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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rgBkm63QS63ZNsTBXwWrzmk</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000100007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040167</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140167</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atrial Fibrillation Ablation in Systolic Dysfunction: Clinical and Echocardiographic Outcomes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lobo</surname>
            <given-names>Tasso Julio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pachon</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Thiene</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pachon</surname>
            <given-names>Jose Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pachon</surname>
            <given-names>Enrique Indalecio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pachon</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Zelia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pachon</surname>
            <given-names>Juan Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santillana</surname>
            <given-names>Tomas Guillermo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zerpa</surname>
            <given-names>Juan Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albornoz</surname>
            <given-names>Remy Nelson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Adib Domingos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de S&#227;o Paulo Hcor</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Arritmias - Eletrofisiologia e Marca-passo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Arritmias - Eletrofisiologia e Marca-passo do Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de S&#227;o Paulo Hcor; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Complexo Hospitalar Edmundo Vasconcelos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar Edmundo Vasconcelos, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address: Tasso Julio Lobo,</bold> Rua Cubat&#227;o, 86; Cj 504, Para&#237;so. Postal Code 04.013-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil, E-mail:   <email>tassolobo@uol.com.br</email>; <email>jcpachon@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript, Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Lobo TJ, Pachon CT, Pachon JC, Pachon EI, Pachon MZ, Carlos Pachon J, Santillana TG, Zerpa JC, Albornoz RN, Jatene AD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>45</fpage>
      <lpage>52</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Heart failure and atrial fibrillation (AF) often coexist in a deleterious cycle.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the clinical and echocardiographic outcomes of patients with ventricular systolic dysfunction and AF treated with radiofrequency (RF) ablation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Patients with ventricular systolic dysfunction [ejection fraction (EF) &lt;50%] and AF refractory to drug therapy underwent stepwise RF ablation in the same session with pulmonary vein isolation, ablation of AF nests and of residual atrial tachycardia, named "background tachycardia". Clinical (NYHA functional class) and echocardiographic (EF, left atrial diameter) data were compared (McNemar test and t test) before and after ablation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>31 patients (6 women, 25 men), aged 37 to 77 years (mean, 59.8&#177;10.6), underwent RF ablation. The etiology was mainly idiopathic (19 p, 61%). During a mean follow-up of 20.3&#177;17 months, 24 patients (77%) were in sinus rhythm, 11 (35%) being on amiodarone. Eight patients (26%) underwent more than one procedure (6 underwent 2 procedures, and 2 underwent 3 procedures). Significant NYHA functional class improvement was observed (pre-ablation: 2.23&#177;0.56; postablation: 1.13&#177;0.35; p&lt;0.0001). The echocardiographic outcome also showed significant ventricular function improvement (EF pre: 44.68%&#177;6.02%, post: 59%&#177;13.2%, p=0.0005) and a significant left atrial diameter reduction (pre: 46.61&#177;7.3 mm; post: 43.59&#177;6.6 mm; p=0.026). No major complications occurred.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Our findings suggest that AF ablation in patients with ventricular systolic dysfunction is a safe and highly effective procedure. Arrhythmia control has a great impact on ventricular function recovery and functional class improvement.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dsyfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The treatment of ventricular systolic dysfunction and of heart failure has advanced greatly in past decades. Primary therapy (angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, digitalis) combined with the approach of the multiple factors associated (electrical, endocrine, mechanical, valvular, ischemic) has shown to be of great clinical benefit. Electrical disorders frequently aggravate, or even cause, that syndrome. The cardiac resynchronization therapy success confirms that interaction. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a chronic pathology, of difficult control, that has progressive characteristics, similarly to ventricular dysfunction. The coexistence of both conditions is a huge therapeutic challenge. Usually, the clinical presentation of AF varies from patients completely asymptomatic, diagnosed on routine exams, to individuals who feel each crisis, even non-sustained ones. Similarly, in the presence of ventricular dysfunction, there are adapted individuals and others to whom the arrhythmia causes significant clinical decompensation and hemodynamic deterioration, with progressive functional class worsening, and, eventually, acute pulmonary edema directly caused by the overlapping arrhythmia. In addition, regardless of the symptoms, arrhythmia can contribute to the progressive deterioration of cardiomyopathy, causing a highly deleterious refeeding. In a recently published meta-analysis, the presence of AF has determined an increase in morbidity and mortality of patients with ventricular dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Despite the academic debate "rhythm control <italic>versus</italic> heart rate control"<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, there is consistent evidence that the former may have a significant impact on ventricular function recovery and/or preservation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. However, the drug treatment of AF is restricted to amiodarone, with few satisfactory results. The past years have witnessed a large advance in the knowledge of the pathophysiology, and in AF ablation techniques and devices. Recently an increasing number of studies on the procedure in the presence of ventricular dysfunction has been published<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, with very interesting and favorable results. Thus, we report the mid-term and long-term clinical and echocardiographic outcome of a group of patients with ventricular dysfunction and AF, submitted to rhythm control by use of a modified technique of radiofrequency (RF) ablation of AF at our service.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a retrospective study of our database with patients with AF and ventricular dysfunction submitted to rhythm control by use of stepwise arrhythmia ablation. This study assessed 31 patients (6 women and 25 men), aged between 37 and 77 years (mean age, 59.8 &#177; 10.6 years), with AF refractory to clinical treatment and ventricular dysfunction clinically and echocardiographically defined [ejection fraction (EF) &#8804; 50%]. They underwent RF catheter ablation of AF between October 2006 and January 2013. The functional assessment of symptoms was performed according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification. The follow-up protocol consisted of a return medical visit and electrocardiography at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months, in addition to every 6 months after the first year, or at any time if symptoms appeared. The patients were instructed to keep in touch with the health care team (extra visit, telephone, Internet) if symptoms reappeared between the regularly scheduled consultations. Holter was performed after the first month, at 6 and 12 months, and then annually after the first year, or at medical discretion. Echocardiography was performed after the third month, and then annually or based on clinical criteria. Patients on oral anticoagulation therapy were monitored to control prothrombin time (INR) or hospitalized to adjust or move into subcutaneous enoxaparin. Whenever possible, antiarrhythmic drugs were suspended prior to the procedure to prevent bradyarrhythmia and/or side effects from occurring. Right after the procedure, amiodarone was routinely administered to prevent typical arrhythmias of the early post-ablation phase (first 3 months) from happening, being gradually withdrawn or maintained based on clinical criteria. Anticoagulants were also maintained after ablation, with general instructions on their gradual withdrawal (after 6 months) in the case of satisfactory outcome, depending on CHADS2-VASC. The patients were followed up by the referring clinical cardiologist and the arrhythmia team. In general, decisions on the drugs were consensually taken during the follow-up.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Electrophysiological study and catheter ablation</title>
