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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">CLf394kQFjchYYqQP6GLJRF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000100008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040163</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140163</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Electrophysiological Studies and Radiofrequency Ablations in Children and Adolescents with Arrhythmia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Fernandez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rios</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Nardi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leiria</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Luiz Luz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kruse</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Lapa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>SantAnna</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Tofani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Glotz de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC-FUC), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Luterana do Brasil</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Canoas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Gustavo Glotz de Lima,</bold> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370, Postal Code 90620-000, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail: gglima.pesquisa@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Sim&#227;o MF, Rios MN, Leiria TLL, Kruse ML, Lima GG; Acquisition of data: Sim&#227;o MF, Rios MN, Leiria TLL, Kruse ML, Pires LM, Lima GG; Statistical analysis: Sim&#227;o MF, Rios MN, Leiria TLL, Lima GG; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Sim&#227;o MF, Rios MN, Leiria TLL, Kruse ML, Pires LM, SantAnna RT, Lima GG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>53</fpage>
      <lpage>57</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Radiofrequency ablation is the standard non-pharmacological treatment for arrhythmias in pediatric patients. However, arrhythmias and their associated causes have particular features in this population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and findings of electrophysiological diagnostic studies and radiofrequency ablations in pediatric patients referred to the Electrophysiology Unit at Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, in order to characterize the particularities of this population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional study with 330 electrophysiological procedures performed in patients aged less than 20 years between June 1997 and August 2013.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>In total, 330 procedures (9.6% of the overall procedures) were performed in patients aged less than 20 years (14.33 &#177; 3.25 years, age range 3 months to 19 years), 201 of which were males (60.9%). A total of 108 (32.7%) electrophysiological diagnostic studies were performed and of these, 48.1% showed abnormal findings. Overall, 219 radiofrequency ablations were performed (66.3%) with a success rate of 84.8%. The presence of an accessory pathway was the most prevalent finding, occurring in 158 cases (72.1%), followed by atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (16.8%), typical atrial flutter (3.1%) and extrasystoles originating from the right ventricular outflow tract (2.7%). Three patients developed complications during ablation (1.4%). Among congenital heart diseases, which occurred in 51 (15.4%) patients, atrial sept defect was the most frequent (27.4%), followed by ventricular sept defect (25.4%) and Ebstein's anomaly (17.6%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Electrophysiological study and radiofrequency ablation are effective tools for diagnosis and treatment of arrhythmias in the pediatric population.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Arrhythmias</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="22"/>
        <page-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The diagnosis and treatment of arrhythmias in children is challenging, since the knowledge for arrhythmias in pediatric patients is borrowed from data retrieved from the adult population. However, the causes of arrhythmias in these groups are considerably different. In adults, arrhythmias are usually associated with episodes of ischemia, whereas in children, arrhythmias are closely associated with changes in the development of the cardiac conduction system<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Supraventricular tachycardia emerges as the most common tachyarrhythmia in pediatric patients, responding for nearly 95% of the arrhythmias in this population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
      <p>For many years, antiarrhythmic drugs were the only available treatment for arrhythmias. In 1987, radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation was introduced for treatment of adult patients, and since 1989 has been performed as a treatment modality for tachyarrhythmias in pediatric patients. RF ablation was a major scientific breakthrough in the treatment of tachyarrhythmias and is currently considered the non-pharmacological treatment of choice in children and adolescents<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. The success rate associated with RF ablation is high and the rate of severe complications is low<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>In order to characterize the particularities of the pediatric population, the aims of this study were to analyze the epidemiological characteristics and findings of electrophysiological study (EPS) and RF ablation in children and adolescents at our institution.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>We analyzed the characteristics of the patients aged less than 20 years who underwent EPS and/or RF ablation at the Electrophysiology and Holter Unit of <italic>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul</italic> between 1997 and 2013, as well as the results of 330 procedures performed in these patients. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification, we considered as part of the infant population those patients aged less than 9 years and of the adolescent population, those with ages between 10 and 19 years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
      <p>Patients were referred for the procedures after presenting refractoriness or adverse effects associated with drug therapy, or clinical worsening caused by the arrhythmia. Before the procedures, all patients filled up an Informed Consent Form (ICF). For underage patients, the parents authorized the procedures and signed the ICF.</p>
