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fruchter</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sloan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Reference values for a multiple repetition 6-minute walk test in healthy adults older than 20 years</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiopulm Rehabil</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>87</fpage>
          <lpage>93</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation>Casanova C, Celli BR, Barria P, Casas A, Cote C, de Torres JP, et al; Six Minute Walk Distance Project (ALAT). The 6-min walk distance in healthy subjects: reference standards from seven countries. Eur Respir J. 2011;37(1):150-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Casanova</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Celli</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barria</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casas</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cote</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Torres</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
            <collab>Six Minute Walk Distance Project</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">The 6-min walk distance in healthy subjects: reference standards from seven countries</article-title>
          <source>Eur Respir J</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>150</fpage>
          <lpage>156</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <label>41</label>
        <mixed-citation>Juenger J, Schellberg D, Kraemer S, Haunstetter A, Zugck C, Herzog W, et al. Health related quality of life in patients with congestive heart failure: comparison with other chronic diseases and relation to functional variables. Heart. 2002;87(3):235-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Juenger</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schellberg</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kraemer</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haunstetter</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zugck</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herzog</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title xml:lang="en">Health related quality of life in patients with congestive heart failure: comparison with other chronic diseases and relation to functional variables</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>235</fpage>
          <lpage>241</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Capacidade Funcional de Portadores de Marca-Passo por Bloqueio Atrioventricular Cong&#234;nito Isolado</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto M&#225;rcio de</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>K&#225;tia Regina da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kawauchi</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana Satie</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Bassolli de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Crevelari</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth Sartori</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinelli</surname>
            <given-names>Martino</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor/HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Roberto Costa</bold>, Avenida Doutor En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, sala 3, 2&#730; andar, bloco 2 - Cerqueira Cesar, CEP 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>roberto.oli.jr@gmail.com</email>;   <email>roberto.oliveira@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Oliveira J&#250;nior RM, Silva KR, Costa R; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Oliveira J&#250;nior RM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Alves LBO; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Costa R; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Oliveira J&#250;nior RM, Silva KR, Kawauchi TS, Costa R; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Oliveira J&#250;nior RM, Silva KR, Crevelari ES, Martinelli Filho M, Costa R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O bloqueio atrioventricular cong&#234;nito isolado (BAVCi) &#233; raro e tem m&#250;ltiplas apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. O remodelamento ventricular pode ocorrer em cerca de 10% dos indiv&#237;duos ap&#243;s o implante de marca-passo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a capacidade funcional de crian&#231;as e adultos jovens com BAVCi e estimula&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica no ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) e pesquisar sua associa&#231;&#227;o com fatores preditores de remodelamento ventricular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal em coorte de indiv&#237;duos com BAVCi e estimula&#231;&#227;o no VD h&#225; mais de um ano. Os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica. A capacidade funcional foi avaliada pelo teste de caminhada de seis minutos. Foram empregados os testes qui-quadrado, exato de Fisher e coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson, considerando o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>De mar&#231;o de 2010 a dezembro de 2013, foram avaliados 61 indiv&#237;duos, 67,2% do sexo feminino, com 7-41 anos de idade e uso de MP h&#225; 13,5 &#177; 6,3 anos. O percentual de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular era 97,9 &#177; 4,1% e a dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS estimulado era de 153,7 &#177; 19,1 ms. A maioria (95,1%) era assintom&#225;tica e n&#227;o utilizava medicamentos. A dist&#226;ncia m&#233;dia percorrida de 546,9 &#177; 76,2 m teve forte correla&#231;&#227;o com a dist&#226;ncia predita (r = 0,907; p = 0,001) e n&#227;o se associou com os fatores de risco de remodelamento estudados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A capacidade funcional de portadores de BAVTCi com estimula&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica no VD foi satisfat&#243;ria e n&#227;o se correlacionou com os fatores de risco para remodelamento ventricular.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Bloqueio Atrioventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Marca-Passo Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Adulto Jovem</kwd>
