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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">HZpJp6PfbbHjNZqh8fjbxmG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000100009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040172</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140172</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Death and Disability in Patients with Sleep Apnea - A Meta-analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Maria In&#234;s Pires</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Telmo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caseiro</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff01">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Polit&#233;cnico de Coimbra</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Fisiologia Cl&#237;nica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Polit&#233;cnico de Coimbra - ESTESC - Departamento de Fisiologia Cl&#237;nica, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Maria In&#234;s Pires Fonseca,</bold> Rua Carmin&#233; Miranda, 187 ltA 1&#186; esq, S. Martinho do Bispo, Postal Code 3045-034, Coimbra - Portugal. E-mail: <email>pinespines@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn id="fn01" fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data anc Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Fonseca MIP, Pereira T, Caseiro P; Statistical analysis: Fonseca MIP, Pereira T; Writing of the manuscript: Fonseca MIP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>58</fpage>
      <lpage>66</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Several studies have been attempting to ascertain the risks of Sleep Apnea Syndrome (SAS) and its morbidity and mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>The main objective was to verify whether SAS increases the risk of death; the secondary objective was to evaluate its morbidity in relation to cardiovascular disease and the number of days hospitalized.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A systematic review and a meta-analysis were performed of the published literature. The research focused on studies comparing the number of deaths in patients with untreated SAS and in patients with non-SAS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The meta-analysis was based on 13 articles, corresponding to a total of 13394 participants divided into two groups (non-SAS = 6631; SAS = 6763). The meta-analysis revealed a clear association of SAS with the occurrence of fatal events, where the presence of SAS corresponded to a 61% higher risk of total mortality (OR=1.61; CI: 1.43 - 1.81; p &lt; 0.00001), while the risk of death from cardiac causes was 2.52 times higher in these patients (OR = 2.52; IC: 1.80 - 3.52; p &lt; 0.00001). Similar results were obtained for mortality from other causes (OR = 1.68; CI: 1.08 - 2.61; p = 0.02). Resembling results were obtained in the remaining outcomes: non-fatal cardiovascular events were higher in the SAS group (OR = 2.46; IC: 1.80 - 3.36; p &lt; 0.00001), the average number of days hospitalized was also higher in the SAS group (IV = 18.09; IC: 13.34 - 22.84; p &lt; 0.00001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The results show that untreated SAS significantly increases the risk of death, cardiovascular events and the average number of days hospitalized.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Sleep Apnea Sindromes / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Sleep Disorders / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Death, Sudden, Cardiac</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="14"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The high prevalence and wide spectrum of severity of sleep disordered breathing are well documented in several studies. Although the methodology varies, these studies demonstrate a similar prevalence (approximately 6%). By analyzing this data by gender this value is higher among men<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>According to a new update in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study, for a population with mild to severe disordered breathing, the prevalence is 10 % in men, and 3% in women between the ages of 30-49, and 9% in women between the ages of 50 70<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Although this high prevalence, there's been a report that almost 75% of this population is undiagnosed. It is also known that this syndrome contributes to an increase rate in morbidity and in mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases are associated with SAS and its incidence is 2 to 3 times higher in cardiovascular patients. Moreover, it's estimated that this value tends to increase because obesity (SAS main risk factor) is exponentially increasing in the population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>In patients with acute Myocardial Infarction (MI), SAS can be present and it's related with death. It's believed that the mechanism behind cardiovascular death during sleep is nocturnal hypoxia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>According to the Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) or according to the Respiratory disturbance Index (RDI), sleep apnea can be classified as mild, moderate or severe. According to several authors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, the RDI/AHI is rated: Mild - 5 to 15 events per hour; Moderate - 15 to 30 events per hour; Severe - &#8805; 30 events per hour. Evidence exists that demonstrates higher overall risk according to increasing RDI/AHI ratings<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>Evidence from clinical studies revealed that patients with non-treated SAS have a higher death risk comparing to patients with treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. There are several methods of treatment such as noninvasive ventilation, oral prostheses, surgical procedures, pharmacological therapies and sleep hygiene<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
      <p>In order to confirm the impact of SAS in the population and its relation to major cardiovascular events, we decided to make a meta-analysis of the public literature, which the aim was to verify if SAS increases the risk of death, CV events and time of hospitalizations.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Design</title>
        <p>A systematic review and meta-analysis of the published literature addressing the mortality and morbidity related to SAS was performed. The methodology was based on the guidelines of the PRISMA group (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Research Strategy</title>
        <p>The predefined outcomes were: global death, cardiovascular death (CV death), death from other causes, cardiovascular events (CV events) and hospitalizations. The inclusion criteria were: SAS populations, adults, with no treatment, the articles needed to be written in English, published in journals and required to evaluate at least one of the final outcomes. All studies that failed any of the predefined criteria were excluded.</p>
        <p>The evaluation of inclusion criteria was made by two researchers and conducted independently, without any exchange of information among researchers (blind critical review).</p>
        <p>The literature search was performed in the PUBMED, EMBASE and SCIELO databases, and only articles published from the year 2002 forward were considered.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Selection of studies</title>
        <p>The selection of articles was based on a standardized form, which was rated independently by the two reviewers, who classified the articles according to the title, abstract or full text. When the title and summary of the studies did not contain the necessary information to complete the form, they were referred to a complete review.</p>