      <p>All procedures were performed under general anesthesia with midazolam, propofol, fentanyl and sevoflurane. All antiarrhythmic drugs were suspended five half-lives before the procedure. One to three multipolar electrode catheters (deflectable or not, 5 to 7 French) were introduced through the right and/or left femoral veins. For procedures requiring ablation, an ablation catheter was also used. In patients with an accessory pathway, a catheter was inserted into the right femoral artery and advanced into the aorta to map the mitral ring. All patients underwent prior EPS when ablation was indicated. During EPS, records of intracavitary electrogram were taken and supraventricular and ventricular stimulation was performed. When arrhythmia was not induced, intravenous isoproterenol was injected. Fluoroscopy was performed in all cases to position the catheters within the cardiac cavities. The RF energy output, length of application and temperature were individually titrated by the electrophysiologist responsible for the procedure. If ablation of a left accessory path or in the systemic circulation (left heart chambers) were to be performed, aspirin 200 mg daily was prescribed for three months. This precaution aimed at preventing a thrombogenic state that may be triggered during catheter ablation, increasing the risk of severe thromboembolic events in the left circulation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Follow up was conducted by the Electrophysiology and Holter Unit, Pediatric Cardiology Unit and by assistant physicians.</p>
      <p>All female patients in childbearing age (10-50 years) were screened with a pregnancy test (serum beta-hCG) the day before the procedure. A 14-year-old patient had the procedure suspended after a positive beta-hCG test diagnosed an unidentified pregnancy at an early stage.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>This was a descriptive study in which the categorical variables were represented as absolute numbers and percentages. Continuous variables were represented as mean &#177; standard deviation. Sample size was calculated with the software WinPepi, with a 95% confidence interval, expected proportion of 0.50 (50%), margin error of &#177; 5.5 percentile points, yielding a minimal sample of 318 patients. The software SPSS was used for database organization and statistical calculations.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of 3406 electrophysiological procedures performed between June 1997 and August 2013 at the Electrophysiology and Holter Unit of <italic>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul</italic>, 330 (9.6%) were performed in patients younger than 20 years. The lowest and highest ages of these patients were, respectively, 3 months and 19 years, with an average of 14.33 &#177; 3.25 years. In total, 60.9% were males (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Epidemiological characteristics of the cohort</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>Total</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Total number of procedures (1997-2013)</td>
              <td align="center">3406</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Number of patients aged 0-19 years</td>
              <td align="center">330 (9.6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">14.33 &#177; 3.25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Number of male patients</td>
              <td align="center">201 (60.9%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Overall, 108 diagnostic EPS were performed, corresponding to 32.7% of the procedures performed in the overall pediatric population. Findings were abnormal in 48.1% of these and included atrial tachycardia (19.2%), followed by atrial fibrillation (17.3%), ventricular preexcitation syndrome (15.3%), right bundle branch block (7.6%) and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (7.6%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>). Four patients underwent more than one diagnostic procedure during follow up. Access to the heart after femoral catheterization was limited due to venous abnormalities in three cases.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t02">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Electrophysiological studies performed in the cohort</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>Performed procedures</th>
              <th>Percentage</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Total</td>
              <td align="center">108</td>
              <td align="center">32.7%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Abnormal findings</td>
              <td align="center">52</td>
              <td align="center">48.1%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Atrial tachycardia</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">19.2%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">17.3%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>WPW</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">15.3%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>RBBB</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">7.6%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>VT</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">7.6%</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>WPW: Wolff-Parkinson-White; RBBB: right bundle branch block; VT: ventricular tachycardia.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In total, 184 patients underwent 219 RF ablations (66.3% of the total amount of performed procedures). The median number of procedures was 1 (lowest 1 - highest 5). The presence of an accessory pathway was the most prevalent finding, occurring in 158 cases (72.1%), followed by atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT, 16.8%), typical atrial flutter (3.1%) and extrasystoles originating from the right ventricular outflow tract (2.7%). Ablation was successfully performed in 84.8% of the patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t03">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Radiofrequency ablation outcomes according to the type of heart disease</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Type of ablation</th>
              <th>Success n (%)</th>
              <th>Total n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Accessory pathway</td>
              <td align="center">106 (83.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">127 (100%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>AVNRT</td>
              <td align="center">33 (91.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (100%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>VT originating from the RV outflow tract</td>
              <td align="center">4 (66.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (100%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Typical atrial flutter</td>
              <td align="center">4 (80.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (100%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Fascicular VT</td>
              <td align="center">2 (66.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (100%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Focal VT</td>
              <td align="center">3 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (100%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Coumel (PJRT)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (100%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Atrial tachycardia</td>