        <p>The procedures were performed under general anesthesia. The technique for mapping and ablation, devices and protocol used by the team have already been published<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>; however, it can be summarized in three steps:</p>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p>1. Isolation of the pulmonary veins (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>)</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Right superior pulmonary vein isolation with radiofrequency application (arrow). AD: right atrium; AE: left atrium; C-12 to C-90: sequence of the poles of the circular catheter positioned in the right superior pulmonary vein antrum; RF: radiofrequency catheter recording; D2: D2 surface ECG lead; RSPV: right superior pulmonary vein; * Artifacts generated by the contact of radiofrequency catheter and circular catheter poles.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0045-40167-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p>2. Ablation of AF nests (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>)</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Endocavitary electrogram showing an AF nest before (A) and after radiofrequency ablation (B) in the left interatrial septum. AD: right atrium; AE: left atrium; RF: radiofrequency catheter recording; V1: V1 surface ECG lead.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0045-40167-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p>3. Search and ablation of background tachycardia, when induced (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Background tachycardia reversal during radiofrequency application in the upper region of the left interatrial septum. RA: right atrium; LA left atrium; RF: radiofrequency catheter recording; V1: V1 surface ECG lead.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0045-40167-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <p>All patients underwent transesophageal echocardiography during the procedure with the following purposes:</p>
        <list list-type="alpha-upper">
          <list-item>
            <p>At the beginning: to rule out the presence of occasional intracavitary thrombi (despite previous anticoagulation);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>During the procedure: to help in the transseptal puncture (visualization of microbubbles with saline injection confirming the left atrial access) and in esophageal protection by using contralateral mechanical deviation during RF application in the left atrium;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>C. At the end: to confirm the absence of thrombi and pericardial effusion.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Four punctures were performed in the right femoral vein. The patients were heparinized and their activated coagulation time values maintained between 300 and 400 seconds. A duo-decapolar catheter (Daig, Medtronic or Biotronik) was positioned in the coronary sinus to simultaneously map the right and left atrioventricular ring. That catheter was also used as a fixed reference for the EnSite/NavX<sup>TM</sup>electroanatomical mapping. In addition, a circular mapping catheter was used to obtain the anatomy (electroanatomical mapping) and to map the antrum of the pulmonary veins and AF nests in the right and left atria.</p>
        <p>Irrigated ablation catheters were used in 22 (71%) patients (Johnson or Biotronik) and 8-mm non-irrigated tip catheters in 9 (29%) patients (Blazer EPT, Johnson or Biotronik). The Carto&#174; System (Biosense Webster) or the EnSite/NavX<sup>TM</sup>System (St Jude Medical) was used to obtain the anatomy of the atrial chambers. Spectral mapping, as previously described<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, was performed either with computerized spectrometer (Pach&#243;n&#174;) for real-time spectral analysis (14 patients, 45.2%) or by using an equivalent resource with adjustment of the conventional polygraph filters (17 patients, 54.8%). After isolation of pulmonary veins and superior vena cava, ablation of the AF nests found in the right and left atria and in the interatrial septum was performed.</p>
        <p>Then, induction of atrial tachyarrhythmias was attempted with progressive and rapid atrial stimulation (up to 300 ppm) or programed stimulation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>). If AF induction succeeded, additional ablation of AF nests and reconnection of pulmonary veins were performed. If regular tachycardia was induced, it would be studied and classified as atrial flutter, atrial tachycardia or background tachycardia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, and, then, according to the diagnosis, ablation with the appropriate technique would be performed. In addition, all patients underwent ablation of the typical atrial flutter through the blocking line of the cavotricuspid isthmus, regardless of previous recording of that arrhythmia. Vesical catheterization was performed to monitor diuresis and the possible use of diuretics, because of the fluid volume injected via the irrigated ablation catheter, based on clinical assessment and fluid balance.</p>
        <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Methodology flowchart of this study ablations. PV: pulmonary veins; AF: atrial fibrillation; AFN: atrial fibrillation nests</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0045-40167-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The criteria to end ablation were as follows: 1) impossibility of re-inducing AF or tachycardia; 2) induction only of tachycardia or non-sustained AF shorter than 10 seconds; and 3) impossibility of residual tachycardia elimination or prolonged procedure (more than four hours), when external thoracic cardioversion was performed.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, and qualitative variables (such as functional class), as absolute and relative frequencies. The pre- and post-ablation clinical (functional class) and echocardiographic data were compared by using, respectively, McNemar test and Student <italic>t</italic> test for paired data. All data had a normal distribution assessed by using Shapiro-Wilk test. The IBM SPSS Statistics software, version 19, was used for statistical analysis. A 5% significance level (p&lt;0.05) was adopted, and two-sided p values were used.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref> shows the major demographic data. The mean EF assessed on echocardiography was 44.7% &#177; 6%. The etiologies of cardiomyopathy were as follows: idiopathic (19 patients, 61%); coronary artery disease (5, 16%); hypertension (4, 13%); and others [3 patients, 10%: myocardial sclerosis (1), post-myocarditis (1), and post valvular heart surgery (1)]. The clinical presentation of AF was as follows: paroxysmal in 2 patients (6.5%); persistent in 21 (68%); and long-standing persistent in 8 patients (25.5%). At the time of the procedure, most patients were on anticoagulation with warfarin (23 patients, 74%), amiodarone being the major antiarrhythmic drug used (17 patients, 55%), in addition to other cardiac drugs such as beta-blockers (17 patients, 55%), angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (8 patients, 26%) and diuretics (4 patients, 13%). The pre-ablation EF varied from 26% to 50% (mean of 44.7% &#177; 6%), and the left atrial diameter, from 34 to 64 mm (mean of 46.6 &#177; 7 mm). The symptoms reported were palpitation and mainly clinical findings of heart failure, and 3 patients had acute decompensation (acute pulmonary edema) at the time of the heart disease diagnosis. The mean pre-ablation NYHA functional class was 2.23 &#177; 0.56.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Study population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th>N</th>
              <th>31 patients</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">59.8 &#177; 10.6 years</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="2"> Sex</td>
              <td align="center">Male: 25 (81%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Female: 6 (19%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Etiology</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">- Idiopathic: 19 (61%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">- CAD: 5 (16%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">- Hypertensive: 4 (13%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">- Others: 3 (10%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Type of AF</td>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">- Paroxysmal: 2 (6.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">- Persistent: 21 (68%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#160;</td>
              <td align="center">- Long-standing persistent: 8 (25.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ejection fraction (mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">44.7 &#177; 6 %</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pre-ablation functional class (mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">2.23 &#177; 0.56</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn>
            <p>CAD: coronary artery disease; AF: atrial fibrillation; SD: standard deviation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedure</title>
        <p>At the beginning of the ablation, 22 patients (71%) had AF, 4 patients (13%) had atrial flutter, and only 5 patients (16%) were in sinus rhythm. After confirming the lack of intracavitary thrombi on intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography, patients with AF underwent external electrical cardioversion to proceed with mapping in sinus rhythm. In case of early relapse of the arrhythmia, the initial phase was performed with AF to assess the possibility of either reversal during RF applications or arrhythmia organization into a regular atrial tachycardia with entrance block (background tachycardia). In case of persistent AF, even after RF applications, new cardioversions were performed during the procedure. In the presence of atrial flutter, ablation would be performed until its reversion (in the absence of thrombi on echocardiography), followed by conventional stimulation maneuvers to ascertain bidirectional block of the cavotricuspid isthmus. During the procedure, by use of both progressive organization of the arrhythmia during ablation of the AF nests, and atrial stimulation protocols, background tachycardia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> could be identified in 8 patients (26%). That arrhythmia was mapped by use of precocity and/or entrainment techniques<italic>,</italic> ablation being performed whenever the focus was identified.</p>