        <p>Firstly, a search was made based on keywords (<italic>Sleep apnea AND death/mortality; Sleep breathing disorders AND death/ mortality; Sleep disorder breathing AND sudden death NOT sudden infant death; Sleep apnea AND sudden death NOT sudden infant death</italic>). After this research, a total of 427 articles were found that met the predefined characteristics.</p>
        <p>At the end of the independent review, the two reviewers met with the aim of resolving disagreements arising from the rating for inclusion or exclusion of studies. This meeting resulted in the total number of articles to be included in the study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Process of selection of studies.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0058-40172-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The statistical analysis was performed using the Methodology Review, of the statistical software Review Manager Version 5.1<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
        <p>Regarding the type of analysis (random/fixed), it was decided according to the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the sample. For a homogeneous sample an analysis of fixed effects was conducted and a random effects analysis was done for heterogeneous samples. Heterogeneity was assessed by the Cochrane <italic>Q</italic> test and complemented with <italic>I<sup>2</sup></italic> (which indicates the proportion of variability between studies, providing a measure of heterogeneity). We considered the sample was homogeneous for a value of p &#8805;0.05 in <italic>Q</italic>test and   <italic>I<sup>2</sup></italic> value of &#8804;25%.</p>
        <p>The overall effects of the analysis were tested with the Z-Test, and the odds ratio (OR) and the Mean Difference, with 95% confidence intervals (CI), were extracted for dichotomous outcomes and continuous outcomes respectively. Continuous variables were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD), and categorical variables as absolute frequencies. The criterion for statistical significance was p &#8804;0.05 for a 95% CI. The funnel plot was used to detect eventual publication bias (Y-axis - Study weight or sample size; X-axis - hazard ratio).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample Characterization</title>
        <p>A total of 14 articles were included in this meta-analysis. 11 of these articles assessed the global mortality, 7 evaluated CV deaths, 4 studied deaths from other causes, 5 analyzed CV events and 2 studies examined time of hospitalizations, in days.</p>
        <p>For the purposes of this meta-analysis, all studies that contained more than a group of individuals divided by AHI/RDI/ODI (Oxigene Dessaturation Index) were reduced to 2 groups (the group without SAS and the group with SAS). All patients on CPAP (for more than 2 months) were excluded from this meta-analysis. The SAS group includes patients with OSA (Obstructive Sleep Apnea) and patients with CSA (Central Sleep Apnea). Plus, in the control group were included patients without SAS and with mild SAS depending on the characteristics of each study.</p>
        <p>In <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>, the final characterization of our sample is represented which includes clinical characteristics and final outcomes.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Final characterization and final outcomes (SAS - Sleep Apnea Syndrome)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Total per group</th>
                <th rowspan="2">Total</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th align="center">Non-SAS</th>
                <th align="center">SAS</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sample (n)</td>
                <td align="center">6631</td>
                <td align="center">6763</td>
                <td align="center">13394</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Age(M/&#963;)</td>
                <td align="center">61.5 &#177; 8.2</td>
                <td align="center">64.4 &#177; 7.9</td>
                <td align="center">62.9 &#177; 8.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Women (n/%)</td>
                <td align="center">3447 (51.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">1980 (29.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">5427 (40.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Men (n/%)</td>
                <td align="center">3184 (48.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">4783 (70.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">7967 (59.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hypertension (n/%)</td>
                <td align="center">2724 (41.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">3468 (51.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">6192 (46.2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetics (n/%)</td>
                <td align="center">563 (8.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1003 (14.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">1566 (11.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CV diseases (n/%)</td>
                <td align="center">946 (14.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1239 (18.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">2185 (16.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Follow Up (years)</td>
                <td align="center">6.1</td>
                <td align="center">6.1</td>
                <td align="center">6.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BMI (M/&#963;)</td>
                <td align="center">27 &#177; 3.7</td>
                <td align="center">29.4 &#177; 4.2</td>
                <td align="center">28.2 &#177; 3.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AHI/RDI/ODI (M/&#963;)</td>
                <td align="center">4.4 &#177; 2.7</td>
                <td align="center">29.2 &#177; 8.73</td>
                <td align="center">16.8 &#177; 5.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Epworth Sleep Scale (M/&#963;)</td>
                <td align="center">7.3 &#177; 3.2</td>
                <td align="center">8.6 &#177; 3.0</td>
                <td align="center">7.9 &#177; 3.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Global Mortality</td>
                <td align="center">711 (10.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">896 (13.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">1607 (12%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CV death</td>
                <td align="center">65 (0.98%)</td>
                <td align="center">182 (2.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">247 (1.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Death from other Causes</td>
                <td align="center">49 (0.73%)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (0.77%)</td>
                <td align="center">101 (0.75%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hospitalizations</td>
                <td align="center">44 (0.66%)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (1.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">122 (0.91%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CV events</td>
                <td align="center">68 (1%)</td>
                <td align="center">262 (3.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">330 (2.5%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <p>CV diseases: Cardiovascular diseases; BMI: Body Mass Index; AHI: apnea hypopnea index; RDI: Respiratory disturbances index; ODI: oxygen desaturation index; CV death: cardiovascular death; CV events: Cardiovascular events; SAS: Sleep apnea syndrome.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>SAS and Total Mortality</title>
        <p>When data from all studies that assessed total mortality were pooled using the fixed model analysis there was a significant overall effect, the SAS group expressed an increased risk of death from any cause (OR = 1.66; CI:1.48-1.86; p &lt; 0.00001). The analysis of Heterogeneity reveals a heterogenic sample, although the value of p = 0.08 for Q test, the I<sup>2</sup> = 41% is above 25%.</p>