        <kwd>Caminhada</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O bloqueio atrioventricular (AV) cong&#234;nito &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o rara com incid&#234;ncia estimada de um caso em 20 mil nascimentos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>. A forma isolada dessa afec&#231;&#227;o, sem defeitos intracard&#237;acos associados, corresponde a cerca de 70% dos casos. A fisiopatologia est&#225; fortemente relacionada a doen&#231;as autoimunes maternas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, e o implante de marca-passo card&#237;aco artificial permanente &#233; a &#250;nica forma de tratamento, resultando em excelentes taxas de sobrevida a longo prazo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>A despeito de a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ser, na maioria dos casos, muito satisfat&#243;ria, aproximadamente 10% dos portadores dessa doen&#231;a desenvolvem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave, mesmo ap&#243;s o tratamento com marca-passo. Existem evid&#234;ncias de que a evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel esteja associada a miocardite autoimune intrauterina, assim como a efeitos delet&#233;rios da estimula&#231;&#227;o artificial cr&#244;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>Pela raridade do bloqueio AV cong&#234;nito, os efeitos da estimula&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica ventricular direita na capacidade funcional ainda permanecem desconhecidos. As informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis na literatura resultam de pequenas s&#233;ries de casos em indiv&#237;duos que ainda n&#227;o haviam sido submetidos a implante de marca-passo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>Com a finalidade de estudar a capacidade funcional de crian&#231;as e adultos jovens portadores de marca-passo por bloqueio AV cong&#234;nito, realizamos uma an&#225;lise transversal em amostra de coorte prospectiva de indiv&#237;duos com bloqueio AV cong&#234;nito e marca-passo card&#237;aco artificial em seguimento na nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. A hip&#243;tese deste estudo &#233; que a estimula&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica do VD n&#227;o causaria preju&#237;zos &#224; capacidade funcional desses indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o apresentam doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural associada ao dist&#250;rbio da condu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo e popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>No per&#237;odo de 1982-2013, 165 indiv&#237;duos com bloqueio AV cong&#234;nito foram submetidos ao primeiro implante de marca-passo card&#237;aco artificial permanente antes de completar 21 anos de idade na nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. Essa coorte prospectiva tem sido observada para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos cl&#237;nicos, funcionais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos da estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial cr&#244;nica de crian&#231;as e adultos jovens com bloqueio AV cong&#234;nito (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ClinicalTrials.gov">ClinicalTrials.gov</ext-link> ID = NCT01477658).</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, foi realizada uma an&#225;lise transversal dessa popula&#231;&#227;o, considerando-se os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: (1) idade inferior a 21 anos no primeiro implante de marca-passo; (2) estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita unifocal h&#225; mais de um ano; (3) aus&#234;ncia de defeitos intracard&#237;acos independentemente de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. N&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos com estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda ou multifocal. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, e todos os sujeitos da pesquisa assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfecho do estudo</title>
        <p>O desfecho deste estudo foi a capacidade funcional avaliada pelo teste de caminhada de seis minutos, tendo como resposta esperada que os indiv&#237;duos caminhassem dist&#226;ncia pr&#243;xima a 90% do valor previsto.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o e recrutamento dos pacientes</title>
        <p>Os indiv&#237;duos foram selecionados de forma consecutiva durante o atendimento ambulatorial ou pela consulta ao banco de dados da unidade cir&#250;rgica de marca-passo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise do hist&#243;rico dos participantes do estudo</title>
        <p>O levantamento do hist&#243;rico de cada sujeito da pesquisa foi realizado por entrevista e pela revis&#227;o dos prontu&#225;rios. Foram coletados: (1) dados demogr&#225;ficos; (2) dados cl&#237;nicos precedentes ao implante do marca-passo (&#233;poca do diagn&#243;stico do bloqueio AV cong&#234;nito; quadro cl&#237;nico; comorbidades associadas; medicamentos em uso; eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma); (3) dados do primeiro implante de marca-passo (idade; tempo transcorrido entre o diagn&#243;stico e o implante; tipo de marca-passo; via de acesso utilizada; s&#237;tio de estimula&#231;&#227;o no VD).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o no momento da inclus&#227;o no estudo</title>
        <p>No momento da inclus&#227;o, todos os sujeitos foram submetidos a exame f&#237;sico e &#224; atualiza&#231;&#227;o do hist&#243;rico cl&#237;nico, incluindo avalia&#231;&#227;o de sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e uso de medicamentos de a&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo card&#237;aco eletr&#244;nico implant&#225;vel</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca teve por finalidade determinar: o modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o em uso; o ritmo atrial; o ritmo ventricular; a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; a dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS (espont&#226;neo e com marca-passo ativo); o funcionamento do dispositivo e o percentual de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Foram utilizados programadores espec&#237;ficos para cada modelo de marca-passo e eletrocardi&#243;grafo Hewlett-Packard Page Writer 200, com capacidade para an&#225;lise autom&#225;tica de eixos e intervalos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional</title>