        <p>None of the following major complications of the procedure was observed: death; embolism/hemorrhages with sequelae or need for transfusion; tamponade or any complication requiring surgery; stenosis of the pulmonary veins; diaphragmatic paralysis; esophageal lesions and fistulae. Two patients had their hospital length of stay extended for up to 6 days: one due to early relapse with need for cardioversion and amiodarone <italic>bolus</italic>; another with transient change in kidney function to better compensate heart failure.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Outcome</title>
        <p>The mean follow-up time was 20.3 &#177; 17 months. At the last assessment, 24 patients (77%) were in sinus rhythm, 11 (35%) being on amiodarone. Eight patients (26%) underwent more than one procedure as follows: six underwent two procedures, and two underwent three procedures. Of the seven patients (23%) in whom ablation failed, three progressed with refractory AF and tachycardiomyopathy associated with heart failure of difficult clinical control. Those patients underwent dual-chamber pacemaker implantation (two with biventricular resynchronization and one with bifocal resynchronization), followed by atrioventricular nodal ablation with significant improvement, being currently in functional class I or II. Two of those patients reverted to sinus rhythm, and according to the internal Holter of the generators, they maintain a very low AF burden (&lt; 1%). The other four patients are being clinically followed up, on anticoagulation and heart rate control with drugs. Arrhythmia control provided significant clinical benefit, with improvement of the functional class as compared with that of the initial clinical assessment: mean pre-ablation and post-ablation functional classes of 2.23 &#177; 0.56 and 1.13 &#177; 0.35, respectively (p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
        <p>The assessment of the echocardiographic outcome also showed a significant improvement of the ventricular function measured by use of EF (pre-ablation, 44.68 &#177; 6.02%, post-ablation, 59 &#177; 13.2%; p = 0.0005) and a significant reduction in the left atrial diameter (pre-ablation, 46.61 &#177; 7.3mm, post-ablation, 43.59 &#177; 6.6mm; p = 0.026) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Follow-up, procedures performed, clinical and echocardiographic outcomes of the patients of this study</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th>Follow-up: 20.3 &#177; 17 months</th>
                <th>&#160;</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Number of procedures</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">23 (74.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 procedure</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ablations</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">6 (19.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 procedures</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">2 (6.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 procedures</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Maintenance of sinus rhythm</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sinus rhythm</td>
                <td align="center">24 (77%)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">4 clinical control</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td>AF</td>
                <td align="center">7 (23%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 tachycardiomyopathy &#8594;</td>
                <td align="center">PM - good outcome</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>Clinical and echocardiographic findings</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Pre-ablation</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Post-ablation</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NYHA</td>
                <td align="center">2.23 &#177; 0.</td>
                <td align="center">1.13 &#177; 0.35</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EF</td>
                <td align="center">44.68% &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">59% &#177; 13.2%</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.0005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LA</td>
                <td align="center">46.61 &#177; 7.3</td>
                <td align="center">43.59 &#177; 6.6 mm</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.026</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>AF: atrial fibrillation; PM: pacemaker; NYHA: New York Heart Association;</p>
              <p>EF: ejection fraction; LA: left atrium.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>M-mode echocardiography before (A) and 9 months after ablation (B), showing significant improvement in intracavitary diameters and ventricular function.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0045-40167-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Ventricular dysfunction and AF are the most common chronic pathologies in cardiology. When associated, the cause-effect relationship between them is often undefined. Ventricular dysfunction can lead to AF, which, on its turn, can lead to ventricular dysfunction, as in tachycardiomyopathy. Undoubtedly, the association of both conditions leads to a deleterious refeeding, with progressive worsening of the ventricular function and arrhythmia perpetuation. Observational and follow-up data of the Framingham Study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> have shown that the development of AF in patients with heart failure implies greater mortality, with a relative risk of 1.6 in men [confidence interval (CI): 1.2 - 2.1), and of 2.7 in women (CI: 2.0 - 3.6). Atrial fibrillation is believed to aggravate cardiac function and performance through four mechanisms: 1) change in heart rate with inadequate (elevated or low) chronotropic response to the innumerous metabolic demands, in addition to tachycardiomyopathy when the heart rate remains permanently elevated, which has deleterious effects on cardiac function; 2) irregular rhythm with abrupt variations of the cardiac cycle with extremely short filling times (diastole) alternated with long ones; 3) loss of the atrial systole necessary for optimal ventricular filling; 4) neuro-humoral activation and release of vasoconstrictors (angiotensin II and norepinephrine) that aggravate the heart failure syndrome. There is plenty of evidence that arrhythmia control contributes to cardiac function preservation and clinical improvement. The greatest difficulty in large intention-to-treat studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> was that the group randomized to "heart rate control" reverted to sinus rhythm during follow-up, while the group randomized to "rhythm control" had high rates of AF; at the end, the proportions of sinus rhythm were similar in both groups, hindering the interpretation of the real benefit of sinus rhythm maintenance. A subsequent analysis of the AFFIRM study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> has suggested that sinus rhythm maintenance per se might have an impact on survival. Similarly, the CAFE II Study has also shown benefits of sinus rhythm to ventricular function and BNP levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. The major obstacle to sinus rhythm maintenance resides in the low efficacy of antiarrhythmic drugs and their side effects. In that complex scenario, several publications have suggested that AF ablation is an additional resource to achieve higher efficacy in arrhythmia control. Jones et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, in an interesting recently published study, have analyzed objective data of functional capacity, peak oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>), as the primary outcome. They have randomized two groups of patients with ventricular dysfunction and AF: one to rhythm control by use of ablation and another to heart rate control. Those authors have found that the group submitted to ablation (88% of success in 12 months) had a significant improvement in functional capacity measured by use of VO<sub>2</sub>, in addition to significant gains in the Minnesota score and BNP levels (secondary outcome). The most interesting is that those benefits were not seen at the first assessment three months after the procedure, although the patients were already in sinus rhythm, because those benefits only occur from the sixth month onward. Those authors have reported that the gains progress gradually after ablation, and, that the most important is sinus rhythm maintenance, which can provide progressive remodeling of ventricular function and functional capacity. Our study had a relatively long follow-up (20 months) with sinus rhythm maintenance (reablation, if necessary, and/or drugs), which might explain the significant gains in functional class and ventricular function. In addition, in our case series, the significant incidence of the idiopathic etiology (61%) is worthy of note. Considering the favorable outcome of those cases, one can speculate a direct effect of arrhythmia on ventricular dysfunction (tachycardiomyopathy) or, at least, AF as a significant aggravating factor of the cardiomyopathy severity. Another study by Packer