        <p>To minimize the effect of heterogeneity we conducted a random-effects analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). As it can be seen, in this analysis the group with SAS maintains a higher association with the occurrence of death from any cause, with an OR of 1.94 (CI: 1.52 - 2.47; p &lt; 0.00001).</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortality Outcome &#8211; Random-effects analysis (Odds Ratio)</title>
            <p>Turkington et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>; Yaggy et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>; Hader et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>; Marshal et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>; Sahlin et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>; Young et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>; Valham et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>; Punjabi et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>; Mart&#237;nez-Garc&#237;a et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>; Yumino e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>; Masuda e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0058-40172-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <p>However, the funnel plot analysis allowed the identification of an important asymmetry, since there are two studies which clearly diverge from the overall pattern.</p>
        <p>According to the Masuda et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> and Sahlin et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> CI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>), a greater difference between CI values can be seen from this two studies comparing to estimated CI value (Masuda et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> - CI: 1.97 - 15.78; Sahlin et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> - CI: 1.56 - 95.34; estimated CI: 1.52 - 2.47), which can lead to a publication bias. Therefore, we decided to conduct a sensitivity complementary analysis. To this end, we replicated the meta-analysis after excluding these two studies (Masuda et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> and Sahlin et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>))</sup>. A significant association of SAS with death from all causes persisted, with an OR value of 1.61 (CI: 1.43 - 1.81; p &lt; 0,00001), followed by an absence of heterogeneity, according to the Q test analysis ( p = 0,44) and to a I<sup>2</sup> = 0% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sensitivity analysis &#8211; Fixed Analysis</title>
            <p>Turkington et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>; Yaggy et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>; Hader et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>; Marshal et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>; Sahlin et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>; Young et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>; Valham et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>; Punjabi et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>; Mart&#237;nez-Garc&#237;a et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>; Yumino et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>; Masuda et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0058-40172-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>SAS and Cardiovascular Mortality</title>
        <p>The analysis of the outcome "CV deaths" identified a significant association of SAS with the occurrence of the event (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>) with an OR value of 2.52 (CI: 1.80 - 3.52; p &lt; 0.00001), and absence of heterogeneity (p = 0.78 and I<sup>2</sup> = 0%). Concerning sample symmetry, the funnel plot analysis indicated a clear symmetry, reinforcing the validity of the estimate association extracted from this analysis.</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>CV death Outcome &#8211; Fixed Analysis (Odds Ratio)</title>
            <p>Marin et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>; Young et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>; Mart&#237;nez-Garc&#237;a et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>; Yumino et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>; Shah et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>; Masuda et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>; Sano et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0058-40172-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>SAS and Mortality from other causes</title>
        <p>To evaluate death from other causes (Non-Cardiovascular death), we once again proceed to a fixed analysis, represented on <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5</xref>. As shown, the SAS group shows a higher risk comparing to the non-SAS group, representing a 68% higher risk of death from other causes in patients with SAS (OR = 1.68; CI: 1.08 - 2.61; p = 0.02). There was no significant heterogeneity effects (p = 0.50 and I<sup>2</sup> = 0%). The funnel plot did not identify any significant deviation from the general pattern of the sample.</p>
        <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Death from other causes Outcome &#8211; Fixed Analysis (Odds Ratio)</title>
            <p>Young et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>; Mart&#237;nez-Garc&#237;a et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>; Yumino et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>; Masuda et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0058-40172-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>SAS and Hospitalizations</title>
        <p>The analysis concerning the "Hospitalizations" Outcome is depicted <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 6</xref>. The fixed effects analysis applied to the average in-hospital days, demonstrated longer stays in hospital in the SAS group comparing to the non-SAS group, with a mean difference of 18.09 days (IC: 13.34 - 22.84; p &lt; 0.00001). In other words, the SAS patients are hospitalized, in average, 18,09 days more than the non-SAS patients. Regarding the sample heterogeneity and symmetry, we found a p = 0.55 in the Q Test and an I<sup>2</sup> = 0%, plus a symmetric distribution in the funnel plot.</p>
        <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mean hospitalization days Outcome &#8211; Fixed Analysis (Mean Difference)</title>
            <p>Turkington et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>; Hader et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0058-40172-gf06.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>SAS and Non-Fatal Cardiovascular Events</title>
        <p>Finally, for "CV events" Outcome, once again we proceed to a fixed analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure 7</xref>). A significant association between SAS and the risk of non-fatal CV events was also found, with the SAS group presenting a 2.46 higher risk comparing to the non-SAS group (OR= 2.46; CI: 1.80 - 3.36; p &lt; 0.00001). There was no significant heterogeneity (p = 0.66; I<sup>2</sup>= 0%), and the funnel plot exposed a symmetric distribution of the sample.</p>
        <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Non-Fatal CV events &#8211; Fixed Analysis (Odds Ratio)</title>
            <p>Marin et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>; Yaggy et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>; Valham et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>; Masuda et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0058-40172-gf07.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Given the results reported, a clear association was shown between SAS and the risk of death, cardiovascular diseases and the number of days hospitalized. This association is certainly related to the pathophysiology of SAS.</p>
      <p>The SAS exposes the heart to an intermittent hypoxia, which may result in an increased pre-load and after-load, in an increased sympathetic activity and in endothelial dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. The constant presence of these changes is detrimental in long-term, which might be the reason for cardiovascular events, fatalities and the increased number of days hospitalized in these patients.</p>