              <td align="center">1 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (100%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Atypical atrial flutter</td>
              <td align="center">1 (100%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (100%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total</td>
              <td align="center">156 (84.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">184 (100%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>AVNRT: atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia; VT: ventricular tachycardia; RV: right ventricle; PJRT: persistent junctional reciprocating tachycardia.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Three patients (1.4%) developed complications during the procedure, including total atrioventricular block in two patients and pseudoaneurysm of the right femoral artery which was treated conservatively in one patient. Electrical cardioversion was required due to induction of atrial fibrillation in three patients, polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in two patients and monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in one patient. The cause of transient hemodynamic instability was not identified in six cases.</p>
      <p>A total of 31 procedures were performed in patients below the age of 9 years and in 296 patients aged 10 to 19 years, corresponding, respectively, to the infant and adolescent populations. In patients aged 0-9 years, ablation was performed in 19 cases and was successful in 17 (89.4%). Ablation of an accessory pathway emerged as the main finding, occurring in 16 cases (84.2%), followed by AVNRT in two cases (10.5%). In patients aged 10-19 years, 200 ablations were performed, with immediate success obtained in 157 (75.5%). As in the group of patients aged 0-9 years, ablation of an accessory pathway also emerged as the most prevalent finding in this group with 142 cases (71.0%), followed by AVNRT (17.5%) and typical atrial flutter (1.5%). Of 12 EPS performed in patients in the 0-9 years age group, eight (66.6%) showed abnormal findings, in particular, atrial fibrillation and ventricular preexcitation syndrome. In the group of patients aged 10-19 years, a total of 96 EPS were performed resulting in 44 abnormal findings, mainly atrial tachycardia (9.4%), atrial fibrillation (7.3%) and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (6.3%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 4</xref>). These findings demonstrate a predominance of cases in individuals above the age of 10 years and a subtle difference in the types of arrhythmias present in both populations.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t04">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Performed procedures according to age range</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>0-9 years n (%)</th>
              <th>10-19 years n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Total procedures</td>
              <td>31 (100%)</td>
              <td>296 (100%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>RF ablation</td>
              <td>19 (59.3%)</td>
              <td>200 (67%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Accessory pathway</td>
              <td>16 (84.2%)</td>
              <td>142 (71.0%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>AVNRT</td>
              <td>2 (10.5%)</td>
              <td>35 (17.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Typical atrial flutter</td>
              <td>0</td>
              <td>3 (1.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>EPS</td>
              <td>12 (38.7%)</td>
              <td>96 (32.4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
              <td>2 (16.6%)</td>
              <td>7 (7.29%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>WPW</td>
              <td>2 (16.6%)</td>
              <td>6 (6.25%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Atrial tachycardia</td>
              <td>0</td>
              <td>9 (9.37%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="3">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Among patients undergoing the procedures, 51 presented structural congenital heart disease (17.5%). Of these, 24 (47.0%) had complex congenital heart disease. There were 25 types of congenital structural heart disease. Of these, atrial sept defect (ASD) was the most frequent, occurring in 14 cases (27.4%). Others included ventricular sept defect (VSD, 25.4%), Ebstein's anomaly (17.6%), pulmonary stenosis (17.6%) and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA, 15.6%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 5</xref>). Among the pathologies occurring in patients with complex heart disease were VSD (45.8%), ASD (41.6%), pulmonary stenosis (37.5%), PDA (29.1%) and tricuspid valve atresia (20.8%).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t05">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Diagnoses associated with structural congenital heart disease</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>&#160;</th>
              <th>Cases</th>
              <th>Percentage</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Total</td>
              <td align="center">51</td>
              <td align="center">17.5%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Complex heart disease</td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">47.0%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ASD</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">27.4%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>VSD</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">25.4%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ebstein's anomaly</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">17.6%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pulmonary stenosis</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">17.6%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PDA</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">15.6%</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>ASD: atrial sept defect; VSD: ventricular sept defect; PDA: patent ductus arteriosus.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Mean intra-atrial (P-A), atria-to-His (A-H) and His-to-ventricle (H-V) conduction intervals were, respectively, 20.8 &#177; 8.8 msec, 82.4 &#177; 25.5 msec and 30.6 &#177; 21.0 msec. Mean Wenckebach point was 386.4 &#177; 81.2 msec.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Intracardiac EPS is an invasive procedure that uses electrode catheters under fluoroscopic control to study the process of cardiac depolarization. This evaluation is conducted during sinus rhythm or induced arrhythmias with programmed stimulation and/or with several cardioactive drugs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Catheter ablation using RF energy has revolutionized the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias and improved the quality of life of the patients at a lower cost than long-term treatment with medications<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