et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> is similar to those here analyzed. Those authors have observed a significant EF improvement, with 64% of the patients normalizing their ventricular function, and have concluded that AF ablation can substantially improve the quality of life (assessed by use of the "SF-36" score) and ventricular function. In that study, Packer et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> have not detailed the etiology of the cardiopathy, reporting only that 13% had ischemic cardiopathy. One of the first studies on the subject, published in 2004 by Hsu et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, showed more expressive results, with an EF gain of 21 percentage points 12 months after ablation. Those authors have reported that 92% of the patients had some ventricular function gain after restoring sinus rhythm, suggesting that ventricular dysfunction was mediated by tachyarrhythmia (tachycardiomyopathy) and that such phenomenon was likely underestimated in those patients. In fact, our data support that reasoning. The large number of patients classified as idiopathic suggests the presence of tachyarrhythmia-mediated cardiomyopathy. However, in patient selection, more important than, or even as important as, the etiology of cardiomyopathy might be the identification of the effect of AF installation on heart failure, because the functional class of many patients deteriorate along with the development of that arrhythmia, being possibly those who benefit most from ablation. The identification of that clinical correlation can be more or less evident, depending on the situation and temporal progression. Many patients show a clear correlation of functional class worsening with AF development, eventually progressing to acute pulmonary edema. Another group that can benefit from ablation and in which that correlation cannot be identified is that with AF and heart failure of difficult clinical control and functional class persistently high, despite the full and proper use of medication. In such cases, reversal to sinus rhythm (ablation or ablation + drugs) can significantly contribute to clinical compensation. The clinical cardiologist might intuitively establish that deleterious correlation between arrhythmia and heart disease when referring patients to the electrophysiologist, that is, the cases undergoing ablation are clinically selected. Another relevant aspect is the possible complications of the procedure, especially in patients with cardiomyopathy. Evidence shows that the complication rate in that population does not differ from that with a structurally normal heart<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. In that group, there was no major complication, only prolonged hospital length of stay of two patients due to early relapse and heart failure decompensation.</p>
      <p>It is worth considering that paroxysmal AF in the absence of heart disease responds well to pulmonary vein isolation. However, that is not true in the case of long-standing AF or in the presence of heart disease, mainly when there is heart failure. In such cases, an even greater ablation technique refinement is justified. Therefore, in addition to pulmonary vein isolation, those patients were treated with ablation of AF nests and of background tachycardia. The AF nests have already been incorporated as the AF substrate in the specialized literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. In addition to increasing the rate of success in the isolation of pulmonary veins<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, they are more reliable than the mapping of potential fractionated complexes during AF. On the other hand, in our experience, the search for background tachycardia and its ablation represent an additional advance in AF ablation, because, according to spectral analysis, that arrhythmia, due to its refractory forms, accounts for maintaining long-standing AF, being responsible for many relapses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>This study has the limitations of a retrospective study, such as different criteria for the drug treatment of heart failure. However, we tried to respect the clinical cardiologist's indication, maintaining similar pre- and post-ablation criteria. Our database is fed as an electronic medical record, in which the attending physician includes all information at the first medical visit (pre-ablation), and, later, follow-up data are constantly included at real time to minimize occasional flaws. Another limitation relates to the success criterion. Asymptomatic and undiagnosed AF is known to occur during follow-up. However, because of the particular characteristics of that group of patients with ventricular dysfunction, who are extremely symptomatic regarding arrhythmia, the occurrence of relapse without clinical findings is believed to be less likely. Another restriction is the variation in time of the post-ablation control echocardiography. The general instruction was to perform it three months after the intervention, providing time for remodeling to complete and avoiding overlapping with post-ablation protocol drugs. Another limitation relates to the use of the NYHA functional classification, which is a qualitative variable for clinical characterization and follow-up comparison; however, many studies use it due to its practicability.</p>
        <p>It is worth noting that, at the time most ablations were performed, there were limitations regarding the materials, electrodes and learning curves of the professional team involved. That aspect became clear by the evident improvement of the results during this study, which enabled both technical and material refinement, mainly with the systematic use of irrigated electrodes and search for background tachycardia and its ablation. An important step was the addition of extensive elimination of AF nests, detected by use of the circular catheter, at the region of the <italic>crista terminalis</italic> and right atrial anterior wall, enabling the drastic reduction in post-ablation relapses.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The results of this study suggest that AF ablation of patients with ventricular dysfunction is a safe procedure of high medium-term efficacy. Controlling that arrhythmia has a great impact on ventricular function recovery and on clinical improvement assessed via functional class.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia; S&#227;o Paulo, SP -Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Complexo Hospitalar Edmundo Vasconcelos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar Edmundo Vasconcelos, S&#227;o Paulo, SP -Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Tasso Julio Lobo,</bold> Rua Cubat&#227;o, 86; Cj 504, Para&#237;so. CEP 04.013-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>tassolobo@uol.com.br</email>;   <email>jcpachon@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Lobo TJ, Pachon CT, Pachon JC, Pachon EI, Pachon MZ, Carlos Pachon J, Santillana TG, Zerpa JC, Albornoz RN, Jatene AD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) frequentemente coexistem em um ciclo delet&#233;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica de portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e FA tratados com abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica [fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) &lt; 50%] e FA rebelde a tratamento cl&#237;nico foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por RF escalonada em tr&#234;s etapas na mesma sess&#227;o com isolamento das veias pulmonares, abla&#231;&#227;o dos ninhos de FA, pesquisa e abla&#231;&#227;o de taquicardias atriais e "taquicardia de   <italic>background</italic>". Os dados cl&#237;nicos (classe funcional da NYHA) e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos (FE; di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo) pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-procedimento foram comparados (teste de McNemar e teste <italic>t</italic>, respectivamente).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>31 pacientes (6 mulheres, 25 homens) de 37 a 77 anos (m&#233;dia, 59,8 &#177; 11 anos) foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por RF. A cardiopatia foi predominantemente idiop&#225;tica (19 p; 61%). Na evolu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 20,3 &#177; 17 meses, 24 pacientes (77%) estavam em ritmo sinusal, sendo 11 (35%) com amiodarona. Oito pacientes (26%) foram submetidos a mais de um procedimento (6 submetidos a 2 procedimentos e 2 a 3 procedimentos). Observou-se melhora expressiva da classe funcional da NYHA (pr&#233;-abla&#231;&#227;o: 2,23 &#177; 0,56; p&#243;s: 1,13 &#177; 0,35; p &lt; 0,0001). A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica evolutiva tamb&#233;m mostrou melhora significativa da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FE pr&#233;: 44,68% &#177; 6,02%; p&#243;s: 59% &#177; 13,2%; p = 0,0005) e redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (pr&#233;: 46,61 &#177; 7,3 mm; p&#243;s: 43,59 &#177; 6,6 mm; p = 0,026). N&#227;o ocorreram complica&#231;&#245;es maiores.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que abla&#231;&#227;o de FA em portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular seja um procedimento seguro e com efic&#225;cia elevada a m&#233;dio prazo. O controle da arritmia tem grande impacto na recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e na melhora cl&#237;nica avaliada pela classe funcional.