      <p>The number of days hospitalized probably reflects a greater number of peri-hospital complications and a generally slower recovery from several clinical illnesses, which, moreover, may also be more severe.</p>
      <p>The death from other causes (cancer, tumors, infections, accidents/suicide, and other unknown causes) was superior in patients with SAS. This relation may lie in the fact that most of these patients are obese, diabetic or hypertensive, which leads to a greater vulnerability of the organism, being more susceptible to cancer development and the emergence of infections. However, road accidents in patients with SAS are very common as EDS decreases alertness while driving and falling asleep at the wheel sometimes causes fatal accidents.</p>
      <p>Hypertension is responsible for many cardiac abnormalities and has a negative impact on the brain, with a well-known relation between high blood pressure and stroke<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. The presence of cardiac arrhythmias may also be responsible for increased cardiovascular events and even arrhythmic sudden death. Variations in the autonomous nervous system during apneas cause changes in heart rhythm that might degenerate into malignant arrhythmias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Furthermore, acute MI is also highly prevalent in patients with SAS, being either a cause or a consequence of SAS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. This may also contribute to an increased number of fatal and non-fatal events in patients with SAS.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, cardiovascular events and fatalities have an economic impact on the population. The increase in hospital admissions results in more costly hospitalizations; comorbidities require additional expenses associated with pharmacological treatments or with other types of therapies and result in a detrimental effect on the quality of life of the patients. Death has a negative impact on the family and also reduces their future income.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Limitations</title>
        <p>Study populations were different, there were some studies that evaluated patients with diseases [Mart&#237;nez-Garc&#237;a et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>; Sahlin et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>; Valham et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>; Sano et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>; Masuda et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>; Yumino et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>; Turkington et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>; Hader et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>], other studies have evaluated patients with SAS symptoms [Marin et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>; Yaggy et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>; Shah et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>], which may contribute to an increased risk of events. One study was based on Sleep Heart Health Study, which comprises a database of patients of various studies, like <italic>Framingham Offspring and Omni Study, The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, The Cardiovascular Health Study, The Strong Heart Study</italic> and other Cohort studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
        <p>Furthermore, it is worth noting the fact that we only worked with two groups (SAS and non-SAS), not allowing us to conduct an analysis according to the severity of the disease. Although our sample had an average &#8804; 5 events per hour in the control group, there were studies included that had a higher value of AHI/RDI/ODI (Mart&#237;nez-Garc&#237;a e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>: AHI 0 - 9 events/hour; Sahlin e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>: AHI &lt; 15 events/hour; Yumino e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>: AHI &lt; 15 events/hour; Turkington e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>: RDI &lt; 10 events/hour). This fact may have contributed to some of the heterogeneity of the results, thus motivating the adoption of random effects analyzes, in some cases, supplemented with sensitivity analyzes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. In addition, the fact that we excluded patients with treatment made it impossible to assess the treatment's efficacy, although such was beyond the objective of this meta-analysis.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions and Future Directions</title>
      <p>The aim of this report was answered in this meta-analysis. This meta-analysis reinforces previous investigation pointing that SAS increases the risk of death and cardiovascular events, and that SAS patients have longer stays in hospitals, than non-SAS patients.</p>
      <p>Furthermore, our literature review indicates that treating these patients is very important. Several articles have been comparing non-treated patients with treated patients, and their results have shown the efficacy of the treatment in reducing the number of deaths and cardiovascular events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. For further investigation, we think it's important to make another meta-analysis evaluating non treated SAS with treated SAS, and comparing the risk of death and cardiovascular events, and measuring the severity of this disease, since there are many reports showing the difference between moderate SAS and severe SAS.</p>
      <p>We also believe that it is important to alert our health professionals to the risks of these diseases and its comorbidities. A plan must be considered, to implant new strategies in primary health care, to triage the affected population and to implant treatment measures, in order to reduce the impact of this disease.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>Study Association</bold> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Maria In&#234;s Pires Fonseca, from Instituto Polit&#233;cnico de Coimbra.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mortalidade e Incapacidade em Pacientes com Apneia do Sono - Uma Metan&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Maria In&#234;s Pires</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Telmo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caseiro</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff02">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Polit&#233;cnico de Coimbra</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Fisiologia Cl&#237;nica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country>Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Polit&#233;cnico de Coimbra - ESTESC - Departamento de Fisiologia Cl&#237;nica, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Maria In&#234;s Pires Fonseca</bold>, Rua Carmin&#233; Miranda, 187 ltA 1&#186; esq, S. Martinho do Bispo. CEP 3045-034, Coimbra - Portugal. E-mail:   <email>pinespines@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Fonseca MIP, Pereira T, Caseiro P; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Fonseca MIP, Pereira T; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Fonseca MIP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o:</title>