      <p>Even though a significant share of EPS and RF ablation is performed in pediatric patients, physicians are often unfamiliar with specific managements at this age group. This is mainly due to lack of studies in the literature about the epidemiological and electrophysiological characteristics of this population, particularly in our area. Such procedures have risks and increased rates of complications in the pediatric population due to particularities such as limitation of vascular access, reduced cardiac dimensions and potential anatomical variations due to congenital heart disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
      <p>In children, RF ablation is the first-line therapy for supraventricular tachycardias (SVT), the most common type of arrhythmia in pediatric patients and approximately 95% of the tachyarrhythmias in this population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. The main indications for RF ablation in children are atrioventricular tachycardia involving accessory conduction pathways, followed by AVNRT and atrial tachycardia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. In our study, tachycardia involving accessory pathways was the main indication for RF ablation, followed by AVNRT. Since it is uncommon in children, ventricular tachycardia is rarely an indication for RF ablation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
      <p>Van Hare et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> reported a success rate of 95.7% with RF ablation in SVT secondary to accessory pathways and AVNRT in pediatric patients, whereas Tanel et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> reported 90% of success with RF ablation in arrhythmias in the pediatric population. In our cohort, successful outcomes were observed in 91.7% of the ablations for AVNRT and 83.5% for accessory pathways. The reasons for a lower success rate with accessory pathways in our population may be due to the fact that transseptal puncture was not performed in these cases, as well as to a higher prevalence of complex congenital heart disease in our cohort (12% of the overall ablations), which was obtained from a referral center for congenital heart disease.</p>
      <p>There were three procedural complications in our study, which affected 1.4% of the patients undergoing RF ablation. Complication rates in the literature vary from 1.2% to 8.7%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. The findings of the current study suggest that RF ablation and EPS are safe procedures in the pediatric population and are associated with low probability of complications. Indication of different mapping techniques not involving radiation, such as magnetic resonance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and electroanatomic mapping<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, as well as use of different ablation techniques such as cryoablation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> must be individualized for each patient and his/her characteristics to minimize the risks associated with the procedures.</p>
      <p>The development of arrhythmias in the infant population is closely related to the presence of congenital heart diseases. They affect approximately 1% of the newborns, contributing significantly with childhood mortality and morbidity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. The changes in cardiac architecture associated with the cardiopathy itself or with the corrective surgery, may in certain cases result in changes in the cardiac conduction system, leading to an increased tendency of these individuals to develop arrhythmias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Some types of congenital heart disease, such as Ebstein's anomaly, transposition of the great arteries and tricuspid valve atresia, are associated with a high incidence of accessory conduction pathways<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
      <p>In our institution, serum beta-hCG test was performed on all female patients of childbearing age, which according to the World Health Organization encompasses the ages between 10 and 50 years. The exposure of women of childbearing age to ionizing radiation during RF ablation imposes a substantial risk of teratogenicity due to the susceptibility of the fetus during the entire prenatal period<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Based on that, screening was conducted to identify potentially unidentified pregnancies at the time of the procedure.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>This is a cross-sectional study in which the epidemiological characteristics of the patients and the findings of electrophysiological procedures were retrieved from patients' charts. Therefore, it describes only the immediate results of the interventions and does not include long-term outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The current study shows that in our institution, a significant share of the pediatric population referred for invasive testing of arrhythmias presented congenital heart disease. The outcomes of RF ablation and EPS showed acceptable success rates, similar to those in the literature. The complications rate in our cohort was low as shown in other studies.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="pt">Estudos Eletrofisiol&#243;gicos e Abla&#231;&#245;es com Radiofrequ&#234;ncia em Crian&#231;as e Adolescentes com Arritmia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Fernandez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rios</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Nardi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leiria</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Luiz Luz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kruse</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Lapa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>SantAnna</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Tofani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Glotz de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC-FUC), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Luterana do Brasil</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Canoas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gustavo Glotz de Lima,</bold> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370, CEP 90620-000, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail:   <email>gglima.pesquisa@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Sim&#227;o MF, Rios MN, Leiria TLL, Kruse ML, Lima GG; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Sim&#227;o MF, Rios MN, Leiria TLL, Kruse ML, Pires LM, Lima GG; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Sim&#227;o MF, Rios MN, Leiria TLL, Lima GG; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Sim&#227;o MF, Rios MN, Leiria TLL, Kruse ML, Pires LM, SantAnna RT, Lima GG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o com radiofrequ&#234;ncia &#233; o tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico de elei&#231;&#227;o para arritmias na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica. Por&#233;m, as arritmias e suas causas apresentam caracter&#237;sticas particulares nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Analisar as caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas e os achados de estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico diagn&#243;stico e abla&#231;&#227;o com radiofrequ&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica encaminhada &#224; Eletrofisiologia do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, a fim de caracterizar as suas particularidades.