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O tratamento da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica e da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca teve grande avan&#231;o em todas as frentes nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas. A terapia prim&#225;ria (inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina, betabloqueadores, diur&#233;ticos, digit&#225;licos) combinada com a abordagem dos m&#250;ltiplos fatores associados (el&#233;tricos, end&#243;crinos, mec&#226;nicos, valvares, isqu&#234;micos) tem mostrado grande benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico. Os dist&#250;rbios el&#233;tricos frequentemente s&#227;o agravantes, ou mesmo causadores, da s&#237;ndrome. O sucesso da terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca comprova essa intera&#231;&#227;o. A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; uma patologia cr&#244;nica, de dif&#237;cil controle e com caracter&#237;sticas evolutivas, assim como a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. A coexist&#234;ncia das duas condi&#231;&#245;es torna-se um grande desafio terap&#234;utico. A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da FA em geral &#233; muito vari&#225;vel, desde pacientes completamente assintom&#225;ticos, diagnosticados em exames de rotina, at&#233; indiv&#237;duos que sentem cada crise, mesmo n&#227;o sustentada. Da mesma forma, na presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, existem indiv&#237;duos adaptados e outros nos quais a arritmia gera grande descompensa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e deteriora&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, com piora progressiva da classe funcional e at&#233; mesmo edema agudo de pulm&#227;o diretamente ocasionado pela sobreposi&#231;&#227;o da arritmia. Al&#233;m disso, independentemente dos sintomas, a arritmia pode contribuir para a deteriora&#231;&#227;o progressiva da miocardiopatia, ocasionando uma realimenta&#231;&#227;o bastante delet&#233;ria. Em uma meta-an&#225;lise publicada recentemente, a presen&#231;a de FA determinou aumento da morbimortalidade em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Apesar do debate acad&#234;mico "controle do ritmo <italic>versus</italic> controle da frequ&#234;ncia"<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>, existem evid&#234;ncias consistentes de que o primeiro pode ter impacto expressivo na recupera&#231;&#227;o e/ou preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>. Entretanto, o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico da FA est&#225; restrito &#224; amiodarona, com resultados pouco satisfat&#243;rios. Nos &#250;ltimos anos houve grande avan&#231;o no entendimento da fisiopatologia, al&#233;m de t&#233;cnicas e equipamentos para abla&#231;&#227;o da FA. Recentemente observa-se um n&#250;mero crescente de publica&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref> abordando o procedimento na presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, com resultados muito interessantes e favor&#225;veis. Assim, relatamos a seguir, a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica de m&#233;dio e longo prazo de um grupo de pacientes portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e FA, submetidos a controle do ritmo atrav&#233;s da abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF) em nosso servi&#231;o, utilizando uma t&#233;cnica de abla&#231;&#227;o modificada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estudo retrospectivo do nosso banco de dados em pacientes portadores de FA e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, submetidos a controle do ritmo pela abla&#231;&#227;o escalonada da arritmia. Foram estudados 31 pacientes (6 do sexo feminino e 25 do sexo masculino) com idades entre 37 e 77 anos (m&#233;dia = 59,8 &#177; 10,6 anos), portadores de FA rebelde a tratamento cl&#237;nico e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular definida clinicamente e pela avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) &#8804; 50%. Foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter com RF entre outubro de 2006 e janeiro de 2013. A avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional dos sintomas foi realizada de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA). O protocolo de seguimento consistiu em consulta de retorno e eletrocardiograma com 1, 3, 6 e 12 meses, al&#233;m de retornos semestrais ap&#243;s o primeiro ano ou, a qualquer momento, em caso de sintomas. Os pacientes foram orientados a manter contato com a equipe (consulta extra, telefone, Internet) caso apresentassem sintomas nos intervalos das consultas regulares. O Holter foi realizado ap&#243;s o primeiro m&#234;s, aos 6 e 12 meses e, ap&#243;s o primeiro ano, anualmente ou a crit&#233;rio m&#233;dico. O ecocardiograma foi realizado ap&#243;s o terceiro m&#234;s, seguido por exames anuais ou a crit&#233;rio cl&#237;nico. Os pacientes em uso de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral foram monitorados para controle do tempo de protrombina (INR) ou internados para ajuste ou transi&#231;&#227;o com enoxaparina subcut&#226;nea. Os antiarr&#237;tmicos, sempre que poss&#237;vel, foram suspensos antes do procedimento para evitar bradiarritmias e/ou efeitos colaterais. Imediatamente ap&#243;s o procedimento, utilizou-se amiodarona de rotina para prevenir as arritmias t&#237;picas da fase precoce ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o (primeiros 3 meses), sendo progressivamente retirada ou mantida a crit&#233;rio cl&#237;nico. Os anticoagulantes tamb&#233;m foram mantidos ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o, com orienta&#231;&#227;o geral de retirada lenta (ap&#243;s 6 meses) no caso de evolu&#231;&#227;o satisfat&#243;ria, dependendo do CHADS2-VASC. Os pacientes foram acompanhados pelo cardiologista cl&#237;nico de refer&#234;ncia e pela equipe de arritmias. De modo geral, as decis&#245;es sobre as drogas foram definidas em comum acordo durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico e abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter</title>
          <p>Os procedimentos foram realizados sob anestesia geral. A t&#233;cnica para mapeamento e abla&#231;&#227;o, equipamentos e protocolo utilizados pela equipe j&#225; foram previamente publicados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>, podendo a t&#233;cnica ser resumida em tr&#234;s etapas:</p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p>1. Isolamento das veias pulmonares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 1</xref>)</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Isolamento da veia pulmonar superior direita com aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia (seta). AD: &#193;trio direito; AE: &#193;trio esquerdo; C-12 a C-90: Sequ&#234;ncia dos polos do cateter circular posicionado no antro da veia pulmonar superior direita; RF: Registro do cateter de radiofrequ&#234;ncia; D2: Deriva&#231;&#227;o D2 do ECG de superf&#237;cie; * Artefatos gerados pelo contato entre o cateter de RF e os polos do cateter circular.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0045-40167-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p>2. Abla&#231;&#227;o dos ninhos de FA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 2</xref>)</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <fig id="f07" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Eletrograma endocavit&#225;rio mostrando um ninho de FA antes (A) e ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o por RF (B) no septo interatrial esquerdo. AD: &#193;trio direito; AE: &#193;trio esquerdo; RF: Registro do cateter de radiofrequ&#234;ncia; V1: Deriva&#231;&#227;o V1 do ECG de superf&#237;cie.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0045-40167-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p>3. Pesquisa e abla&#231;&#227;o da taquicardia de <italic>background</italic> quando induzida (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <fig id="f08" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Revers&#227;o da taquicardia de background durante aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia em regi&#227;o alta do septo interatrial esquerdo. AD: &#193;trio direito; AE: &#193;trio esquerdo; RF: Registro do cateter de radiofrequ&#234;ncia; V1: Deriva&#231;&#227;o V1 do ECG de superf&#237;cie.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0045-40167-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Todos os pacientes realizaram ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico no momento do procedimento com as seguintes finalidades:</p>
          <list list-type="alpha-upper">
            <list-item>
              <p>No in&#237;cio: afastar a presen&#231;a de eventuais trombos intracavit&#225;rios (apesar da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Durante o procedimento: auxiliar na pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal (visualiza&#231;&#227;o de macrobolhas com inje&#231;&#227;o de soro fisiol&#243;gico confirmando o acesso do &#225;trio esquerdo); prote&#231;&#227;o do es&#244;fago atrav&#233;s de desvio mec&#226;nico contralateral durante aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF no &#225;trio esquerdo;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>No final: confirma&#231;&#227;o da aus&#234;ncia de trombos e de derrame peric&#225;rdico.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Foram realizadas quatro pun&#231;&#245;es em veia femoral direita. Os pacientes foram heparinizados e mantidos com tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativada entre 300 e 400 segundos. Posicionou-se um cateter duodecapolar (Daig, Medtronic ou Biotronik) no seio coron&#225;rio para mapeamento simult&#226;neo do anel atrioventricular direito e esquerdo. Esse cateter tamb&#233;m foi utilizado como refer&#234;ncia fixa para o mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico Ensite/Navx<sup>&#174;</sup> (St Jude Medical). Foi usado tamb&#233;m um cateter circular para adquirir a anatomia (mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico) e para mapeamento do antro das veias pulmonares e dos ninhos de FA nos &#225;trios esquerdo e direito.</p>