        <p>O teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M) foi realizado de acordo com a padroniza&#231;&#227;o da American Thoracic Society (ATS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Todos os participantes foram instru&#237;dos a andar na velocidade m&#225;xima poss&#237;vel em um corredor de 45 m de comprimento com demarca&#231;&#245;es no ch&#227;o a cada metro. Frases padronizadas de encorajamento verbal foram ditas aos participantes ap&#243;s dois e quatro minutos do in&#237;cio do teste. O final do exame foi determinado pelo examinador ao t&#233;rmino de seis minutos.</p>
        <p>Antes do in&#237;cio e ao final do teste, foram mensuradas a press&#227;o arterial, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio, assim como cada indiv&#237;duo referiu sua percep&#231;&#227;o de dispneia e fadiga pelo uso da escala modificada de Borg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Os crit&#233;rios de interrup&#231;&#227;o do teste inclu&#237;ram: angina, dispneia importante, fadiga de membros inferiores, tontura, sudorese profusa e palidez.</p>
        <p>A capacidade funcional foi avaliada pela dist&#226;ncia percorrida durante os seis minutos. A dist&#226;ncia total percorrida foi medida em metros e obtida individualmente. A dist&#226;ncia predita foi calculada pela equa&#231;&#227;o proposta para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta eletr&#244;nica e gerenciamento dos dados</title>
        <p>Os dados obtidos foram armazenados em banco de dados desenvolvido no sistema REDCap (<italic>Research Electronic Data Capture</italic>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>, que se encontra hospedado no servidor da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. Esse   <italic>software</italic>, desenvolvido pela Vanderbilt University (Tennessee, Estados Unidos), totalmente baseado na web, permitiu a coleta e o gerenciamento eletr&#244;nico dos dados, al&#233;m do gerenciamento do fluxo do estudo, atendendo &#224;s pol&#237;ticas internacionais de privacidade e seguran&#231;a de dados na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. O uso dessa ferramenta tamb&#233;m permitiu a valida&#231;&#227;o, a auditoria e a exporta&#231;&#227;o eletr&#244;nica dos dados. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 1</xref> ilustra funcionalidades do programa utilizadas neste estudo.</p>
        <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Exemplo de formul&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico desenvolvido no REDCap para coleta de dados referente &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional dos portadores de marcapasso por bloqueio AV cong&#234;nito.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0067-40168-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis analisadas</title>
        <p>Foram estudadas vari&#225;veis que poderiam influenciar a capacidade funcional dos indiv&#237;duos e ser preditoras de remodelamento ventricular: g&#234;nero, idade no primeiro implante de marca-passo, idade atual, classe funcional pelos crit&#233;rios da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA), uso de f&#225;rmacos de a&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, tipo de marca-passo em uso (ventricular ou atrioventricular), tempo de uso do marca-passo, dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS estimulado artificialmente, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson, di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE), retardo eletromec&#226;nico intraventricular esquerdo determinado pelo Doppler tecidual e presen&#231;a de autoanticorpos (anti-Ro/SSA e anti-La/SSB) na m&#227;e dos sujeitos da pesquisa.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram exportados eletronicamente para planilhas Excel (Microsoft Excel) e analisados pelos programas SAS (<italic>Statistical Analysis System</italic>), SPSS (S<italic>tatistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic>) e R Studio.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram descritas por m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o, e as qualitativas apresentadas por frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas.</p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis qualitativas com a dist&#226;ncia predita alcan&#231;ada no teste de caminhada (maior ou menor do que 90%) foi analisada pelos testes qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher. A correla&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis quantitativas com a dist&#226;ncia predita alcan&#231;ada foi analisada pelo coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. Valores de p &#8804; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>No per&#237;odo de 1982-2013, 165 indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico de bloqueio AV cong&#234;nito haviam sido submetidos ao primeiro implante de marca-passo antes de completar 21 anos de idade, na nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. Destes, 45 apresentavam defeitos card&#237;acos associados, n&#227;o sendo eleg&#237;veis para o estudo. Dos 120 eleg&#237;veis, 61 preencheram os crit&#233;rios do estudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 2</xref>). Dos demais, dois haviam falecido, seis estavam em seguimento em outros servi&#231;os e 25 n&#227;o foram localizados, sendo considerados perdidos para seguimento. O motivo da n&#227;o inclus&#227;o de 26 indiv&#237;duos localizados foi: estimula&#231;&#227;o no VD h&#225; menos de um ano ou estimula&#231;&#227;o no VE no momento do estudo em 13; mudan&#231;a do tipo de marca-passo para biventricular em quatro e transplante card&#237;aco em um. Oito indiv&#237;duos residiam em localidades distantes e n&#227;o aceitaram participar do estudo.</p>
        <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Constitui&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</title>
            <p>BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular; MP: marca-passo; TC6M: teste de caminhada de seis minutos; TRC: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
            <p>*Dois indiv&#237;duos, embora apresentassem os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade para o estudo, n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos nessa an&#225;lise por serem lactentes e, portanto, n&#227;o terem idade suficiente para realizar o teste de caminhada.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0067-40168-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos indiv&#237;duos no momento do primeiro implante de marca-passo est&#227;o sumarizadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t04">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e clinicas dos sujeitos da pesquisa</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas basais</th>