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram realizados 330 procedimentos (9,6% do total de procedimentos) em pacientes com idade inferior a 20 anos (14,33 &#177; 3,25 anos, varia&#231;&#227;o entre 3 meses e 19 anos), dos quais 201 eram do sexo masculino (60,9%). Foram realizados 108 (32,7%) exames eletrofisiol&#243;gicos diagn&#243;sticos e destes, 48,1% apresentaram anormalidades em seus achados. Ao todo, 219 abla&#231;&#245;es com radiofrequ&#234;ncia foram realizadas (66,3%), obtendo-se sucesso em 84,8%. A presen&#231;a de feixe acess&#243;rio foi o achado mais prevalente, respons&#225;vel por 158 casos (72,1%), seguida de taquicardia por reentrada nodal atrioventricular (16,8%), flutter atrial t&#237;pico (3,1%) e extrass&#237;stole de via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo direito (2,7%). Tr&#234;s pacientes apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es durante a abla&#231;&#227;o (1,4%). Cardiopatia cong&#234;nita esteve presente em 51 (15,4%) casos, sendo a comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial a mais encontrada (27,4%), seguida de comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular (25,4%) e anomalia de Ebstein (17,6%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico e abla&#231;&#227;o com radiofrequ&#234;ncia constituem ferramentas eficazes no diagn&#243;stico e tratamento das arritmias na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Arritmias card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnicas Eletrofisiol&#243;gicas Card&#237;acas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento de arritmias em pediatria s&#227;o desafiantes, uma vez que o conhecimento sobre arritmias em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos decorre de dados obtidos da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta. Entretanto, as causas de arritmias s&#227;o consideravelmente diferentes entre estes grupos. Em adultos, as arritmias est&#227;o normalmente associadas a epis&#243;dios de isquemia, enquanto que em crian&#231;as, ocorrem principalmente por altera&#231;&#245;es no desenvolvimento do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. A taquicardia supraventricular se destaca como a taquiarritmia mais comum em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos, sendo respons&#225;vel por aproximadamente 95% das arritmias em tal popula&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Por muitos anos as drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas consistiram no &#250;nico tratamento dispon&#237;vel para arritmias. Em 1987, a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF) foi introduzida no tratamento de pacientes adultos, e a partir de 1989 passou a ser aplicada como uma modalidade de tratamento para taquiarritmias na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica. A abla&#231;&#227;o com RF foi um grande avan&#231;o cient&#237;fico no tratamento de taquiarritmias e &#233; hoje considerada o tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico de elei&#231;&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o infantil e adolescente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. A taxa de sucesso na realiza&#231;&#227;o de tal procedimento &#233; alta, enquanto que a taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es severas &#233; baixa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>A fim de caracterizar as particularidades da popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas, e os achados de estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (EEF) e abla&#231;&#227;o com RF na popula&#231;&#227;o infantil e adolescente em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Analisamos as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com idade inferior a 20 anos submetidos a EEF e/ou abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de RF no setor de Eletrofisiologia e Holter do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul entre 1997 e 2013 e os resultados de 330 procedimentos realizados nestes pacientes. Seguindo a classifica&#231;&#227;o da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS), consideramos parte da popula&#231;&#227;o infantil os pacientes com idades inferiores a 9 anos e como parte da popula&#231;&#227;o adolescente aqueles com idades entre 10 e 19 anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram encaminhados para os procedimentos quando apresentavam refratariedade ao tratamento medicamentoso, ocorr&#234;ncia de efeitos adversos com medicamentos ou piora cl&#237;nica secund&#225;ria a arritmia. Antes dos procedimentos, todos os pacientes preencheram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE). No caso de pacientes menores de idade, os procedimentos foram consentidos e o TCLE foi assinado pelos pais.</p>
        <p>Os procedimentos foram realizados sob anestesia geral com midazolam, propofol, fentanil e sevoflurano. Todas as medica&#231;&#245;es antiarr&#237;tmicas foram suspensas em um per&#237;odo de cinco meias-vidas antes do procedimento. Foram utilizados de um a tr&#234;s cateteres eletrodos multipolares (deflect&#237;veis ou n&#227;o, de 5 a 7 French) introduzidos por pun&#231;&#227;o venosa femoral direita e/ou esquerda. Para procedimentos envolvendo abla&#231;&#227;o, um cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m era utilizado. Em pacientes com feixe acess&#243;rio esquerdo, foi realizada pun&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria femoral direita seguida de introdu&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada do cateter via aorta para mapeamento do anel mitral. Todos os pacientes realizaram previamente EEF quando a abla&#231;&#227;o estava indicada. Durante o EEF, foram realizados os registros de eletrograma intracavit&#225;rio, e estimula&#231;&#227;o supraventricular e ventricular. Caso n&#227;o fosse induzida arritmia, era utilizado isoproterenol endovenoso. Em todos os casos foi utilizada fluoroscopia para posicionar os cateteres nas cavidades card&#237;acas. As escolhas quanto &#224; energia de RF a ser utilizada, o tempo de aplica&#231;&#227;o da mesma e a temperatura foram individualizadas e decididas pelo eletrofisiologista respons&#225;vel pelo procedimento. Caso fosse realizada abla&#231;&#227;o de feixe acess&#243;rio esquerdo ou na circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica (c&#226;maras card&#237;acas esquerdas), era prescrito AAS 200 mg por dia por tr&#234;s meses. Este cuidado visou prevenir um estado trombog&#234;nico que pode ser acarretado pela abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, aumentando o risco de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos graves na circula&#231;&#227;o esquerda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. O seguimento ambulatorial foi realizado pelo Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia e Holter, Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica e por m&#233;dicos assistentes.</p>