          <p>Os cateteres de abla&#231;&#227;o foram do tipo irrigado em 22 (71%) pacientes (Johnson ou Biotronik) e n&#227;o irrigado de ponta 8 mm nos 9 (29%) pacientes restantes (Blazer EPT, Johnson ou Biotronik). Para se adquirir a anatomia das c&#226;maras atriais, utilizaram-se os sistemas Carto (Biosense Webster) ou Ensite/Navx&#174; (St Jude Medical). O mapeamento espectral, conforme descrito em publica&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>, foi realizado com espectr&#244;metro computadorizado (Pach&#243;n&#174;) para an&#225;lise espectral em tempo real (14 casos, 45,2%) ou atrav&#233;s de recurso equivalente com ajuste dos filtros do pol&#237;grafo convencional (17 casos, 54,8%). Ap&#243;s isolamento das veias pulmonares e da veia cava superior, realizou-se abla&#231;&#227;o dos ninhos de FA encontrados nos &#225;trios esquerdo e direito e no septo interatrial.</p>
          <p>Em seguida, foram realizadas tentativas de indu&#231;&#227;o de taquiarritmias atriais com estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial progressiva e r&#225;pida (at&#233; 300 ppm) ou estimula&#231;&#227;o programada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figura 4</xref>). Caso houvesse indu&#231;&#227;o de FA, fazia-se abla&#231;&#227;o adicional de ninhos de FA e de eventual reconex&#227;o de veias pulmonares. Caso houvesse indu&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia regular, a mesma era estudada - definindo-se como <italic>flutter</italic> atrial, taquicardia atrial ou taquicardia de <italic>background</italic>  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> - e ablacionada com t&#233;cnica apropriada, conforme o diagn&#243;stico. Al&#233;m disso, todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o do   <italic>flutter</italic> atrial t&#237;pico atrav&#233;s da linha de bloqueio do istmo cavo-tricusp&#237;deo, independentemente de registro pr&#233;vio dessa arritmia. Sondagem vesical foi institu&#237;da para monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da diurese e do poss&#237;vel uso de diur&#233;ticos, devido ao volume injetado pelo cateter irrigado, de acordo com a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e balan&#231;o h&#237;drico.</p>
          <fig id="f09" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Esquema da metodologia utilizada nas abla&#231;&#245;es deste estudo. VP: veia pulmonar; NFA: ninho de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; Est: Estimula&#231;&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0045-40167-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios para encerrar a abla&#231;&#227;o foram: 1) impossibilidade de nova indu&#231;&#227;o de FA ou taquicardia; 2) indu&#231;&#227;o somente de taquicardia ou FA n&#227;o sustentada inferior a 10 segundos; e 3) impossibilidade de eliminar taquicardia residual ou procedimento prolongado (mais de quatro horas), caso em que era feita cardiovers&#227;o tor&#225;cica externa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados cont&#237;nuos foram expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, e as vari&#225;veis qualitativas (como classe funcional), em frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. A compara&#231;&#227;o dos dados cl&#237;nicos (classe funcional) e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o foi realizada utilizando-se, respectivamente, o teste de McNemar e o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para dados pareados. Todos os dados apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal avaliada com o teste Shapiro-Wilk. Empregou-se o programa IBM SPSS Statistics, vers&#227;o 19, para os c&#225;lculos estat&#237;sticos. Considerou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% (p &lt; 0,05), sendo os valores de p apresentados do tipo bicaudal.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Os principais dados demogr&#225;ficos est&#227;o expostos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 1</xref>. A m&#233;dia da FE avaliada por ecocardiograma foi 44,7% &#177; 6%. A principal etiologia da miocardiopatia foi idiop&#225;tica (19 pacientes, 61%), seguida por insufici&#234;ncia coronariana (5, 16%), hipertensiva (4, 13%) e outras etiologias (3 pacientes, 10%), a saber, miocardioesclerose (1), p&#243;s miocardite (1) e p&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca valvar (1). A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da FA foi parox&#237;stica em 2 pacientes (6,5%), persistente em 21 (68%) e persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o em 8 (25,5%). Na ocasi&#227;o do procedimento, a maioria dos pacientes estava em uso de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com varfarina (23, 74%) e o principal antiarr&#237;tmico utilizado era a amiodarona (17, 55%), al&#233;m de outras medica&#231;&#245;es cardiol&#243;gicas, como betabloqueadores (17, 55%), inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina (8, 26%) e diur&#233;ticos (4, 13%). A FE pr&#233;-abla&#231;&#227;o variou de 26% a 50%, com m&#233;dia de 44,7% &#177; 6%, e o di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo variou de 34 a 64 mm, com m&#233;dia de 46,6 &#177; 7 mm. Os sintomas referidos foram palpita&#231;&#227;o e, principalmente, quadro cl&#237;nico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, sendo que 3 pacientes apresentaram descompensa&#231;&#227;o aguda (edema agudo de pulm&#227;o) por ocasi&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico da cardiopatia. A m&#233;dia da classe funcional segundo a NYHA pr&#233;-abla&#231;&#227;o foi 2,23 &#177; 0,56.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">N</th>
                <th>31 pacientes</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td>59,8 &#177; 10,6 anos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Sexo</td>
                <td>Masculino: 25 (81%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino: 6 (19%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Etiologia</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>- Idiop&#225;tica: 19 (61%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>- ICo 5 (16%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>- Hipertensiva: 4 (13%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>- Outras: 3 (10%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tipo de FA</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>- Parox&#237;stica: 2 (6,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>- Persistente: 21 (68%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>- Persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o: 8 (25,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td>44,7 &#177; 6 %</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Classe funcional pr&#233;-abla&#231;&#227;o (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td>2,23 &#177; 0,56</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn>
              <p>ICo: insufici&#234;ncia coronariana; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimento</title>
          <p>No in&#237;cio da abla&#231;&#227;o, 22 pacientes (71%) estavam em FA, 4 (13%) em   <italic>flutter</italic> atrial e somente 5 pacientes (16%) estavam em ritmo sinusal. Ap&#243;s a confirma&#231;&#227;o de aus&#234;ncia de trombos intracavit&#225;rios pelo ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico intraoperat&#243;rio, foi realizada cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica externa dos pacientes em FA para se prosseguir com o mapeamento em ritmo sinusal. No caso de retorno da arritmia, realizava-se a fase inicial em FA para observar poss&#237;vel revers&#227;o durante as aplica&#231;&#245;es ou organiza&#231;&#227;o da arritmia numa taquicardia atrial regular com bloqueio de entrada (taquicardia de   <italic>background</italic>). No caso de persist&#234;ncia da FA, mesmo com as aplica&#231;&#245;es, realizavam-se novas cardiovers&#245;es no decorrer do procedimento. Na presen&#231;a de <italic>flutter</italic> atrial, esse era ablacionado at&#233; sua revers&#227;o (na aus&#234;ncia de trombos pelo ecocardiograma), seguido das manobras convencionais de estimula&#231;&#227;o para confirma&#231;&#227;o de bloqueio bidirecional do istmo cavo-tricusp&#237;deo. Durante o procedimento, tanto por organiza&#231;&#227;o progressiva da arritmia durante a abla&#231;&#227;o dos ninhos de FA, como por protocolos de estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial, foi poss&#237;vel identificar taquicardia de <italic>background</italic>  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> em 8 pacientes (26%). Essa arritmia foi mapeada por precocidade e/ou t&#233;cnicas de <italic>entrainment,</italic> sendo ablacionada sempre que o foco era identificado.</p>
