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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">KmQdwGdpHzkMSZ4c7Svb5QM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2015000100006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2014005040173</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140173</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cost-Effectiveness of High, Moderate and Low-Dose Statins in the Prevention of Vascular Events in the Brazilian Public Health System</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Antonini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duncan</surname>
            <given-names>Bruce Bartholow</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ziegelmann</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia Klarmann</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stella</surname>
            <given-names>Steffan Frosi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Jose Luiz da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Restelatto</surname>
            <given-names>Luciane Maria Fabian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
            <given-names>Carisi Anne</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Epidemiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Epidemiologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologia em Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologia em Sa&#250;de</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Estat&#237;stica</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Estat&#237;stica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Medicina Interna</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country>Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Medicina Interna do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Mailing Address:</bold> Rodrigo Antonini Ribeiro, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 910, bloco D, 2&#186; andar - Instituto de Educa&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa do Hospital Moinhos de Vento. Postal Code 90035-001, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. Email:   <email>rodrigo.ribeiro@htanalyze.com</email>;   <email>rodrigoantonini@yahoo.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Ribeiro RA, Polanczyk CA; Acquisition of data: Ribeiro RA, Ziegelmann PK, Stella SF, Vieira JLC, Restelatto LMF; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Ribeiro RA, Duncan BB, Ziegelmann PK, Stella SF, Vieira JLC, Restelatto LMF, Polanczyk CA; Statistical analysis: Ribeiro RA; Obtaining financing: Polanczyk CA; Writing of the manuscript: Ribeiro RA; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Duncan BB, Polanczyk CA.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>104</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>32</fpage>
      <lpage>44</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2014</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Statins have proven efficacy in the reduction of cardiovascular events, but the financial impact of its widespread use can be substantial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis of three statin dosing schemes in the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) perspective.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We developed a Markov model to evaluate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) of low, intermediate and high intensity dose regimens in secondary and four primary scenarios (5%, 10%, 15% and 20% ten-year risk) of prevention of cardiovascular events. Regimens with expected low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction below 30% (e.g. simvastatin 10mg) were considered as low dose; between 30-40%, (atorvastatin 10mg, simvastatin 40mg), intermediate dose; and above 40% (atorvastatin 20-80mg, rosuvastatin 20mg), high-dose statins. Effectiveness data were obtained from a systematic review with 136,000 patients. National data were used to estimate utilities and costs (expressed as International Dollars - Int$). A willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold equal to the Brazilian gross domestic product per capita (circa Int$11,770) was applied.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Low dose was dominated by extension in the primary prevention scenarios. In the five scenarios, the ICER of intermediate dose was below Int$10,000 per QALY. The ICER of the high versus intermediate dose comparison was above Int$27,000 per QALY in all scenarios. In the cost-effectiveness acceptability curves, intermediate dose had a probability above 50% of being cost-effective with ICERs between Int$ 9,000-20,000 per QALY in all scenarios.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Considering a reasonable WTP threshold, intermediate dose statin therapy is economically attractive, and should be a priority intervention in prevention of cardiovascular events in Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevention</kwd>
        <kwd>Cost-Benefit Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Unified Health System</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="42"/>
        <page-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The efficacy of statins has been studied in several large randomized clinical trials (RCTs), and the pooled results of these trials showed reduction of cardiovascular events (CVEs) in various scenarios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. Of utmost importance is the expected large proportion of adults who would fulfill criteria for prevention of cardiovascular events and require statin therapy. Current annual expenditures with statins in the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) is approximately 65,000,000 international dollars (Int$), of which the largest market share belongs to atorvastatin<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>The cost-effectiveness of statins in CVE prevention has been appraised in numerous studies in different countries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, with incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) showing considerable variation. Compared with placebo, statins generally have acceptable ICERs according to the willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds of most countries, especially in secondary CV prevention<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, with more conflicting results in primary CV prevention<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. In studies comparing high- versus low-intensity schemes, the conclusions show great variation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. These analyses, however, were conducted in high-income countries, with limited transferability to Brazil, given the different cost parameters and willingness-to-pay thresholds<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, national treatment guidelines recommend statins for secondary CV prevention or for individuals with high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. Statins were introduced in the Brazilian healthcare system in 2002. Although access to these drugs has been progressively facilitated with inclusion of simvastatin in the primary care pharmacy, their availability to the population is neither universal nor available on a regular basis.</p>
      <p>There is no consensus among distinct healthcare systems on whether to broadly offer statins for cardiovascular prevention. Considering recently revised international guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, current aspects to be addressed are: 1) what the optimal intensity of therapy is, and 2) what should be the 10-year cardiovascular risk threshold to initiate statin therapy. These definitions are of particular importance for Brazil, considering the financial and healthcare impact of such choices. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to conduct a cost-utility analysis from the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) perspective of three different regimens of statins (high, moderate and low intensity) in both primary and secondary prevention of CV events.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Target Population</title>
        <p>There were two target populations in this study. The first target population was comprised of male and female patients from 45 to 85 years old in secondary prevention of CV events, who recently suffered a first qualifying event: stable angina (SA), myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke. The second target population included men and women in primary prevention, who had a 10-year risk of hard CV events varying from 5% to 20%. Some examples (using the Framingham risk prediction equations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>))</sup> of the risk profile of primary prevention patients are given below:</p>
        <p>A person with a 5% risk could be a 45-49 years old male, with total cholesterol (TC) of 160-199 mg/dL and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) of 35-44 mg/dL, with a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 120-129 mmHg, non-smoker and non-diabetic.</p>
        <p>A 10% risk in ten years is depicted by a 50-54 years old female, with TC of 160-199 mg/dL and HDL-C of 35-44 mg/dL, with a SBP of 140-149 mmHg, non-smoker and non-diabetic.</p>
        <p>A 15% risk is illustrated by a 60-64 years old male, with TC of 160-199 mg/dL and HDL-C of 45-49 mg/dL, with a SBP higher than 150 mmHg, non-smoker and non-diabetic.</p>
        <p>Finally, a 20% risk could be represented by a 50-54 years old female, with TC of 160-199 mg/dL and HDL-C of 45-49 mg/dL, with a SBP of 140-149 mmHg, smoker and diabetic.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Interventions evaluations and effectiveness estimation</title>
        <p>Three statin strategies were evaluated: high-, moderate- and low-intensity regimens. The benefit of statins was modeled through reduction of non-fatal MIs, strokes and CV deaths. To determine clinical effectiveness for each alternative strategy, a systematic review in MEDLINE and Cochrane CENTRAL was conducted, in which we searched for clinical trials comparing any statin against placebo, usual care or other statin, in which at least one of the aforementioned outcomes was assessed. The details of this systematic review have been previously described<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Briefly, treatments were categorized according to the expected LDL cholesterol reduction. Regimens with an expected LDL cholesterol reduction of up to 30% (such as simvastatin 10 mg and pravastatin 20-40 mg) were considered low-dose statins; between 30% and 40% (atorvastatin 10 mg, fluvastatin 60-80 mg, lovastatin 30-40 mg, simvastatin 20-40 mg), moderate dose; and over 40% (atorvastatin 20-80 mg and rosuvastatin 20 mg), high dose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
        <p>Only studies with duration of 6 months or more and a total number of patients greater than 100 were included. We excluded trials that focused on distinct clinical settings, namely, patients with advanced renal disease, heart failure, and studies that included exclusively patients of Asian origin (for whom the response to statins is markedly heightened as compared to Caucasians)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
        <p>Studies were then divided into primary or secondary CV prevention according to the characteristics of included patients; trials with mixed sets of populations (more than 15% primary prevention patients in studies with a predominant secondary prevention subjects, or vice versa) were excluded. The systematic review yielded 26 secondary prevention studies (73,634 patients) and 14 primary prevention studies (62,905 patients), which are displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t01">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="left">Study</th>
                <th>Year</th>
                <th>Patients randomized</th>
                <th>Interventions (mg/day)</th>
                <th>Type of comparison</th>
                <th>Mean age</th>
                <th>Follow-up (yrs)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr align="center">
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Primary prevention</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">ACAPS</td>
                <td align="center">1994</td>
                <td align="center">919</td>
                <td align="center">L30 vs placebo</td>
                <td align="center">Moderate dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">61.7</td>
                <td align="center">2.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">AFCAPS/TexCAPS</td>
                <td align="center">1998</td>
                <td align="center">6,605</td>
                <td align="center">L30 vs placebo</td>
                <td align="center">Moderate dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">58.7</td>
                <td align="center">5.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">ALLHAT-LLT</td>
                <td align="center">2002</td>
                <td align="center">10,355</td>
                <td align="center">P40 vs UC</td>
                <td align="center">Low dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">66.4</td>
                <td align="center">4.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">ASCOT-LLA</td>
                <td align="center">2003</td>
                <td align="center">10,305</td>
                <td align="center">A10 vs placebo</td>
                <td align="center">Moderate dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">63.2</td>
                <td align="center">3.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">CAIUS</td>
                <td align="center">1996</td>
                <td align="center">305</td>
                <td align="center">P40 vs placebo</td>
                <td align="center">Low dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">55.0</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">CARDS</td>
                <td align="center">2004</td>
                <td align="center">2,838</td>
                <td align="center">A10 vs placebo</td>
                <td align="center">Moderate dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">62.0</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">DALI</td>
                <td align="center">2001</td>
                <td align="center">145</td>
                <td align="center">A80 vs A10 vs placebo</td>
                <td align="center">High vs. moderate dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">59.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">HYRIM</td>
                <td align="center">2005</td>
                <td align="center">568</td>
                <td align="center">F40 vs placebo</td>
                <td align="center">Low dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">57.1</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">JUPITER</td>
                <td align="center">2008</td>
                <td align="center">17,802</td>
                <td align="center">R20 vs placebo</td>
                <td align="center">High dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">66.0</td>
                <td align="center">1.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">KAPS</td>
                <td align="center">1995</td>
                <td align="center">447</td>
                <td align="center">P40 vs placebo</td>
                <td align="center">Low dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">57.4</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Mohler</td>
                <td align="center">2003</td>
                <td align="center">240</td>
                <td align="center">A80 vs A10 vs placebo</td>
                <td align="center">High vs. moderate dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">68.0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">PREVEND IT</td>
                <td align="center">2004</td>
                <td align="center">864</td>
                <td align="center">P40 vs placebo</td>
                <td align="center">Low dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">51.3</td>
                <td align="center">3.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">WOSCOPS</td>
                <td align="center">1995</td>
                <td align="center">6,595</td>
                <td align="center">P40 vs placebo</td>
                <td align="center">Low dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">55.2</td>
                <td align="center">4.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Secondary prevention</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">3T</td>
                <td align="center">2003</td>
                <td align="center">1,093</td>
                <td align="center">A30 vs S35</td>
                <td align="center">High vs. moderate dose</td>
                <td align="center">62.8</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">4S</td>
                <td align="center">1994</td>
                <td align="center">4,444</td>
                <td align="center">S30 vs placebo</td>
                <td align="center">Moderate dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">58.0</td>
                <td align="center">5.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">ALLIANCE</td>
                <td align="center">2004</td>
                <td align="center">2,442</td>
                <td align="center">A40 vs UC</td>
                <td align="center">High dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">61.2</td>
                <td align="center">4.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">A-to-Z</td>
                <td align="center">2004</td>
                <td align="center">4,497</td>
                <td align="center">S80 vs S20</td>
                <td align="center">High vs. moderate dose</td>
                <td align="center">61.0</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">CARE</td>
                <td align="center">1996</td>
                <td align="center">4,159</td>
                <td align="center">P40 vs placebo</td>
                <td align="center">Low dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">59.0</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
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              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">CCAIT</td>
                <td align="center">1994</td>
                <td align="center">331</td>
                <td align="center">L40 vs placebo</td>