        <p>Todas as pacientes do sexo feminino em idade f&#233;rtil (10 a 50 anos) foram submetidas a teste de gravidez (beta-hCG s&#233;rico) no dia anterior ao procedimento. Uma paciente de 14 anos teve o seu procedimento suspenso devido &#224; positividade no teste do beta-hCG que detectou um in&#237;cio de gesta&#231;&#227;o, desconhecida at&#233; aquele momento.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, no qual as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como n&#250;meros absolutos e percentagens. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. C&#225;lculo amostral, realizado com o software WinPepi, foi efetuado com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%, com propor&#231;&#227;o esperada de 0,50 (50%), margem de erro de &#177; 5,5 pontos percentuais, o que totalizou uma amostra m&#237;nima de 318 pacientes. O software SPSS foi utilizado para compor o banco de dados e para c&#225;lculos estat&#237;sticos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>De 3406 procedimentos eletrofisiol&#243;gicos conduzidos entre junho de 1997 e agosto de 2013 no setor de Eletrofisiologia e Holter do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, 330 (9,6%) foram realizados em pacientes com idade inferior a 20 anos. A idade m&#237;nima destes pacientes foi de 3 meses e a m&#225;xima de 19 anos, com m&#233;dia de 14,33 &#177; 3,25 anos. No total, 60,9% eram do sexo masculino (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t06">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados epidemiol&#243;gicos da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>Total</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#250;mero total de procedimentos (1997-2013)</td>
                <td align="center">3406</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#250;mero de pacientes entre 0-19 anos</td>
                <td align="center">330 (9,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">14,33 &#177; 3,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#250;mero de pacientes do sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">201 (60,9%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Foram realizados 108 EEF diagn&#243;sticos, compondo 32,7% do total de procedimentos realizados na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica. Destes, 48,1% apresentaram anormalidades nos seus achados, das quais se destacaram a indu&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia atrial (19,2%), seguida de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (17,3%), s&#237;ndrome de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular (15,3%), bloqueio de ramo direito (7,6%) e taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica (7,6%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t07">Tabela 2</xref>). Quatro pacientes realizaram mais de um procedimento diagn&#243;stico durante o seguimento. Em tr&#234;s casos houve impossibilidade de acesso ao cora&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s as pun&#231;&#245;es femorais devido a anomalias venosas.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t07">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Estudos eletrofisiol&#243;gicos realizados na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>Procedimentos realizados</th>
                <th>Porcentagem</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">108</td>
                <td align="center">32,7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Achados anormals</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
                <td align="center">48,1%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Taqulcardla atrial</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">19,2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">17,3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>WPW</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">15,3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRD</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">7,6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TV</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">7,6%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>WPW: Wolff-Parkinson-White; BRD: bloqueio de ramo direito; TV: taquicardia ventricular.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>No total, 184 pacientes foram submetidos a 219 procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o com RF (66,3% do total de procedimentos realizados). O n&#250;mero mediano de procedimentos foi 1 (m&#237;nimo 1 - m&#225;ximo 5). A presen&#231;a de feixe acess&#243;rio constituiu o achado mais prevalente, respons&#225;vel por 158 casos (72,1%), seguida de taquicardia por reentrada nodal atrioventricular (TRNAV; 16,8%), flutter atrial t&#237;pico (3,1%) e extrass&#237;stole de via de sa&#237;da de ventr&#237;culo direito (2,7%). A abla&#231;&#227;o foi realizada com sucesso em 84,8% dos pacientes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t08">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t08">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resultado da abla&#231;&#227;o com radiofrequ&#234;ncia de acordo com o tipo de cardiopatia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Tipo de Abla&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>Sucesso n (%)</th>
                <th>Total n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Feixe acess&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="center">106 (83,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">127 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TRNAV</td>
                <td align="center">33 (91,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TV via de sa&#237;da VD</td>
                <td align="center">4 (66,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Flutter atrial t&#237;pico</td>
                <td align="center">4 (80,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TV fascicular</td>
                <td align="center">2 (66,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TV focal</td>
                <td align="center">3 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Coumel (TJRP)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Taquicardia atrial</td>
                <td align="center">1 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Flutter atrial at&#237;pico</td>