                <th align="center">&#160;</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>G&#234;nero feminino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (67,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ra&#231;a referida, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Branca</td>
                <td align="center">28 (45,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Negra</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Parda</td>
                <td align="center">30 (49,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Momento do diagn&#243;stico do BAVTC, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intra&#250;tero</td>
                <td align="center">17 (27,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Neonatal</td>
                <td align="center">8 (13,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Lactente</td>
                <td align="center">12 (19,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pr&#233;-escolar</td>
                <td align="center">6 (9,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escolar</td>
                <td align="center">9 (14,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Adolesc&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">9 (14,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Momento do implante do marca-passo, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Neonatal</td>
                <td align="center">6 (9,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Lactente</td>
                <td align="center">8 (13,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pr&#233;-escolar</td>
                <td align="center">8 (13,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escolar</td>
                <td align="center">11 (18,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Adolesc&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">28 (45,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Indica&#231;&#227;o do implante de marca-passo, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bradicardia sintom&#225;tica</td>
                <td align="center">44 (72,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bradicardia isolada</td>
                <td align="center">17 (27,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Comorbidades, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nenhuma</td>
                <td align="center">58 (95,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prolapso valvar mitral</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Miocardite</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Medicamentos de a&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o utilizados</td>
                <td align="center">57 (93,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inibidores de enzima conversora de angiotensina</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Furosemida</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca antes do implante, bpm (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">51,0 &#177; 11,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS antes do implante (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">85,5 &#177; 15,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Eixo do complexo QRS antes do implante (varia&#231;&#227;o)</td>
                <td align="center">-30 a 175 graus</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ritmo ventricular, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueio atrioventricular total</td>
                <td align="center">58 (95,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueio atrioventricular do 2.&#186; grau Mobitz II</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueio atrioventricular do 2.&#186; grau 2:1</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (%) - Teicholz (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">55,6 &#177; 20,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do VE, mm (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">24,4 &#177; 9,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VE, mm (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">40,0 &#177; 11,6</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>BAVTC: bloqueio atrioventricular total cong&#234;nito; bpm: batimentos por minuto; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A idade m&#233;dia dos indiv&#237;duos, no momento do implante inicial, foi de 8,5 &#177; 6,2 anos, com varia&#231;&#227;o de quatro dias a 20,2 anos. O tempo m&#233;dio transcorrido entre o diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a e o primeiro implante de marca-passo foi de 4,8 &#177; 5,4 anos, com varia&#231;&#227;o de quatro dias a 20 anos e mediana de 2,5 anos.</p>
        <p>O quadro cl&#237;nico que motivou o implante do marca-passo foi de bradicardia sintom&#225;tica em 44 indiv&#237;duos (72,1%), o que incluiu sinais e sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, s&#237;ncopes, pr&#233;-s&#237;ncopes, tonturas e palpita&#231;&#245;es. Os demais apresentavam bradicardia assintom&#225;tica, mas com arritmia ventricular complexa, intervalo QT prolongado, incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica ou baixo desenvolvimento ponderal.</p>
        <p>Ecocardiograma pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio foi realizado em 44 indiv&#237;duos (72,1%). Em todos os casos foi observado cora&#231;&#227;o em <italic>situs solitus</italic>, levocardia e aus&#234;ncia de defeitos em septo ou valvas card&#237;acas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados do primeiro implante de marca-passo</title>
        <p>Estimula&#231;&#227;o unicameral ventricular foi utilizada em 65,6% dos implantes iniciais, e apenas tr&#234;s crian&#231;as (4,9%) com idade &#8804; 10 anos foram submetidas a implante de marca-passo atrioventricular.</p>
        <p>A via de acesso epic&#225;rdica foi usada em quatro dos seis neonatos e em cinco dos oito pr&#233;-escolares, sendo o acesso transvenoso pela veia femoral a via de acesso para os demais. Nos pr&#233;-escolares, escolares e adolescentes, a via de acesso pela veia subcl&#225;via foi utilizada em 44,3% dos casos.</p>