                <td align="center">Moderate dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">53.8</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">CIS</td>
                <td align="center">1997</td>
                <td align="center">254</td>
                <td align="center">S40 vs placebo</td>
                <td align="center">Moderate dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">49.3</td>
                <td align="center">2.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">CLAPT</td>
                <td align="center">1999</td>
                <td align="center">226</td>
                <td align="center">L40 vs UC</td>
                <td align="center">Moderate dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">53.9</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">FLARE</td>
                <td align="center">1999</td>
                <td align="center">834</td>
                <td align="center">F80 vs placebo</td>
                <td align="center">Moderate dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">60.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">FLORIDA</td>
                <td align="center">2002</td>
                <td align="center">540</td>
                <td align="center">F80 vs placebo</td>
                <td align="center">Moderate dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">60.5</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">GISSI-P</td>
                <td align="center">2000</td>
                <td align="center">4,271</td>
                <td align="center">P30 vs UC</td>
                <td align="center">Low dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">59.9</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">IDEAL</td>
                <td align="center">2005</td>
                <td align="center">8,888</td>
                <td align="center">A80 vs S20</td>
                <td align="center">High vs. moderate dose</td>
                <td align="center">61.7</td>
                <td align="center">4.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">LIPID</td>
                <td align="center">1998</td>
                <td align="center">9,014</td>
                <td align="center">P40 vs placebo</td>
                <td align="center">Low dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">62.0</td>
                <td align="center">6.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">LIPS</td>
                <td align="center">2002</td>
                <td align="center">1,677</td>
                <td align="center">F80 vs placebo</td>
                <td align="center">Moderate dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">60.0</td>
                <td align="center">3.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">LISA</td>
                <td align="center">1999</td>
                <td align="center">365</td>
                <td align="center">F60 vs placebo</td>
                <td align="center">Moderate dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">59.8</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">MAAS</td>
                <td align="center">1994</td>
                <td align="center">381</td>
                <td align="center">S20 vs placebo</td>
                <td align="center">Moderate dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">55.3</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">PLAC I</td>
                <td align="center">1995</td>
                <td align="center">408</td>
                <td align="center">P40 vs placebo</td>
                <td align="center">Low dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">57.0</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">PLAC II</td>
                <td align="center">1995</td>
                <td align="center">151</td>
                <td align="center">P30 vs placebo</td>
                <td align="center">Low dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">62.0</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">PREDICT</td>
                <td align="center">1997</td>
                <td align="center">695</td>
                <td align="center">P40 vs placebo</td>
                <td align="center">Low dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">58.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">PROVE IT - TIMI</td>
                <td align="center">2004</td>
                <td align="center">4,162</td>
                <td align="center">A80 vs P40</td>
                <td align="center">High vs. low dose</td>
                <td align="center">58.2</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">REGRESS</td>
                <td align="center">1995</td>
                <td align="center">884</td>
                <td align="center">P40 vs placebo</td>
                <td align="center">Low dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">56.2</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">REVERSAL</td>
                <td align="center">2004</td>
                <td align="center">502</td>
                <td align="center">A80 vs P40</td>
                <td align="center">High vs. low dose</td>
                <td align="center">56.2</td>
                <td align="center">1.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">SAGE</td>
                <td align="center">2007</td>
                <td align="center">891</td>
                <td align="center">A80 vs P40</td>
                <td align="center">High vs. low dose</td>
                <td align="center">72.5</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
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              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">SCAT</td>
                <td align="center">2000</td>
                <td align="center">460</td>
                <td align="center">S30 vs placebo</td>
                <td align="center">Moderate dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">61.0</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Schmermund</td>
                <td align="center">2006</td>
                <td align="center">366</td>
                <td align="center">A80vs A10</td>
                <td align="center">High vs. moderate dose</td>
                <td align="center">61.5</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">SEARCH</td>
                <td align="center">2010</td>
                <td align="center">12,064</td>
                <td align="center">S80 vs S20</td>
                <td align="center">High vs. moderate dose</td>
                <td align="center">64.2</td>
                <td align="center">6.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">SPARCL</td>
                <td align="center">2006</td>
                <td align="center">4,731</td>
                <td align="center">A80 vs placebo</td>
                <td align="center">High dose vs. placebo/no treatment</td>
                <td align="center">62.8</td>
                <td align="center">4.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">TNT</td>
                <td align="center">2005</td>
                <td align="center">10,001</td>
                <td align="center">A80vs A10</td>
                <td align="center">High vs. moderate dose</td>
                <td align="center">60.5</td>
                <td align="center">4.9</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <p>A: atorvastatin; F: fluvastatin; L: lovastatin; P: pravastatin; R: rosuvastatin; S: simvastatin; UC: usual care.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The meta-analysis model chosen was the Bayesian mixed treatment comparison (MTC) approach, in order to include both direct and indirect evidence<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, except in cases where only direct evidence was available, for which a conventional random-effects meta-analysis was carried out. The relative risks (RR) for events of high-, moderate- and low-dose statins against no statin are displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>. We assumed that the effectiveness of statins was maintained constant throughout life, similar to other statin cost-effectiveness models<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Base case estimates and ranges used in sensitivity analyses</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="7" align="left">Input variable</th>
                <th align="center">Base case value</th>
                <th align="center">Range</th>
                <th align="center">Distribution</th>
                <th align="center">Source</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="7">Statin effectiveness: relative risks vs no statin</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
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              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="6" align="left">Myocardial infarction</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="4" align="left">Primary prevention</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Low dose</td>
                <td align="center">0.76</td>
                <td align="center">0.57 - 0.97</td>
                <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Intermediate dose</td>
                <td align="center">0.65</td>
                <td align="center">0.50 - 0.85</td>
                <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">High dose</td>
                <td align="center">0.39</td>
                <td align="center">0.22 - 0.64</td>
                <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="4" align="left">Secondary prevention</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Low dose</td>
                <td align="center">0.74</td>
                <td align="center">0.65 - 0.84</td>
                <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">Intermediate dose</td>
                <td align="center">0.68</td>
                <td align="center">0.59 - 0.78</td>
                <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">High dose</td>
                <td align="center">0.58</td>
                <td align="center">0.50 - 0.67</td>
                <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="5" align="left">Cardiovascular death</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="4" align="left">Primary prevention</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Low dose</td>
                <td align="center">0.85</td>
                <td align="center">0.72 - 1.01</td>
                <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Intermediate dose</td>
                <td align="center">0.85</td>
                <td align="center">0.72 - 1.01</td>
                <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">High dose</td>
                <td align="center">0.81</td>
                <td align="center">0.70 - 0.93</td>
                <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="4" align="left">Secondary prevention</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Low dose</td>
                <td align="center">0.83</td>
                <td align="center">0.69- 1.03</td>
                <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Intermediate dose</td>
                <td align="center">0.72</td>
                <td align="center">0.58 - 0.89</td>
                <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">High dose</td>
                <td align="center">0.68</td>
                <td align="center">0.53 - 0.85</td>
                <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="5" align="left">Stroke</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="4" align="left">Primary prevention</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Low dose</td>
                <td align="center">0.94</td>
                <td align="center">0.63 - 1.36</td>
                <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Intermediate dose</td>
                <td align="center">0.70</td>
                <td align="center">0.47 - 1.00</td>
                <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">High dose</td>
                <td align="center">0.56</td>
                <td align="center">0.29 - 1.00</td>
                <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="4" align="left">Secondary prevention</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Low dose</td>
                <td align="center">0.85</td>
                <td align="center">0.72 - 0.98</td>
                <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Intermediate dose</td>
                <td align="center">0.85</td>
                <td align="center">0.72 - 0.98</td>
                <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">High dose</td>
                <td align="center">0.77</td>
                <td align="center">0.64 - 0.90</td>
                <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="6" align="left">
                  <bold>Costs (Int$)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="4" align="left">Annual cost of care</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Previous MI or SA</td>
                <td align="center">1,699</td>
                <td align="center">849 - 2,548</td>
                <td align="center">Triangular</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Stroke</td>
                <td align="center">571</td>
                <td align="center">286 - 857</td>
                <td align="center">Triangular</td>
                <td align="center">Own estimate</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Stroke - additional first year <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN01">a</xref></td>
                <td align="center">268</td>
                <td align="center">134 - 403</td>
                <td align="center">Triangular</td>
                <td align="center">Own estimate</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Primary prevention, 5% risk in 10 years</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">9 - 27</td>
                <td align="center">Triangular</td>
                <td align="center">Own estimate</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Primary prevention, 10% risk in 10 years</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">28 - 84</td>
                <td align="center">Triangular</td>
                <td align="center">Own estimate</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Primary prevention, 15% risk in 10 years</td>
                <td align="center">475</td>
                <td align="center">238 - 713</td>
                <td align="center">Triangular</td>
                <td align="center">Own estimate</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Primary prevention, 20% risk in 10 years</td>
                <td align="center">575</td>
                <td align="center">288 - 862</td>
                <td align="center">Triangular</td>
                <td align="center">Own estimate</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="4" align="left">Acute MI hospitalization</td>
                <td align="center">1,501</td>
                <td align="center">751 - 2,253</td>
                <td align="center">Triangular</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="4" align="left">Acute stroke hospitalization</td>
                <td align="center">680</td>
                <td align="center">341 - 1,021</td>
                <td align="center">Triangular</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="4" align="left">Low dose statin - annual cost</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">13 - 39</td>
                <td align="center">Triangular</td>
                <td align="center">Information from MOH</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Alternative scenario</td>
                <td align="center">65</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="4" align="left">Intermediate dose statin - annual cost</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">22 - 67</td>
                <td align="center">Triangular</td>
                <td align="center">Information from MOH</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Alternative scenario</td>
                <td align="center">231</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="4" align="left">High dose statin - annual cost</td>
                <td align="center">224</td>
                <td align="center">112 - 335</td>
                <td align="center">Triangular</td>
                <td align="center">Information from MOH</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3" align="left">Alternative scenario</td>
                <td align="center">410</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="6" align="left">
                  <bold>Utilities</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="5" align="left">General population</td>
                <td align="center">0.80</td>
                <td align="center">0.63 - 0.93</td>
                <td align="center">Beta</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="5" align="left">Previous MI or SA</td>
                <td align="center">0.74</td>
                <td align="center">0.61 - 0.86</td>
                <td align="center">Beta</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="5" align="left">Stroke</td>
                <td align="center">0.60</td>
                <td align="center">0.49 - 0.69</td>
                <td align="center">Beta</td>
                <td align="center">Own estimate</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td>&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="6" align="left"><bold>Discount rate</bold>(cost and effectiveness)</td>
                <td align="center">5%</td>
                <td align="center">0% - 10%</td>
                <td align="center">Uniform</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>Speech and physical therapy; MI: myocardial infarction; MOH: Ministry of Health; SA: stable angina. All effectiveness data are based on our previous meta-analysis, with the stratification of the data according to type of prevention (primary or secondary) in the clinical trials.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Economic Models</title>
        <p>Five microsimulation Markov models were constructed: one for secondary and the remainder for primary prevention patients (with 10-year risks for CV events ranging from 5% to 20%). All models contained three statin strategies (low, moderate and high dose) and a no-statin arm.</p>