                <td align="center">1 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">156 (84,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">184 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>TRNAV: taquicardia por reentrada nodal atrioventricular; TV: taquicardia ventricular; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; TJRP: taquicardia juncional rec&#237;proca persistente.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Tr&#234;s pacientes (1,4%) apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es durante o procedimento, incluindo bloqueio atrioventricular total em dois pacientes e pseudo-aneurisma da art&#233;ria femoral direita tratado conservadoramente em um paciente. Cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica foi necess&#225;ria em tr&#234;s casos por indu&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, em dois casos por taquicardia ventricular polim&#243;rfica e em um caso por taquicardia ventricular monom&#243;rfica. Em seis casos n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel definir a causa de instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica transit&#243;ria.</p>
        <p>Foram realizados 31 procedimentos em pacientes com idade at&#233; 9 anos, e 296 em pacientes com idade entre 10 e 19 anos, correspondentes &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o infantil e adolescente, respectivamente. Nos pacientes de 0 a 9 anos, a abla&#231;&#227;o foi realizada em 19 casos, com sucesso em 17 (89,4%) destes. A abla&#231;&#227;o de feixe acess&#243;rio se destacou como o achado principal, totalizando 16 casos (84,2%), seguido de dois casos de TRNAV (10,5%). Nos pacientes entre 10 e 19 anos de idade foram realizadas 200 abla&#231;&#245;es, com sucesso imediato obtido em 157 (75,5%). Assim como no grupo de pacientes de 0 a 9 anos, abla&#231;&#227;o de feixe acess&#243;rio tamb&#233;m constituiu o achado de maior preval&#234;ncia neste grupo, com 142 casos (71,0%), seguido de TRNAV (17,5%) e flutter atrial t&#237;pico (1,5%). Doze EEF foram realizados em pacientes de 0 a 9 anos e destes, 8 (66,6%) demonstraram anormalidades em seus achados dos quais os principais foram fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e s&#237;ndrome de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular. No grupo de pacientes de 10 a 19 anos, foram realizados 96 EEF que resultaram em 44 achados anormais, destacando-se taquicardia atrial (9,4%), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (7,3%) e s&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White (6,3%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t09">Tabela 4</xref>). Estes achados revelam uma predomin&#226;ncia de casos em indiv&#237;duos de idade acima de 10 anos e uma diferen&#231;a sutil em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s arritmias presentes nas duas popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t09">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Procedimentos realizados por faixa et&#225;ria</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>0-9 anos n (%)</th>
                <th>10-19 anos n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Procedimentos totais</td>
                <td align="center">31 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">296 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Abla&#231;&#227;o com RF</td>
                <td align="center">19 (59,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">200 (67%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feixe acess&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="center">16 (84,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">142 (71,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TRNAV</td>
                <td align="center">2 (10,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (17,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Flutter atrial t&#237;pico</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EEF</td>
                <td align="center">12 (38,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">96 (32,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center">2 (16,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (7,29%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>WPW</td>
                <td align="center">2 (16,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (6,25%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Taquicardia atrial</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">9 (9,37%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>RF: radiofreq&#252;&#234;ncia; TRNAV: <italic>taquicardia por reentrada nodal atrioventricular; EEF: estudo eletrofissiol&#243;gico; WPW: Wolff-Parkinson-White.</italic></p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Dentre os pacientes submetidos aos procedimentos, 51 apresentaram cardiopatia cong&#234;nita estrutural (17,5%). Destes, 24 (47.0%) apresentaram cardiopatia cong&#234;nita complexa. Foram encontradas 25 formas de cardiopatia estrutural cong&#234;nita. Destas, comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (CIA) consistiu a patologia mais encontrada com 14 casos (27,4%). Tamb&#233;m se destacaram a comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular (CIV; 25,4%), anomalia de Ebstein (17,6%), estenose pulmonar (17,6%) e persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial (PCA; 15,6%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>). Dentre as patologias presentes nos casos de cardiopatia complexa destacaram-se a CIV (45,8%), CIA (41,6%), estenose pulmonar (37,5%), PCA (29,1%) e atresia tric&#250;spide (20,8%).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diagn&#243;sticos associados com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas estruturais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>Casos</th>
                <th>Porcentagem</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center">17,5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cardiopatia complexa</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">47,0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CIA</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">27,4%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CIV</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">25,4%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Anomalia de Ebstein</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">17,6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estenose pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">17,6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCA</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">15,6%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>CIA: comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial; CIV: comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular; PCA: persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A m&#233;dia dos intervalos de condu&#231;&#227;o intra-atrial (PA), &#225;trio-His (AH) e His-ventr&#237;culo (HV) foram, respectivamente, 20,8 &#177; 8,8 ms; 82,4 &#177; 25,5 ms; e 30,6 &#177; 21,0 ms. O ponto de Wenckebach m&#233;dio encontrado foi 386,4 &#177; 81,2 ms.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O EEF intracard&#237;aco consiste em um procedimento invasivo que utiliza cateteres-eletrodo sob controle fluorosc&#243;pico, com o objetivo de estudar o processo de despolariza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Esta avalia&#231;&#227;o &#233; realizada durante o ritmo sinusal ou na vig&#234;ncia de arritmias induzidas com estimula&#231;&#227;o programada, e/ou com diversas drogas cardioativas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter utilizando energia de RF revolucionou o tratamento das arritmias card&#237;acas e melhorou a qualidade de vida dos pacientes a um custo menor do que o tratamento medicamentoso a longo prazo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>.</p>