          <p>V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m avaliado os riscos, morbidade e mortalidade associados &#224; s&#237;ndrome da apneia do sono (SAS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>O objetivo principal foi verificar se a SAS aumenta o risco de morte e o objetivo secund&#225;rio foi avaliar a sua morbidade, no que diz respeito &#224;s doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e ao n&#250;mero de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>Realizou-se uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise da literatura publicada. A pesquisa incluiu estudos que compararam o n&#250;mero de mortes em doentes com SAS n&#227;o tratada e sem SAS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A metan&#225;lise se baseou em 13 estudos, o que correspondeu a um total de 13.394 participantes (sem SAS: n = 6.631; com SAS: n = 6.763). A metan&#225;lise revelou uma clara associa&#231;&#227;o da SAS com a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos fatais nos v&#225;rios modelos anal&#237;ticos utilizados, correspondendo a presen&#231;a de SAS a um risco de morte 61% superior para a mortalidade total (odds ratio [OR] : 1,61; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC] = 1,43 - 1,81; p &lt; 0,00001), tendo sido o risco de morte por causas card&#237;acas 2,52 vezes maior nestes doentes (OR = 2,52; IC: 1,80 - 3,52; p &lt; 0,00001). Resultado semelhante foi obtido para a mortalidade por outras causas (OR = 1,68; IC = 1,08 - 2,61; p = 0,02). Para os demais desfechos, os eventos cardiovasculares n&#227;o fatais foram superiores no grupo com SAS (OR = 2,46; IC = 1,80 - 3,36; p &lt; 0,00001); o tempo m&#233;dio de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foi tamb&#233;m superior nos doentes com SAS (IV = 18,09 dias; IC = 13,34 - 22,84 dias; p &lt; 0,00001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A presen&#231;a de SAS n&#227;o tratada aumenta significativamente o risco de morte, o risco de eventos cardiovasculares e a dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de internamentos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndromes da Apneia do Sono/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Transtornos do Sono / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A alta preval&#234;ncia e o amplo espectro de severidade dos dist&#250;rbios respirat&#243;rios do sono s&#227;o bem documentados em diversos estudos. Apesar da varia&#231;&#227;o metodol&#243;gica, estes estudos demonstram uma preval&#234;ncia semelhante (aproximadamente 6%) e uma frequ&#234;ncia mais elevada em homens<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>De acordo com uma nova atualiza&#231;&#227;o do <italic>Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study</italic>, para uma popula&#231;&#227;o com dist&#250;rbio respirat&#243;rio do sono leve a moderado, a preval&#234;ncia &#233; de 10% em homens, e de 3% em mulheres com idades entre 30-49 anos e 9% em mulheres com idades entre 50-70 anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>. Apesar destas altas preval&#234;ncias, h&#225; um relato de que aproximadamente 75% desta popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; diagnosticada. &#201; bem estabelecido que esta s&#237;ndrome contribui para taxas elevadas de morbidade e mortalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome da apneia do sono (SAS) est&#225; associada a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (CVs), apresentando uma incid&#234;ncia 2 a 3 vezes maior em pacientes com estas doen&#231;as. Al&#233;m disto, estima-se que estes n&#250;meros tenham tend&#234;ncia a aumentar, pois a obesidade (um dos principais fatores para a SAS) vem aumentando exponencialmente na popula&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>A SAS pode estar presente em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) e est&#225; relacionada &#224; morte nestes pacientes. Acredita-se que o mecanismo por tr&#225;s da morte CV durante o sono seja a hip&#243;xia noturna<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>De acordo com o &#237;ndice apneia-hipopneia (IAH) ou com o &#237;ndice de dist&#250;rbio respirat&#243;rio (IDR), a apneia do sono pode ser classificada em leve, moderada ou severa. Conforme diversos autores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>, o IDR/IAH &#233; classificado em leve se estiverem presentes 5 a 15 eventos/hora, moderado se presentes 15 a 30 eventos/hora, ou severo se presentes &#8805; 30 eventos/hora. H&#225; evid&#234;ncias mostrando um risco geral mais elevado de acordo com o aumento no grau do IDR/IAH<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Evid&#234;ncias de estudos cl&#237;nicos revelam que pacientes com SAS n&#227;o tratada t&#234;m um risco mais elevado de morte em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes tratados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. H&#225; v&#225;rios m&#233;todos de tratamento para a SAS, incluindo ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva, pr&#243;teses orais, procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos, terapias farmacol&#243;gicas e higiene do sono<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>.</p>
        <p>Para confirmar o impacto da SAS na popula&#231;&#227;o e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com eventos CV maiores, n&#243;s realizamos uma metan&#225;lise de estudos publicados na literatura com o objetivo de verificar se a SAS aumenta o risco de morte, eventos CV e dura&#231;&#227;o da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
          <p>N&#243;s realizamos uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise de estudos publicados na literatura que analisaram a mortalidade e a morbidade relacionadas &#224; SAS. A metodologia foi baseada nas diretrizes do <italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses</italic> (PRISMA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estrat&#233;gia da pesquisa</title>
          <p>As medidas pr&#233;-definidas de desfecho foram: morte global, morte CV, morte por outras causas, eventos CVs e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram popula&#231;&#245;es com SAS, adultos e aus&#234;ncia de tratamento. Os artigos deveriam ter sido escritos em ingl&#234;s, publicados em revistas e ter avaliado pelo menos um dos desfechos finais. Todos os estudos que n&#227;o preencheram os crit&#233;rios pr&#233;-definidos foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foi realizada por dois pesquisadores e conduzida de maneira independente, sem nenhuma troca de informa&#231;&#227;o entre eles (revis&#227;o cega cr&#237;tica).</p>
          <p>A busca na literatura foi realizada nos bancos de dados PUBMED, EMBASE e SCIELO, e somente artigos publicados do ano 2002 em diante foram considerados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos</title>
          <p>Os artigos foram selecionados com uso de um formul&#225;rio-padr&#227;o, classificados de acordo com o t&#237;tulo, resumo ou texto completo e posteriormente avaliados por dois revisores independentes. Quando o t&#237;tulo e o resumo dos estudos n&#227;o continham as informa&#231;&#245;es necess&#225;rias para completar o formul&#225;rio, os revisores realizavam uma revis&#227;o completa.</p>
          <p>Primeiramente, a busca foi realizada com base em palavras-chave (apneia do sono E morte/mortalidade; dist&#250;rbios respirat&#243;rios do sono E morte/mortalidade; dist&#250;rbios respirat&#243;rios do sono E morte s&#250;bita N&#195;O morte s&#250;bita infantil; apneia do sono E morte s&#250;bita N&#195;O morte s&#250;bita infantil). Esta pesquisa encontrou um total de 427 artigos que reuniram as caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233;-definidas.</p>
          <p>Ao final da revis&#227;o independente, os dois revisores se encontraram para resolver diverg&#234;ncias resultantes da avalia&#231;&#227;o, para exclus&#227;o ou exclus&#227;o de estudos. Este encontro resultou no n&#250;mero total de artigos a serem inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Processo de Sele&#231;&#227;o dos Estudos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0058-40172-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o <italic>Methodology Review</italic> do programa de estat&#237;stica <italic>Review Manager</italic>, vers&#227;o 5.1<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>.</p>