        <p>The secondary prevention model included the following initial health states: post-MI, post-stable angina, and post-stroke. The primary prevention models also included an event-free state, where all patients started in the simulations. A simplified schematic representation of the models is displayed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f01" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Schematic representation of the cost-effectiveness models.</title>
            <p>* If a patient in the post-stroke state had a diagnosis of stable angina, he would remain in the same state, but with a tracker variable signaling the angina diagnosis.</p>
            <p>&#167; The structure of the secondary prevention model was similar, with the exception of the "No previous CVD&#8221; Markov state, which was omitted. CV: cardiovascular; CVD: cardiovascular disease; MI: myocardial infarction; SA: stable angina.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0032-40173-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Each model simulated cohorts of patients with distributions of gender and starting age according to the Brazilian general population between 45 and 85 years old<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. Age-dependent non-cardiovascular mortality rates were estimated from the National Brazilian Vital Statistics life tables<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Baseline risks for initial CV events in the primary prevention models were pre-determined, with ten-year risks ranging from 5% to 20%. National data was missing for some the estimation of some parameters in the model, and population-based estimates from the United Kingdom were applied for: (1) proportions of angina, MI, stroke or CV death as a first CV event for the primary prevention models; (2) proportions of angina, MI and stroke as initial health states in the secondary prevention model; (3) transition probabilities between the angina, MI, stroke and death states in all models, stratified by age and gender<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
        <p>Costs were expressed in International Dollars (Int$), using the 2011 conversion rate reported by the World Bank, in which 1 Int$ = 1.81 R$. Effectiveness was measured in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). The discount rate for costs and effects used throughout the model was 5% per year. We conducted our analysis from the perspective of a public third-party payer (SUS) with a lifetime horizon. Each microsimulation was run with 200,000 trials. The software used for the models was TreeAge Pro 2009 (TreeAge Software, Inc., Williamstown, Massachusetts).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Utilities</title>
        <p>Two studies from Brazilian patients were used to derive utility data for the ischemic heart disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> and event-free states<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. No prior national study has estimated the effect of stroke on utility values. In the Ward et al. paper, the utility of stroke was equivalent to 80% of the MI utility, and we applied this proportion in our MI utility to estimate the stroke utility in the model (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Costs</title>
        <p>Direct medical costs were calculated based on both initial treatment costs and future medical procedures. Hospitalization costs for acute MI and acute stroke were extracted from Brazilian SUS data, which included the average national cost for these admissions for the year 2011<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. The annual cost of care for patients with previous MI or stable angina (including all medications except statins, laboratory tests, revascularization procedures and medical visits) were derived from a study previously published by our group, adjusted for inflation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. The annual cost of care for patients with previous stroke was calculated based on expert neurologist opinion that considered cost data, including medications, outpatient visits, rehabilitation therapies and exams from a post-stroke clinic. The annual cost of care of primary prevention was estimated from expected resources consumption of 5% to 20% 10-year risk patients, including medications, laboratory and cardiology (EKG, echocardiogram, treadmill test) exams, and outpatient visits. All costs represent public reimbursement values.</p>
        <p>Calculated statin costs assumed group representatives: atorvastatin 20 mg, simvastatin 40 mg and simvastatin 10 mg for high-, moderate- and low-dose strategies. These drugs were selected according to the prescription patterns observed in the Brazilian SUS. The price per pill paid by the Brazilian government for these drugs was Int$0.58, Int$0.09 and Int$0.04, respectively. The final drug prices used in the models also included its distribution cost. According to an unpublished study conducted in the Brazilian SUS, the general distribution cost for each pill would be equivalent to Int$0.035 (Mengue S, personal communication).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sensitivity Analyses</title>
        <p>We performed sensitivity analyses on most model parameters and also a second-order Monte Carlo simulation (probabilistic sensitivity analysis or PSA) with 1,000 samples. The treatment effect parameters were the RRs for MI, stroke and CV death. These were evaluated in conjunction in the sensitivity analysis. For example, the evaluation of the lowest estimate of each dose-effectiveness was obtained simultaneously employing the upper limits of the RRs of MI, stroke and CV death found for treatment with that dose. RRs were varied between the boundaries of the meta-analyses' credible intervals; the distribution used for these parameters was log-normal.</p>
        <p>Costs were varied between &#177;50% of their original values and were modeled through a triangular distribution in the probabilistic sensitivity analysis. We used a beta distribution for utilities and its 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles set the boundaries for one-way sensitivity analyses. Discounts for costs and utilities varied between 0% and 10% and followed a uniform distribution.</p>
        <p>We also created an alternative scenario of statin costs using the lowest sale price of generic statins (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>To appraise the influence of parameter variation in the model, we performed the following:</p>
        <p>In each of the five scenarios, we determined which statin would be used, according to a pre-defined WTP threshold of Int$11,770, equal to the Brazilian gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in 2011<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>. In each scenario, only one strategy would be chosen: for example, if (1) the low dose dominated no statin, (2) the moderate dose had an ICER of Int$6,000 versus low dose, and (3) the high dose had an ICER of Int$30,000 versus moderate dose, than the moderate dose would be the statin of choice.</p>
        <p>These analyses were performed at lower and higher estimates of selected parameters, to evaluate if the statin of choice was altered by the uncertainties in these parameters.</p>
        <p>The WTP equal to the country's GDP per capita was chosen according to the definition of the World Health Organization (WHO) of ICER values that should be regarded as highly cost-effective<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Base case results</title>
        <p>Discounted lifetime costs and utilities of the four strategies in the five scenarios are displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Table 3</xref>. Within the time frame provided by the study's horizon, estimated QALYs ranged from 8.11 to 10.57 and cumulative costs ranged from Int$1,006 to Int$16,825 in the no-statin group. In a ten-year period, the proportion of patients suffering events (SA, MI, stroke and CV death) in the primary prevention models in this group were as follows: 4.63% in the 5% ten-year risk group, 9.46% in the 10% ten-year risk, 14.16% in the 15% ten-year risk, and 18.93% in the 20% ten-year risk. The reason that the event rate was lower than the defined event rate in the model's equations is that the population susceptible to these events diminished throughout time due to non-CV deaths.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t03">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Base case analysis. Costs, effectiveness and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for alternative treatment strategies in secondary and primary prevention</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>&#160;</th>
                <th colspan="3" align="left">Secondary prevention</th>
                <th colspan="4" align="left">Primary prevention, 20% risk</th>
                <th colspan="3" align="left">Primary prevention, 15% risk</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Treatment</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Costs (Int$)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>QALYs</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>ICER</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Costs (Int$)</bold>
                </td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>QALYs</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>ICER</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Costs (Int$)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>QALYs</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>ICER</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">No statin</td>
                <td align="center">Int$ 16,825</td>
                <td align="center">8.11</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">Int$ 9,056</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">9.99</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">Int$ 7,627</td>
                <td align="center">10.19</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Low dose</td>
                <td align="center">Int$ 17,430</td>
                <td align="center">8.32</td>
                <td align="center">Int$ 2,827 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">a</xref></td>
                <td align="center">Int$ 9,224</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">10.06</td>
                <td align="center">Dominated <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">d</xref></td>
                <td align="center">Int$ 7,817</td>
                <td align="center">10.25</td>
                <td align="center">Dominated <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">d</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Intermediate dose</td>
                <td align="center">Int$ 17,892</td>
                <td align="center">8.46</td>
                <td align="center">Int$ 3,526<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03">b</xref></td>
                <td align="center">Int$ 9,364</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">10.14</td>
                <td align="center">Int$ 2,081 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">a</xref></td>
                <td align="center">Int$ 7,954</td>
                <td align="center">10.31</td>
                <td align="center">Int$ 2,819 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">a</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">High dose</td>
                <td align="center">Int$ 20,115</td>
                <td align="center">8.51</td>
                <td align="center">Int$ 40,418 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">c</xref></td>
                <td align="center">Int$ 11,524</td>
                <td colspan="2" align="center">10.22</td>
                <td align="center">Int$ 26,667 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">c</xref></td>
                <td align="center">Int$ 10,148</td>
                <td align="center">10.37</td>
                <td align="center">Int$ 33,754 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">c</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr align="center">
                <td colspan="11">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td colspan="3" align="center">
                  <bold>Primary prevention, 10% risk</bold>
                </td>
                <td colspan="3" align="center">
                  <bold>Primary prevention, 5% risk</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Treatment</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Costs (Int$)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>QALYs</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>ICER</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Costs (Int$)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>QALYs</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>ICER</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">No statin</td>
                <td align="center">Int$ 2,175</td>
                <td align="center">10.36</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">Int$ 1,006</td>
                <td align="center">10.57</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Low dose</td>
                <td align="center">Int$ 2,356</td>
                <td align="center">10.40</td>
                <td align="center">Dominated <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">d</xref></td>
                <td align="center">Int$ 1,267</td>
                <td align="center">10.59</td>
                <td align="center">Dominated <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">d</xref></td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Intermediate dose</td>
                <td align="center">Int$ 2,470</td>
                <td align="center">10.44</td>
                <td align="center">Int$ 3,554<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">a</xref></td>
                <td align="center">Int$ 1,440</td>
                <td align="center">10.62</td>
                <td align="center">Int$ 9,644 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">a</xref></td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">High dose</td>
                <td align="center">Int$ 4,661</td>
                <td align="center">10.49</td>
                <td align="center">Int$ 47,630 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">c</xref></td>
                <td align="center">Int$ 3,727</td>
                <td align="center">10.64</td>
                <td align="center">nt$ 95,292 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">c</xref></td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>against no statin</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>against low dose</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <label>c</label>
              <p>against intermediate dose</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <label>d</label>
              <p>dominated by extension</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <p>QALY: Quality-adjusted life year; ICER: Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The ICERs in secondary prevention were as follows: Int$2,827 per QALY in the low dose versus no-statin comparison, Int$3,526 per QALY in the moderate versus low-dose analysis, and Int$40,418 per QALY in the high versus moderate-dose assessment (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>The primary prevention models were modified based on the results found with the secondary prevention model. Considering the very favorable ICER of the moderate dose in secondary prevention, we assumed that patients who started on low dose or received no statin in the primary prevention models were prescribed moderate doses after a CV event. Assessing the simulation span, the proportion of patients migrating to secondary prevention in the no-statin strategy throughout the models was 10.6% in the 5% ten-year risk model and 35.8% in the 20% ten-year risk model.</p>
        <p>In all primary prevention scenarios, the low dose was dominated by extension. Across the scenarios, the moderate dose versus no-statin comparison showed base case ICERs between Int$2,081 and Int$9,644 per QALY, and the high versus moderate dose showed base case ICERs between Int$26,667 and Int$95,292 per QALY (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>). Therefore, in all five scenarios, the preferred regimen would be the moderate-dose statin in the base case, considering the WTP of Int$11,770 per QALY.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sensitivity analyses</title>
        <p>In the secondary prevention model, the only parameters that influenced overall results were the effectiveness of the various statin regimens; other parameters had no significant impact. When the effectiveness of the low-dose regimen was set to its maximum or the effectiveness of moderate dose was set to its minimum, the low-dose statin would be preferred. On the other hand, when the effects of high dose were maximized, this would be the preferred regimen.</p>
        <p>In the primary prevention models, the maximization of low-dose effectiveness or minimization of moderate-dose effectiveness also resulted in the low-dose regimen being the most cost-effective. In the 5% ten-year risk scenario, the low dose would also be preferred if its cost was set to its minimum or if the moderate-dose cost was maximal. The no-statin regimen would be the preferred strategy only in three situations, all in the 5% ten-year risk scenario: minimum general population utility, minimal moderate-dose effectiveness and higher discount rate. The high-dose regimen would be considered the most cost-effective regimen in only two conditions: maximum high-dose effectiveness (20% ten-year risk scenario) or minimum high-dose costs (in both 20% and 15% ten-year risk scenario). Under several uncertainties considered in the sensitivity analyses, for the majority of scenarios the moderate dose was the most cost-effective strategy and was not affected by variation of other model parameters.</p>
        <p>In the alternative setting using retail sales prices for statins, a major impact throughout all risk groups was observed. If the retail sales price was applied rather than the lower government cost, the low-dose regimen would be the preferred choice in secondary prevention, and in the 20% and 15% ten-year risk setting, the most cost-effective option would be no statin in the other two primary prevention scenarios.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cost-effectiveness acceptability curves</title>