        <p>Embora uma relevante parcela de EEF e abla&#231;&#227;o com RF seja realizada em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos, frequentemente os m&#233;dicos n&#227;o est&#227;o familiarizados com os manejos espec&#237;ficos nesta faixa et&#225;ria. Isto se deve principalmente &#224; car&#234;ncia de estudos na literatura sobre as caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas e eletrofisiol&#243;gicas desta popula&#231;&#227;o, em especial na nossa regi&#227;o. Tais procedimentos t&#234;m seus riscos e maiores taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica devido a particularidades como limita&#231;&#245;es do acesso vascular, dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas reduzidas e poss&#237;veis varia&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas devido &#224; cardiopatia cong&#234;nita<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em crian&#231;as, a abla&#231;&#227;o com RF &#233; o tratamento de primeira linha para as taquicardias supraventriculares, forma mais comum de arritmia em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos e correspondente a cerca de 95% das taquiarritmias nesta popula&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>. As principais indica&#231;&#245;es de abla&#231;&#227;o com RF em crian&#231;as s&#227;o a taquicardia atrioventricular envolvendo vias acess&#243;rias de condu&#231;&#227;o, seguida de TRNAV e taquicardia atrial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Em nosso estudo, a taquicardia envolvendo vias acess&#243;rias constituiu a principal indica&#231;&#227;o de abla&#231;&#227;o com RF, seguida de TRNAV. Por ser incomum em crian&#231;as, a taquicardia ventricular &#233; raramente uma indica&#231;&#227;o para abla&#231;&#227;o com RF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>.</p>
        <p>Van Hare e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> relataram uma taxa de sucesso de 95,7% na abla&#231;&#227;o com RF na taquicardia supraventricular devida a vias acess&#243;rias e TRNAV em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos, enquanto Tanel e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> relataram 90% de sucesso na abla&#231;&#227;o com RF em arritmias pedi&#225;tricas. Na popula&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo, observamos sucesso em 91,7% das abla&#231;&#245;es na TRNAV e de 83,5% nas vias acess&#243;rias. As raz&#245;es para uma menor taxa de sucesso nas vias acess&#243;rias em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o podem estar relacionadas ao n&#227;o uso de pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal para realiza&#231;&#227;o desses casos, bem como uma maior preval&#234;ncia de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas complexas em nossa amostra (12% de todas as abla&#231;&#245;es), que foi obtida de uma institui&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia em cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas.</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, ocorreram complica&#231;&#245;es em tr&#234;s procedimentos, correspondendo a 1,4% do total de pacientes que foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o com RF. As taxas de complica&#231;&#227;o presentes na literatura variam de 1,2% a 8,7%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. Os achados do presente estudo sugerem que a abla&#231;&#227;o por RF e o EEF s&#227;o procedimentos seguros para serem realizados na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, apresentando baixa probabilidade de complica&#231;&#245;es. A indica&#231;&#227;o de diferentes t&#233;cnicas de mapeamento que n&#227;o utilizam radia&#231;&#227;o, tais como resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, assim como o uso de diferentes t&#233;cnicas ablativas como a crioabla&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, deve ser individualizada para cada paciente e suas caracter&#237;sticas para minimizar os riscos dos procedimentos.</p>
        <p>O desenvolvimento de arritmias na popula&#231;&#227;o infantil est&#225; muito relacionado &#224; presen&#231;a de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas. Estas acometem aproximadamente 1% de nascidos vivos, contribuindo significativamente com mortalidade e morbidade na inf&#226;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. As altera&#231;&#245;es da arquitetura card&#237;aca, seja pela pr&#243;pria cardiopatia ou pela cirurgia corretiva, podem em determinados casos resultar em altera&#231;&#245;es do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aco, levando estes indiv&#237;duos a ter uma maior propens&#227;o de desenvolver arritmias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>. Algumas formas de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, tais como anomalia de Ebstein, transposi&#231;&#227;o de grandes vasos e atresia tric&#250;spide est&#227;o associadas a uma alta incid&#234;ncia de vias acess&#243;rias de condu&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>.</p>
        <p>Em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, a dosagem s&#233;rica de beta-hCG foi realizada em todas as pacientes em idade f&#233;rtil que, segundo a OMS, compreende as idades de 10 a 50 anos. A exposi&#231;&#227;o de mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante durante abla&#231;&#227;o com RF oferece um risco substancial de teratogenicidade devido &#224; susceptibilidade do feto durante todo o per&#237;odo pr&#233;-natal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. Portanto, o rastreamento foi realizado a fim de identificar gesta&#231;&#245;es potencialmente desconhecida at&#233; o momento do procedimento.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Este &#233; um estudo transversal no qual as caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas dos pacientes e os achados dos procedimentos eletrofisiol&#243;gicos realizados foram retirados de dados de prontu&#225;rio. Descreve, portanto, apenas os resultados imediatos das interven&#231;&#245;es, mas n&#227;o inclui informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o acompanhamento a longo prazo destes pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>O presente estudo demonstra que, em nosso centro, uma parcela significativa da popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica encaminhada para o estudo invasivo das arritmias apresentava cardiopatia cong&#234;nita. Os resultados dos procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o por RF e EEF apresentaram taxas adequadas de sucesso, semelhantes &#224;s da literatura. A taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o foi baixa, como descrita em outros estudos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