          <p>O tipo de an&#225;lise (aleat&#243;ria/fixa) foi decidido de acordo com a homogeneidade ou heterogeneidade da amostra. Para amostras homog&#234;neas, foi conduzida uma an&#225;lise de efeitos fixos, enquanto que para amostras heterog&#234;neas foi realizada uma an&#225;lise de efeitos aleat&#243;rios. A heterogeneidade foi avaliada pelo teste Q de Cochrane, complementado com I<sup>2</sup> (que indica a propor&#231;&#227;o de variabilidade entre estudos, oferecendo uma medida de heterogeneidade). N&#243;s consideramos que a amostra era homog&#234;nea para um valor de p &#8805; 0,05 no teste Q e valor de I<italic>2</italic>&#8804; 25%.</p>
          <p>O efeito geral da an&#225;lise foi testado com o teste Z. O <italic>odds ratio</italic>(OR) e as diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias com intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% foram calculados para desfechos dicotomizados e desfechos cont&#237;nuos, respectivamente. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas. O crit&#233;rio para signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi p &#8804; 0.05 para um IC de 95%. O gr&#225;fico de funil foi utilizado para detectar eventual vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o (eixo Y - peso do estudo ou tamanho da amostra; eixo X - taxa de risco).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra</title>
          <p>Um total de 14 artigos foram inclu&#237;dos nesta metan&#225;lise. Onze destes artigos acessaram a mortalidade global, sete avaliaram morte CV, quatro estudaram morte por outras causas, cinco analisaram eventos CVs e dois estudos examinaram o n&#250;mero de dias de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Para os fins desta an&#225;lise, todos os estudos que inclu&#237;ram mais de um grupo de indiv&#237;duos divididos por IAH/IDR/&#237;ndice de dessatura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio (IDO) foram reduzidos a dois grupos (com ou sem SAS). Todos os pacientes tratados com press&#227;o positiva cont&#237;nua das vias a&#233;reas (CPAP) por mais de dois meses foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise. O grupo com SAS incluiu pacientes com apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) e pacientes com apneia central do sono (ACS). Al&#233;m disto, n&#243;s inclu&#237;mos no grupo controle pacientes sem SAS e com SAS leve, dependendo das caracter&#237;sticas de cada estudo.</p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 1</xref> mostra a descri&#231;&#227;o final da nossa amostra, incluindo as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e desfechos finais.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t02">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o e desfechos finais (SAS - s&#237;ndrome da apneia do sono)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                    <bold>Total por grupo</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Sem SAS</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Com SAS</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Amostra (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.631</td>
                  <td align="center">6.763</td>
                  <td align="center">13.394</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (M/&#963;)</td>
                  <td align="center">61,5 &#177; 8,2</td>
                  <td align="center">64,4 &#177; 7,9</td>
                  <td align="center">62,9 &#177; 8,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mulheres (n/%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.447 (51,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.980 (29,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.427 (40,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Homens (n/%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.184 (48,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.783 (70,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.967 (59,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o (n/%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.724 (41,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.468 (51,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.192 (46,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diab&#233;ticos (n/%)</td>
                  <td align="center">563 (8,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.003 (14,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.566 (11,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;as CVs (n/%)</td>
                  <td align="center">946 (14,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.239 (18,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.185 (16,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Seguimento (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,1</td>
                  <td align="center">6,1</td>
                  <td align="center">6,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (M/&#963;)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,0 &#177; 3,7</td>
                  <td align="center">29,4 &#177; 4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">28,2 &#177; 3,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAH/IDR/IDO (M/&#963;)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,4 &#177; 2,7</td>
                  <td align="center">29,2 &#177; 8,73</td>
                  <td align="center">16,8 &#177; 5,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escala de sonol&#234;ncia de Epworth (M/&#963;)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,3 &#177; 3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">8,6 &#177; 3,0</td>
                  <td align="center">7,9 &#177; 3,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortalidade global</td>
                  <td align="center">711 (10,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">896 (13,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.607 (12%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Morte CV</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (0,98%)</td>
                  <td align="center">182 (2,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">247 (1,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Morte por outras causas</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (0,73%)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (0,77%)</td>
                  <td align="center">101 (0,75%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (0,66%)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (1,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (0,91%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eventos CVs</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (1,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">262 (3,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">330 (2,5%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN01">
                <p>CV(s): cardiovascular(es); IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; IAH: &#237;ndice apneia-hipopneia; IDR: &#237;ndice de dist&#250;rbio respirat&#243;rio; IDO: &#237;ndice de dessatura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio; SAS: sindrome da apneia do sono.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>SAS e mortalidade total</title>
          <p>Quando os dados de todos os estudos que avaliaram a mortalidade total foram agrupados usando o modelo fixo, houve um efeito geral significativo com o grupo com SAS mostrando um risco aumentado de morte por qualquer causa (OR = 1,66; CI: 1,48-1,86; p &lt; 0,00001). A an&#225;lise de heterogeneidade mostrou uma amostra heterog&#234;nea; apesar do valor de p ter sido 0,08 para o teste Q, o I<sup>2</sup> = 41% foi acima de 25%.</p>
          <p>Para minimizar o efeito da heterogeneidade, n&#243;s conduzimos uma an&#225;lise de efeitos aleat&#243;rios. Como mostra a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figura 2</xref>, o grupo com SAS manteve uma associa&#231;&#227;o maior com a ocorr&#234;ncia de morte por qualquer causa, com uma OR de 1,94 (CI: 1,52 - 2,47; p &lt; 0,00001).</p>
          <fig id="f09" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Desfecho de mortalidade - an&#225;lise de efeitos aleat&#243;rios (odds ratio)</title>