        <p>The cost-effectiveness acceptability curves generated with the 1,000 samples from each model's second-order Monte Carlo simulation are displayed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>. The moderate-dose strategy showed to be the leading probability of being cost-effective, compared to all other strategies, from thresholds as low as Int$4,000 per QALY (except for the 5% ten-year risk scenario, where this occurred above the threshold of circa Int$10,000). Considering thresholds between one and two times the Brazilian GDP per capita, the moderate-dose strategy was the most cost-effective option across all scenarios, with probabilities ranging from 50% to 70% on average.</p>
        <fig id="f02" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cost-effectiveness acceptability curves of the five base-case scenarios (secondary and primary prevention, with ten-year risks ranging between 5% and 20% in the latter) and of the 5% ten-year risk primary prevention alternative scenario with statin prices fixed at the retail sales prices of the drugs.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0032-40173-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <p>We performed alternative sets of second-order Monte Carlo simulations, where statins costs were fixed at the retail sales prices. In the 5% scenario, the no-statin strategy was the most cost-effective option considering a WTP threshold as high as Int$40,000 per QALY (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). In the other primary prevention scenarios, the probability of the low dose being more cost-effective than the no-statin strategy increased as a result of escalating 10-year event risk (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>). As opposed to the base case scenarios, the high dose, rather than the moderate dose, was the one that surpassed the low dose as the more cost-effective strategy at higher WTP values. In the secondary prevention scenario, the low dose had a higher probability of being cost-effective from thresholds between Int$5,000 and Int$18,000 per QALY.</p>
        <fig id="f03" fig-type="other">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cost-effectiveness acceptability curves of alternative scenarios (secondary prevention and 10% to 20% ten-year risk primary prevention), where statin prices were fixed at the retail sales prices of the drugs. The curves show the probabilities that the various statin doses would be cost-effective at varying threshold costeffectiveness values.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0032-40173-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this cost-effectiveness study, designed to evaluate the relative economic value of different intensity statin therapies from the perspective of the Brazilian SUS, the moderate-dose scheme was the most attractive option. All moderate-dose ICERs were lower than the threshold suggested by the WHO to consider a technology as very attractive from the cost-effectiveness viewpoint, a threshold equal to the GDP per capita<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, (Int$11,770) for Brazil in 2011<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. These results were consistent in the second-order Monte Carlo simulations, in which the moderate-dose strategy was the most cost-effective option across all scenarios with WTP values as low as Int$10,000 per QALY, with a probability higher than 50% in all scenarios at the Int$11,770 threshold.</p>
      <p>One could argue that the WHO Choice initiative also suggests using 3 times GDP per capita as cost-effective threshold for middle income countries. Under such WTP limit, still intermediate dose statin would be the most attractive option for most patients. Nonetheless, a more conservative approach was applied considering that this technology is being used for primary prevention, in very prevalent settings for a large number of patients, and for long periods of time.</p>
      <p>The most important factor in our analyses was the very low cost of the generic simvastatin 40 mg purchased directly by the Brazilian government compared to atorvastatin 20 mg. As with other middle-income countries, Brazil imports some generic drugs (including simvastatin) from the Asian market at very low costs. In the alternative scenario, in which we used the retail sales price for generic statins in Brazil, the results were quite different. In the very low risk patients (5% ten-year risk), the no-statin strategy predominated in WTP as high as Int$40,000 per QALY. Based on this analysis, statins would be used only in the 20% ten-year risk scenario and in secondary prevention, but with a low- rather than a moderate-dose regimen. Another interesting aspect is that, accepting higher WTP thresholds, the high dose (and not the moderate) surpassed the low dose as being the most cost effective (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>). Such disparity in comparison to the base case scenarios was caused by two factors: first, the relative difference between statin prices in the alternative scenarios is not similar to the one observed in the base case, where the difference between low and moderate dose is minimal and between these two and high dose is significant.</p>
      <p>Second, high-dose effectiveness in primary prevention is much greater when compared to the other two statin strategies, especially considering MI incidence reduction. Although the relative risks used in both base case and retail sales price models are the same, the very large difference in statin costs in the base case blunts the effectiveness of the high-dose strategy, with a consequent high ICER. It should be kept in mind, however, that the meta-analysis results used to estimate the high dose effectiveness was significantly determined by the JUPITER study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, of which methods have been questioned in the literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Conversely, the secondary prevention alternative scenario had results more consistent with the base case: in the range of Int$ 24,000 - 47,000 per QALY, which is equivalent to 2-4 times the Brazilian GPD per capita, the intermediate dose had the highest probability of being the most cost-effective option.</p>
      <p>At first glance, the lower ICERs observed in the higher risk primary prevention scenarios, when compared to secondary prevention, seems contradictory. The explanation for this phenomenon lies in the large annual cost of care of patients with previous vascular events in Brazil, especially when compared with the expenditures due to acute events, proportionally lower than that observed in high-income countries. Consequently, although statins prevent a larger absolute number of events in secondary prevention, the proportional cost of events in the primary prevention is much larger, because this value is the sum of the acute event expenditure plus the difference in costs between secondary and primary prevention (equal to Int$1,124 in the 20% ten-year risk scenario, for example) multiplied by the number of years that the patient lives in secondary prevention after his first event.</p>
      <p>Several cost-effectiveness studies evaluating statins in other countries generally showed acceptable cost-effectiveness ratios for patients in secondary prevention or high risk primary prevention populations. Nonetheless, the methods and assumptions used in these investigations were different from those of our study. Firstly, the majority of these studies were either economic evaluations piggybacked on RCTs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> or modeling approaches in which the effectiveness parameters were based on only a few RCTs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. By contrast, in our study, the effectiveness data were based on more than 136,000 patients from 40 RCTs. Although the study by Ward et al. performed a comprehensive meta-analysis on statin effectiveness, their comparison was between statin and no treatment, combining all statins and intensity regimes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Secondly, many of these studies evaluated cost-effectiveness using the cost of brand name statins, having been performed before the availability of lower cost generic formulations. Furthermore, our study was conducted in a middle-income country, where costs of drugs, ambulatory care of patients and hospital care of vascular events are significantly less than in other countries<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. Finally, our study was the first to our knowledge to include three statin intensity regimes and a control group, allowing a broader view of these drugs.</p>
      <p>So far, only one economic evaluation of statins has been performed in Brazil, where the cost-effectiveness of atorvastatin 10 mg and simvastatin 40 mg in secondary prevention were appraised<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. The authors described dominance of simvastatin over both no treatment and atorvastatin, but the lack of a description of the details of the systematic review employed to determine the effectiveness of the treatments compromises the understanding of these results.</p>
      <p>The main strengths of our study were the systematic review performed, the comprehensive model employed and the division of statins into three groups. Our microsimulation modeling was built to track previous events and to use this information to interfere in future events, which is the cornerstone for the adequate representation of complex disease processes involved in cardiovascular disease prevention. The systematic review conducted to obtain the parameters for statin effectiveness was thorough and aggregated both direct and indirect evidence, combining all relevant randomized studies on statins. Finally, the majority of economic models thus far have compared strategies with a selected statin versus no treatment or high versus low dose. The availability of statins is currently vast, and the division of statins into three groups of potency therefore seems more reasonable.</p>
      <p>Some limitations of our research should be mentioned. The lack of parameters for transitions between health states and for distribution of patients among initial health states (in the secondary prevention model) based on Brazilian data led us to apply parameters based on international data. For instance, the relative rates of mortality for stroke and cardiovascular disease are different in Brazil when compared to most high-income countries, although it is difficult to predict the impact that this would have on final results<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>. Another possible source of bias for our results is our estimation of statin effectiveness in primary prevention, which was based on studies in which the patients were generally of moderate or high risk. Therefore, the benefit of treatment in the 5% (and possibly in the 10%) ten-year risk scenario(s) could have been overestimated. Finally, the effectiveness estimates were based on clinical trial data, where patients usually have higher compliance to treatment, and therefore the treatment effects might have been overestimated.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Statins have been available in the Brazilian SUS for ten years, with no formal economic evaluation performed to guide this decision process. Today, although prescriptions are centered on atorvastatin and simvastatin, all statins except rosuvastatin are offered in the pharmacy assistance program. The results of our study suggest that if the current prices of statin acquisition are maintained, the prescription of 40 mg of simvastatin for both primary and secondary prevention is highly cost-effective and therefore should be pursued, especially in secondary and high-risk primary prevention patients, where the magnitude of the benefit is greater and a national public health policy already endorses the use of statins.</p>
      <p>Nonetheless, other criteria beyond clinical benefit and cost-effectiveness ratios must be considered in the evaluation of the adoption of a technology, such as equity and accessibility, as well as the budget impact of such an implementation. Considering the enormous proportion of the population that have low to moderate CV risk (5% to 10% ten-year risks)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>, the economic impact of widespread CV prevention with statins must also be evaluated, especially for prescription to those in the lower risk stratum, where the benefit of statins is limited. Conversely, our data demonstrate that the higher dose of atorvastatin at its current price is not justifiable, even for high-risk patients.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <title>Erratum</title>
        <p>The original article "Cost-Effectiveness of High, Moderate and Low-Dose Statins in the Prevention of Vascular Events in the Brazilian Public Health System" published in the January 2015 issue of the Brazilian Archives of Cardiology [Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015; 104 (1): 32-44], was published in the Portuguese version as "Effectiveness of High, Moderate and Low-Dose Statins in the Prevention of Vascular Events in the Brazilian Public Health System". A correction was made in the Portuguese version.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CNPq and Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Rodrigo Antonini Ribeiro, from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>Dr. Polanczyk and Dr. Duncan received research sponsorship from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), Brazil. Dr. Ribeiro also received research sponsorship from CNPq for this study. This study was supported by research grant #37/2008 from the MCT/CNPq and the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The authors disclose no conflict of interest regarding this manuscript. The funding sources had no role in designing, analyzing or writing the manuscript.</p>
    </ack>
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    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Custo-efetividade de Estatinas em Dose Alta, Moderada e Baixa na Preven&#231;&#227;o de Eventos Vasculares no SUS</article-title>
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      <aff id="aff07">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Epidemiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Epidemiologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologia em Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologia em Sa&#250;de</institution>
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      <aff id="aff09">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Estat&#237;stica</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Estat&#237;stica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
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      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Medicina Interna</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
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        <country>Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Medicina Interna do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Rodrigo Antonini Ribeiro, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 910, bloco D, 2&#186; andar - Instituto de Educa&#231;&#227;o e Pesquisa do Hospital Moinhos de Vento. CEP 90035-001, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. Email:   <email>rodrigo.ribeiro@htanalyze.com</email>;   <email>rodrigoantonini@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Ribeiro RA, Polanczyk CA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Ribeiro RA, Stella SF, Vieira JLC, Restelatto LMF; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Ribeiro RA, Duncan BB, Ziegelmann PK, Stella SF, Vieira JLC, Restelatto LMF, Polanczyk CA; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Ribeiro RA, Ziegelmann PK; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Polanczyk CA; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Ribeiro RA; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Duncan BB, Polanczyk CA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Estatinas tem efic&#225;cia comprovada na redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares, mas o impacto financeiro de seu uso disseminado pode ser substancial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Conduzir an&#225;lise de custo-efetividade de tr&#234;s esquemas de doses de estatinas na perspectiva do SUS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foi desenvolvido modelo de Markov para avaliar a raz&#227;o de custo-efetividade incremental (RCEI) de regimes de dose baixa, intermedi&#225;ria e alta, em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria e quatro cen&#225;rios de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria (risco em 10 anos de 5%, 10%, 15% e 20%). Regimes com redu&#231;&#227;o de LDL abaixo de 30% (ex: sinvastatina 10mg) foram considerados dose baixa; entre 30-40% (atorvastatina 10mg, sinvastatina 40mg), dose intermedi&#225;ria; e acima de 40% (atorvastatina 20-80 mg, rosuvastatina 20 mg), dose alta. Dados de efetividade foram obtidos de revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com aproximadamente 136.000 pacientes. Dados nacionais foram usados para estimar utilidades e custos (expressos em d&#243;lares internacionais - Int$). Um limiar de disposi&#231;&#227;o a pagar (LDP) igual ao produto interno bruto per capita nacional (aproximadamente Int$11.770) foi utilizado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A dose baixa foi dominada por extens&#227;o nos cen&#225;rios de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. Nos cinco cen&#225;rios, a RCEI da dose intermedi&#225;ria ficou abaixo de Int$10.000 por QALY. A RCEI de dose alta ficou acima de Int$27.000 por QALY em todos os cen&#225;rios. Nas curvas de aceitabilidade de custo-efetividade, dose intermedi&#225;ria teve probabilidade de ser custo-efetiva acima de 50% com RCEIs entre Int$9.000-20.000 por QALY em todos os cen&#225;rios.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Considerando um LDP razo&#225;vel, uso de estatinas em doses intermedi&#225;rias &#233; economicamente atrativo, e deveria ser interven&#231;&#227;o priorit&#225;ria na redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares no Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Inibidores da Hidroximetilglutaril-Co</kwd>