        <p>O endoc&#225;rdio apical do VD foi o s&#237;tio de estimula&#231;&#227;o em 33 casos (54,1%). Dos 10 implantes epic&#225;rdicos (16,4%), sete (11,5%) haviam sido realizados inicialmente no VE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o no momento da inclus&#227;o no estudo</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas dos sujeitos da pesquisa no momento da inclus&#227;o est&#227;o sumarizadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t05">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos sujeitos da pesquisa no momento da inclus&#227;o no estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</th>
                <th align="center">&#160;</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Idade no momento da avalia&#231;&#227;o, anos (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">21,6 &#177; 8,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Tempo de estimula&#231;&#227;o no VD, anos (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">9,9 &#177; 5,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Tempo total de marca-passo, anos (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">13,5 &#177; 6,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Classe funcional (NYHA) na &#250;ltima avalia&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>I</td>
                <td align="center">58 (95,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>II</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Uso de medicamentos de a&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Atenolol</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Atenolol e enalapril</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Captopril e aspirina</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Losartana e hidroclorotiazida</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do marca-passo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Tipo de marca-passo em uso, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Ventricular</td>
                <td align="center">26 (42,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Atrioventricular</td>
                <td align="center">35 (57,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Percentual de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular, % (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">97,9 &#177; 4,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS estimulado, ms (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">153,7 &#177; 19,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS inibido, ms (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">88,7 &#177; 12,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Ritmo card&#237;aco, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Estimula&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular sequencial</td>
                <td align="center">19 (31,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular exclusiva (dissocia&#231;&#227;o AV)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (42,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular sincronizada &#224;s ondas P</td>
                <td align="center">16 (26,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">S&#237;tio de estimula&#231;&#227;o no VD, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Septo interventricular</td>
                <td align="center">20 (32,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Outras regi&#245;es do VD (inclusive o septo apical)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (67,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, % (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">54,7 &#177; 7,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE, mm (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">48,2 &#177; 5,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Insufici&#234;ncia mitral, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">5 (8,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Discreta</td>
                <td align="center">43 (70,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Leve/moderada</td>
                <td align="center">12 (19,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Moderada/grave</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Atraso intraventricular, ms (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">87,8 &#177; 57,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Atraso interventricular, ms (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">144,1 &#177; 89,3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>AV: atrioventricular; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; NYHA:New York Heart Association; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e do marca-passo</title>
        <p>N&#227;o houve relato de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o para tratamento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca desde o implante do primeiro marca-passo at&#233; a inclus&#227;o no estudo. Somente tr&#234;s indiv&#237;duos (4,9%) relataram sintomas de cansa&#231;o, todos aos grandes esfor&#231;os. O uso de medicamentos de a&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular foi reportado por cinco sujeitos (8,2%), como observado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os 35 indiv&#237;duos que estavam em uso de marca-passo atrioventricular apresentavam fun&#231;&#227;o sinusal adequada evidenciada por baixa porcentagem de estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial (27,0 &#177; 23,7%; mediana = 19%). Os limites programados de frequ&#234;ncia m&#237;nima de estimula&#231;&#227;o variaram de 50-80 ppm (59,9 &#177; 3,1 ppm) e a frequ&#234;ncia m&#225;xima variou de 110-170 ppm (130,7 &#177; 15,8 ppm).</p>
        <p>Os 26 indiv&#237;duos que estavam em uso de marca-passo ventricular utilizavam sensores para modula&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia de estimula&#231;&#227;o. Vinte indiv&#237;duos utilizavam sensores para movimenta&#231;&#227;o corporal (aceler&#244;metro) e seis utilizavam a combina&#231;&#227;o de sensor de volume-minuto respirat&#243;rio com movimenta&#231;&#227;o corporal. Os limites programados de frequ&#234;ncia m&#237;nima de estimula&#231;&#227;o variaram de 60-80 ppm (70,0 &#177; 6,3 ppm) e a frequ&#234;ncia m&#225;xima variou de 120-170 ppm (145,7 &#177; 18,4 ppm).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Capacidade funcional</title>