          <p>N&#227;o ocorreram complica&#231;&#245;es maiores (&#243;bito; embolia/hemorragias com sequelas ou necessidade de transfus&#227;o; tamponamento ou intercorr&#234;ncias com necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica; estenose de veias pulmonares; paralisia fr&#234;nica; les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas e f&#237;stulas) em decorr&#234;ncia do procedimento. Dois pacientes tiveram a interna&#231;&#227;o prolongada por at&#233; 6 dias: um devido a recidiva precoce com necessidade de cardiovers&#227;o e amiodarona em <italic>bolus</italic>; outro com altera&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria da fun&#231;&#227;o renal e para melhor compensa&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento foi de 20,3 &#177; 17 meses. Na &#250;ltima avalia&#231;&#227;o, 24 pacientes (77%) estavam em ritmo sinusal, sendo que 11 (35%) usavam amiodarona. Oito pacientes (26% do grupo total) foram submetidos a mais de um procedimento durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o (6 pacientes a 2 procedimentos e 2 pacientes a 3 procedimentos). Dos 7 pacientes considerados como insucesso (23%), 3 evolu&#237;ram com FA refrat&#225;ria com taquicardiomiopatia associada a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de dif&#237;cil controle cl&#237;nico. Esses casos foram submetidos a implante de marca-passo de dupla c&#226;mara (2 com ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o biventricular e 1 com ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o bifocal) seguido por abla&#231;&#227;o nodal atrioventricular com significativa melhora, atualmente evoluindo em classes funcionais I ou II. Curiosamente, 2 desses pacientes reverteram para ritmo sinusal e, de acordo com o Holter interno dos geradores, mant&#234;m carga de FA muito baixa ("<italic>AF burden</italic> &lt; 1%"). O restante (4 pacientes) est&#225; em acompanhamento cl&#237;nico, com anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e controle da frequ&#234;ncia com drogas. O controle da arritmia trouxe grande benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico, observando-se melhora da classe funcional quando comparada com a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica inicial: classe funcional m&#233;dia pr&#233;-abla&#231;&#227;o de 2,23 &#177; 0,56   <italic>versus</italic> 1,13 &#177; 0,35 p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o (p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica evolutiva tamb&#233;m mostrou melhora significativa da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular medida atrav&#233;s da FE (pr&#233;-abla&#231;&#227;o, 44,68% &#177; 6,02%,   <italic>versus</italic> p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o, 59% &#177; 13,2%; p = 0,0005) e redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (pr&#233;-abla&#231;&#227;o, 46,61 &#177; 7,3 mm,   <italic>versus</italic> p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o, 43,59 &#177; 6,6 mm; p = 0,026) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Seguimento, procedimentos realizados e evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica dos pacientes deste estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4">Seguimento: 20,3 &#177; 17 meses</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td colspan="4" align="center">
                    <bold>Evolu&#231;&#227;o quanto ao n&#250;mero de procedimentos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (74,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 procedimento</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Abla&#231;&#245;es</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (19,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 procedimentos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (6,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 procedimentos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td colspan="4" align="center">
                    <bold>Evolu&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ritmo sinusal</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (77%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">4 controle cl&#237;nico</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td>FA</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (23%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 taquimiopatia&#8594;</td>
                  <td align="center">MP boa evolu&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <td colspan="4" align="center">
                    <bold>Evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Pr&#233;-abla&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>P&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NYHA</td>
                  <td align="center">2,23 &#177; 0,56</td>
                  <td align="center">1,13 &#177; 0,35</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FE</td>
                  <td align="center">44,68% &#177; 6,02%</td>
                  <td align="center">59% &#177; 13,2%</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,0005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AE</td>
                  <td align="center">46,61 &#177; 7,3 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">43,59 &#177; 6,6 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,026</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn>
                <p>FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; MP: marca-passo; NYHA: New York Heart Association;</p>
                <p>FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f10" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Ecocardiograma &#8211; modo M &#8211; antes (A) e ap&#243;s 9 meses da abla&#231;&#227;o (B), demonstrando melhora expressiva dos di&#226;metros intracavit&#225;rios e da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0045-40167-gf05-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A FA e a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular s&#227;o as patologias cr&#244;nicas mais comuns em cardiologia. Quando est&#227;o associadas no mesmo paciente, a rela&#231;&#227;o de causa e efeito entre elas &#233; frequentemente indefinida. Tanto a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular pode levar &#224; FA como a arritmia pode levar &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, como na taquicardiomiopatia. Indiscutivelmente a associa&#231;&#227;o das duas condi&#231;&#245;es leva a uma realimenta&#231;&#227;o delet&#233;ria, com piora progressiva da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e perpetua&#231;&#227;o da arritmia. Dados observacionais e evolutivos do estudo Framingham<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> indicam que o desenvolvimento de FA em pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca implica em maior mortalidade, com risco relativo de 1,6 em homens (intervalo de confian&#231;a: 1,2 - 2,1) e 2,7 em mulheres (intervalo de confian&#231;a: 2,0 - 3,6). Acredita-se que a FA piore a fun&#231;&#227;o e o rendimento card&#237;aco atrav&#233;s de quatro mecanismos: 1) altera&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com resposta cronotr&#243;pica inadequada (elevada ou baixa) para as variadas situa&#231;&#245;es de demanda metab&#243;lica, al&#233;m de taquicardiomiopatia quando a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca permanece permanentemente elevada, o que &#233; delet&#233;rio para a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca; 2) ritmo irregular com varia&#231;&#245;es bruscas do ciclo card&#237;aco com tempos de enchimento (di&#225;stole) extremamente curtos alternados com longos; 3) perda da s&#237;stole atrial necess&#225;ria para um &#243;timo enchimento ventricular; 4) ativa&#231;&#227;o neuro-humoral com libera&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias vasoconstritoras (angiotensina II e norepinefrina), que agravam a s&#237;ndrome da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Muitas s&#227;o as evid&#234;ncias de que o controle da arritmia contribui para a preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e melhora cl&#237;nica. <italic>A maior dificuldade nos grandes estudos</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>  <italic>de inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar foi que uma</italic> parcela randomizada para "controle da frequ&#234;ncia" reverteu para ritmo sinusal durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o e, em contrapartida, o grupo "controle do ritmo" teve altas taxas de FA, sendo que, ao final, havia propor&#231;&#245;es semelhantes de ritmo sinusal nos dois grupos, comprometendo a interpreta&#231;&#227;o do real benef&#237;cio da manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal. De fato, uma an&#225;lise subsequente do estudo AFFIRM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> sugere que a manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal em si possa ter impacto na sobrevida. Da mesma forma, o estudo CAFE II tamb&#233;m demonstrou benef&#237;cios do ritmo sinusal na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e nos n&#237;veis de BNP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>. O grande problema para a manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal est&#225; na baixa efic&#225;cia das drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas e seus efeitos colaterais. Nesse cen&#225;rio intrincado, diversas publica&#231;&#245;es sugerem que a abla&#231;&#227;o da FA &#233; um recurso adicional para maior efic&#225;cia no controle da arritmia. Jones e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>, em estudo muito interessante recentemente publicado, analisaram um dado objetivo da capacidade funcional, o pico de consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>), como desfecho prim&#225;rio. Randomizaram dois grupos de pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e FA: um para controle do ritmo atrav&#233;s de abla&#231;&#227;o e outro para controle de frequ&#234;ncia. Os autores encontraram que o grupo submetido &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o (88% de sucesso em 12 meses) teve uma melhora significativa na capacidade funcional medida pelo VO<sub>2</sub>, al&#233;m de ganhos significativos no Minnesota escore e nos n&#237;veis de BNP (desfecho secund&#225;rio). O mais interessante &#233; que esses benef&#237;cios n&#227;o s&#227;o vistos na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o aos 3 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento, apesar de os pacientes j&#225; estarem em ritmo sinusal, pois ocorrem somente a partir do sexto m&#234;s. Os autores avaliam que os ganhos s&#227;o progressivos