        <kwd>Redutases</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise de Custo-Benef&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A efic&#225;cia das estatinas tem sido estudada em v&#225;rios ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECR) grandes, e os resultados combinados desses estudos mostraram redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares (ECVs) em v&#225;rios cen&#225;rios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>. De extrema import&#226;ncia &#233; a grande propor&#231;&#227;o esperada de adultos que atenderiam os crit&#233;rios para a preven&#231;&#227;o de ECVs e necessitariam de tratamento com estatinas. Gastos anuais correntes com estatinas no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) s&#227;o de aproximadamente 65 milh&#245;es de d&#243;lares internacionais (Int$), dos quais a maior quota de mercado pertence &#224; atorvastatina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>.</p>
        <p>A custo-efetividade das estatinas na preven&#231;&#227;o de ECVs tem sido avaliado em diversos estudos em diferentes pa&#237;ses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>, com raz&#245;es de custo-efetividade incremental (RCEI) apresentando uma varia&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel. Comparado com placebo, as estatinas t&#234;m RCEI geralmente aceit&#225;veis de acordo com os limiares de disposi&#231;&#227;o a pagar (LDP) da maioria dos pa&#237;ses, especialmente na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria de ECVs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref>, com resultados mais conflitantes na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>. Em estudos comparando esquemas de alta intensidade vs. baixa intensidade, as conclus&#245;es apresentam grande varia&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>. Essas an&#225;lises, no entanto, foram conduzidas em pa&#237;ses de alta renda, com transferabilidade limitada para o Brasil, considerando os diferentes par&#226;metros de custo e os LDP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>.</p>
        <p>No Brasil, as diretrizes nacionais de tratamento recomendam as estatinas para a preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria de ECVs ou para indiv&#237;duos com altos n&#237;veis de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade-colesterol (LDL-c)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>. As estatinas foram introduzidas no sistema de sa&#250;de brasileiro em 2002. Embora o acesso a esses medicamentos tenha sido progressivamente facilitado com a inclus&#227;o da sinvastatina na farm&#225;cia de cuidados de sa&#250;de prim&#225;rios, a sua disponibilidade para a popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; universal nem dispon&#237;vel em uma base regular.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; consenso entre os diferentes sistemas de sa&#250;de sobre a possibilidade de oferecer de maneira ampla as estatinas para a preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular. Considerando diretrizes internacionais recentemente revisadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>, os aspectos atuais a serem abordados s&#227;o: 1) qual &#233; a intensidade ideal da terapia, e 2) qual deveria ser o limiar de risco cardiovascular de 10 anos para iniciar a terapia com estatina. Essas defini&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o de particular import&#226;ncia para o Brasil, considerando o impacto financeiro e nos cuidados de sa&#250;de de tais escolhas. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma an&#225;lise de custo-utilidade sob a perspectiva do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) brasileiro de tr&#234;s regimes diferentes de estatinas (alta, moderada e baixa intensidade), tanto na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria quanto na secund&#225;ria de ECVs.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o-alvo</title>
          <p>Havia duas popula&#231;&#245;es-alvo nesse estudo. A primeira popula&#231;&#227;o-alvo foi composta por pacientes do sexo masculino e feminino dos 45 aos 85 anos de idade na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria de ECVs, que recentemente sofreram um primeiro evento de qualifica&#231;&#227;o: angina est&#225;vel (AE), infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) ou acidente vascular cerebral (AVC). A segunda popula&#231;&#227;o-alvo incluiu homens e mulheres na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, que apresentavam risco de 10 anos de evento card&#237;aco maior variando de 5% a 20%. Alguns exemplos (usando as equa&#231;&#245;es de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco de Framingham)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> do perfil de risco dos pacientes de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria s&#227;o dados abaixo:</p>
          <p>&#8226; Um indiv&#237;duo com um risco de 5% poderia ser um homem de 45-49 anos de idade, com n&#237;vel de colesterol total (CT) de 160-199 mg/dL e lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade-colesterol(HDL-c) de 35-44 mg/dL, com press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) de 120-129 mmHg, n&#227;o-fumante e n&#227;o-diab&#233;tico.</p>
          <p>&#8226; Um risco de 10% em dez anos &#233; representado por uma mulher de 50-54 anos de idade, com CT de 160-199 mg/dL e HDL-c de 35-44 mg/dL, com PAS de 140-149 mmHg, n&#227;o-fumante e n&#227;o-diab&#233;tica.</p>
          <p>&#8226; Um risco de 15% &#233; representado por um indiv&#237;duo de 60-64 anos de idade, do sexo masculino, com CT de 160-199 mg/dL e HDL-c de 45-49 mg/dL, com PAS superior a 150 mmHg, n&#227;o-fumante e n&#227;o-diab&#233;tico.</p>
          <p>&#8226; Finalmente, um risco de 20% poderia ser representado por uma mulher de 50-54 anos de idade, com CT de 160-199 mg/dL e HDL-c de 45-49 mg/dL, com PAS de 140-149 mmHg, fumante e diab&#233;tica.</p>
          <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#245;es e estimativa de efetividade</p>
          <p>Tr&#234;s estrat&#233;gias de tratamento com estatina foram avaliadas: regimes de alta, moderada e de baixa intensidade. O benef&#237;cio das estatinas foi modelado atrav&#233;s da redu&#231;&#227;o de infartos n&#227;o fatais, AVCs e mortes cardiovasculares. Para determinar a efic&#225;cia cl&#237;nica para cada estrat&#233;gia alternativa, foi realizada uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica nas bases de dados MEDLINE e Cochrane CENTRAL, onde procuramos ensaios cl&#237;nicos comparando qualquer estatina com placebo, tratamento usual ou outra estatina, nos quais tenha sido avaliado ao menos um dos resultados acima mencionados. Os detalhes dessa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica foram previamente descritos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. Resumidamente, os tratamentos foram classificados de acordo com a redu&#231;&#227;o esperada do LDL-c. Regimes de tratamento com uma redu&#231;&#227;o esperada do LDL-c de at&#233; 30% (tais como a sinvastatina 10 mg e pravastatina 20-40 mg) foram considerados regimes de baixa dose; entre 30% e 40% (10 mg de atorvastatina, 60 80 mg de fluvastatina, 30-40 mg de lovastatina, 20-40 mg de sinvastatina), dose moderada; e acima de 40% (20-80 mg de atorvastatina e 20 mg de rosuvastatina), dose elevada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>.</p>
          <p>Apenas os estudos com dura&#231;&#227;o de seis meses ou mais e um n&#250;mero total de pacientes maior que 100 foram inclu&#237;dos. Foram exclu&#237;dos os ensaios que se concentravam em situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas distintas, a saber, pacientes com doen&#231;a renal avan&#231;ada, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e os estudos que inclu&#237;am exclusivamente pacientes de origem asi&#225;tica (em quem a resposta &#224;s estatinas &#233; extremamente elevada em rela&#231;&#227;o aos caucasianos)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>.</p>
          <p>Os estudos foram ent&#227;o divididos em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria ou secund&#225;ria de ECVs de acordo com as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos; estudos com grupos mistos de popula&#231;&#245;es (estudos com popula&#231;&#245;es predominantemente de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, mas com mais de 15% da amostra em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, ou vice versa) foram exclu&#237;dos. A revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica recuperou 26 estudos de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria (73.634 pacientes) e 14 estudos de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria (62.905 pacientes), apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t04">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2" align="left">
                    <bold>Estudo</bold>
                  </th>
                  <th>Ano</th>
                  <th>Pacientes randomizados</th>
                  <th>Interven&#231;&#245;es (mg/dia)</th>
                  <th>Tipo de compara&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>M&#233;dia da idade</th>
                  <th>Seguimento (anos)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">
                    <bold>Preven&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">ACAPS</td>
                  <td align="center">1994</td>
                  <td align="center">919</td>
                  <td align="center">L30 vs placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose moderada vs. placebo/semtratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">61,7</td>
                  <td align="center">2,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">AFCAPS/TexCAPS</td>
                  <td align="center">1998</td>
                  <td align="center">6.605</td>
                  <td align="center">L30 vs placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose moderada vs. placebo/sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">58,7</td>
                  <td align="center">5,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">ALLHAT-LLT</td>
                  <td align="center">2002</td>
                  <td align="center">10.355</td>
                  <td align="center">P40 vs.TU</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose baixa vs. placebo/sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">66,4</td>
                  <td align="center">4,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">ASCOT-LLA</td>
                  <td align="center">2003</td>
                  <td align="center">10.305</td>
                  <td align="center">A10 vs. placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose moderada vs. placebo/sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">63,2</td>
                  <td align="center">3,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">CAIUS</td>
                  <td align="center">1996</td>
                  <td align="center">305</td>
                  <td align="center">P40 vs. placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose baixa vs. placebo/sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">55,0</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">CARDS</td>
                  <td align="center">2004</td>
                  <td align="center">2.838</td>
                  <td align="center">A10 vs. placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose moderada vs. placebo/sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">62,0</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">DALI</td>
                  <td align="center">2001</td>
                  <td align="center">145</td>
                  <td align="center">A80 vs. A10 vs. placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose alta vs. dose moderada vs. placebo/semtratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">59,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">HYRIM</td>
                  <td align="center">2005</td>
                  <td align="center">568</td>
                  <td align="center">F40 vs. placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose baixa vs. placebo/sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">57,1</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">JUPITER</td>
                  <td align="center">2008</td>
                  <td align="center">17.802</td>
                  <td align="center">R20 vs. placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose alta vs. placebo/sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">66,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">KAPS</td>
                  <td align="center">1995</td>
                  <td align="center">447</td>
                  <td align="center">P40 vs. placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose baixa vs. placebo/sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">57,4</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Mohler</td>
                  <td align="center">2003</td>
                  <td align="center">240</td>
                  <td align="center">A80 vs. A10 vs. placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose alta vs. dose moderada vs. placebo/sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">68,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">PREVEND IT</td>
                  <td align="center">2004</td>
                  <td align="center">864</td>
                  <td align="center">P40 vs. placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose baixa vs. placebo/sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">51,3</td>
                  <td align="center">3,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">WOSCOPS</td>
                  <td align="center">1995</td>
                  <td align="center">6.595</td>
                  <td align="center">P40 vs. placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose baixa vs. placebo/sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">55,2</td>
                  <td align="center">4,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">
                    <bold>Preven&#231;&#227;o Secund&#225;ria</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">3T</td>
                  <td align="center">2003</td>
                  <td align="center">1.093</td>
                  <td align="center">A30 vs. S35</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose alta vs. dose moderada</td>
                  <td align="center">62,8</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">4S</td>
                  <td align="center">1994</td>
                  <td align="center">4.444</td>
                  <td align="center">S30 vs. placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose moderada vs. placebo/sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">58,0</td>
                  <td align="center">5,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">ALLIANCE</td>
                  <td align="center">2004</td>
                  <td align="center">2.442</td>
                  <td align="center">A40 vs.TU</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose alta vs. placebo/sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">61,2</td>
                  <td align="center">4,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">A-to-Z</td>
                  <td align="center">2004</td>
                  <td align="center">4.497</td>
                  <td align="center">S80 vs. S20</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose alta vs. dose moderada</td>
                  <td align="center">61,0</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">CARE</td>
                  <td align="center">1996</td>
                  <td align="center">4.159</td>
                  <td align="center">P40 vs. placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose baixa vs. placebo/sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">59,0</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">CCAIT</td>
                  <td align="center">1994</td>
                  <td align="center">331</td>
                  <td align="center">L40 vs. placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose moderada vs. placebo/sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">53,8</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">CIS</td>
                  <td align="center">1997</td>
                  <td align="center">254</td>
                  <td align="center">S40 vs. placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose moderada vs. placebo/sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">49,3</td>
                  <td align="center">2,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">CLAPT</td>
                  <td align="center">1999</td>
                  <td align="center">226</td>
                  <td align="center">L40 vs.TU</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose moderada vs. placebo/sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">53,9</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">FLARE</td>
                  <td align="center">1999</td>
                  <td align="center">834</td>
                  <td align="center">F80 vs. placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose moderada vs. placebo/sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">60,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">FLORIDA</td>
                  <td align="center">2002</td>
                  <td align="center">540</td>
                  <td align="center">F80 vs. placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose moderada vs. placebo/sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">60,5</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">GISSI-P</td>
                  <td align="center">2000</td>
                  <td align="center">4.271</td>
                  <td align="center">P30 vs.TU</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose baixa vs. placebo/sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">59,9</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">IDEAL</td>
                  <td align="center">2005</td>
                  <td align="center">8.888</td>
                  <td align="center">A80 vs. S20</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose alta vs. dose moderada</td>
                  <td align="center">61,7</td>
                  <td align="center">4,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">LIPID</td>
                  <td align="center">1998</td>
                  <td align="center">9.014</td>
                  <td align="center">P40 vs. placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose baixa vs. placebo/sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">62.0</td>
                  <td align="center">6.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">LIPS</td>
                  <td align="center">2002</td>