        <p>O TC6M foi aplicado a 61 indiv&#237;duos, com idade de 7-41 anos. N&#227;o houve casos de interrup&#231;&#227;o do teste ou necessidade de cuidados especiais. A dist&#226;ncia m&#233;dia percorrida foi de 546,9 &#177; 76,2 m, representando 91,0 &#177; 12,5% do valor predito pela equa&#231;&#227;o utilizada no estudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>). A maioria percorreu dist&#226;ncia superior a 80% do valor predito, sendo que 18 (29,5%) caminharam dist&#226;ncia superior aos valores estimados pela equa&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>). A an&#225;lise do <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Gr&#225;fico 2</xref> mostra que houve forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre a dist&#226;ncia total caminhada e a dist&#226;ncia predita (r = 0,907; p = 0,001).</p>
        <fig id="f09" fig-type="other">
          <label>Gr&#225;fico 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dist&#226;ncia total caminhada e percentual da dist&#226;ncia predita alcan&#231;ada durante o teste de caminhada de seis minutos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0067-40168-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f10" fig-type="other">
          <label>Gr&#225;fico 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre a dist&#226;ncia total caminhada e a dist&#226;ncia predita pela equa&#231;&#227;o usada no estudo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0067-40168-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros cardiorrespirat&#243;rios mensurados antes e ap&#243;s o TC6M encontram-se descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>. Todos os par&#226;metros apresentaram comportamento fisiol&#243;gico normal. Houve, entretanto, tend&#234;ncia a maior varia&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nos indiv&#237;duos com marca-passo ventricular responsivo por sensor quando comparados aos que tinham marca-passo atrioventricular, portanto sincronizados &#224;s ondas P espont&#226;neas (p = 0,141).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros cardiorrespirat&#243;rios mensurados antes e ap&#243;s o teste de caminhada de seis minutos de acordo com o tipo de marca-passo em uso</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="left">Par&#226;metros mensurados</th>
                <th>VVI,R</th>
                <th>DDD</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Antes do teste</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">73,3 &#177; 12,2</td>
                <td align="center">75,1 &#177; 13,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,599</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">111,2 &#177; 11,7</td>
                <td align="center">111,2 &#177; 7,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,994</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Press&#227;o diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">75,0 &#177; 12,1</td>
                <td align="center">74,3 &#177; 7,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,804</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">97,6 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">96,7 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,028</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Escala de Borg</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,230</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Ap&#243;s o teste</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">95,2 &#177; 24,7</td>
                <td align="center">86,8 &#177; 16,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,141</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">116,7 &#177; 11,1</td>
                <td align="center">114,9 &#177; 10,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,553</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Press&#227;o diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">78,1 &#177; 11,8</td>
                <td align="center">77,1 &#177; 9,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,717</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">97,5 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">97,1 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,344</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>Escala de Borg</td>
                <td align="center">2,2 &#177; 2,0</td>
                <td align="center">2,0 &#177; 2,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,727</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A despeito da varia&#231;&#227;o detectada na capacidade funcional dos indiv&#237;duos avaliados, n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre a dist&#226;ncia caminhada e a idade, tanto no implante inicial (r = 0,030; p = 0,816) quanto no momento do estudo (r = 0,053; p = 0,684). Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o com o tempo de estimula&#231;&#227;o no VD (r = 0,099; p = 0,448) ou com o tempo total de uso do marca-passo (r = 0,057; p = 0,664). Da mesma forma, n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o com a FEVE (r = 0,071; P = 0,877), com o DDVE (r = 0,161; p = 0,216) ou com a dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS estimulado (r = 0,057; p = 0,664) - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Gr&#225;fico 3</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f11" fig-type="other">
          <label>Gr&#225;fico 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title> Correla&#231;&#227;o entre a dist&#226;ncia predita alcan&#231;ada no teste de caminhada de seis minutos com a idade no implante do marca-passo (A), idade no momento do estudo (B), tempo de estimula&#231;&#227;o no VD (C), tempo total de marca-passo (D), FEVE (E), DDVE (F).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0067-40168-gf05-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <p>A observa&#231;&#227;o do <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Gr&#225;fico 4</xref> mostra que tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre a dist&#226;ncia caminhada com o sexo do indiv&#237;duo (p = 0,121), com o modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,821), a posi&#231;&#227;o do cabo-eletrodo no VD (p = 0,928) ou a presen&#231;a de autoanticorpos maternos (p = 0,288).</p>
        <fig id="f12" fig-type="other">