              <p>Turkington e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>; Yaggy e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>; Hader e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>; Marshal e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>; Sahlin e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>; Young e cols<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>; Valham e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>; Punjabi e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>; Mart&#237;nez-Garc&#237;a e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>; Yumino e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>; Masuda e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0058-40172-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Por&#233;m, a an&#225;lise do gr&#225;fico de funil permitiu a identifica&#231;&#227;o de uma assimetria importante, pois dois estudos apresentaram diverg&#234;ncia evidente do padr&#227;o geral.</p>
          <p>Ao analisar os ICs nos estudos de Masuda e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> e Sahlin e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figura 2</xref>), n&#243;s observamos uma diferen&#231;a maior entre os valores de IC nestes dois estudos comparados com valores estimados de IC (Masuda e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>, IC: 1,97 - 15,78; Sahlin e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, IC: 1,56 - 95,34; estimados, IC: 1,52 - 2,47), o que poderia levar a um vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o. Desta maneira, n&#243;s resolvemos conduzir uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade complementar. Para isto, n&#243;s replicamos a metan&#225;lise ap&#243;s excluir os estudos de Masuda e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> e Sahlin e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. A associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre SAS e morte por todas as causas permaneceu, com um OR de 1,61 (IC: 1,43 - 1,81; p &lt; 0,00001), seguido de aus&#234;ncia de heterogeneidade, de acordo com an&#225;lise com o teste Q (p = 0,44) e com um I<sup>2</sup> = 0% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f10" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise de sensibilidade &#8211; An&#225;lise fixa</title>
              <p>Turkington e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>; Yaggy e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>; Hader e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>; Marshal e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>; Sahlin e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>; Young e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>; Valham e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>; Punjabi e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>; Mart&#237;nez-Garc&#237;a e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>; Yumino e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>; Masuda e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0058-40172-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>SAS e mortalidade CV</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise do desfecho "morte CV" identificou uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa da SAS com a ocorr&#234;ncia do evento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 4</xref>), com um valor de OR de 2,52 (IC: 1,80 - 3,52; p &lt; 0,00001), e aus&#234;ncia de heterogeneidade (p = 0,78 e I<sup>2</sup> = 0%). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; simetria da amostra, a an&#225;lise do gr&#225;fico de funil indicou uma simetria evidente, refor&#231;ando a validade da associa&#231;&#227;o estimada extra&#237;da desta an&#225;lise.</p>
          <fig id="f11" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Desfecho de morte CV - an&#225;lise fixa (odds ratio)</title>
              <p>Marin e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>; Young e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>; Mart&#237;nez-Garc&#237;a e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>; Yumino e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>; Shah e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>; Masuda e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>; Sano e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0058-40172-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>SAS e mortalidade por outras causas</title>
          <p>Para avaliar a morte por outras causas (morte n&#227;o CV), n&#243;s novamente realizamos uma an&#225;lise fixa. Como representado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 5</xref>, o grupo com SAS mostrou um risco mais alto em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo sem SAS, representando um aumento de 68% no risco de morte por outras causas em pacientes com SAS (OR = 1,68; CI: 1,08 - 2,61; p &lt; 0,02). N&#227;o houve efeitos heterog&#234;neos significativos (p = 0,50 e I<sup>2</sup> = 0%). O gr&#225;fico de funil n&#227;o identificou nenhum desvio significativo do padr&#227;o geral da amostra.</p>
          <fig id="f12" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Desfecho de morte por outras causas - An&#225;lise fixa (odds ratio)</title>
              <p>Young e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>; Mart&#237;nez-Garc&#237;a e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>; Yumino e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>; Masuda e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0058-40172-gf05-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>SAS e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desfecho "hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o" est&#225; demonstrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 6</xref>. A an&#225;lise de efeitos fixos aplicada &#224; m&#233;dia de dias de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o demonstrou uma estadia mais longa no grupo com SAS em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo sem SAS, com uma diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia de 18,09 dias (IC: 13,34 - 22,84; p &lt; 0,00001). Em outras palavras, pacientes com SAS permaneceram hospitalizados em m&#233;dia 18,09 dias a mais do que pacientes sem SAS. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; heterogeneidade e simetria da amostra, n&#243;s encontramos um p = 0,55 no teste Q e um I<sup>2</sup> = 0%, al&#233;m de uma distribui&#231;&#227;o sim&#233;trica no gr&#225;fico de funil.</p>
          <fig id="f13" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Desfecho de m&#233;dia de dias de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o - An&#225;lise fixa (diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia)</title>
              <p>Turkington e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>; Hader e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0058-40172-gf06-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>SAS e eventos CVs n&#227;o fatais</title>
          <p>Por &#250;ltimo, para o desfecho "eventos CVs" n&#243;s mais uma vez realizamos uma an&#225;lise fixa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 7</xref>). Uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre SAS e risco de eventos CVs n&#227;o fatais tamb&#233;m foi encontrada, com o grupo com SAS apresentando um risco 2,46 maior em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo sem SAS (OR = 2,46; IC: 1,80 - 3,36; p &lt; 0,00001). N&#227;o houve heterogeneidade significativa (p = 0,66; I<sup>2</sup> = 0%) e o gr&#225;fico de funil mostrou uma distribui&#231;&#227;o sim&#233;trica da amostra.</p>
          <fig id="f14" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Eventos CVs n&#227;o fatais - An&#225;lise fixa (odds ratio)</title>