                  <td align="center">1.677</td>
                  <td align="center">F80 vs. placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose moderada vs. placebo/sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">60,0</td>
                  <td align="center">3,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">LiSA</td>
                  <td align="center">1999</td>
                  <td align="center">365</td>
                  <td align="center">F60 vs. placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose moderada vs. placebo/sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">59,8</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">MAAS</td>
                  <td align="center">1994</td>
                  <td align="center">381</td>
                  <td align="center">S20 vs. placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose moderada vs. placebo/sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">55,3</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">PLAC I</td>
                  <td align="center">1995</td>
                  <td align="center">408</td>
                  <td align="center">P40 vs. placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose baixa vs. placebo/sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">57,0</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">PLAC II</td>
                  <td align="center">1995</td>
                  <td align="center">151</td>
                  <td align="center">P30 vs. placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose baixa vs. placebo/sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">62,0</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">PREDICT</td>
                  <td align="center">1997</td>
                  <td align="center">695</td>
                  <td align="center">P40 vs. placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose baixa vs. placebo/sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">58,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">PROVE IT - TIMI</td>
                  <td align="center">2004</td>
                  <td align="center">4.162</td>
                  <td align="center">A80 vs. P40</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose alta vs. dose baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">58,2</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">REGRESS</td>
                  <td align="center">1995</td>
                  <td align="center">884</td>
                  <td align="center">P40 vs. placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose baixa vs. placebo/sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">56,2</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">REVERSAL</td>
                  <td align="center">2004</td>
                  <td align="center">502</td>
                  <td align="center">A80 vs. P40</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose alta vs. dose baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">56.2</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">SAGE</td>
                  <td align="center">2007</td>
                  <td align="center">891</td>
                  <td align="center">A80 vs. P40</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose alta vs. dose baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">72,5</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">SCAT</td>
                  <td align="center">2000</td>
                  <td align="center">460</td>
                  <td align="center">S30 vs. placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose moderada vs. placebo/sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">61,0</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">Schmermund</td>
                  <td align="center">2006</td>
                  <td align="center">366</td>
                  <td align="center">A80 vs. A10</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose alta vs. dose moderada</td>
                  <td align="center">61,5</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">SEARCH</td>
                  <td align="center">2010</td>
                  <td align="center">12.064</td>
                  <td align="center">S80 vs. S20</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose alta vs. dose moderada</td>
                  <td align="center">64,2</td>
                  <td align="center">6,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">SPARCL</td>
                  <td align="center">2006</td>
                  <td align="center">4.731</td>
                  <td align="center">A80 vs. placebo</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose alta vs. placebo/sem tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">62,8</td>
                  <td align="center">4,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr align="center">
                  <td align="left">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="left">TNT</td>
                  <td align="center">2005</td>
                  <td align="center">10.001</td>
                  <td align="center">A80 vs. A10</td>
                  <td align="center">Dose alta vs. dose moderada</td>
                  <td align="center">60,5</td>
                  <td align="center">4,9</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN01">
                <p>A: atorvastatina; F: fluvastatina; L: lovastatina; P: pravastatina; R: rosuvastatina; S: sinvastatina; TU: tratamento usual.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>O modelo de meta-an&#225;lise escolhido foi a abordagem Bayesiana de <italic>mixed treatment comparisons</italic> (MTC), a fim de incluir tanto evid&#234;ncias diretas quanto indiretas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, exceto nos casos em que apenas a evid&#234;ncia direta estava dispon&#237;vel, para a qual foi feita uma meta-an&#225;lise de efeitos aleat&#243;rios convencional. Os riscos relativos (RR) para eventos com dose alta, moderada e baixa de estatinas <italic>versus</italic>nenhuma estatina s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>. Assumimos a efetividade das estatinas como constante durante toda a vida, semelhante a outros modelos de custo efetividade de estatina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t05">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Estimativas de refer&#234;ncia e faixas usadas em an&#225;lises de sensibilidade</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="3" align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>Valor de refer&#234;ncia</th>
                  <th>Faixa</th>
                  <th>Distribui&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="left">Fonte</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="7">Efetividade da estatina: riscos relativos vs. nenhuma estatina</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="6">Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="6">Preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Dose baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57 - 0,97</td>
                  <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Dose intermedi&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65</td>
                  <td align="center">0,50 - 0,85</td>
                  <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Dose alta</td>
                  <td align="center">0,39</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22 - 0,64</td>
                  <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="6">Preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Dose baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65 - 0,84</td>
                  <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Dose intermedi&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59 - 0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Dose alta</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58</td>
                  <td align="center">0,50 - 0,67</td>
                  <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="6">Morte cardiovascular</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="6">Preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Dose baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72 - 1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Dose intermedi&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72 - 1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Dose alta</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70 - 0,93</td>
                  <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="6">Preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Dose baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">0,83</td>
                  <td align="center">0,69- 1,03</td>
                  <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Dose intermedi&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58 - 0,89</td>
                  <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Dose alta</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68</td>
                  <td align="center">0,53 - 0,85</td>
                  <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="6">AVC</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="6">Preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Dose baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63 - 1,36</td>
                  <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Dose intermedi&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47 - 1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Dose alta</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56</td>
                  <td align="center">0,29 - 1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="6">Preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Dose baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72 - 0,98</td>
                  <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Dose intermedi&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72 - 0,98</td>
                  <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Dose alta</td>
                  <td align="center">0,77</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64 - 0,90</td>
                  <td align="center">Log normal</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="7">Custos (Int$)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="6">Custo anual do tratamento</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2">IAM ou AE pr&#233;vios</td>
                  <td align="center">1,699</td>
                  <td align="center">849 - 2.548</td>
                  <td align="center">Triangular</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2">AVC</td>
                  <td align="center">571</td>
                  <td align="center">286 - 857</td>
                  <td align="center">Triangular</td>
                  <td align="center">Estimativa pr&#243;pria</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2">AVC - adicional primeiro ano<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">a</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">268</td>
                  <td align="center">134 - 403</td>
                  <td align="center">Triangular</td>
                  <td align="center">Estimativa pr&#243;pria</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2">Preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, 5% de risco em 10 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">9 - 27</td>
                  <td align="center">Triangular</td>
                  <td align="center">Estimativa pr&#243;pria</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2">Preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, 10% de risco em 10 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">56</td>
                  <td align="center">28 - 84</td>
                  <td align="center">Triangular</td>
                  <td align="center">Estimativa pr&#243;pria</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2">Preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, 15% de risco em 10 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">475</td>
                  <td align="center">238 - 713</td>
                  <td align="center">Triangular</td>
                  <td align="center">Estimativa pr&#243;pria</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2">Preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, 20% de risco em 10 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">575</td>
                  <td align="center">288 - 862</td>
                  <td align="center">Triangular</td>
                  <td align="center">Estimativa pr&#243;pria</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IAM</td>
                  <td align="center">1,501</td>
                  <td align="center">751 - 2.253</td>
                  <td align="center">Triangular</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por AVC</td>
                  <td align="center">680</td>
                  <td align="center">341 - 1,021</td>
                  <td align="center">Triangular</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2">Dose baixa de estatina - custo anual</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">13 - 39</td>
                  <td align="center">Triangular</td>
                  <td align="center">Informa&#231;&#227;o do MS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Cen&#225;rio alternativo</td>
                  <td align="center">65</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2">Dose intermedi&#225;ria de estatina - custo anual</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                  <td align="center">22 - 67</td>
                  <td align="center">Triangular</td>
                  <td align="center">Informa&#231;&#227;o do MS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Cen&#225;rio alternativo</td>
                  <td align="center">231</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="2">Dose alta de estatina-custo anual</td>
                  <td align="center">224</td>
                  <td align="center">112 - 335</td>
                  <td align="center">Triangular</td>
                  <td align="center">Informa&#231;&#227;o do MS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Cen&#225;rio alternativo</td>
                  <td align="center">410</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="7">Utilidades</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>Popula&#231;&#227;o geral</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63 - 0,93</td>
                  <td align="center">Beta</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>IAM ou AE pr&#233;vios</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61 - 0,86</td>
                  <td align="center">Beta</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td>AVC</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49 - 0,69</td>
                  <td align="center">Beta</td>
                  <td align="center">Estimativa pr&#243;pria</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3"><bold>Taxa de desconto</bold> (custo e efetividade)</td>
                  <td align="center">5%</td>
                  <td align="center">0% - 10%</td>
                  <td align="center">Uniforme</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN01">
                <label>a</label>
                <p>Fonoaudiologia e fisioterapia; IAM: Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; MS: Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de; AE: angina est&#225;vel; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral. Todos os dados de efetividade baseiam-se em nossa meta-an&#225;lise anterior, com a estratifica&#231;&#227;o dos dados de acordo com o tipo de preven&#231;&#227;o (prim&#225;ria ou secund&#225;ria) nos ensaios cl&#237;nicos.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Modelos Econ&#244;micos</title>
          <p>Foram constru&#237;dos cinco modelos de micro-simula&#231;&#227;o de Markov: um para pacientes de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria e o restante para pacientes de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria (com riscos de 10 anos para ECVs variando de 5% a 20%). Todos os modelos continham tr&#234;s estrat&#233;gias de tratamento com estatina (dose baixa, moderada e alta) e um bra&#231;o sem estatina.</p>
          <p>O modelo de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria incluiu os seguintes estados iniciais de sa&#250;de: p&#243;s-IAM, p&#243;s AE, e p&#243;s-AVC. Os modelos de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria inclu&#237;ram tamb&#233;m um estado livre de eventos, onde todos os pacientes iniciaram as simula&#231;&#245;es. Uma representa&#231;&#227;o esquem&#225;tica simplificada dos modelos &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f04" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Representa&#231;&#227;o esquem&#225;tica dos modelos de custo-efetividade.</title>
              <p>* Se um paciente em estado p&#243;s-AVC tivesse o diagn&#243;stico de angina est&#225;vel, ele permaneceria no mesmo estado, mas com uma vari&#225;vel rastreadora sinalizando o diagn&#243;stico de angina.</p>
              <p>&#167; A estrutura do modelo de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria foi semelhante, com a exce&#231;&#227;o do estado de Markov &#8220;sem DCV anterior&#8221;, que foi omitido. CV: cardiovascular; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; AE: angina est&#225;vel.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0032-40173-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Cada modelo simulou coortes de pacientes com distribui&#231;&#245;es de sexo e idade inicial de acordo com a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira em geral entre 45 e 85 anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>. As taxas de mortalidade n&#227;o-cardiovasculares dependentes da idade foram estimadas a partir das tabelas de vida das Estat&#237;sticas Vitais Nacionais Brasileiras<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>. Riscos basais para ECVs iniciais nos modelos de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria foram pr&#233;-determinados, com os riscos de dez anos variando de 5% a 20%.Faltavam dados nacionais para a estimativa de alguns par&#226;metros no modelo, e estimativas populacionais do Reino Unido foram aplicadas para: (1) propor&#231;&#245;es de angina, IAM, AVC ou morte cardiovascular, como um primeiro evento CV para os modelos de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria; (2) propor&#231;&#245;es de angina, IAM e AVC como os estados de sa&#250;de iniciais no modelo de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria; (3) probabilidades de transi&#231;&#227;o entre estados de angina, IAM, AVC e morte em todos os modelos, estratificadas por idade e sexo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>.</p>