          <label>Gr&#225;fico 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre a dist&#226;ncia predita alcan&#231;ada no teste de caminhada de seis minutos com o sexo (A), modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o (B), posi&#231;&#227;o do cabo-eletrodo no VD (C) e autoanticorpos anti-Ro/SSA na m&#227;e dos pacientes (D).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0067-40168-gf06-pt.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O bloqueio AV cong&#234;nito tem na estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial sua &#250;nica forma de tratamento. Por sua raridade, fisiopatologia e multiplicidade de formas cl&#237;nicas apresenta peculiaridades que dificultam a padroniza&#231;&#227;o de rotinas de atendimento, n&#227;o existindo consenso quanto ao melhor momento para indica&#231;&#227;o do implante de marca-passo, modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o ou via de acesso a serem empregados. Dentre as dificuldades encontradas para o seguimento desses indiv&#237;duos, a incapacidade de prever qual deles desenvolver&#225; cardiomiopatia tardia e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave tem sido a mais importante<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o utilizados neste estudo permitiram a forma&#231;&#227;o de um grupo homog&#234;neo de indiv&#237;duos com bloqueio AV cong&#234;nito isolado mantido com estimula&#231;&#227;o no VD por longo per&#237;odo. Suas caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias exemplificam a diversidade de apresenta&#231;&#245;es da doen&#231;a, com 27,9% dos indiv&#237;duos com bradicardia assintom&#225;tica e diferen&#231;a marcante na faixa et&#225;ria no primeiro implante, que variou desde os primeiros dias de vida at&#233; 20 anos de idade. Embora o eletrocardiograma mostrasse bloqueio AV total em 95,2%, houve grande varia&#231;&#227;o na escolha do tipo de marca-passo utilizado, com estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular em 65,6% dos casos. A boa evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica relatada na literatura foi confirmada neste estudo, com apenas 4,9% dos indiv&#237;duos com sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e uso de medicamentos de a&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular em somente 8,2%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>Existem evid&#234;ncias de que a estimula&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica do VD pode provocar efeitos delet&#233;rios &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. O retardo da ativa&#231;&#227;o, principalmente da parede livre do VE, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; do septo interventricular, tem sido referido como importante causa de diminui&#231;&#227;o da efici&#234;ncia da contra&#231;&#227;o, levando a aumento do volume, modifica&#231;&#227;o da geometria e disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. A popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada, constitu&#237;da por indiv&#237;duos sem outros defeitos card&#237;acos que n&#227;o o bloqueio AV, representa excelente modelo para a compreens&#227;o dos efeitos causados pela dissincronia card&#237;aca induzida pela estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial, uma vez que, al&#233;m da anatomia card&#237;aca normal, a condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular do est&#237;mulo tamb&#233;m &#233; normal na maioria dos casos. No presente estudo, avaliamos os principais fatores relacionados &#224; m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e funcional: a idade no primeiro implante de marca-passo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>; o modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o em uso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>; o s&#237;tio de estimula&#231;&#227;o no VD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>; o tempo de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>; a dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS estimulado pelo marca-passo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>; a presen&#231;a de dissincronia ao ecocardiograma<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>; a presen&#231;a de autoanticorpos maternos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>.</p>
        <p>Nesse cen&#225;rio, o teste de caminhada poderia ser de grande aux&#237;lio para a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce da deteriora&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica por permitir uma avalia&#231;&#227;o objetiva da capacidade funcional. O teste de caminhada de seis minutos &#233; considerado um teste subm&#225;ximo utilizado para avaliar a capacidade funcional, tendo-se em vista as respostas globais e integradas dos sistemas envolvidos durante o exerc&#237;cio (sistemas cardiorrespirat&#243;rio, circula&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;mica e perif&#233;rica, unidades neuromusculares e metabolismo muscular)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Pode ser realizado por indiv&#237;duos de diversas faixas et&#225;rias, crian&#231;as, jovens e idosos enfraquecidos ou gravemente limitados, e por indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o podem ser avaliados por meio de testes m&#225;ximos padronizados em bicicleta ou esteira ergom&#233;trica. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; uma forma r&#225;pida e de baixo custo para mensurar a capacidade ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, considerado seguro, v&#225;lido e reprodut&#237;vel<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, a despeito da grande varia&#231;&#227;o da idade dos indiv&#237;duos no momento da aplica&#231;&#227;o do teste, a maioria deles apresentou boa capacidade funcional e percorreu dist&#226;ncia superior a 80% do valor predito, sendo que 29,5% dos indiv&#237;duos atingiram mais que a dist&#226;ncia estimada pela equa&#231;&#227;o. Houve, ainda, forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre a dist&#226;ncia total caminhada e a dist&#226;ncia predita. Por outro lado, na amostra estudada, o teste de caminhada n&#227;o se correlacionou a nenhum dos fatores preditores de m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o estudados.</p>