              <p>Marin e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>; Yaggy e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>; Valham e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>; Masuda e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0058-40172-gf07-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Frente aos resultados relatados, h&#225; uma clara associa&#231;&#227;o entre SAS e risco de morte, doen&#231;as CVs e n&#250;mero de dias de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Esta associa&#231;&#227;o &#233; certamente relacionada &#224; fisiopatologia da SAS.</p>
        <p>Na SAS, o cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; exposto &#224; hip&#243;xia intermitente, o que pode resultar em aumento na pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-carga, na atividade simp&#225;tica e na disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. A presen&#231;a constante destas mudan&#231;as a longo prazo &#233; prejudicial, o que provavelmente &#233; a causa para a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos CVs, fatalidades e aumento no n&#250;mero de dias de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o nestes pacientes.</p>
        <p>O aumento no n&#250;mero de dias de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o provavelmente reflete uma frequ&#234;ncia mais alta de complica&#231;&#245;es peri-hospitalares e uma recupera&#231;&#227;o geralmente mais lenta de diversas doen&#231;as cl&#237;nicas, que por sua vez podem tamb&#233;m ser mais severas.</p>
        <p>A morte por outras causas (c&#226;ncer, tumores, infec&#231;&#245;es, acidentes/suic&#237;dio e outras causas desconhecidas) foi mais frequente em pacientes com SAS. Esta associa&#231;&#227;o pode ocorrer pelo fato de que a maioria destes pacientes s&#227;o obesos, diab&#233;ticos ou hipertensos, levando a uma maior vulnerabilidade do organismo, maior suscetibilidade ao desenvolvimento de c&#226;ncer e ao aparecimento de infec&#231;&#245;es. Por&#233;m, acidentes automobil&#237;sticos em pacientes com SAS s&#227;o muito comuns, desde que o ESD diminui o estado de alerta durante a condu&#231;&#227;o e adormecer ao volante, por vezes, provoca acidentes fatais.</p>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o &#233; respons&#225;vel por v&#225;rias anormalidades card&#237;acas e tem um impacto negativo sobre o c&#233;rebro, havendo uma rela&#231;&#227;o bem conhecida entre press&#227;o alta e acidente vascular cerebral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. A presen&#231;a de arritmias card&#237;acas podem tamb&#233;m ser respons&#225;veis pelo aumento de eventos CVs e mesmo pela morte s&#250;bita por arritmia. Varia&#231;&#245;es no sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo durante apneias podem causar mudan&#231;as no ritmo card&#237;aco que podem progredir para arritmias malignas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>. Al&#233;m disto, o IAM &#233; tamb&#233;m altamente prevalente em pacientes com SAS, tanto como causa quanto como consequ&#234;ncia da s&#237;ndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. Isto pode contribuir para um aumento no n&#250;mero de eventos fatais e n&#227;o fatais em pacientes com SAS.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disto, eventos CVs e fatalidades t&#234;m um impacto econ&#244;mico na popula&#231;&#227;o. O aumento de admiss&#245;es hospitalares resulta em encarecimento das hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es; comorbidades exigem despesas adicionais com tratamentos farmacol&#243;gicos ou com outros tipos de terapias e resultam em um efeito prejudicial &#224; qualidade de vida dos pacientes. A morte tem um impacto negativo sobre a fam&#237;lia e tamb&#233;m reduz o seu rendimento futuro.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>H&#225; v&#225;rias diferen&#231;as entre as popula&#231;&#245;es dos estudos. Alguns estudos avaliaram pacientes com doen&#231;as (Mart&#237;nez-Garc&#237;a e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>; Sahlin e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>; Valham e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>; Sano e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>; Masuda e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>; Yumino e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>; Turkington e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>; Hader e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>), enquanto que outros avaliaram pacientes com sintomas de SAS (Marin e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>; Yaggy e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>; Shah e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>), o que pode contribuir para um aumento no risco de eventos. Um estudo foi baseado no <italic>Sleep Heart Health Study</italic> que compreende um banco de dados de pacientes de v&#225;rios estudos, como os estudos <italic>Framingham Offspring and Omni</italic>, o   <italic>Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study</italic>, o   <italic>Cardiovascular Health Study</italic>, o <italic>Strong Heart Study</italic> e outros estudos de coorte<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>.</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m disto, &#233; importante mencionar que n&#243;s trabalhamos apenas com dois grupos (com e sem SAS). Isto n&#227;o nos permitiu conduzir uma an&#225;lise de acordo com a severidade da doen&#231;a. Apesar da nossa amostra ter tido uma m&#233;dia de &#8804; 5 eventos por hora no grupo controle, v&#225;rios estudos inclu&#237;ram valores mais altos de IAH/IDR/IDO Mart&#237;nez-Garc&#237;a e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>: IAH 0 - 9 eventos/hora; Sahlin e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>: IAH &lt; 15 eventos/hora; Yumino e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>: IAH &lt; 15 eventos/hora; Turkingtone cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>: IDR &lt; 10 eventos/hora). Este fato pode ter contribu&#237;do para uma certa heterogeneidade nos resultados, motivando assim a ado&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise de efeitos aleat&#243;rios, em alguns casos, complementada com an&#225;lise de sensibilidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Al&#233;m disto, o fato de que n&#243;s exclu&#237;mos pacientes com tratamento permitiu que n&#243;s avali&#225;ssemos a efic&#225;cia do tratamento, apesar disto ter estado al&#233;m do objetivo desta metan&#225;lise.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es e dire&#231;&#245;es futuras</title>
        <p>O objetivo deste relato foi respondido nesta metan&#225;lise. Esta metan&#225;lise refor&#231;a investiga&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias que mostram que a SAS aumenta o risco de morte e eventos CVs, e que pacientes com SAS t&#234;m estadias hospitalares mais longas do que pacientes sem SAS.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disto, nossa revis&#227;o da literatura mostrou que o tratamento destes pacientes &#233; muito importante. V&#225;rios artigos compararam pacientes tratados e n&#227;o tratados e seus resultados mostraram a efic&#225;cia do tratamento em reduzir o n&#250;mero de mortes e eventos CVs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>. Para investiga&#231;&#245;es futuras, n&#243;s pensamos que outra metan&#225;lise seja importante para avaliar SAS tratada e n&#227;o tratada, comparar o risco de morte e eventos CVs e medir a severidade desta doen&#231;a, j&#225; que h&#225; muitos relatos mostrando a diferen&#231;a entre SAS moderada e severa.</p>
        <p>N&#243;s tamb&#233;m acreditamos que &#233; importante alertar profissionais da sa&#250;de sobre os riscos destas doen&#231;as e suas comorbidades. Para reduzir o impacto desta doen&#231;a, um plano deve ser considerado para implantar novas estrat&#233;gias na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#224; sa&#250;de, triar a popula&#231;&#227;o afetada e implantar medidas terap&#234;uticas.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Maria In&#234;s Pires Fonseca pela Instituto Polit&#233;cnico de Coimbra.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