          <p>Os custos foram expressos em d&#243;lares internacionais (Int$), utilizando a taxa de convers&#227;o de 2011 divulgada pelo Banco Mundial, em que 1 Int$ = 1,81 R$. A efetividade foi medida em anos de vida ajustados pela qualidade (QALY). A taxa de desconto para os custos e efeitos usados em todo o modelo foi de 5% ao ano. Realizamos nossa an&#225;lise a partir da perspectiva de um terceiro pagador p&#250;blico (SUS) com um horizonte de tempo de uma vida. Cada micro-simula&#231;&#227;o foi executada com 200.000 rodagens. O software utilizado para os modelos foi o TreeAge Pro 2009 (TreeAge Software, Inc., Williamstown, Massachusetts).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Utilidades</title>
          <p>Dois estudos de pacientes brasileiros foram utilizados para obten&#231;&#227;o de dados de utilidade para a doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> e estados livres de eventos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Nenhum estudo nacional anterior estimou o efeito do AVC em valores de utilidade. No artigo de Ward et al., o valor de utilidade do AVC foi equivalente a 80% do valor do IAM, e essa propor&#231;&#227;o foi aplicada em nosso valor de utilidade do IAM para estimar o valor do AVC no modelo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Custos</title>
          <p>Os custos m&#233;dicos diretos foram calculados com base em ambos os custos iniciais de tratamento e custos de futuros procedimentos m&#233;dicos. Os custos de interna&#231;&#245;es por IAM e AVC foram extra&#237;dos a partir de dados do SUS no Brasil, os quais inclu&#237;ram o custo m&#233;dio nacional para essas interna&#231;&#245;es para o ano de 2011<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>. O custo anual do tratamento para pacientes com IAM ou AE pr&#233;vios (incluindo todos os medicamentos, exceto as estatinas, exames laboratoriais, procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e consultas m&#233;dicas) foi obtido a partir de um estudo publicado anteriormente pelo nosso grupo, ajustado pela infla&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>. O custo anual do tratamento para pacientes com AVC pr&#233;vio foi calculado com base no parecer de um neurologista especialista que considerou os dados de custos, incluindo medicamentos, visitas ambulatoriais, terapias de reabilita&#231;&#227;o e exames de uma cl&#237;nica p&#243;s-AVC. O custo anual dos cuidados de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria foi estimado a partir do consumo esperado de recursos dos pacientes com risco de 10 anos de 5% a 20%, incluindo medicamentos, laborat&#243;rio e exames cardiol&#243;gicos (eletrocardiograma, ecocardiograma, teste ergom&#233;trico) e consultas ambulatoriais. Todos os custos representam os valores de reembolso p&#250;blicos.</p>
          <p>Os custos calculados para estatina adotaram representantes de grupo: 20 mg de atorvastatina, 40 mg de sinvastatina e 10 mg de atorvastatina como estrat&#233;gias de alta, moderada e baixa dosagem. Esses medicamentos foram selecionados de acordo com os padr&#245;es de prescri&#231;&#227;o observados no SUS. O pre&#231;o por comprimido pago pelo governo brasileiro por esses medicamentos foi Int$0,58, Int$0,09 e Int$0,04, respectivamente. Os pre&#231;os finais dos medicamentos utilizados nos modelos tamb&#233;m inclu&#237;ram seu custo de distribui&#231;&#227;o. De acordo com um estudo n&#227;o publicado realizado no SUS, o custo de distribui&#231;&#227;o geral para cada comprimido seria equivalente a Int$0,035 (Mengue S, comunica&#231;&#227;o pessoal).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lises de Sensibilidade</title>
          <p>Foram realizadas an&#225;lises de sensibilidade na maioria dos par&#226;metros do modelo e tamb&#233;m uma simula&#231;&#227;o de segunda ordem de Monte Carlo (an&#225;lise de sensibilidade probabil&#237;stica ou ASP) com 1.000 amostras. Os par&#226;metros de efetividade do tratamento foram os RRs para IAM, AVC e morte cardiovascular. Estes foram avaliados conjuntamente na an&#225;lise de sensibilidade. Por exemplo, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da estimativa mais baixa da efetividade de cada dose foi feita empregando simultaneamente os limites superiores dos RRs de IAM, AVC e morte de ECVs encontrados para o tratamento com aquela dose. Os RRs variaram entre os limites do intervalo de credibilidade das meta-an&#225;lises; a distribui&#231;&#227;o usada para esses par&#226;metros foi a log-normal.</p>
          <p>Os custos variaram entre &#177; 50% de seus valores originais e foram modelados atrav&#233;s de uma distribui&#231;&#227;o triangular na an&#225;lise de sensibilidade probabil&#237;stica. Foi usada uma distribui&#231;&#227;o beta para utilidade, e os seus percentis de 2,5% e 97,5% estabeleceram os limites para an&#225;lises de sensibilidade univariada. Os descontos para os custos e utilidade variaram entre 0% e 10% e seguiram uma distribui&#231;&#227;o uniforme.</p>
          <p>Tamb&#233;m criamos um cen&#225;rio alternativo de custos da estatina usando o pre&#231;o de venda mais baixo de estatinas gen&#233;ricas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>Para avaliar a influ&#234;ncia da varia&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros no modelo, foi realizado o seguinte:</p>
          <p>Em cada um dos cinco cen&#225;rios, determinou-se que estatina seria usada de acordo com um LDP de Int$ 11.770, igual ao Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) per capita do Brasil em 2011<sup>29</sup>. Em cada cen&#225;rio, apenas uma estrat&#233;gia seria escolhida: por exemplo, se (1) a dose baixa dominou o n&#227;o-uso da estatina, (2) a dose moderada teve uma RCEI de Int$ 6.000 em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dose baixa, e (3) a dose elevada apresentou uma RCEI de Int$ 30.000 versus a dose moderada, a dose moderada seria a estatina escolhida.</p>
          <p>Essas an&#225;lises foram realizadas oscilando-se os par&#226;metros entre seus valores maiores e menores, para avaliar se a estatina de escolha foi alterada pelas incertezas nesses par&#226;metros.</p>
          <p>A LDP igual ao PIB per capita do pa&#237;s foi escolhida de acordo com a defini&#231;&#227;o da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS) para valores de RCEI que devem ser considerados como altamente custo-efetivos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados do Caso Base</title>
          <p>Os custos e a utilidade descontados durante o tempo de vida das quatro estrat&#233;gias, nos cinco cen&#225;rios, s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Tabela 3</xref>. Dentro do horizonte temporal do estudo, os QALYs estimados variaram de 8,11 a 10,57 e os custos acumulados variaram de Int$ 1.006 para Int$ 16.825 no grupo sem estatina. Em um per&#237;odo de dez anos, a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que sofreram eventos (AE, IAM, AVC e morte por ECVs) nos modelos de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria nesse grupo foram os seguintes: 4,63% no grupo de risco de dez anos de 5%, 9,46% no grupo de risco de dez anos de 10%, 14,16% no risco de dez anos de 15%, e 18,93% no risco de dez anos de 20%. A raz&#227;o para a taxa de eventos ser menor do que a taxa de eventos definida nas equa&#231;&#245;es do modelo &#233; que a popula&#231;&#227;o suscet&#237;vel a esses eventos diminuiu ao longo do tempo devido &#224;s mortes n&#227;o relacionadas aos ECVs.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t06">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise de refer&#234;ncia. Custos, efetividade e raz&#245;es de custo-efetividade incremental para as diferentes estrat&#233;gias de tratamento na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#160;</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Preven&#231;&#227;o Secund&#225;ria</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Preven&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria, 20% risco</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Preven&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria, 15% risco</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Tratamento</th>
                  <th align="center">Custos (Int$)</th>
                  <th align="center">QALYs</th>
                  <th align="center">RCEI</th>
                  <th align="center">Custos (Int$)</th>
                  <th align="center">QALYs</th>
                  <th align="center">RCEI</th>
                  <th align="center">Custos (Int$)</th>
                  <th align="center">QALYs</th>
                  <th align="center">RCEI</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sem estatina</td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 16.825</td>
                  <td align="center">8,11</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 9.056</td>
                  <td align="center">9,99</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 7.627</td>
                  <td align="center">10,19</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dose baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 17.430</td>
                  <td align="center">8,32</td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 2.827<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">a</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 9.224</td>
                  <td align="center">10,06</td>
                  <td align="center">Dominado<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">d</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 7.817</td>
                  <td align="center">10,25</td>
                  <td align="center">Dominado<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">d</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dose intermedi&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 17.892</td>
                  <td align="center">8,46</td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 3.526<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">b</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 9.364</td>
                  <td align="center">10,14</td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 2,081 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">a</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 7.954</td>
                  <td align="center">10,31</td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 2.819 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07">a</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dose alta</td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 20.115</td>
                  <td align="center">8,51</td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 40.418 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">c</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 11.524</td>
                  <td align="center">10,22</td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 26,667<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">c</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 10.148</td>
                  <td align="center">10,37</td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 33.754<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">c</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="3" align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="3" align="center">&#160;</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#160;</td>
                  <td colspan="3" align="center">
                    <bold>Preven&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria, 10% risco</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td colspan="3" align="center">
                    <bold>Preven&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria, 5% risco</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tratamento</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Custos (Int$)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>QALYs</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>RCEI</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Custos (Int$)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>QALYs</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>RCEI</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sem estatina</td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 2.175</td>
                  <td align="center">10,36</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 1.006</td>
                  <td align="center">10,57</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dose baixa</td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 2.356</td>
                  <td align="center">10,40</td>
                  <td align="center">Dominado<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">d</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 1.267</td>
                  <td align="center">10,59</td>
                  <td align="center">Dominado<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">d</xref></td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dose intermedi&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 2.470</td>
                  <td align="center">10,44</td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 3,554<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">a</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 1.440</td>
                  <td align="center">10,62</td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 9.644<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">a</xref></td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dose alta</td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 4.661</td>
                  <td align="center">10,49</td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 47,630<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">c</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 3.727</td>
                  <td align="center">10,64</td>
                  <td align="center">Int$ 95.292<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">c</xref></td>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                  <td align="center"/>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN01">
                <label>a</label>
                <p>vs. sem estatina</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN02">
                <label>b</label>
                <p>vs. dose baixa</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN03">
                <label>c</label>
                <p>vs. dose intermedi&#225;ria</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN04">
                <label>d</label>
                <p>dominado por extens&#227;o; QALY: Quality-adjusted life year (Ano de vida ajustado pela qualidade)</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN05">
                <p>RCEI: Raz&#227;o de custo-efetividade incremental.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>As RCEIs na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria foram as seguintes: Int$ 2.827 por QALY na compara&#231;&#227;o dose baixa versus sem estatina, Int$ 3.526 por QALY na an&#225;lise da dose moderada versus dose baixa, e Int$ 40.418 por QALY na avalia&#231;&#227;o da dose alta versus dose moderada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>Os modelos de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria foram modificados com base nos resultados encontrados com o modelo de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria. Considerando a RCEI bastante favor&#225;vel da dose moderada na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, assumiu-se que os pacientes que iniciaram com dose baixa ou nenhuma estatina nos modelos de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria teriam prescritas doses moderadas ap&#243;s um ECV. Examinando a execu&#231;&#227;o da simula&#231;&#227;o, a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes migrando para a preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria na estrat&#233;gia sem estatina em todos os modelos foi de 10,6%, no modelo de risco de dez anos de 5% e 35,8% no modelo de risco de dez anos de 20%.</p>
          <p>Em todos os cen&#225;rios de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, a dose baixa dominou por extens&#227;o. Em todos os cen&#225;rios, a compara&#231;&#227;o da dose moderada versus nenhuma estatina apresentou RCEIs no caso base entre Int$ 2.081 e Int $9.644 por QALY, e a alta dose versus a dose moderada apresentou RCEIs entre Int$26.667 e Int$ 95.292 d&#243;lares por QALY (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Tabela 2</xref>). Portanto, em todos os cinco cen&#225;rios, o regime preferencial seria a dose de estatina moderada no caso base, considerando a LDP de Int$ 11.770 por QALY.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lises de sensibilidade</title>
          <p>No modelo de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, os &#250;n icos par&#226;metros que influenciaram os resultados globais foram a efetividade das diferentes modalidades de estatina; outros par&#226;metros n&#227;o tiveram impacto significativo. Quando a efetividade do regime de dose baixa foi ajustada para o seu valor m&#225;ximo ou a efetividade da dose moderada foi ajustada para o seu valor m&#237;nimo, a dose baixa de estatina seria a escolhida. Por outro lado, quando a efetividade da dose alta foram maximizados, esse seria o regime escolhido.</p>
          <p>Nos modelos de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, a maximiza&#231;&#227;o da efetividade da dose baixa ou minimiza&#231;&#227;o da efetividade da dose moderada tamb&#233;m resultaram em melhor custo efetividade do regime de dose baixa. No cen&#225;rio de risco de dez anos de 5%, a dose baixa tamb&#233;m seria escolhida se o seu custo fosse ajustado para o seu valor m&#237;nimo ou se o custo da dose moderada fosse m&#225;ximo. O regime sem estatina seria a estrat&#233;gia preferida somente em tr&#234;s situa&#231;&#245;es, todas no cen&#225;rio de risco de dez anos de 5%: utilidade m&#237;nima da popula&#231;&#227;o geral, efetividade m&#237;nima da dose moderada e maior taxa de desconto. O regime de dose alta seria considerado o regime mais custo-efetivo em apenas duas condi&#231;&#245;es: m&#225;xima efetividade da dose alta (no cen&#225;rio de risco de dez anos de 20%) ou custo m&#237;nimo da dose alta (nos cen&#225;rios de risco de dez anos de 15% e 20%). Sob v&#225;rias incertezas consideradas na an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, para a maioria dos cen&#225;rios a dose moderada foi a estrat&#233;gia de melhor custo-efetividade e n&#227;o foi afetada pela varia&#231;&#227;o de outros par&#226;metros do modelo.</p>