        <p>No caso espec&#237;fico do modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m dos efeitos hemodin&#226;micos inerentes &#224; perda da sincronia AV quando se usam marca-passos ventriculares, o uso de marca-passos atrioventriculares permitiria aos indiv&#237;duos se beneficiar da resposta fisiol&#243;gica da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, uma vez que nesses dispositivos a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#233; sincronizada &#224;s ondas P espont&#226;neas. Nenhuma diferen&#231;a, entretanto, foi observada entre a capacidade funcional de indiv&#237;duos com marca-passo atrioventricular quando comparados &#224;queles com marca-passo ventricular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. A tend&#234;ncia de maior varia&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, entre o in&#237;cio e o final do teste de caminhada para os pacientes com marca-passo ventricular modulado por sensor, quando comparados aos pacientes com marca-passo atrioventricular modulado pelas ondas P espont&#226;neas, pode sugerir que os sensores tenham superestimado a necessidade de ajuste da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>V&#225;rias equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o da dist&#226;ncia caminhada por popula&#231;&#245;es normais t&#234;m sido propostas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. Uma das mais utilizadas foi baseada em indiv&#237;duos adultos entre 40-80 anos de idade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>. A op&#231;&#227;o pela equa&#231;&#227;o brasileira como par&#226;metro de normalidade para o presente estudo, contudo, foi justificada pelo fato de a nossa amostra ser constitu&#237;da por indiv&#237;duos jovens e com complei&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica diferente de padr&#245;es internacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. A validade do uso dessa equa&#231;&#227;o foi testada em 85 indiv&#237;duos de 41 &#177; 13 anos, que percorreram 571 &#177; 74 m para uma dist&#226;ncia prevista de 575 &#177; 38 m, o que representou 99,6 &#177; 11,9% do valor previsto. No presente estudo, apesar de a dist&#226;ncia percorrida ter sido menor que a prevista, houve excelente correla&#231;&#227;o entre a dist&#226;ncia prevista e a caminhada, com valores atingidos semelhantes aos de indiv&#237;duos normais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>. Esses achados sugerem que a estimula&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica do VD n&#227;o limitou importantemente a capacidade funcional dos indiv&#237;duos com bloqueio AV cong&#234;nito.</p>
        <p>Pelo nosso conhecimento, a amostra do presente estudo &#233; a maior em que se avaliou a capacidade funcional de uma coorte de crian&#231;as e adultos jovens com bloqueio AV cong&#234;nito isolado ap&#243;s longo acompanhamento com marca-passo artificial em um &#250;nico centro de cardiologia. Recentemente, foi avaliada a capacidade funcional de 16 crian&#231;as com bloqueio AV cong&#234;nito isolado, das quais tr&#234;s ainda n&#227;o haviam sido submetidas ao implante do dispositivo. A despeito da pequena amostra, os autores n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as entre a capacidade para o exerc&#237;cio nos dois grupos de indiv&#237;duos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>O presente estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes &#224;s an&#225;lises transversais, como a falta de avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria da capacidade funcional dos sujeitos da pesquisa. Da mesma forma, a inexist&#234;ncia de grupo controle impede a formula&#231;&#227;o de conclus&#245;es mais consistentes sobre os reais efeitos do implante de marca-passo no dia a dia desses indiv&#237;duos. A raridade dessa afec&#231;&#227;o dificulta o delineamento de estudos cl&#237;nicos que comparem desfechos antes e ap&#243;s o implante do marca-passo, mesmo em projetos multic&#234;ntricos. O seguimento longitudinal a longo prazo dessa popula&#231;&#227;o, associado &#224; investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, laboratorial e ecocardiogr&#225;fica detalhadas, poder&#225; fornecer evid&#234;ncias mais robustas sobre poss&#237;veis efeitos delet&#233;rios que os marca-passos convencionais possam causar &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com bloqueio AV cong&#234;nito isolado.</p>
        <p>Algumas considera&#231;&#245;es precisam ser feitas na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos nossos resultados. O TC6M n&#227;o determina o consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico nem permite o estabelecimento das causas subjacentes &#224; poss&#237;vel limita&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, uma tarefa que &#233; mais adequadamente realizada pelo teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar. Desse modo, as informa&#231;&#245;es fornecidas pelo TC6M devem ser consideradas complementares ao teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar, n&#227;o uma substitui&#231;&#227;o dele. Por outro lado, o teste de caminhada tem sido amplamente utilizado como medida de desfecho cl&#237;nico em estudos randomizados com popula&#231;&#245;es muito expressivas de portadores de dispositivos card&#237;acos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis, apresentando, portanto, grande familiaridade em nosso meio como medida objetiva e r&#225;pida da capacidade funcional, e at&#233; mesmo como marcador progn&#243;stico de mortalidade e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Adicionalmente foi demonstrado que o TC6M apresenta correla&#231;&#227;o com a classe funcional (NYHA), pico de consumo de oxig&#234;nio e escores de qualidade de vida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A capacidade funcional de crian&#231;as e adultos jovens com bloqueio AV cong&#234;nito isolado e estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita foi satisfat&#243;ria, compat&#237;vel com a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica desses indiv&#237;duos. O teste de caminhada, entretanto, n&#227;o conseguiu identificar indiv&#237;duos com piores resultados da fun&#231;&#227;o e da morfologia card&#237;aca ou fatores associados a essa m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Roberto M&#225;rcio de Oliveira J&#250;nior pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>A Adriana Yun Huang, Marianna Sobral Lacerda e Marina Bertelli Rossi, pelo aux&#237;lio na realiza&#231;&#227;o dos testes de caminhada e &#224; Associa&#231;&#227;o para Estudo e Desenvolvimento da Eletroterapia Card&#237;aca.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