no decorrer do tempo p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o e, o mais importante, &#233; a manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal, que possivelmente permite um remodelamento progressivo da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e da capacidade funcional. No nosso estudo, temos um acompanhamento relativamente longo (20 meses) com uma estrat&#233;gia de persistir na manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal (reabla&#231;&#227;o se necess&#225;rio e/ou drogas), o que pode explicar os ganhos expressivos na classe funcional e na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Tamb&#233;m chama a aten&#231;&#227;o na nossa casu&#237;stica um n&#250;mero expressivo de pacientes catalogados com etiologia "idiop&#225;tica" (61%). Observando a evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel desses casos, pode-se especular um efeito direto da arritmia na disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (taquicardiomiopatia) ou, pelo menos, a FA como um agravante de peso na severidade da miocardiopatia. Outro estudo publicado por Packer e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> tem algumas semelhan&#231;as com os casos aqui estudados. Esses autores observaram melhora significativa na FE, com 64% dos pacientes atingindo normaliza&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, e conclu&#237;ram que a abla&#231;&#227;o da FA pode trazer melhora substancial na qualidade de vida (avaliada pelo escore "SF-36") e na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Nesse estudo, Packer e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref> n&#227;o informam detalhadamente a etiologia da cardiopatia, revelando apenas que 13% eram portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. Um dos primeiros estudos desse tema, publicado em 2004 por Hsu e cols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, mostra resultados mais expressivos, com ganho de 21 pontos percentuais na FE em 12 meses ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o. Os autores comentam que 92% dos pacientes tiveram algum ganho na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s a restaura&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal, sugerindo que a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular era mediada, em algum grau, pela taquiarritmia (taquicardiomiopatia) e que possivelmente esse fen&#244;meno era subestimado naqueles pacientes. De fato, os nossos dados s&#227;o compat&#237;veis com esse racioc&#237;nio. A grande parcela classificada como idiop&#225;tica sugere a presen&#231;a de cardiomiopatia mediada por taquiarritmia. No entanto, na sele&#231;&#227;o do paciente, talvez mais importante do que a etiologia da miocardiopatia, ou t&#227;o importante quanto ela, seja a identifica&#231;&#227;o do impacto da instala&#231;&#227;o da FA na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, j&#225; que muitos pacientes deterioram a classe funcional com o desenvolvimento da arritmia, sendo, possivelmente, os que mais se beneficiam com a abla&#231;&#227;o. A identifica&#231;&#227;o dessa correla&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica pode ser mais ou menos evidente, dependendo da situa&#231;&#227;o e da evolu&#231;&#227;o temporal dos acontecimentos. Muitos pacientes apresentam clara correla&#231;&#227;o de piora da classe funcional com o desenvolvimento da FA, eventualmente evoluindo para edema agudo de pulm&#227;o. Outro grupo no qual n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel identificar essa correla&#231;&#227;o, mas que pode se beneficiar da abla&#231;&#227;o, &#233; aquele com FA e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de dif&#237;cil controle cl&#237;nico e classe funcional persistentemente elevada, apesar de medica&#231;&#227;o plena e apropriada. Nesses casos, a recupera&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal (abla&#231;&#227;o ou abla&#231;&#227;o + drogas) pode contribuir significativamente para a compensa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. &#201; poss&#237;vel que o cardiologista cl&#237;nico estabele&#231;a intuitivamente esta correla&#231;&#227;o delet&#233;ria entre a arritmia e a cardiopatia quando encaminha ao eletrofisiologista, ou seja, os casos ablacionados s&#227;o clinicamente selecionados. Outro aspecto relevante s&#227;o as poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento, em especial nos portadores de miocardiopatia. H&#225; ind&#237;cios de que a taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o difere nessa popula&#231;&#227;o daquela com cora&#231;&#227;o estruturalmente normal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>. Neste grupo n&#227;o ocorreram complica&#231;&#245;es maiores, somente interna&#231;&#227;o prolongada em dois pacientes devido &#224; recidiva precoce e &#224; descompensa&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Outro aspecto a ser considerado &#233; que FA parox&#237;stica na aus&#234;ncia de cardiopatia responde muito bem ao isolamento das veias pulmonares. Entretanto, isso n&#227;o &#233; verdade quando se trata de FA de longa dura&#231;&#227;o ou na presen&#231;a de cardiopatia, sobretudo quando existe insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Nesses casos, justifica-se ainda mais o refinamento das t&#233;cnicas de abla&#231;&#227;o. Com esse prop&#243;sito, esses pacientes foram tratados, al&#233;m do isolamento das veias pulmonares, com abla&#231;&#227;o dos ninhos de FA e abla&#231;&#227;o das taquicardias de <italic>background.</italic> Os ninhos de FA j&#225; est&#227;o incorporados pela literatura especializada como o substrato da FA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>; al&#233;m de aumentarem a taxa de sucesso no isolamento das veias pulmonares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, s&#227;o mais confi&#225;veis do que o mapeamento dos potenciais complexos fracionados durante a FA. Por outro lado, em nossa experi&#234;ncia, a procura e a abla&#231;&#227;o da "taquicardia de   <italic>background</italic>" representa um salto adicional na abla&#231;&#227;o da FA, pois a an&#225;lise espectral mostra ser essa arritmia a mantenedora da FA de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, pelas formas refrat&#225;rias e, principalmente, a grande respons&#225;vel por boa parte das recidivas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Existem limita&#231;&#245;es naturais de um estudo retrospectivo, como diferentes crit&#233;rios no tratamento farmacol&#243;gico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Entretanto, procuramos sempre respeitar a indica&#231;&#227;o do cardiologista cl&#237;nico de origem, mantendo crit&#233;rios semelhantes pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o. O nosso banco de dados &#233; alimentado, na forma de um prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico, com o m&#233;dico assistente incluindo todas as informa&#231;&#245;es na primeira consulta (pr&#233;-abla&#231;&#227;o). Posteriormente, os dados evolutivos s&#227;o agregados de forma constante, em tempo real, para minimizar eventuais falhas. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o diz respeito ao crit&#233;rio de sucesso. Sabe-se da ocorr&#234;ncia de FA assintom&#225;tica durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o diagnosticada. Entretanto, pelas caracter&#237;sticas particulares desse grupo, constitu&#237;do de pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e muito sintom&#225;ticos com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; arritmia, acredita-se que a ocorr&#234;ncia de recidiva sem repercuss&#227;o clinica deva ser menos prov&#225;vel. Outra restri&#231;&#227;o &#233; a variabilidade do momento de realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma de controle p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o. A orienta&#231;&#227;o geral foi de 3 meses ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, para aguardar a evolu&#231;&#227;o do remodelamento e evitar superposi&#231;&#227;o com os medicamentos do protocolo p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o. Outra cr&#237;tica pertinente diz respeito &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o da classe funcional (NYHA), que &#233; uma vari&#225;vel qualitativa, para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e compara&#231;&#227;o evolutiva; no entanto, muitos estudos utilizam-na devido &#224; sua praticidade.</p>
          <p>Um aspecto a ser considerado &#233; que no per&#237;odo no qual a maioria das abla&#231;&#245;es foi realizada ainda havia limita&#231;&#245;es de materiais e eletrodos e da curva de aprendizado da equipe envolvida. Esse aspecto tornou-se claro pela evidente melhora dos resultados durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o do estudo, que possibilitou tanto o aprimoramento da t&#233;cnica como tamb&#233;m dos materiais utilizados, sobretudo com o uso sistem&#225;tico dos eletrodos irrigados e a pesquisa e a abla&#231;&#227;o da taquicardia de   <italic>background.</italic> Um passo muito importante foi a adi&#231;&#227;o da elimina&#231;&#227;o extensa dos ninhos de FA, detectados pelo cateter circular, na regi&#227;o da <italic>crista terminalis</italic> e na parede anterior do &#225;trio direito, o que permitiu reduzir drasticamente as recidivas p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a abla&#231;&#227;o da FA em pacientes portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular seja um procedimento seguro e com efic&#225;cia elevada a m&#233;dio prazo. O controle da arritmia tem grande impacto na recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e na melhora cl&#237;nica avaliada pela classe funcional.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