          <p>No cen&#225;rio alternativo, utilizando os pre&#231;os de venda no varejo para as estatinas, foi observado um grande impacto em todas as faixas de risco. Se o pre&#231;o de venda no varejo fosse aplicado, em vez do custo mais baixo governamental, o regime de baixa dose seria a melhor op&#231;&#227;o na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria e no cen&#225;rio de risco de dez anos de 20% e 15%; a op&#231;&#227;o mais custo-efetiva seria sem tratamento com estatina nos outros dois cen&#225;rios de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Curvas de aceitabilidade de custo-efetividade</title>
          <p>As curvas de aceitabilidade de custo-efetividade geradas com as 1.000 amostras da simula&#231;&#227;o de Monte Carlo de segunda ordem de cada modelo s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 2</xref>. A estrat&#233;gia de dose moderada mostrou ter a maior probabilidade de ser custo-efetiva em compara&#231;&#227;o com todas as outras estrat&#233;gias, a partir de LDP de Int US $ 4.000 por QALY (exceto para o cen&#225;rio de risco de dez anos de 5%, quando isso ocorreu acima do limiar de aproximadamente Int$ 10.000). Considerando-se os limiares entre uma e duas vezes o PIB <italic>per capita</italic> brasileiro, a estrat&#233;gia de dose moderada foi a op&#231;&#227;o mais custo-efetiva em todos os cen&#225;rios, com probabilidades variando de 50% a 70%, em m&#233;dia.</p>
          <fig id="f05" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curvas de aceitabilidade de custo-efetividade dos cinco cen&#225;rios de refer&#234;ncia (preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria, com riscos de dez anos entre 5% e 20% no segundo) e do cen&#225;rio alternativo de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria do risco de dez anos de 5%, com pre&#231;os da estatina fixados de acordo com os pre&#231;os de venda a varejo dos medicamentos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0032-40173-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Realizamos simula&#231;&#245;es de Monte Carlo de segunda ordem alternativas, onde os custos de estatinas foram alterados para os pre&#231;os de venda a varejo. No cen&#225;rio de 5%, a estrat&#233;gia de tratamento sem estatina foi a op&#231;&#227;o mais custo-efetiva, considerando um LDP de Int$ 40.000 por QALY (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 2</xref>). Nos outros cen&#225;rios de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, a probabilidade de a dose baixa ser mais custo-efetiva do que a estrat&#233;gia sem estatina aumentou paralelamente ao incremento de risco de eventos de 10 anos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 3</xref>). Ao contr&#225;rio dos cen&#225;rios do caso base, a dose alta, ao inv&#233;s da dose moderada, foi a que superou a dose baixa como a estrat&#233;gia mais custo-efetiva em valores superiores de LDP. No cen&#225;rio de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, a dose baixa mostrou maior probabilidade de ser custo-efetiva entre limiares de Int$ 5.000 a Int$18.000 por QALY.</p>
          <fig id="f06" fig-type="other">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curvas de aceitabilidade de custo-efetividade de cen&#225;rios alternativos (preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria e preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria do risco de dez anos de 10% a 20%), onde os pre&#231;os da estatina foram fixados de acordo com os pre&#231;os de venda a varejo dos medicamentos. As curvas mostram as probabilidades de que as v&#225;rias doses de estatina fossem custo-efetivas em diferentes limiares de valores de custo-efetividade.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-104-01-0032-40173-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo de custo-efetividade, criado para avaliar o valor econ&#244;mico relativo de diferentes intensidades de terapias com estatina a partir da perspectiva do SUS, o esquema de dose moderada foi a op&#231;&#227;o mais atraente. Todos as RCEIs de doses moderadas foram menores do que o limite sugerido pela OMS para considerar a tecnologia como muito atraente do ponto de vista de custo-efetividade, um limiar igual ao PIB   <italic>per capita</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>, (Int$ 11.770) para o Brasil em 2011<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>. Esses resultados foram consistentes em simula&#231;&#245;es de Monte Carlo de segunda ordem, nas quais a estrat&#233;gia de dose moderada foi a op&#231;&#227;o mais custo-efetiva em todos os cen&#225;rios com valores de LDP de Int$ 10.000 por QALY, com uma probabilidade superior a 50% em todos os cen&#225;rios com limiar de Int$ 11,770.</p>
        <p>Poder-se-ia argumentar que a iniciativa de escolha da OMS tamb&#233;m sugere o uso de tr&#234;s vezes o PIB <italic>per capita</italic> como limiar de custo-efetividade para pa&#237;ses de renda m&#233;dia. Sob tal limite de LDP, ainda assim a estatina de dose intermedi&#225;ria seria a op&#231;&#227;o mais atraente para a maioria dos pacientes. No entanto, uma abordagem mais conservadora foi aplicada considerando-se que essa tecnologia est&#225; sendo usada para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, em contextos muito prevalentes para um grande n&#250;mero de pacientes, e por um longo per&#237;odo de tempo.</p>
        <p>O fator mais importante em nossas an&#225;lises foi o custo muito baixo da sinvastatina 40 mg gen&#233;rica adquirida diretamente pelo governo brasileiro em compara&#231;&#227;o com atorvastatina 20 mg. Tal como acontece com outros pa&#237;ses de renda m&#233;dia, o Brasil importa alguns medicamentos gen&#233;ricos (incluindo a sinvastatina) do mercado asi&#225;tico, a custos muito baixos. No cen&#225;rio alternativo, no qual foi utilizado o pre&#231;o de venda no varejo de estatinas gen&#233;ricas no Brasil, os resultados foram bem diferentes. Nos pacientes de risco muito baixo (risco de dez anos de 5%), a estrat&#233;gia de tratamento sem estatina predominou em valores de LDP de at&#233; Int$ 40.000 por QALY. Com base nessa an&#225;lise, as estatinas seriam usadas apenas no cen&#225;rio de risco de dez anos de 20% e na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, mas com uma dose baixa em vez de um regime de dose moderada. Outro aspecto interessante &#233; que, aceitando limiares mais elevados de LDP, a dose alta (e n&#227;o a moderada) ultrapassou a dose baixa como sendo a mais custo-efetiva (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 3</xref>). Tal disparidade em compara&#231;&#227;o com os cen&#225;rios de refer&#234;ncia foi causada por dois fatores: primeiro, a diferen&#231;a relativa entre os pre&#231;os de estatina nos cen&#225;rios alternativos n&#227;o &#233; semelhante ao observado no caso de refer&#234;ncia, onde a diferen&#231;a entre a dose baixa e moderada &#233; m&#237;nima e entre essas duas e a dose alta &#233; significante.</p>
        <p>Em segundo lugar, a efic&#225;cia de dose elevada na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#233; muito maior quando comparada com as outras duas estrat&#233;gias de estatina, especialmente considerando a redu&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia do IAM. Embora os riscos relativos utilizados em ambos os casos de refer&#234;ncia e os modelos de pre&#231;os de venda a varejo sejam os mesmos, a grande diferen&#231;a nos custos de estatina no caso base atenua a efetividade da estrat&#233;gia de dose alta, com consequente alta RCEI. Deve-se ter em mente, no entanto, que os resultados da meta-an&#225;lise utilizados para estimar a efic&#225;cia da dose alta foram significativamente determinados pelo estudo JUPITER<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>, cujos m&#233;todos t&#234;m sido questionados na literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>. Por outro lado, o cen&#225;rio alternativo de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria mostrou resultados mais consistentes com o cen&#225;rio de refer&#234;ncia: na faixa de Int $24.000 - 47.000 por QALY, que &#233; equivalente a 2-4 vezes o PIB <italic>per capita</italic> brasileiro, a dose intermedi&#225;ria teve a maior probabilidade de ser a op&#231;&#227;o mais custo-efetiva.</p>
        <p>&#192; primeira vista, as RCEIs mais baixas observadas nos cen&#225;rios de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de risco mais alto, quando comparados com a preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, parecem contradit&#243;rias. A explica&#231;&#227;o para esse fen&#244;meno est&#225; no grande custo anual do tratamento de pacientes com eventos vasculares pr&#233;vios no Brasil, especialmente quando comparado com os gastos devido a eventos agudos, proporcionalmente menores do que os observados em pa&#237;ses de alta renda. Consequentemente, embora as estatinas evitem um n&#250;mero absoluto maior de eventos em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, o custo proporcional de eventos na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#233; muito maior, pois esse valor &#233; a soma das despesas com o evento agudo, mais a diferen&#231;a de custos entre a preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria e prim&#225;ria (igual a Int$ 1.124 em cen&#225;rio de risco de dez anos de 20%, por exemplo), multiplicado pelo n&#250;mero de anos que o paciente vive na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria ap&#243;s seu primeiro evento.</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios estudos de custo-efetividade avaliando estatinas em outros pa&#237;ses geralmente mostraram raz&#245;es de custo-efetividade aceit&#225;veis para pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria ou popula&#231;&#245;es de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de alto risco. No entanto, os m&#233;todos e pressupostos utilizados nessas investiga&#231;&#245;es foram diferentes das do nosso estudo. Em primeiro lugar, a maioria desses estudos foi de avalia&#231;&#245;es econ&#244;micas inclu&#237;das em ECRs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> ou abordagens de modelagem nas quais os par&#226;metros de efetividade se basearam apenas em alguns ECR<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>. Por outro lado, em nosso estudo, os dados de efetividade foram baseados em mais de 136 mil pacientes de 40 ensaios ECR. Embora o estudo realizado por Ward et al. tenha realizado uma meta-an&#225;lise ampla sobre a efetividade das estatinas, a sua compara&#231;&#227;o foi entre estatinas e nenhum tratamento, combinando todas as estatinas e intensidade dos regimes de tratamento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>. Em segundo lugar, muitos desses estudos avaliaram a custo-efetividade usando o custo das estatinas n&#227;o gen&#233;ricas, tendo sido realizados antes da disponibilidade de formula&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ricas de menor custo. Al&#233;m disso, nosso estudo foi realizado em um pa&#237;s de renda m&#233;dia, onde os custos de medicamentos, atendimento ambulatorial de pacientes e os cuidados hospitalares de eventos vasculares s&#227;o significativamente menores do que em outros pa&#237;ses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. Por fim, nosso estudo foi o primeiro, que seja de nosso conhecimento, que incluiu tr&#234;s regimes de intensidade de tratamento com estatinas e um grupo controle, permitindo uma vis&#227;o mais ampla do tratamento com esses medicamentos.</p>
        <p>At&#233; agora, apenas uma avalia&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica de estatinas foi realizada no Brasil, onde a rela&#231;&#227;o custo-efetividade da atorvastatina 10 mg e da sinvastatina 40 mg foi avaliada na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>. Os autores descreveram o dom&#237;nio da sinvastatina tanto sobre nenhum tratamento como sobre tratamento com atorvastatina, mas a aus&#234;ncia de uma descri&#231;&#227;o dos detalhes da an&#225;lise sistem&#225;tica utilizada para determinar a efetividade dos tratamentos compromete a compreens&#227;o destes resultados.</p>
        <p>Os principais pontos fortes do nosso estudo foram: a revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica realizada, o modelo abrangente empregado e a divis&#227;o das estatinas em tr&#234;s grupos. Nosso modelo de micro-simula&#231;&#227;o foi constru&#237;do para acompanhar os eventos anteriores e usar essa informa&#231;&#227;o para interferir nos eventos futuros, que &#233; a pedra angular para a representa&#231;&#227;o adequada dos processos de doen&#231;as complexas envolvidas na preven&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a cardiovascular. A revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica conduzida para obter os par&#226;metros de efetividade da estatina foi minuciosa e agregou tanto evid&#234;ncias diretas quanto indiretas, combinando todos os estudos randomizados relevantes sobre estatinas. Finalmente, a maioria dos modelos econ&#244;micos, at&#233; agora, t&#234;m comparado as estrat&#233;gias com uma estatina selecionada <italic>versus</italic> nenhum tratamento ou dose alta   <italic>versus</italic> baixa. A disponibilidade de estatinas &#233; atualmente vasta, e a divis&#227;o das estatinas em tr&#234;s grupos de pot&#234;ncia, portanto, parece mais razo&#225;vel.</p>
        <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es de nossa pesquisa devem ser mencionadas. A falta de par&#226;metros para as transi&#231;&#245;es entre estados de sa&#250;de e para a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes entre os estados de sa&#250;de iniciais (no modelo de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria) baseados em dados brasileiros nos levou a aplicar par&#226;metros baseados em dados internacionais. Por exemplo, as taxas relativas de mortalidade por AVC e doen&#231;a cardiovascular s&#227;o diferentes no Brasil quando comparados &#224; maioria dos pa&#237;ses de alta renda, embora seja dif&#237;cil prever o impacto que isso teria sobre os resultados finais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>. Outra poss&#237;vel fonte de vi&#233;s para os nossos resultados &#233; a nossa estimativa da efic&#225;cia das estatinas na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, que foi baseada em estudos em que os pacientes eram geralmente de risco moderado ou alto. Portanto, o benef&#237;cio do tratamento no cen&#225;rio de risco de dez anos de 5% (e, possivelmente, no de 10%) pode ter sido superestimado. Finalmente, as estimativas de efetividade foram baseadas em dados de ensaios cl&#237;nicos, onde os pacientes geralmente apresentam maior ades&#227;o ao tratamento e, portanto, os efeitos do tratamento podem ter sido superestimados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>As estatinas est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis no SUS h&#225; dez anos, sem avalia&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica formal realizada para orientar este processo de decis&#227;o. Hoje, apesar de prescri&#231;&#245;es serem centradas em atorvastatina e sinvastatina, todas as estatinas, exceto a rosuvastatina, s&#227;o oferecidas no programa de assist&#234;ncia farmac&#234;utica. Os resultados do nosso estudo sugerem que se os pre&#231;os atuais de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de estatina forem mantidos, a prescri&#231;&#227;o de 40 mg de sinvastatina para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria &#233; altamente custo-efetiva e, portanto, deve ser perseguida, especialmente em pacientes de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria e prim&#225;ria de alto risco, onde a magnitude do benef&#237;cio &#233; maior e uma pol&#237;tica nacional de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica j&#225; defende o uso de estatinas.</p>
        <p>No entanto, outros crit&#233;rios al&#233;m dos benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos e raz&#245;es de custo-efetividade devem ser considerados na avalia&#231;&#227;o da ado&#231;&#227;o de uma tecnologia, tais como equidade e acessibilidade, bem como o impacto or&#231;ament&#225;rio de tal implementa&#231;&#227;o. Considerando a enorme propor&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o que apresenta baixo a moderado risco de ECVs (risco de dez anos de 5% a 10%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>, o impacto econ&#244;mico da preven&#231;&#227;o generalizada de ECVs com estatinas tamb&#233;m deve ser avaliado, especialmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; prescri&#231;&#227;o para aqueles no estrato de menor risco, em quem o benef&#237;cio das estatinas &#233; limitado. Por outro lado, os nossos dados demonstram que a dose mais elevada de atorvastatina no seu pre&#231;o atual n&#227;o &#233; justific&#225;vel, mesmo para os pacientes de alto risco.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <title>Errata</title>
          <p>Edi&#231;&#227;o de Janeiro de 2015, vol. 104(1), p&#225;g. 32-44</p>
          <p>O artigo original "Efetividade de Estatinas em Dose Alta, Moderada e Baixa na Preven&#231;&#227;o de Eventos Vasculares no SUS", publicado na edi&#231;&#227;o de janeiro de 2015 dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia [Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015;104(12):32-44], sofreu corre&#231;&#227;o no t&#237;tulo. O t&#237;tulo correto do artigo &#233;: "Custo-efetividade de Estatinas em Dose Alta, Moderada e Baixa na Preven&#231;&#227;o de Eventos Vasculares no SUS".</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq e Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Rodrigo Antonini Ribeiro pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>A Dra. Polanczyk e o Dr. Duncan receberam patroc&#237;nio de pesquisa do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq), Brasil. O Dr. Ribeiro tamb&#233;m recebeu patroc&#237;nio de pesquisa do CNPq para esse estudo. Este estudo recebeu bolsa de pesquisa n&#186; 37/2008 do MCT / CNPq e Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil. Os autores declaram a inexist&#234;ncia de quaisquer conflitos de interesse em rela&#231;&#227;o a este manuscrito. As fontes de financiamento n&#227;o tiveram nenhum papel na concep&#231;&#227;o, an&#225;lise ou elabora&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
